Journal articles: 'Science Philosophy History 17th century'

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Gross, Alan G., Joseph E. Harmon, and Michael S. Reidy. "Argument and 17th-Century Science." Social Studies of Science 30, no. 3 (June 2000): 371–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631200030003002.

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Jokubaitis, Linas. "The Transformation of Scientific Political Philosophy into a Speculative Philosophy of History." Problemos 97 (April 21, 2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.97.2.

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The paper presents an analysis of the three stages of the development of political philosophy since the 17th century. The rise of modern political theory was marked by attempts to develop a philosophy along the lines of natural sciences. These attempts lead to the development of highly speculative and abstract doctrines; political philosophy ceased being a practical discipline. The paper argues that an important aspect of the traditionalist political thought of the 18th century was an attempt to reestablish the link between theory and practice. In the 19th century, the interest in history was supplemented with new premises about the historical process. Political philosophy, which strived to become scientific, became highly dependent on the premises of various philosophies of history.

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Geiges, Hansjörg. "Facets of the cultural history of mathematics." European Review 8, no. 4 (October 2000): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700005044.

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This article highlights the position of mathematics within general culture at various stages of the development of Western civilization. Special emphasis is given to the role of mathematics in Greek philosophy, the influence of mathematics on Gothic architecture and the place of mathematics in 17th and 18th century society. Literary quotations illustrate the shifts in the view of mathematics in society.

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Nuchelmans, Gabriel. "A 17th-century debate on the consequentia mirabilis." History and Philosophy of Logic 13, no. 1 (January 1992): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445349208837193.

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Shaheen, Jonathan L. "A Vitalist Shoal in the Mechanist Tide: Art, Nature, and 17th-Century Science." Philosophies 7, no. 5 (October 8, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7050111.

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This paper reconstructs Margaret Cavendish’s theory of the metaphysics of artifacts. It situates her anti-mechanist account of artifactual production and the art-nature distinction against a background of Aristotelian, Scholastic, and mechanist theories. Within this broad context, it considers what Cavendish thinks artisans can actually do, grounding her terminological stipulation that there is no genuine generation in nature in a commitment to natural and artistic production as the mere rearrangement of bodies. Bodies themselves are identified, in a conceptually Ockhamist manner, with their figures, so that the resulting theory of mere rearrangement is Scholastically respectable. The paper also offers literal interpretations, focused narrowly on the philosophical content of her theories of art and artifacts, of her claims that art concerns only “nature’s sporting or playing actions”, that its products are “deformed and defective”, and that they are “at best …mixt or hermaphroditical."

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Smith, A. Mark. "The Latin Version of lbn Mucādh's Treatise “On Twilight and the Rising of Clouds”." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 2, no. 1 (March 1992): 83–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423900001570.

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Written by the 11th-century Spanish Arab, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muhammad ibn Mucādh al-Jayyānī, “On Twilight and the Rising of Clouds” represents a unique attempt to determine the height of the atmosphere on the basis of the first tinging of its upper reaches by dawn light. In fact, Ibn Mucādh's value of around 52 miles remained standard until the 17th century, when it was revised sharply downward in consideration of atmospheric refraction and barometric studies. The treatise itself survives in a single Hebrew exemplar, 25 Latin exemplars, and an Italian exemplar derived from the Latin. At the heart of this present study is a critical text based on a fullscale comparative transcription of 22 of the Latin manuscripts, ranging in date from the 13th to the 17th century.

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Burmistrov, Konstantin Yu. "Moshe Cordovero’s Kabbalah and its reception in Europe at the end of the 17th century." Philosophy Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-1-21-36.

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Moshe ben Ya’akov Cordovero (1522–1570) was one of the most influential Kabbalists of the 16th century living in Safed in Northern Galilee (Ottoman Empire). The systematic explanation of the basic concepts of Kabbalah that he proposed had a significant impact on the subsequent development of Kabbalah. A characteristic feature of the views of Cordovero and his followers was the desire to “demythologize” Kabbalah, to create a synthesis of earlier views and to develop a unified speculative theory on their basis. At the same time, since the end of the 16th century, the Kabbalah school of Yitzhak Luria has gained increasing influence, striving to offer a completely new interpretation of the basic concepts of this teaching by remythologizing it. As a rule, it is believed that it was Luria’s Kabbalah that was at the center of interests of Christian researchers of Kabbalah of the 17th century, who in turn influenced the views of a number of European philosophers (H. More, G.W. Leibniz, J. Locke, F.C. Oetinger, F.X. von Baader, F.W.J. Schelling, F.J. Molitor and others). The article attempts to revise this idea and show that Cordovero’s Kabbalah was also very significant for the European thinkers of the 17th century, who were engaged in the translation and interpretation of Kabbalistic writings. The article is based on the analysis of the original Hebrew sources, as well as the Latin translations, made in the late 17th century.

