Journal articles: 'Scientific missions'

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Guan, Wei, Yan Su, Jiawei Li, Shun Dai, Chunyu Ding, and Yuhang Liu. "Applications of Ground-Penetrating Radar in Asteroid and Comet Exploration." Remote Sensing 16, no. 12 (June 17, 2024): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16122188.

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Nowadays, asteroid and comet exploration is one of the most important components of deep space exploration. Through asteroid and comet exploration missions, it is possible to reveal the history of the formation and evolution of the solar system, to understand the origin and evolution of the planets, and to improve scientific models and instruments. As a payload with the advantages of non-destructive, penetrating, and polarizing characteristics, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used in lunar and Mars exploration, and will play an important role in planned asteroid and comet exploration missions. In this study, statistics on asteroid and comet exploration missions, scientific results, and space-based ground-penetrating radar (SB-GPR) utilization are presented for the three phases to date. According to the statistics, SB-GPR will play an important role in future Phase 2 and 3 missions. The focus of this study is on analyzing the mission flow, SB-GPR parameters, scientific objectives, and scientific results of the missions that have carried SB-GPR and those that are planned to carry SB-GPR, including the Hera, Rosetta, Castalia, and Tianwen-2 missions. On this basis, the development trends of asteroid and comet exploration missions, as well as the future development trends of SB-GPR design and signal interpretation, are discussed.

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Chavagnac, Christophe, Frédéric Gai, Thierry Gharib, and Christophe Mora. "Astrium spaceplane for scientific missions." Acta Astronautica 92, no. 2 (December 2013): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2012.09.001.

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Beegadhur, Shayne, Joshua Finn, John Delves, Sumana Mukherjee, Dhrumil Patadia, James McKevitt, Ramansha Sharma, et al. "The Design of CubeSats for Outer Solar System Scientific Missions." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 76, no. 12 (April 23, 2024): 424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.59332/jbis-076-12-0424.

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In the past decade, CubeSats have emerged as a cost-effective solution for scientific missions beyond Earth’s orbit, though they have not yet gone further than orbiting Mars, as with NASA’s MarCO CubeSats. This paper discusses the technical challenges and solutions for designing CubeSats for Outer Solar System missions, specifically in the context of the proposed Astraeus Mission to Titan. These CubeSats, called the Mites, aim to measure heavy anions in Titan’s upper atmosphere and have undergone analysis to determine their optimal size and drag coefficient. A significant challenge addressed is the CubeSats’ power system, with solar panels being less effective at greater distances from the Sun. The paper proposes investigating Radioisotope Power Systems (RPS) as an alternative. However, there is the additional challenge of packaging the RPS in a sufficiently small form factor so that the upper atmospheric experiment can be completed. This must cover the greatest range of longitudes, latitudes, and ranges hence the orbital decay rate must be controlled to achieve this. The paper also explores the Mites’ long-duration exposure to space during transit and strategies to minimise cosmic radiation exposure. Whilst this is completed in the context of the Astraeus Mission, the data obtained can guide similar missions and aid others in overcoming the limitations of CubeSats so that they can be used more frequently for Outer Solar System science missions. Keywords: Titan, CubeSat, Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, Orbital Decay, Outer Solar System

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Sandford, Scott A. "The Power of Sample Return Missions - Stardust and Hayabusa." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S280 (June 2011): 275–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131102504x.

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AbstractSample return missions offer opportunities to learn things about other objects in our Solar System (and beyond) that cannot be determined by observations using in situ spacecraft. This is largely because the returned samples can be studied in terrestrial laboratories where the analyses are not limited by the constraints - power, mass, time, precision, etc. - imposed by normal spacecraft operations. In addition, the returned samples serve as a scientific resource that is available far into the future; the study of the samples can continue long after the original spacecraft mission is finished. This means the samples can be continually revisited as both our scientific understanding and analytical techniques improve with time.These advantages come with some additional difficulties, however. In particular, sample return missions must deal with the additional difficulties of proximity operations near the objects they are to sample, and they must be capable of successfully making a round trip between the Earth and the sampled object. Such missions therefore need to take special precautions against unique hazards and be designed to successfully complete relatively extended mission durations.Despite these difficulties, several recent missions have managed to successfully complete sample returns from a number of Solar System objects. These include the Stardust mission (samples from Comet 81P/Wild 2), the Hayabusa mission (samples from asteroid 25143 Itokawa), and the Genesis mission (samples of solar wind). This paper will review the advantages and difficulties of sample return missions in general and will summarize some key findings of the recent Stardust and Hayabusa missions.

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O'Flaherty, K. S., J. Douglas, and T. Prusti. "The Gaia mission – a rich resource for outreach activities." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 3, S248 (October 2007): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308020097.

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AbstractSpace science missions, and astronomy missions in particular, capture the public imagination at all levels. ESA's Gaia mission is no exception to this. In addition to its key scientific goal of providing new insight into the origin, formation, and evolution of the Milky Way, Gaia also touches on many other scientific topics of broad appeal, for example, solar system objects, stars (including rare and exotic ones), dark matter, gravitational light bending. The mission naturally provides a rich resource for outreach possibilities whether it be to the general public, or to specific interest groups, such as scientists from other fields or educators. We present some examples of possible outreach activities for Gaia.

