Journal articles on the topic 'Science Language History 17th century'
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1
Fagyal, Zsuzsanna. "Phonetics and speaking machines." Historiographia Linguistica 28, no. 3 (December 31, 2001): 289–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.28.3.02fag.
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Summary This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.
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Aarsleff, Hans. "Pufendorf and Condillac on Law and Language." Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, no. 3 (2011): 308–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226311x599835.
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Abstract This essay argues that Pufendorf conceived the principles of natural law against the rationalism and innatism of the 17th century, and that Condillac similarly formulated a conception of the human origin of language, both of them thus securing open and human foundations for the two primal institutions of law and language, and also making all citizens free agents in the ordering of communal living.
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Selihey, P. O. "Failed language predictions: history giving lessons." Movoznavstvo 313, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-313-2020-4-001.
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The external history of individual languages shows attempts to predict their future. Time has shown that these predictions were both true and false. The article on the material of some languages analyzes what exactly predicted them in the past and what happened to them later. For example, in 16–17th centuries English was perceived as «backward» and «peasant», which should give way to a more perfect Latin. In the middle of the 20th century the Russian language was foretold the status of a world language after the victory of communism throughout the world. Quite often predictions about the near death of languages experiencing linguicide turned out to be false. Fr. Engels predicted the disappearance of «small» Slavic peoples and their languages (Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes). In the 18th century, the Swedish administration predicted the rapid disappearance of the «hopeless» Finnish language. Sometimes optimistic forecasts were not confirmed either. At one time, nobody could foresee the rapid decline of Yiddish. As a result of the Nazi Holocaust and the subsequent assimilation of the Jews, the demographic power of this language decreased by more than 20 times. At the same time, Hebrew has unexpectedly overcome the opposite path during the incomplete century: from a half dead book language to a universal means of communication in all communicative spheres. The history of the Ukrainian language abounds with predictions of its imminent decline. The respective forecasts were given not only by assimilators, but also by native speakers. Thus, in the 19th century one of the motives for compiling grammar and dictionaries was the fear that in the future it would be impossible to do so, as the language is doomed to death. From chauvinistic point of view the Ukrainian language was perceived as unviable, which served as a basis for administrative oppressions and prohibitions. The misconceptions about its futility and near death existed in fact until the end of the 20th century. Unfulfilled predictions about the decline of languages give reason to formulate a recommendation: even if the language is subject to linguicide, it is not necessary to be pessimistic and to lose heart. The belief in a better future, the position «not to give up under any circumstances», the guide to an uncompromising fight for the language is practically expedient and psychologically advantageous. The second conclusion: there are still no reliable forecasting methods in linguistics. This is a big gap, because, apart from cognitive function, science must also have a predictive function. Prediction of the future of the language should become a topical task of modern linguistics.
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Falk, Julia S. "Turn to the history of linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 30, no. 1-2 (September 16, 2003): 129–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1.05fal.
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Summary In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities – linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages – but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.
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Maher, Julianne. "Fishermen, farmers, traders: Language and economic history on St. Barthélemy, French West Indies." Language in Society 25, no. 3 (September 1996): 373–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500019217.
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ABSTRACTSt. Barthélemy, a small island in the northeastern Caribbean, is populated primarily by descendants of 17th century French settlers, and hosts seven language varieties. To explain the linguistic complexity of the island, this article reconstructs both its social history (using censuses, church records, and land registries) and its economic history, analyzing the effects of economic change on the island's population. The two offshoot communities on St. Thomas provide evidence of social fragmentation related to occupational differences. Functional explanations for St. Barth's linguistic diversity are inadequate; however, the social network theory of Milroy & Milroy 1992 proves useful in explaining the persistence of language differences in this small isolated community. (Social networks, life-modes, economic change, societal multilingualism, creole languages, French, West Indies, St. Barthélemy)
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Osminskaya, Natalia A. "Language of Reality and Reality of Language in Francis Bacon’s Philosophy." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 58, no. 3 (2021): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps202158348.
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The most important of Francis Bacon’s argument against Aristotelian syllogistic logic as a main method of investigation was his doctrine of Idols, closely connected to the contemporary Anglican theological views on imperfect human nature. In his criticism of the first notion of human mind, based on mistaken abstraction, Bacon separated “ars inveniendi”, “ars judicandi” and “ars tradendi” and argued for a new nonverbal form of communication, based on “real characters”. Bacon's conventional concept of the universal language, strongly influenced by Aristotle, was not realized by the philosopher himself, but it was of great popularity in both European rationalism and British empiricism in the middle – second half of the 17th century.