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Bussotti, Paolo. "THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION OF THE 17TH CENTURY. THE ASPECTS CONNECTED TO PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY: AN EDUCATIONAL ITINERARY IN SEVEN LESSONS." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 58, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/14.58.05.

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In the period 2012-2013 I got the qualification (abilitazione) to teach history and philosophy in the Italian high schools. The course I followed was called TFA (Tirocinio Formativo Attivo, Active Formative Training). The final examination was constituted by various proofs. Two of them were the written presentations of one educational itinerary in history and one in philosophy. Both of them had to be structured in a series of interconnected lessons. In this editorial I will expose, with some minor modifications, the translation of the educational itinerary I prepared for philosophy. It concerns the scientific revolution of the 17th century. The interest of this itinerary is not limited to the schools in which philosophy is taught, but it can also provide ideas useful in a course of physics at the high school or of history and philosophy of science at the university. What follows is divided into two parts: 1) a general presentation of the aims and methods followed in the lessons; 2) the lessons of the educational itinerary. In my training in philosophy – developed in September and October 2013 in an Italian scientific high school – I presented the following lessons concerning the scientific revolution.

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Miller, Karen, and Scott M. Cutlip. "Public Relations History: From the 17th to the 20th Century. The Antecedents." Journal of American History 83, no. 3 (December 1996): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2945677.

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LAMONT, WILLIAM. "Angels or Green Aprons? ‘Popular Toryism’ in Late 17th Century England." History Workshop Journal 27, no. 1 (1989): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/27.1.188.

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Fudge, Erica. "The Animal Face of Early Modern England." Theory, Culture & Society 30, no. 7-8 (September 24, 2013): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276413496122.

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This article is both a work of historical reconstruction and a theoretical intervention. It looks at some influential contemporary accounts of human-animal relations and outlines a body of ideas from the 17th century that challenges what is presented as representative of the past in posthumanist thinking. Indeed, this article argues that this alternative past is much more in keeping with the shifts that posthumanist ideas mark in their departure from humanism. Taking a journey through ways of thinking that will, perhaps, be unfamiliar, the revised vision of human-animal relations outlined here emerges not from a history of philosophy but from an archival study of people’s relationships with and understandings of their livestock in early modern England. At stake are conceptions of who we are and who we might have been, and the relation between those two, and the livestock on 17th-century smallholdings are our guides.

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TURNER, ANTHONY J. "NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS, MATHEMATICAL PRACTITIONERS AND TIMBER IN LATER 17TH CENTURY ENGLAND." Nuncius 9, no. 2 (1994): 619–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539184x00973.

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Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Matematici e filosofi naturali diedero contributi importanti, alla fine del XVII secolo, allo studio e al perfezionamento delle tecniche di sfruttamento delle foreste. L'articolo esamina alcune delle tecniche usate in quel periodo e alcune innovazioni, in relazione alla concezione baconiana di studio della natura messa in atto da filosofi naturali come John Evelyn, Robert Plot e Nehemiah Grew. Di quest'ultimo, in appendice viene presentata una lettera inedita su questo argomento.

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Chondros, Thomas. "The development of mechanics and engineering design and machine theory since the rennaissance." FME Transactions 49, no. 2 (2021): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2102291c.

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The history of science and mechanics is confronted by two interconnected problems: a critical accumulation and systematization of historical information about the subject of study, and the relationship between events and the laws of their development.The influence of natural philosophy in classical times that led to the development of mechanics and engineering as a science from the 5th century B.C. to the Middle-Ages was investigated in a previous article by the author. The rapid development of mechanics as a science started in the 16th and the 17th century. Machine design as an applied science was heavily relying on mechanics. Since the beginning of the 19th century, mechanics became the theoretical basis of an increasing number of applied technical disciplines directly connected with the development of industry, the elaboration of new technological processes machines, and industrial plants. A brief history of the development of the theory of machines and mechanisms is attempted here, along with the personalities and Academic Institutions that influenced Mechanisms and Machine Theory from Medieval Times to the recent past.

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Nuchelmans, Gabriel. "Can a mental proposition change its truth‐value? Some 17th-century views." History and Philosophy of Logic 15, no. 1 (January 1994): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01445349408837225.

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Malcolm, N. "The publications of John Pell FRS (1611-1685): some new light and some old confusions." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54, no. 3 (September 22, 2000): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0113.

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The mathematician John Pell is a significant figure in the intellectual history of 17th century England—significant, however, more because of his activities, contacts and correspondence than because of his published work. His few publications are, nevertheless, valuable sources of information about his intellectual biography. Previous listings of them have been both incomplete and subject to error. This article gives a complete listing of the items published during the 17th century. It identifies a hitherto unknown work by Pell, a book published in 1635; it attempts to correct a common misunderstanding about the dating of his best–known work, An Idea of Mathematics ; and it presents evidence confirming Pell's responsibility for the introduction of the division sign. In addition, it discusses nine non-existent publications by Pell—items whose titles derive from materials among Pell's manuscripts, but which have been mistakenly listed as publications in modern reference works.