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Home, R. W., and Morris F. Low. "Postwar Scientific Intelligence Missions to Japan." Isis 84, no. 3 (September 1993): 527–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/356550.

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White, Nicholas E. "Beyond Einstein: scientific goals and missions." Advances in Space Research 35, no. 1 (January 2005): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2003.08.052.

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Caccia, M., R. Bono, G. Bruzzone, and G. Veruggio. "Unmanned Underwater Vehicles for Scientific Applications and Robotics Research: The ROMEO Project." Marine Technology Society Journal 34, no. 2 (January 1, 2000): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.34.2.1.

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The design, development and exploitation of Romeo, a last generation ROV capable of supporting robotics research on intelligent/autonomous vehicles and to execute scientific missions in very harsh environment, are presented. The system’s mechanical and communication design is discussed with respect to basic end-user requirements. A three Local Area Networks system architecture is proposed, and the main sub-systems connected to the surface (supervision), on-board and lab Ethernet LANs are described. The vehicle’s exploitation in scientific missions in harsh environment (Ross Sea in Antarctica), Internet-based mission control demonstrations and the integration with a multidisciplinary scientific and technological payload proved the capabilities of the proposed architecture in matching operational and research requirements.

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Kritik, Nikhil Pratap Singh Bharti, and M Anto Moses Alexander. "Prospective Celestial Destinations: A Comprehensive Review for Human Exploration." Acceleron Aerospace Journal 2, no. 3 (March 30, 2024): 209–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.61359/11.2106-2413.

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Human space exploration is crucial for our future beyond Earth, offering vital insights while overcoming challenges. Unmanned missions are predominant due to the harsh conditions of distant astronomical bodies, but manned missions facilitate direct study of biological factors. Informed by a meticulous examination of unmanned missions, this research assesses celestial bodies for potential human missions, promising ground-breaking scientific discoveries. This systematic analysis comprehensively evaluates various parameters, yielding a comparative overview of potential celestial bodies. Critical environmental conditions for human missions receive thorough consideration. These conditions will be rigorously validated and aligned with a suitable sequence of celestial bodies or moons to ensure mission feasibility, thereby advancing our comprehension of space exploration's potential.

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Wedler, Armin, Martin J. Schuster, Marcus G. Müller, Bernhard Vodermayer, Lukas Meyer, Riccardo Giubilato, Mallikarjuna Vayugundla, et al. "German Aerospace Center's advanced robotic technology for future lunar scientific missions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2188 (November 23, 2020): 20190574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0574.

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The Earth's moon is currently an object of interest of many space agencies for unmanned robotic missions within this decade. Besides future prospects for building lunar gateways as support to human space flight, the Moon is an attractive location for scientific purposes. Not only will its study give insight on the foundations of the Solar System but also its location, uncontaminated by the Earth's ionosphere, represents a vantage point for the observation of the Sun and planetary bodies outside the Solar System. Lunar exploration has been traditionally conducted by means of single-agent robotic assets, which is a limiting factor for the return of scientific missions. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is developing fundamental technologies towards increased autonomy of robotic explorers to fulfil more complex mission tasks through cooperation. This paper presents an overview of past, present and future activities of DLR towards highly autonomous systems for scientific missions targeting the Moon and other planetary bodies. The heritage from the Mobile Asteroid Scout (MASCOT), developed jointly by DLR and CNES and deployed on asteroid Ryugu on 3 October 2018 from JAXA's Hayabusa2 spacecraft, inspired the development of novel core technologies towards higher efficiency in planetary exploration. Together with the lessons learnt from the ROBEX project (2012–2017), where a mobile robot autonomously deployed seismic sensors at a Moon analogue site, this experience is shaping the future steps towards more complex space missions. They include the development of a mobile rover for JAXA's Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) in 2024 as well as demonstrations of novel multi-robot technologies at a Moon analogue site on the volcano Mt Etna in the ARCHES project. Within ARCHES, a demonstration mission is planned from the 14 June to 10 July 2021, 1 during which heterogeneous teams of robots will autonomously conduct geological and mineralogical analysis experiments and deploy an array of low-frequency antennas to measure Jovian and solar bursts. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades'.

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Cohen, Ian J., and Abigal M. Rymer. "Cross-NASA divisional relevance of an Ice Giant mission." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2187 (November 9, 2020): 20200222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0222.

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Robotic space exploration to the outer solar system is difficult and expensive and the space science community works inventively and collaboratively to maximize the scientific return of missions. A mission to either of our solar system Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune, will provide numerous opportunities to address high-level science objectives relevant to multiple disciplines and deliberate cross-disciplinary mission planning should ideally be woven in from the start. In this review, we recount past successes as well as (NASA-focused) challenges in performing cross-disciplinary science from robotic space exploration missions and detail the opportunities for broad-reaching science objectives from potential future missions to the Ice Giants. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Future exploration of ice giant systems’.

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Donati, Alessandro, Jose Antonio Martinez-Heras, and Nicola Policella. "Benefits of Using Innovative Tools for Diagnostics and Planning in ESA Mission Operations." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 15, no. 8 (October 20, 2011): 1159–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2011.p1159.