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Kiselev, Mikhail A. "THE RISE AND FALL OF THE TERM “POLITICHNYY” IN 18TH CENTURY RUSSIA: TOWARDS THE PREHISTORY OF THE CONCEPT OF CIVILIZATION." Ural Historical Journal 76, no. 3 (2022): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-3(76)-84-92.
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The article is devoted to the prehistory of the emergence in the Russian political language of such an important concept for the European culture of the Modern times as civilization. In view of the historiography, the article focuses on the adjective politichnyy. In the language of Muscovy in the 16th–17th centuries, the notion of barbarians was mainly used to mean “non-Christian peoples” for whom Christians were contrasted. In the second half of the 17th century, ideas according to which barbarism was associated with a lack of knowledge and science, as well as manners, were introduced to Russia and later adopted by the elite. From this position, Russia was seen, above all, as a barbarous country. With the successes of Peter the Great reforms and the advances in the European knowledge, Russia’s status as a politichnyy nation began to be recognized, which was officially proclaimed in 1721. By the first quarter of the 19th century, the adjective politichnyy stopped being used to describe the stage of a nation’s development which opposed to barbarism. Politichnyy was used to mean “courteous”. This was due to the fact that the politichnyy stage, perceived as external assimilation of manners and knowledge, was absorbed by the idea of enlightenment, which implied interiorization of assimilated knowledge and a corresponding change in human behavior.
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Wilson, Francis. "Such words in His things: the poetry in Bacon’s new science." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 11, no. 3 (August 2002): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394700201100301.
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Francis Bacon’s utopian fragment New Atlantis was originally prized by its 17th-century readers for its connection with the ‘Great Instauration’ (the author’s plan for reforming the sciences), and for its close link with Sylva Sylvarum, the natural history with which it was first published. Modern scholarship has ignored the importance of Sylva to New Atlantis, which was intended to demonstrate how advances gained through the Instauration might actually be implemented for the greater benefit of humankind. I hope to show that, although Bacon’s more theoretical philosophical treatises argue for a scientific method purged of fanciful language and back-door theology, the ‘simpler’, more referential language used in Sylva Sylvarum and New Atlantis nevertheless demonstrates the author’s clear recognition that the success of the new science depended to some extent upon the strength of its figurative language, and that very often it was through the ‘poetry’ of metaphor, analogy and symbol that religion was re-inserted back into Bacon’s natural philosophy.
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Isakhanli, Hamlet. "Science Communication and Science-People Relationships." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 22, no. 4 (December 2019): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.4.58.
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There are two crucial types of communication in science and technology: interaction between scientists and communication between them and the public. Scientists enjoy the spoken and written communication between themselves in a symbolic language that is largely incomprehensible to others. Throughout history, they have maintained contact with one another via the books they have written and read. The transition from handwritten to printed books contributed greatly to the development of science and culture. Correspondence and salons helped them to share information and unite the efforts of people of both science and art. The journals that emerged in the mid-17th century gradually became forums for scientists. The work of scientific journals then covered an unimaginably broad scope. Communication between scientists and people, the transmission of scientific innovations in language understandable by the layman, that is, in “everyday language”, is very significant in itself, for the organizations they work in, for the governments that implement policies to develop science and technology and, also, for their readers and other shareholders. Informing people about scientific innovation is a crucial aspect of public relations. Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, the internet, the mobile devices in everyone’s hands, exhibitions and face-to-face meetings have all fostered direct contact between scientists and the people. The hauliers along the road from science and technology to the people include popular scientific literature and the remarkable works written about the history of science.
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Abdullayeva, Sevda, and Samira Gasimova. "XVII century Azerbaijani culture through the eyes of european travelers." Grani 24, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172113.
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At the beginning of the 16th century, due to the establishment of the Safavid Empire of Azerbaijan, the culture of the people also developed significantly, especially due to the strengthening of the centralized political structure. “Language commonality, which is one of the factors of the national stage of public unity” was a reality that closely united the people of Azerbaijan in the 17th century.In the 17th century, Azerbaijan was remaining one of the most important cultural centers of the Near and Middle East. The ongoing Safavid-Ottoman wars at that time dealt a crushing blow to the cultural development of the people. Many famous Azerbaijani scientists were captivated and taken to Istanbul, and some were transferred to Qazvin and Isfahan. Only in the middle of the 17th century there was a certain revival in the development of science and education in Azerbaijan. There were various educational institutions in the cities of the country, which were the centers of crafts, trade and culture. In the Middle Ages, all educational institutions, including madrassas, neighbour schools, tekyehs, were, of course, religious in nature.A careful analysis of the information provided by medieval historians and travelers leads to the conclusion that book printing was not only known in Azerbaijan in the middle of the 17th century, but even a printing press was brought here. The French traveler Chardin writes that the Safavid Empire, aware of the benefits of printing, was in favor of bringing it to Iran.Generally, the history of Azerbaijan in the Middle Ages (as well as in the XVII century) had the character of a scientific chronicle. However, even the mere recording of real events served to develop the historical thinking of the people, to ensure the connection of inheritance. The expansion of folk art, the spread of cultural potential in the Near and Middle East was one of the features of the development of Azerbaijani culture in the 17th century. Unfavorable socio-economic and political processes had a negative impact on the development of culture in the country.