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Hansen, Jens Morten. "On the origin of natural history: Steno’s modern, but forgotten philosophy of science." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 57 (November 1, 2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2009-57-01.

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Nicolaus Steno (Niels Stensen, 1638–86) is considered to be the founder of geology as a discipline of modern science, and is also considered to be founder of scientific conceptions of the human glands, muscles, heart and brain. With respect to his anatomical results the judgment of posterity has always considered Steno to be one of the founders of modern anatomy, whereas Steno’s paternity to the methods known to day of all students of geology was almost forgotten during the 130 yr from 1700 to 1830. Besides geology and anatomy there are still important sides of Steno’s scientific contributions to be rediscovered. Steno’s general philosophy of science is one of the clearest formulated philosophies of modern science as it appeared during the 17th Century. It includes • separation of scientific methods from religious arguments, • a principle of how to seek “demonstrative certainty” by demanding considerations from both reductionist and holist perspectives, • a series of purely structural (semiotic) principles developing a stringent basis for the pragmatic, historic (diachronous) sciences as opposed to the categorical, timeless (achronous) sciences, • “Steno’s ladder of knowledge” by which he formulated the leading principle of modern science i.e., how true knowledge about deeper, hidden causes (“what we are ignorant about”) can be approached by combining analogue experiences with logic reasoning. However, Steno’s ideas and influence on the general principles of modern science are still quite unknown outside Scandinavia, Italy, France and Germany. This unfortunate situation may be explained with the fact that most of his philosophical statements have not been translated to English until recent decades. Several Latin philologists state that Steno’s Latin language is of great beauty and poetic value, and that translations to other languages cannot give justice to Steno’s texts. Thus, translations may have seemed too difficult. Steno’s ideas on the philosophy of science appear in both his many anatomical and in his fewer geological papers, all of which with one exception (in French) were written in Latin. A concentration of his philosophy of science was given by himself in his last scientific lecture “Prooemium” (1673), which was not translated from Latin to English before 1994. Therefore, after the decline of Latin as a scientific language Steno’s philosophy of science and ideas on scientific reasoning remained quite unknown, although his ideas should be considered extremely modern and path finding for the scientific revolution of the bio- and geo-sciences. Moreover, Steno’s philosophy of science is comparable to Immanuel Kant’s 80 yr younger theory on perception, Charles S. Peirce’s 230 yr younger theory on abduction, and—especially—Karl R. Popper’s 300 yr younger theory on scientific discovery by conjecture and refutation.

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Galkin, I. V. ""Monarchists" and "Republicans" in the Western European Political and Legal Thought of the 17th Century." Lex Russica 74, no. 2 (February 25, 2021): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.171.2.134-150.

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The paper is devoted to the problem of theoretical approaches to monarchical and republican forms of government that were reflected in the works of representatives of Western European political thought of the 17th century. The seventeenth century is the century that opens the period of Modern Times. It was a turning point not only in the history of Western European civilization, but also in the history of philosophical knowledge and "positive" sciences, including in such a specific field as political thought, which developed at the intersection of philosophy and science. The political theory of the period, was able to rise to the realization of the objective of the imperfection of existing political institutions and give its recommendations for addressing the identified deficiencies, as far as it was possible in terms of initial imperfections is given to us in sensations of the world. The political thought of the historical period under consideration showed a lively theoretical polemic between the supporters of the monarchical and republican forms of government. The revolutionary situation developed in some of the advanced European states during the alarming seventeenth century made it possible to understand the advantages or disadvantages of the existing forms of government. It seems quite natural that the formation of the theoretical views of specific political thinkers or jurists was formed under the influence of the dominant ideology (or competing ideologies) of that time. Moreover, it should be noted that the monarchist or republican views of specific authors are not always theoretically well-reasoned, but are often based on the subjective preferences of thinkers. Thus, this paper highlights a rather ambiguous problem of the features of monarchical and republican forms of government in the political thought of the 17th century.

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Rashed, Roshdi. "L'ANGLE DE CONTINGENCE: UN PROBLÈME DE PHILOSOPHIE DES MATHÉMATIQUES." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 22, no. 1 (February 27, 2012): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423911000087.

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AbstractFrom Euclid to the second half of the 17th century, mathematicians as well as philosophers continued to raise the question of the angle of contact and, generally, of the concept of angle. This article is the first essay devoted to this subject in Arabic mathematics. It deals with Greek writings translated into Arabic on the one hand, and contributions of Arabic mathematicians on the other hand: al-Nayrīzī, Ibn al-Haytham, al-Samawʾal, al-Shīrāzī, al-Fārisī, al-Qūshjī, among others. Most of these contributions are hitherto unknown.

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Lévy, Tony. "L'histoire des nombres amiables: le témoignage des textes hébreux médiévaux." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 6, no. 1 (March 1996): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423900002125.