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Future European Space Agency (ESA) space missions are demanding and driving new operations concepts for increased on-board autonomy, for flexible and robust planning and scheduling services, and for ground capabilities to agglomerate and process a huge amount of downlinked data (e.g., tens of thousands of telemetry parameters) to extract high-level information and knowledge. Mission control will have to cope with maintaining and programming challenging missions such as interplanetary probes, complex scientific missions, and a constellation of earth-observation missions. The process of innovation in these areas is already progressing at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) of the ESA, and this paper highlights specific achievements and trends in the area of spacecraft diagnosis and mission planning and scheduling by making use of a variety of technologies and techniques. The discussion then focuses on the tools’ operational impact and on the expected trends in the future.

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Jiang, Tiejun, and Chun Yu. "Optimization of Fleet’s Level Repair Plan for Diverse Missions." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2023 (February 15, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3037495.

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Various missions significantly impact the fleet’s level repair plan. The mission requirement model is established based on the “regular and dual control” repair mode. Considering the fleet’s overall operation, capability decay characteristics, and planner’s expectations and preferences, the fleet’s capability evaluation model is constructed. Furthermore, aiming at the maximum capability value and the minimum number of the mission ships and comprehensively considering constraints such as sailing rate, mission period, repair period, repair cost, capability restoration, and mission capability, the optimization model of the fleet’s level repair plan for diverse missions is established. The particle swarm optimization algorithm based on the hierarchical sequence method is used to solve the model, and the fleet’s level repair plan and mission configuration plan are obtained, which solves the coordination problem of the two types of plans. The results show that, compared with the traditional planning method, this method can fully consider the actual requirements of diverse missions and has better coordination of the relationship between the ship’s use and repair. This method can provide strong technical support for the scientific preparation of level repair plans and the effective completion of combat readiness training missions.

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Seager, Sara, Janusz J. Petkowski, Christopher E. Carr, David H. Grinspoon, Bethany L. Ehlmann, Sarag J. Saikia, Rachana Agrawal, et al. "Venus Life Finder Missions Motivation and Summary." Aerospace 9, no. 7 (July 18, 2022): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9070385.

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Finding evidence of extraterrestrial life would be one of the most profound scientific discoveries ever made, advancing humanity into a new epoch of cosmic awareness. The Venus Life Finder (VLF) missions feature a series of three direct atmospheric probes designed to assess the habitability of the Venusian clouds and search for signs of life and life itself. The VLF missions are an astrobiology-focused set of missions, and the first two out of three can be launched quickly and at a relatively low cost. The mission concepts come out of an 18-month study by an MIT-led worldwide consortium.

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Pu, Huayan, Yuan Liu, Jun Luo, Shaorong Xie, Yan Peng, Yi Yang, Yang Yang, et al. "Development of an Unmanned Surface Vehicle for the Emergency Response Mission of the ‘Sanchi’ Oil Tanker Collision and Explosion Accident." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 14, 2020): 2704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082704.

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Unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) as unmanned intelligent devices can replace humans to perform missions more efficiently and safely in dangerous areas. However, due to the complex navigation environment and special mission requirements, USVs face many challenges in emergency response missions for marine oil spill accidents. To solve these challenges in the emergency response mission of the ‘Sanchi’ oil tanker collision and explosion accident, we designed and deployed an USV to perform the missions of real-time scanning and water sampling in the shipwreck waters. Compared with the previous USVs, our USV owned the following characteristics: Firstly, the improved navigation control algorithms (path following and collision avoidance) can provide high navigation accuracy while ensuring navigation safety; Secondly, an improved launch and recovery system (LARS) enabled the USV to be quickly deployed and recovered in the mission area; Thirdly, a new sampling system was specially designed for the USV. Our USV completed the missions successfully, not only providing a lot of information for rescuers but also offering a scientific basis for follow-up work.

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Webster, William J. "Scientific missions for earth orbital tether systems." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 25, no. 4 (July 1988): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.26003.

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Agrawal, P. C. "The Next Generation of Scientific Balloon Missions." Advances in Space Research 37, no. 11 (January 2006): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2006.05.001.

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Roston, Gerald P. "Lunar rovers for scientific and entertainment missions." Acta Astronautica 35 (1995): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(94)00205-z.

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McKevitt, James, Shayne Beegadhur, Sophie Bulla, Dhrumil Patadia, and Joshua Finn. "Development of a Kick Stage and Trajectory Optimisation for Large Interplanetary Scientific Missions." Journal of the British Interplanetary Society 76, no. 12 (April 23, 2024): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.59332/jbis-076-12-0406.

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With SpaceX’s Starship heralding an era of high-capacity launch vehicles, large-scale scientific missions like the proposed Arcanum mission to Neptune are now feasible. However, traditional methods for initially estimating fuel masses, like the impulsive burn approximation, are wholly inadequate and cannot be used to create realistic initial design concepts. This paper provides an in-depth analysis using the General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT) to assess the Oberth effect and various Earth Departure Stage (EDS) designs, exploring propulsion technologies from hypergolic to cryogenic. We consider factors like fuel boil-off and the implications of using Starship as a launch vehicle for delivery into parking orbits which can then be used for deep space trajectories. Our findings, including a performance comparison of different EDS designs and heuristic tips for optimising large-mass ejections, are valuable for mission planners. The study also demonstrates GMAT’s utility in combination with MATLAB in simulating realistic mission profiles. These results not only advance the Arcanum mission but also contribute broadly to deep space mission strategies. Keywords: Astrodynamics, Starship, Hypergolic, Cryogenic

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TSUNEMI, HIROSHI. "HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICAL MISSIONS IN JAPAN." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 23 (January 2013): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513011045.