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This article analyzes new material on the history of the amicable numbers. It discusses Hebrew texts which throw new light on the diffusion in Medieval Europe of Ṯābit ibn Qurra's (9th century) work. We find Ṯābit's theorem on amicable numbers in a Hebrew translation, made in Saragossa in 1395, of an arithmetical commentary written by Abū al-Ṣalt al-Andalusī (ca. 1068–1134), and also in an original Hebrew text probably written by the Jewish Provençal scholar Qalonymos ben Qalonymos (1287 – after 1329). These texts lend strong support to the surmise that the Arabic tradition concerning amicable numbers could not have remained unknown to European mathematicians before the work of Descartes and Fermat in the 17th century.

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Jalobeanu, Dana, and Oana Matei. "Treating plants as laboratories: A chemical natural history of vegetation in 17th‐century E ngland." Centaurus 62, no. 3 (August 2020): 542–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12321.

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Osminskaya, Natalia A. "Language of Reality and Reality of Language in Francis Bacon’s Philosophy." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 58, no. 3 (2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202158348.

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The most important of Francis Bacon’s argument against Aristotelian syllogistic logic as a main method of investigation was his doctrine of Idols, closely connected to the contemporary Anglican theological views on imperfect human nature. In his criticism of the first notion of human mind, based on mistaken abstraction, Bacon separated “ars inveniendi”, “ars judicandi” and “ars tradendi” and argued for a new nonverbal form of communication, based on “real characters”. Bacon's conventional concept of the universal language, strongly influenced by Aristotle, was not realized by the philosopher himself, but it was of great popularity in both European rationalism and British empiricism in the middle – second half of the 17th century.

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Aarsleff, Hans. "Pufendorf and Condillac on Law and Language." Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, no. 3 (2011): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226311x599835.

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Abstract This essay argues that Pufendorf conceived the principles of natural law against the rationalism and innatism of the 17th century, and that Condillac similarly formulated a conception of the human origin of language, both of them thus securing open and human foundations for the two primal institutions of law and language, and also making all citizens free agents in the ordering of communal living.

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Wilson, Francis. "Such words in His things: the poetry in Bacon’s new science." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 11, no. 3 (August 2002): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394700201100301.

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Francis Bacon’s utopian fragment New Atlantis was originally prized by its 17th-century readers for its connection with the ‘Great Instauration’ (the author’s plan for reforming the sciences), and for its close link with Sylva Sylvarum, the natural history with which it was first published. Modern scholarship has ignored the importance of Sylva to New Atlantis, which was intended to demonstrate how advances gained through the Instauration might actually be implemented for the greater benefit of humankind. I hope to show that, although Bacon’s more theoretical philosophical treatises argue for a scientific method purged of fanciful language and back-door theology, the ‘simpler’, more referential language used in Sylva Sylvarum and New Atlantis nevertheless demonstrates the author’s clear recognition that the success of the new science depended to some extent upon the strength of its figurative language, and that very often it was through the ‘poetry’ of metaphor, analogy and symbol that religion was re-inserted back into Bacon’s natural philosophy.

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Voss, Karen-Claire, and Antoine Faivre. "Western Esotericism and the Science of Religions." Numen 42, no. 1 (1995): 48–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568527952598756.

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AbstractThe term “esotericism” refers here to the modern esoteric currents in the West (15th to 20th centuries), i.e. to a diverse group of works, authors, trends, which possess an “air de famille” and which must be studied as a part of the history of religions because of the specific form it has acquired in the West from the Renaissance on. This field is comprised of currents like: alchemy (its philosophical and/or “spiritual” aspects); the philosophia occulta; Christian Kabbalah; Paracelsianism and the Naturphilosophie in its wake; theosophy (Jacob Boehme and his followers, up to and including the Theosophical Society); Rosicrucianism of the 17th century and the subsequent similarly-oriented initiatic societies; and hermetism, i.e. the reception of the Greek Hermetica in modern times.

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Saenkova, Elena. "A Newfound Icon “Sophia the Wisdom of God with Miracle-Working Icons of the Mother of God” of the Late 17th — Early 18th Century: Aspects of the Iconographic Programme." ISTORIYA 12, no. 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015810-0.

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The article discusses the unique theological programme of an icon painted in the town of Vologda at the turn of the 17th to the 18th century. The icon combines the image of Sophia the Wisdom of God with the miraculous icons of the Mother of God: “The Lamenting Virgin”, “Our Lady of Georgia”, “The Virgin Eleousa” and “Our Lady of the Kievan Caves”. The image of Sophia the Wisdom of God has a number of significant differences from the classical iconography that became widespread in the Russian art of the 16th and 17th centuries: there is no image of Jesus Christ and the figure of the fiery-faced angel is inscribed as “IC XC”. The study of this icon provides new information for the interpretation of the theme of Sophia the Wisdom of God in Russian culture of the 17th — 18th century.

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Remmert, Volker R. "In the sign of Galileo: pictorial representation in the 17th-century Copernican debate." Endeavour 27, no. 1 (March 2003): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-9327(03)00008-5.

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Hodoba Eric, Cindy. "Artificial apertures: The archaeology of Ramazzini's De fontium in 17th‐century Earth historiography." Centaurus 62, no. 3 (July 24, 2020): 522–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12286.

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Gehring (book editor), Ulrike, Pieter Weibel (book editor), and Jane Russell Corbett (review author). "Mapping Spaces: Networks of Knowledge in 17th Century Landscape Painting." Renaissance and Reformation 40, no. 4 (January 28, 2018): 211–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v40i4.29288.

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Pronin, D. "Spinoza and dialectical materialism." Kazan medical journal 29, no. 1-2 (November 19, 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj80269.

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The name of Spinoza is immortal, since his teachings stand on a broad highway that leads to Marxism-Leninism. It is impossible to understand the genius of Marx by divorcing his views from the ideological heritage of the past. "His teaching arose as a direct and immediate continuation of the teachings of the greatest representatives of philosophy, political economy and socialism." (Lenin, op., Vol. XVI, 349). Spinoza in the 17th century is the representative of materialism, which was later developed and deepened by Marx, of that materialism about which Lenin wrote: Throughout the entire recent history of Europe, and especially at the end of the 18th century, in France, where a decisive battle was fought against all sorts of medieval rubbish , against serfdom in institutions and in ideas, materialism turned out to be the only consistent philosophy, true to all the teachings of the natural sciences, hostile to superstition, hypocrisy, etc. "(Lenin, vol. XVI, 350)

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El-Rouayheb, Khaled. "The Myth of “The Triumph of Fanaticism” in the Seventeenth-Century Ottoman Empire." Die Welt des Islams 48, no. 2 (2008): 196–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006008x335930.

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AbstractSince Halil İnalcık's classic The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age (1973), the received view amongst historians has been that Ottoman scholars lost interest in the rational sciences after around 1600, largely as an effect of the rise of the puritanical Kādīzādeli movement. In the present article, I argue that there was in fact no decline of interest in the rational sciences amongst seventeenth century Ottoman scholars. On the contrary, interest in logic, dialectic, philosophy and rational theology seems to have been on the rise. Sunni Persian, Azeri and Kurdish scholars fleeing Safavid Iran brought with them new scholarly works in the rational sciences and gained a reputation as accomplished teachers. The number of Ottoman colleges in which works on the rational sciences were studied and taught also seems to have risen dramatically in the course of the 17th century.

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Musthofa, Qowim. "Al-Qur'an dan Filsafat Ilmu Pengetahuan." AN NUR: Jurnal Studi Islam 13, no. 1 (December 20, 2021): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37252/an-nur.v13i1.103.

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The Qur'an is not a text of science, although in general scientific facts (phenomena of nature) are mentioned in it. It's just that in the era of the revelation of the Qur'an 17th century, the development of science is not like today. Hence the contemporary Muslim intellectuals to prove over the miracle of the Qur'an that actually contain the philosophy of knowledge that is very influential in the development of modern science. Various approaches have been used in order to give new meaning to the text of the Qur'an is static-limited with scientific approaches that are active-dynamic. One of them with hermeneutics to reread and reinterpret the text of the Qur’an to revive the text of the Qur'an itself.

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Vermij, Rienk. "The marginalization of astrology among Dutch astronomers in the first half of the 17th century." History of Science 52, no. 2 (April 23, 2014): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275314529862.

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Kislov, Denis. "Management and communication ideas in the late 17th – early 19th centuries." History of science and technology 11, no. 1 (June 26, 2021): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32703/2415-7422-2021-11-1-38-53.

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The article examines the period from the end of the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The scientific novelty of this study is the demonstration of the theoretical heritage complexity of the Enlightenment for the general history of management and communication ideas. The article presents an analysis of the views and concepts of the late 17th – early 18th century thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, who defend the right to freedom of communication and liberalization of relationships in the system: “person – society – state”, associated with their own understanding of the government role. French enlighteners François Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Jean d'Alembert, Etienne Condillac were much smaller theorists in management and communication issues, but their successful epistolary and encyclopedic communication practice, starting from the third decade of the XVIII century significantly increased the self-awareness of the masses. The influence of their ideas on the possibility of progressive development of social relations, on improving the national states manageability and on how of a new type scientists were able not only to popularize knowledge, but also to practically make it an object of public communication is shown. In this context, the author considers the importance of political and legal communication problems in the vision of Charles Louis Montesquieu and analyzes the republican governance ideas by Jean-Jacques Rousseau as an outstanding figure of the Enlightenment, who attached great importance to the forms and methods of forming of the state governance structures. At the end of the historical period under consideration, a comparative historical analysis of the most significant statements of such thinkers as Immanuel Kant and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel is presented. These founders of the scientific discourse around the problems of power and state, war and peace, the effectiveness of government and communication in relations with the people laid the enduring foundations of the theoretical argumentation of two opposing views on the cardinal problem of our time – the possibility or impossibility of achieving mutually acceptable foundations of a new world order peacefully, excluding all types of hybrid wars. The general picture of the scientific and technological achievements of this period, influencing the level of understanding of the management and communication functions of the state of that time, is given in comparison with the present.