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There are five X-ray astronomy satellites launched from Japan. The latest satellite, Suzaku, was launched in 2005. MAXI is an all sky survey mission in X-ray that was attached to the ISS in 2009. These two are functioning at present. ASTRO-H is the only approved mission in X-ray that will be launched in 2014. There are four X-ray detectors on board ASTRO-H, SXS, SXI, HXI and SGD as well as X-ray telescopes made of thin foil mirrors. Most of the future missions heavily depend on them both in technology and in science. From this point of view, we have to concentrate on ASTRO-H so that we can expand our activities in future. In Japan, the small scientific satellite project is now on-going. Two missions are already allocated while no X-ray mission is approved. DIOS, PolariS, CAST and FFAST are proposed. Here we explain FFAST in detail that will study the evolution of the universe.

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Deelman, Ewa, Tom Peterka, Ilkay Altintas, Christopher D. Carothers, Kerstin Kleese van Dam, Kenneth Moreland, Manish Parashar, Lavanya Ramakrishnan, Michela Taufer, and Jeffrey Vetter. "The future of scientific workflows." International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications 32, no. 1 (April 26, 2017): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1094342017704893.

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Today’s computational, experimental, and observational sciences rely on computations that involve many related tasks. The success of a scientific mission often hinges on the computer automation of these workflows. In April 2015, the US Department of Energy (DOE) invited a diverse group of domain and computer scientists from national laboratories supported by the Office of Science, the National Nuclear Security Administration, from industry, and from academia to review the workflow requirements of DOE’s science and national security missions, to assess the current state of the art in science workflows, to understand the impact of emerging extreme-scale computing systems on those workflows, and to develop requirements for automated workflow management in future and existing environments. This article is a summary of the opinions of over 50 leading researchers attending this workshop. We highlight use cases, computing systems, workflow needs and conclude by summarizing the remaining challenges this community sees that inhibit large-scale scientific workflows from becoming a mainstream tool for extreme-scale science.

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Lindegren, Lennart. "Scientific potential of the future space astrometric missions." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, no. 14 (August 2006): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307011556.

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Gorina, Montserrat. "Scientific Missions at Sea: From Immunity to Suspicion." Maritime Studies 1988, no. 43 (November 1988): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07266472.1988.11083321.

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Blouvac, Jean, Bruno Lazard, and Jean Michel Martinuzzi. "CNES small satellites Earth observation scientific future missions." Acta Astronautica 46, no. 2-6 (January 2000): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0094-5765(99)00196-4.

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Chicarro, A., G. Scoon, and P. Putz. "Scientific applications of robotic systems on planetary missions." Robotics and Autonomous Systems 23, no. 1-2 (March 1998): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8890(97)00059-6.

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Mulić, Medžida, and Eldin Đonlagić. "Satellite Gravity Missions." Geodetski glasnik, no. 43 (December 31, 2012): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.58817/2233-1786.2012.46.43.5.

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Gravity is considered as the basic physical force in the nature. Modern satellite missions: CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE allowed modeling of the global gravity field with very high accuracy, as well as its spatial and temporal variations. This paper describes the main objectives, characteristics, the latest results of these missions, as well as the expectations of the future observations, and their importance and contributions for the surveying and geodetic practice, and scientific achievements as well, in geodesy, geophysics and hydrology.

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Alfonso-Corcuera, Daniel, Mikel Ogueta-Gutiérrez, Santiago Pindado, David González-Bárcena, Ángel Luis Porras-Hermoso, Sergio Marín-Coca, Juan Zamorano, and Ángel-Grover Perez-Muñoz. "On the use of cup anemometers as wind speed sensors in stratospheric balloon missions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2716, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2716/1/012100.

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Abstract Stratospheric balloon missions have emerged as a cost-effective alternative to space missions for scientific research and technology development. These missions enable the collection of critical data from the Earth’s upper atmosphere while reducing financial and logistical burdens associated with traditional space missions. One key challenge in these missions is the accurate measurement of the relative-to-the-gondola wind speed in the tropopause and the stratosphere. This paper explores the viability of using cup anemometers as wind speed sensors in stratospheric balloon missions, offering an easy-to-calibrate, low-cost, and accurate solution. The present paper provides a short overview of stratospheric balloon missions and their relevance in atmospheric research and outlines the challenges and limitations of existing wind speed sensing technologies. The cup anemometer is also described, detailing its working principle, advantages, and limitations, and propose a methodology for incorporating the instrument into stratospheric balloon missions. To validate the proposed methodology, a stratospheric balloon mission (the Tasec-Lab experiment, onboard a B2Space balloon launched in 2021), was equipped with a cup anemometer whose performance was analyzed. The results prove that cup anemometers can provide accurate and reliable relative wind speed measurements in the tropopause and the stratosphere. Furthermore, the low power consumption and the ease of development and calibration of cup anemometers make them an attractive option for stratospheric balloon missions.