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Peterson, Carl. "Vying for Truth—Theology and the Natural Sciences: From the 17th Century to the Present." Theology and Science 16, no. 3 (June 22, 2018): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746700.2018.1488533.

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Carlyle, Margaret. "The Use of Humans in Experiment: Perspectives from the 17th to the 20th Century." Annals of Science 75, no. 2 (October 25, 2017): 154–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00033790.2017.1390159.

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Tindemans, Klaas. "The Politics of the Poetics: Aristotle and Drama Theory in 17th Century France." Foundations of Science 13, no. 3-4 (July 10, 2008): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-008-9131-1.

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Marchand, Philippe. "ROBERTS (Benjamin). – Trough the keyhole. Dutch child-rearing in the 17th and the 18th century Three urban elite families." Histoire de l'éducation, no. 89 (January 1, 2001): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/histoire-education.858.

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Tretyakova, Marina. "Russian Travelers 17th Centuries about the Ceremony of Marriage of the Adriatic." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018931-3.

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The article considers the ceremonial of the Doge’s betrothal to the Adriatic sea through the prism of its perception by Russian travelers of the end of the 17th century. In the Republic of Venice there were a considerable number of ceremonies, which were held annually on the occasion of victories and various festivals. Among them, a special place was occupied by the rite of betrothal of the Doge to the sea (with the Adriatic) (Marriage of the Adriatic). Its origins rite of passage is leading with deep absent. Almost all Russian travelers who visited Venice at the end of the 17th century, paid attention to this ceremony. In their travel notes stolnik P. A. Tolstoy and an unknown author write about the date of the ceremony, its history, the details of the protocol of its ceremonial, the value for the Venetian state. The splendor and colorfulness of its holding attracted the special attention of Russian travelers. In their opinion, the central place in this ceremony was occupied by the figure of the venetian doge. In addition, they emphasized its state character. But the venetian vessels that took part in the ceremony, and above all, the ceremonial galley of the venetian doge Bucintoro, attracted the special attention of russian travelers. The interest of the stolnik P. A. Tolstoy and unknown author called private ships of the venetians, who accompanied the doge of Venice in the maritime procession. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the rite of betrothal of the venetian doge to the Adriatic caused some interest among russian travelers of the 17th century, but to a greater extent their admiration was associated with architectural masterpieces, religious shrines, music, gardens and fountains. Perhaps this was due to the fact that in the Moscow state there were no similar ceremonies. In any case, the russian travelers of the 17th century, namely stolnik P. A. Tolstoy and an unknown author in their travel notes recorded this ritual, leaving the memory of this to posterity.

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HOLMES, FREDERIC LAWRENCE. "Chemistry in the Acadéémie Royale des Sciences." Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 34, no. 1 (2003): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2003.34.1.41.

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ABSTRACT: In the received history, chemistry began to transform from cookery to science toward the end of the 17th century with the introduction of sustained systematic experiment, color indicators, and the mechanical philosophy. Robert Boyle is usually considered the chief promoter of these improvements. In fact, the mechanical philosophy played a marginal part in the development of chemistry during Boyle's time and he was too eager an alchemical adept to establish the cooperative enterprise that precipitated modern chemistry. While Boyle sought the philosopher's stone, members of the Paris Academy of Sciences set the course of modern chemistry by developing a style of thorough, repeated, systematic experimentation and accurate measurement that resemble the practices that historians customarily credit to the late 18th century. The present paper makes this case by reconstructing the Academy's program of experiments to determine the constituents of chemical ““mixts,”” mainly parts of plants, as recorded in the laboratory notebooks of Claude Bourdelin. These experiments typically employed maceration or a similar technique to ““loosen”” the ingredients of the substance under investigation followed by distillation at various temperatures. The academicians tested the several fractions of distillate thus produced with many reagents, including color indicators of acidity. Some of the preliminary steps lasted for weeks, and some of the distillations for days. To reassure themselves that their procedures did not destroy or discard important constituents, they weighed both raw materials and end products and totted up the sum in a manner worthy of Lavoisier.

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Schneer, Cecil. "Geology, Time and History." Earth Sciences History 8, no. 2 (January 1, 1989): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.8.2.n871088718k50220.

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There is evidence of consciousness of natural time as far back as the Early Ice Age in recorded observations of the recurrent and successive appearances of the moon. The idea of geologic time was broached as part of the 17th century scientific revolution in the same milieu as the ideal time of rational mechanics, but the sense of time drawn from observations of the earth transcended the limitations of ideal physical law. Inapplicable to "…an unlimited assemblage of local instabilities…" (Maxwell, 1877 p. 14), the laws of physics by definition are independent of the very particulars of time and place that are the essence of historical science. In the 18th century, Hutton formulated a physically dynamic theory of earth history as an indefinitely repeating series of cycles, while continental geologists such as Arduino and Werner constructed an ordinal classification of the major rock formations from primary crystalline basement to the alluvium of the present surface. The detailed scale of geological time as expressed in the geologic column was made possible by the discovery (principally by G. Cuvier and A.Brongniart and independently W. Smith) of the principle of faunal succession. By 1836, a consensus on the main outlines of the structure and biologic, as well as lithologic, succession was reached that held almost up to the present day. With temporal succession, the static scala naturae of Aristotle became first the progressionism of the great chain of being and finally, Darwinian evolution. The idea of geologic time encompasses all that we have learned of the history of our earth and its life.

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Zhuravlev, A. L., L. Pochebut, and V. A. Chiker. "E. S. Kuzmin as a historian and methodologist of social psychology (to the 100-th anniversary of his birth)." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 42, no. 5 (October 2021): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920017079-2.

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The historical, theoretical and methodological views of E.S. Kuzmin on the history of the formation of Russian social psychology from the middle of the 17th century.until the 70s of the XX century. Deep and comprehensive knowledge of E.S. Kuzmin of the history of philosophy and psychology contributed to the creation of a theoretical and methodological basis for social psychology. The scientist carried out purposeful work to integrate social psychology into the world of psychological science, streamline and synthesize the accumulated knowledge. It is shown how E.S. Kuzmin convincingly argues that human consciousness is formed not just in the process of work, but a system of interactions and relationships between people is necessary. The history of social psychology, which E.S. Kuzmin divided into three periods: 1) the accumulation of socio-psychological knowledge within the framework of philosophy and general psychology; 2) descriptive period; 3) experimental period. E.S. Kuzmin insisted that the formation of social psychology as an independent science begins in our country simultaneously with the same process in Germany and the United States. He considered the process of communication between people to be the subject of social psychology. The methodological foundations of social and psychological science were determined, and a monograph was published describing the methods of social psychology. The results of research of social psychologists, which were introduced into the practical work of domestic industrial enterprises, are highlighted.

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Anderson, Virginia DeJohn, and Frank Thistlethwaite. "Dorset Pilgrims: The Story of West Country Pilgrims Who Went to New England in the 17th Century." Journal of American History 77, no. 3 (December 1990): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079018.

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Clucas, Stephen. "'The Infinite Variety of Formes and Magnitudes': 16Th- and 17Th-Century English Corpuscular Philosophy and Aristotelian Theories of Matter and Form." Early Science and Medicine 2, no. 3 (1997): 251–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338297x00140.

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AbstractIn this article, I argue that the interest on the part of Bacon, Hill, and Warner in corpuscularian interpretations of natural phenomena and their similarity to certain views later held by Digby or Boyle offer a strong indication for the existence of an 'independent English atomistic milieu', a view that fits more closely Porter & Teich's recent model of national contexts for early modern science than Kargon's traditional picture of English atomism as a foreign import. In the course of this article, I consider Francis Bacon's anti-Aristotelian polemic in the light of his continued adherence to a conception of material form and his essentially Aristotelian metaphysics, as well as the relationship between his conception of form and his corpuscular theories of matter. This is followed by an examination of Walter Warner's natural philosophical manuscripts. Particular attention is paid to his Averroist distinction between assistant form (which has the role of an active, organizing, kinetic principle) and insistent forms (passive material formation, according to the nature of the substance and its internal combination or mixture of parts) in his treatment of the atoms of vital spirits and of the transmission of light, an idea that has interesting links to the scholastic notion of the sphaera actiuitatis. It is shown how Warner replaced the assistant form/sphere of activity with an energic principle, which he called vis and which took over many of the characteristics of the formative principles it replaced. I then compare Warner's use of vis with Nicholas Hill's, for whom it represented a hypostatic principle, i.e. an instrument of divine agency in the physical world. Such a strong view of divine causation enabled Hill to undertake a more radical critique of Aristotelian form than was available to Warner. My discussion ends with a look at Boyle's critique of the modern Aristotelian doctrine of forms, and his re-interpretation of form in terms of atomic configuration and the modifications of local motion. I end by suggesting that the 'phasing out' of Aristotelian notions of form, and their replacement with ideas of force or local motion opened the way for a similar 'phasing out' of divine causation, by making force a self-sufficient explanatory principle.

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Laube, Stefan, and Sergei Zotov. "Vial Movies." Nuncius 37, no. 1 (October 20, 2021): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-bja10001.

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Abstract In the 16th and 17th centuries vials played a prominent role in the visualization of nature’s driving forces as recreated in the laboratory. While in technical drawings the vial was often depicted as empty, there were also elaborate images—mainly pertaining to alchemical knowledge—in which vessels were filled, usually not with actual liquids, but with allegorical scenes. Vials functioned as visual devices, as virtual stages in illuminated manuscripts as well as in engravings in books—contrary to the reality in the laboratory where heat-resistant stoneware was normally used. This study focuses on a lavishly illustrated manuscript—Coronatio naturae—which circulated in numerous versions throughout Europe in the 17th century. The second part of this article presents the manuscript in detail, while the first part examines the serial “vial portraits” that appeared in books and manuscripts—the principal medium of alchemical communication at the time. It will be argued that the visualization of the individual stages of the alchemical process has an additional, inherent dimension of movement that can be described as cinematographic.