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Tańczuk, Renata. "Misyjne rzeczy. Kilka uwag o sprawczości rzeczy na Watykańskiej Wystawie Misyjnej w 1925 roku." Prace Kulturoznawcze 23, no. 2 (November 7, 2019): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-6668.23.2-3.8.

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Missionary things: Some remarks on the agency of things at the Missionary Exhibition held in Vatican in 1925Things brought by missionaries from mission countries were a testimony of cultural and civilizational differences, objects of scientific research, goods enabling acquisition of funds and new patrons. They were classified and valued according to new rules. They were to bear witness to the success of missions and encourage their continuation. The Missionary Exhibition held in Vatican in 1925 perfectly illustrates the scale of the missionary project of acquiring ethnographic objects. This paper presents the importance of foreign things and their agency in legitimizing missions.

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Hughes, Rebecca C. "“Grandfather in the Bones”." Social Sciences and Missions 33, no. 3-4 (September 24, 2020): 347–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-bja10011.

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Abstract Evangelical Anglicans of the Church Missionary Society constructed a triumphal narrative on the growth of the Ugandan Church circa 1900–1920. This narrative developed from racial theory, the Hamitic hypothesis, and colonial conquest in its admiration of Ugandans. When faced with closing the mission due to its success, the missionaries shifted to scientific racist language to describe Ugandans and protect the mission. Most scholarship on missionaries argues that they eschewed scientific racism due to their commitment to spiritual equality. This episode reveals the complex ways the missionaries wove together racial and theological ideas to justify missions and the particularity of Uganda.

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Musina, Ludmyla, and Tetiana Kvasha. "Experience of developing a mission-oriented STI for SDGS roadmap in Ukraine." Economic Analysis, no. 33(4) (2023): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2023.04.017.

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The subject of the study: mission-oriented policy in the field of science, technology and innovation, to achieve the SDGs in Ukraine. Purpose: defining the STI policy missions (priority directions) to respond to societal challenges and SDGs; developing the roadmaps for STI policy missions as a tool ensuring their coordination with strategic documents’ measures regarding the SDGs achieving. Methods: policy analysis, foresight research, statistical and scientific-metric analysis, business and information analytics. Results of the work: The objectives of six policy missions in the STI field were determined based on the foresight study, analysis of challenges, scientific and technological potential and stakeholder consultations. For the first time, six STI for SDGs roadmaps were developed for six concrete missions according to a single structure, which includes the situation and trends analysis in the relative sectors, scientific and technological and entrepreneurial potential, the key strategic documents’ measures for the SDGs implementation. The road map content has been agreed with 17 interested authorities. A comprehensive STI for SDGs roadmap has been developed as a toolkit for coordinating regulatory, organizational and financial measures regarding SDGs in Ukrainian strategic documents with the STI policy tools. The research results are the basis for determining the priority directions for the development of science and innovative activities for 2023, approved by the resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine No. 283 of March 30, 2023 and No. 463 of May 9, 2023. Scope of application of the results: legal regulation in the STI field, transformational innovation policy. Conclusions. Defining the tasks of six policy missions in the field of STI to respond to national challenges and SDGs allowed for a more thorough analysis of the problems and risks of not achieving the SDGs and their relations with the strategic policy planning in the relevant sectors. The mission-oriented STI for SDGs road map becomes a more effective tool for coordinating the priority directions (missions) of the STI policy with measures for their implementation in strategic development documents. Further research will be aimed at strengthening the roadmap’ coordinating role during the implementation of STI policy measures and tools in the sectors of the national economy, as well as developing the appropriate indicators for monitoring and evaluating the progress in the STI for SDGs roadmap implementation.

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Bickler, Donald. "Roving Over Mars." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 04 (April 1, 1998): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-apr-6.

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This article focuses on the completion of successful mission of the Pathfinder lander and Sojourner. During its three months of travels—12 times longer than the vehicle was designed to last—the rover explored the vicinity of the lander in the Ares Planitia, probing the Martian surface and photographing its rocky environs. In the 1980s, well before the Sojourner design was chosen, contractors to JPL performed numerous studies regarding the various types of vehicle configurations. Once on Mars, the rover climbed obstacles as efficiently as our field tests and calculations predicted. The big unknown was encountering a soil type we were not familiar with, but Martian soil appears to be very similar to that on Earth. The success of Sojourner’s mission means that more rovers will be used in the future to carry scientific instruments to other sites on Mars. Other rovers may someday be large enough to carry manned missions and non-robotic drivers. By designing these reliable, highly mobile planetary rovers, we can expand the reach and scientific value of exploratory missions to other worlds.

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Biswal M, Malaya Kumar. "A Multi-Stage Sample Return Architecture for Interplanetary Exploration with Planetary Protection Measures." Acceleron Aerospace Journal 2, no. 4 (April 30, 2024): 284–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.61359/11.2106-2420.

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This study proposes a novel multi-stage sample return architecture for missions to near-Earth objects and other planetary bodies. Our approach prioritizes scientific return while minimizing mission complexity and adhering to planetary protection protocols. Traditional sample return directly to Earth presents logistical challenges and back contamination risks. This architecture proposes intermediary destinations, such as the International Space Station (ISS) or lunar laboratories, for initial sample screening and containment. Following these initial analyses, only demonstrably safe samples would be transferred to Earth for in-depth investigation. This multi-stage approach leverages existing technologies and promotes responsible planetary exploration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the mission's feasibility and its potential impact on future interplanetary sample return endeavors. A schematic of the proposed architecture is included.