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Kardel, Troels. "Willis and steno on muscles: Rediscovery of a 17th‐century biological theory*." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 5, no. 2 (June 1996): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09647049609525657.

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Togoeva, Olga. "Jean Bodin and English Demonology of the 16th — 17th Centuries." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019048-1.

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The article deals with the influence exerted by the famous French lawyer Jean Bodin on the English demonologists of the 16—17th centuries. Based on the material of demonological treatises and pamphlets published in the English Kingdom since the end of the 16th century, the author of the article traces the degree of familiarity of the English with the basic ideas of the “Demon-mania of Sorcerers” of Jean Bodin (1580). She notes four different principles of quoting “Demon-mania”: direct quoting with the mention of the author’s name and the title of the treatise; hidden borrowings; indirect quoting; and finally, “empty” references, when the appeal to the authority of Jean Bodin was not based on his own text. The undeniable familiarity of English demonologists with “Demon-mania” makes the author of the article also consider the question of the religion of Jean Bodin in order to understand why the British, who were already Protestants for the most part by the beginning of the 16th century, paid so much more attention to the work written by a Catholic.

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Robertson, Edmund. "Giovanni Domenico Cassini: A Modern Astronomer in the 17th Century, by Gabriella Bernardi." BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 33, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17498430.2018.1450034.

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Young, Francis. "The Shorts of Bury St Edmunds: Medicine, Catholicism and politics in the 17th century." Journal of Medical Biography 16, no. 4 (November 2008): 188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jmb.2007.007058.

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The Short family of Bury St Edmunds produced at least eight doctors between the first half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th. Some of these practised locally and others went on to achieve fame in London or abroad. They included Richard Short (d. 1668), a medical polemicist, and Thomas Short (1635–85) who treated Charles II in his last illness and became the subject of poetry and other literature. The Shorts generated controversy through their adherence to the Roman Catholic faith at a time of persecution and suspicion. Richard Short used medical polemic as a vehicle for advancing his religious views, and his son and nephew became involved in James II's political programme to introduce religious toleration in 1688. After the Revolution the Shorts withdrew from political life but continued in their medical practice and their recusancy. This paper is the first to unravel the family relationships of the Shorts, which previously have eluded most historians.

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Kristjánsson, L. "Iceland spar and its legacy in science." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 3, no. 1 (May 16, 2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-3-117-2012.

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Abstract. In the late 17th century, Rasmus Bartholin and Christiaan Huygens investigated a curious optical property of crystals found at Helgustaðir in Eastern Iceland. This property which has been called double refraction, revealed in the 19th century a new aspect of light which turned out to be very useful as a probe of the internal structure of matter. Clear specimens of these crystals, an unusually pure variety of calcite, have since around 1780 been known as ''Iceland spar''. Few if any other localities yielding calcite crystals of comparable size and quality were discovered before 1900, and no alternatives for use in precision optical instrumentation were developed until the 1930s. Hundreds of tons of calcite were exported from Helgustaðir, mostly between 1850 and 1925. However, little information has been found on trading routes for the material of optical quality, so that some enigmas remain regarding its supply-demand situation. A study of the scientific literature in the period up to 1930 has revealed that results obtained with the aid of Iceland spar accelerated progress within the earth sciences (in mineralogy and petrology), physics, chemistry, and biology, even by decades. This has also influenced the development of technology and of medicine in various direct and indirect ways.

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Kabala, Boleslaw Z., and Thomas Cook. "Hobbes and Spinoza on Sovereign Education." Philosophies 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies7010006.

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Most comparisons of Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza focus on the difference in understanding of natural right. We argue that Hobbes also places more weight on a rudimentary and exclusive education of the public by the state. We show that the difference is related to deeper disagreements over the prospect of Enlightenment. Hobbes is more sanguine than Spinoza about using the state to make people rational. Spinoza considers misguided an overemphasis on publicly educating everyone out of superstition—public education is important, but modes of superstition may remain and must be offset by institutions and a civil religion. The differences are confirmed by Spinoza’s interest in the philosopher who stands apart and whose flourishing may be protected, but not simply brought about, by rudimentary public education. Spinoza’s openness to a wisdom-loving elite in a democracy also sets up an interesting parallel with Thomas Jefferson’s own commitment to the natural aristocracy needed to sustain republicanism. In demonstrating the 17th century philosopher’s skepticism toward using the state exclusively to promote rationality, even as he recognizes the importance of a sovereign pedagogical role and the protection of philosophy, we move to suggest that Spinoza is relevant to contemporary debates about public education and may reinvigorate moral and political discourse in a liberal democracy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Science Philosophy History 17th century'

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