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Karpovich, Elena, Timur Kombaev, Djahid Gueraiche, Daria Evdokimova, and Kirill Alexandrov. "Long-Endurance Mars Exploration Flying Vehicle: A Project Brief." Aerospace 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2023): 965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace10110965.

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The paper presents specifications for the Long-Endurance Mars Exploration Flying Vehicle (LEMFEV), which will be used as future design input data. The specifications are based on the analysis of previous Mars missions and scientific data collected by the operating Martian probes. The design specifications include the requirements related to the airplane’s delivery to the Martian surface; the requirements related to the Martian conditions (atmosphere and climate); and the requirements related to the scientific payload parameters and the mission flight profile.

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Taliento, Marco. "The Triple Mission of the Modern University: Component Interplay and Performance Analysis from Italy." World 3, no. 3 (July 29, 2022): 489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/world3030027.

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We explore the interplay between the three missions of the modern university (teaching, research, and ‘third mission’: education, scientific productivity, and socio-economic interaction with non-academic environments), with a focus on the Italian public university. We execute a path analysis compliant with the isomorphic ‘one-size-fits-all’ university management framework, revisited under a stakeholder approach in light of students’ needs and expectations. We investigate the impact of the university’s knowledge-based missions on student outcome: student satisfaction and early job placement (data from nearly 400,000 respondents per year from 2011–2014) epitomizing both educational effectiveness/attractiveness and competitiveness. Although performances do not appear to all be correlated with each other, there is a positive relationship between research and third mission quality, and finally between the socio-economic mission and student satisfaction. This kind of mission-related evaluation can shape the institutional decisions (government policy and funding) and influence management priorities or behavior by revealing the way the quality of academic productivity and knowledge transfer to communities can create value from the point of view of the core stakeholder (university students). Our findings across missions offer a new perspective, while the innovative structural method helps to reconcile the three institutional goals in one big picture.

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ten Kate, I. L., R. Ruiterkamp, O. Botta, B. Lehmann, C. Gomez Hernandez, N. Boudin, B. H. Foing, and P. Ehrenfreund. "Investigating complex organic compounds in a simulated Mars environment." International Journal of Astrobiology 1, no. 4 (October 2002): 387–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550403001277.

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The search for organic molecules and traces of life on Mars has been a major topic in planetary science for several decades. 26 years ago Viking, a mission dedicated to the search for life on Mars, detected no traces of life. The search for extinct or extant life on Mars is the future perspective of several missions to the red planet, for example Beagle 2, the lander of the Mars Express mission. In order to determine what those missions should be looking for, laboratory experiments under simulated Mars conditions are crucial. This review paper describes ongoing experiments that are being performed in support of future Mars spacecraft missions. Besides the description of the experiments, the experimental hardware and set-up, this paper also gives the scientific rationale behind those experiments. The historical background of the search for life on Mars is outlined, followed by a description of the Viking Lander biology and molecular analysis experiments and their results, as well as a summary of possible reasons why no organic compounds have been detected. A section concerning organic compounds in space and related experiments discusses the organic molecules we will use in simulation experiments. The set-up is discussed briefly in the following section. We conclude with an overview of future missions, stressing the relation between these missions and our laboratory experiments. The research described in this article has been developed as part of a Mars Express Recognized Cooperating Laboratory (RCL), and for planned future Mars missions such as the PASTEUR lander.

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Küçükçene, Mehmet, and Murat Özdemir. "Analysis of the Mission Statements of Educational Administration Departments in Terms of Identity." Yuksekogretim Dergisi 12, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 424–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/yod.21.870606.

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The aim of this study is to examine the mission statements of the Departments of Educational Administration within educational sciences at Turkish universities in terms of identity. The study, which adopts a qualitative approach, was designed as a case study, and the document analysis technique was used for the data collection. In line with the purpose of the study, the web pages of the Departments of Educational Administration in 78 Turkish universities were examined and the mission statements of 48 departments were obtained. These mission statements were then analyzed descriptively. The mission statements were classified under three main themes: education-training, scientific research, and community service. The mission that is emphasized the strongest in by the Educational Administration Departments was “improving the professional development of educators” under the education-training theme. While the most frequently repeated mission under the scientific research theme is “knowledge generation and dissemination in the field”, “producing knowledge for the educational needs of the society” is observed as the primary mission under the theme of serving the society. The Department of Educational Administration missions were discussed in terms of how they reflect the identity of the field, how up-to-date and applicable they are, and to what extent they are suitable for higher education purposes. Based on the findings of the study, administrators and lecturers in Educational Administration Departments are suggested to adopt the due care and meticulousness in the preparation of their departmental missions.

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Briottet, Xavier. "BIODIVERSITY – A new space mission to monitor Earth ecosystems at fine scale." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection 224, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2022.568.

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Imaging spectroscopy has demonstrated its interest in characterizing the biochemical, biophysical and structural properties of vegetation, natural and agricultural soils, as well as artificial surfaces. Following the Hyperion mission, new space missions have emerged (PRISMA, EnMap), or are under study (CHIME, SBG). However, one of their main limitations lies in their spatial resolution that induces a large number of mixed pixels reducing their potential for discrimination for very heterogeneous areas. The BIODIVERSITY mission aims to complement these space missions with better GSD acquisitions (typically 8-10 m) with a 5-day revisit on targeted reference sites with identified and well-located characteristics. It will thus make it possible, in particular, to answer two scientific issues that will design the instrument. The first issue concerns the spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation traits in species assemblages; these traits are associated with the resilience of terrestrial ecosystems, anthropogenic influences, and the biodiversity of ecosystems in terms of species composition and assemblages. The second issue relates to improving our knowledge of coastal areas and inland waters in terms of biodiversity, water quality and bathymetry, in order to assess the impact of human activity on their ecosytems. The scientific challenges as well as the user requirements for such a mission are presented for each application.

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Kossieris, Stylianos, Valantis Tsiakos, Georgios Tsimiklis, and Angelos Amditis. "Inland Water Level Monitoring from Satellite Observations: A Scoping Review of Current Advances and Future Opportunities." Remote Sensing 16, no. 7 (March 28, 2024): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16071181.

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Inland water level and its dynamics are key components in the global water cycle and land surface hydrology, significantly influencing climate variability and water resource management. Satellite observations, in particular altimetry missions, provide inland water level time series for nearly three decades. Space-based remote sensing is regarded as a cost-effective technique that provides measurements of global coverage and homogeneous accuracy in contrast to in-situ sensors. The advent of Open-Loop Tracking Command (OLTC), and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode strengthened the use of altimetry missions for inland water level monitoring. However, it is still very challenging to obtain accurate measurements of water level over narrow rivers and small lakes. This scoping systematic literature review summarizes and disseminates the research findings, highlights major results, and presents the limitations regarding inland water level monitoring from satellite observations between 2018 and 2022. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline and through a double screening process, 48 scientific publications were selected meeting the eligibility criteria. To summarize the achievements of the previous 5 years, we present fundamental statistical results of the publications, such as the annual number of publications, scientific journals, keywords, and study regions per continent and type of inland water body. Also, publications associated with specific satellite missions were analyzed. The findings show that Sentinel-3 is the dominant satellite mission, while the ICESat-2 laser altimetry mission has exhibited a high growth trend. Furthermore, publications including radar altimetry missions were charted based on the retracking algorithms, presenting the novel and improved methods of the last five years. Moreover, this review confirms that there is a lack of research on the collaboration of altimetry data with machine learning techniques.

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Li, Chunlai, Chi Wang, Yong Wei, and Yangting Lin. "China’s present and future lunar exploration program." Science 365, no. 6450 (July 18, 2019): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9908.

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Since the beginning of the 21st century, the pace of lunar exploration has accelerated, with more than a dozen probes having undertaken scientific exploration of the Moon. Prominent among these have been the robotic “Chang’E” (CE) missions of the China Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP). We discuss technological and scientific goals and achievements for the four completed, and four planned, CE missions, and longer-term goals and plans of the CLEP beyond the CE missions. The exploration plan is flexible and iterative, with an emphasis on international cooperation.

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Pisarski, Ludwik. "Entrepreneurial Public University: Perspective of Legal Regulations." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius) 71, no. 1 (May 10, 2024): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/g.2024.71.1.113-128.

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The aim of the study is to identify a collection of legal regulations relating to the implementation of three missions of public universities, which are collectively included in the concept of an entrepreneurial university. The fundamental question to be answered is whether the legal environment in Poland is favorable to the implementation of the mission of an entrepreneurial university by public universities. The conducted research provided arguments which led to the conclusion that currently universities can pursue three missions that are consistent with the ones constituted by the contemporary model of an entrepreneurial university. This also makes it possible to state that there are no legal grounds preventing the implementation of the three missions constituting the model of an entrepreneurial public university, i.e. education, conducting scientific research and commercializing research results by, among others, providing research services that are transferred to the society and the economy.

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Rosenberg, Andrew D. "Division of Scientific Affairs – ASA's Science and Education Missions." ASA Monitor 85, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asm.0000751480.24230.4f.

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Harris, Steven J. "Jesuit Scientific Activity in the Overseas Missions, 1540–1773." Isis 96, no. 1 (March 2005): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/430680.

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Khanifar, A., R. P. Card, J. K. Ridley, and J. L. Bamber. "Microwave scatterometry in support of space-borne scientific missions." Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal 6, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ecej:19940606.

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Stevens, A. H., S. E. Kobs Nawotniak, W. B. Garry, S. J. Payler, A. L. Brady, M. J. Miller, K. H. Beaton, C. S. Cockell, and D. S. S. Lim. "Tactical Scientific Decision-Making during Crewed Astrobiology Mars Missions." Astrobiology 19, no. 3 (March 2019): 369–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2018.1837.

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Strangeway, R. J. "Space Environment and Scientific Missions: Magnetic Fields in Space." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45, no. 10 (October 2009): 4486–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2022646.

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Kuboda, Takashi. "Special Issue on Advanced Space Robotics." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 4 (August 20, 2000): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0333.

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Toward the turn of the century, several missions to explore deep space such as the moon, Mars, asteroids, and comets are being planned for scientific observation. Recently, many researchers have studied and developed lunar or planetary rovers for unmanned planet surface exploration. Microrover missions have received much attention. In July 1997, NASA/JPL succeeded in the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Sojourner rover moved over the Martian surface gathering and transmitting voluminous amounts of data back to the Earth. NASA plans to send robots to Mars in 2003 and 2005 Missions. In Japan, the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) launched the Nozomi, a Mars's orbiter. ISAS plans to send Lunar-A spacecraft with penetrators to the moon and is also promoting the MUSES-C mission for asteroid sample return. ISAS and the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) are cooperatively promoting the SELENE mission, whose major objectives are to acquire scientific data on lunar origin and evolution, and to develop technology for future lunar exploration. NASDA launched the ETS-VII satellite in 1997 for rendezvous docking and orbital robotics experiments. The International Space Station (ISS) is under construction by international cooperation. We will shortly start robotics activities onboard the Japanese Experimental Module (JEM) named KIBOU for the ISS. Space robotics including Al is a key technology for planetary exploration. Space robotics is expected to support space activities, such as external vehicular activities (EVA) and internal vehicular activities (IVA) for future space utilization. Future space projects will require space robotics technology to construct, repair and maintain satellites and space structures in orbit. This special issue on advanced space robotics introduces updated mission results and advanced research activities of space organizations, institutes, and universities, although it does not include all. We hope that this special issue will be useful to readers as an introduction to advanced space robotics in Japan, and that more robotics and Al researchers and engineers will become interested in space robotics and participate in space missions. We thank those researchers who have contributed their advanced research activities to this special issue, and deeply appreciate their earnest efforts.

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Zhang, Lihua. "Development and Prospect of Chinese Lunar Relay Communication Satellite." Space: Science & Technology 2021 (April 27, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/3471608.

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Relay communication satellites play a very important role on the lunar far side and pole areas exploration missions. Queqiao relay communication satellite was developed to provide relay communication support for the lander and the rover of Chang’e-4 mission landing on the far side of the Moon. From entering into the halo mission orbit around Earth-Moon libration point 2 on June 14, 2018, it has operated on the orbit more than thirty months. It worked very well and provided reliable, continuous relay communication support for the lander and the rover to accomplish the goals of Chang’e-4 lunar far side soft landing and patrol exploration mission. Exploration of the lunar south polar regions is of high scientific interest. A new relay communication satellite for Chinese south pole exploration mission is also under study. The system design and on-orbit operation status of Queqiao relay communication satellite were summarized in this paper. The system concept of the relay communication satellite for lunar south pole exploration missions is proposed. Finally, the future development and prospect of the lunar relay communication satellite system are given.

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Noor, Ahmed K., Robert Zubrin, and Douglas Stanley. "A Step Closer to Mars." Mechanical Engineering 128, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2006-nov-1.

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This paper describes the various developments of robust systems for human mars mission. The engineering of highly reliable, robust systems for those human space missions, along with the creation of a livable, artificial environment on Mars, will provide a new arena for the innovation of future technologies, allowing scientific progress and creating economic growth. Studies of human Mars missions have been conducted in the last two decades by NASA, other space agencies, and non-government groups, including the Mars Society. NASA has developed a series of design reference missions to serve as guideposts toward sending a human crew to Mars and to provide a basis for comparing different approaches and criteria. In order to achieve Mars orbit insertion and descent to the surface, rather large accelerations are required, which if implemented through chemical propulsion, require very large propellant masses. The rich carbon supply on Mars also suggests a possibility of local production of such essentials as plastics, lubricants, and synthetic fabrics.

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Wang, Jianjun, Zhensen Xu, Tao Zhou, Jun Zhang, and Xiangqing Wu. "Effectiveness Evaluation of Medium-sized Carrier Rockets Based on ADC Method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2489, no. 1 (May 1, 2023): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2489/1/012026.

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Abstract Using scientific evaluation methods to evaluate the mission effectiveness and cost-efficiency of rockets is one of the important topics in the development of rocket models. Aiming at the problem that the effectiveness evaluation of carrier rockets cannot be quantitatively analyzed, this paper takes the medium-sized carrier rockets, covering both new and old generation ones in service, as the object of establishing a simplified inherent capability index system. The ADC method is utilized to quantitatively evaluate the availabilities, dependabilities, and capabilities of various types of rockets and calculates the corresponding effectiveness and cost efficiencies when performing launch missions in LEO, GTO, and SSO orbits. The results show that Model II has excellent mission effectiveness, which is particularly suitable for medium and high orbit missions; the cost-efficiency of Model III is as good as that of the former, and it can complete many tasks; but Model I is outdated.

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Beichman, Charles. "The Search for Terrestrial Planets: What Do we Need to Know?" Symposium - International Astronomical Union 202 (2004): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900218433.

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The goal of finding and characterizing habitable planets in other solar systems represents one of humanity's greatest scientific challenges. NASA and ESA have initiated studies of missions that could accomplish this goal within the next ten years. What precursor knowledge do we need before we can initiate such a mission? How large should the first steps be in a program whose ultimate aim is to detect life on other planets? This talk describes different concepts for NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder and discusses potential precursors in a program that balances scientific return, technological advance, and programmatic risk.

Journal articles on the topic 'Scientific missions'

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