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Salmanov, Azat S. "Попытки Кучумовичей и башкир воссоздать Сибирское ханство." Oriental Studies 14, no. 2 (July 20, 2021): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-54-2-238-247.
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Introduction. As is commonly believed in Russian historiography, the late 16th century witnessed a final collapse of the Siberian Khanate. However, that event was long followed by repeated attempts from ex-owners of Siberian Yurt — the Kuchumovichs (children and grandchildren of the Siberian Khan Kuchum) — to regain their power. In achieving their goal, they relied on Bashkir and Kalmyk leaders. The ideological supporters of Kuchum’s descendants were the Siberian Tatars and Bashkirs, primarily Bashkir Tabyns who also sought a restoration of the Siberian Khanate. But in historical science the question of Bashkirs’ participation in the Kuchumovichs’ cause to regain Siberian Yurt remains unaddressed. Goals. The study aims at examining the 17th century ethnopolitical history of the Trans-Ural Bashkirs through the prism of the movement attended by the Kuchumovichs, Kalmyks and Dzungars who came up with the idea of reviving the Siberian Khanate. Materials and Methods. The work employs materials already introduced into scientific discourse which, however, were not considered through the prism of Bashkirs’ participation in the general movement of nomadic leaders to have struggled for the restoration of the Siberian Khanate. Coupled with the use of historical research methods (historical, comparative and systemic ones), this made it possible to reveal that in the territory of Bashkiria the actions of Bashkir rebels were associated with the policy of the Kuchumovichs and Kalmyk taishas who tried to unite Bashkirs and inhabitants of Western Siberia to withdraw from subordination to the Moscow Government. Thus, the scientific novelty is that the 17th century anti-Russian movement of Bashkirs is being first considered in the context of attempts to restore the Siberian Khanate. Results. Analysis of historical events (departure of Kuchum’s grandson Kuchuk to the Karakalpaks and adoption of Russian citizenship by the Kalmyk ruler Ayuka) shows that the rebellious Bashkirs experienced a collapse of hopes for the restoration of the Siberian Khanate, the latter viewed as an opportunity to gain independence from the Tsardom of Russia. Conclusions. Bashkir uprisings of the mid-to-late 17th century should be considered in line with the political situation that had developed in the southeastern outskirts of Russia due to the joint activities of the Kuchumovichs, Kalmyk and Bashkir leaders.
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Atkinson, Dwight. "The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1675–1975: A sociohistorical discourse analysis." Language in Society 25, no. 3 (September 1996): 333–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500019205.
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ABSTRACTThis study traces the evolution of scientific research writing in English from 1675 to 1975. Two separate methods of discourse analysis – rhetorical analysis focusing on broad genre characteristics, and sociolinguistic register analysis – are applied to a large corpus of articles from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. The two sets of results are then interpreted vis-à-vis the Royal Society's social history to yield an integrated description. Findings indicate that: (a) research writing in the 17th – 18th centuries was substantially influenced by communicative norms of author-centered genteel conduct; (b) greater attention to methodology and precision in the interest of scientific specialization brought about pronounced textual changes in the 19th century, although gentlemanly norms were still in evidence; and (c) by the late 20th century, expanded theoretical description/discussions appear to have replaced experiments and methods as the rhetorical centerpiece of the research article. (Discourse analysis, rhetorical analysis, register, social studies of science, scientific writing, corpus linguistics)
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Hansen, Jens Morten. "On the origin of natural history: Steno’s modern, but forgotten philosophy of science." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 57 (November 1, 2009): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2009-57-01.
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Nicolaus Steno (Niels Stensen, 1638–86) is considered to be the founder of geology as a discipline of modern science, and is also considered to be founder of scientific conceptions of the human glands, muscles, heart and brain. With respect to his anatomical results the judgment of posterity has always considered Steno to be one of the founders of modern anatomy, whereas Steno’s paternity to the methods known to day of all students of geology was almost forgotten during the 130 yr from 1700 to 1830. Besides geology and anatomy there are still important sides of Steno’s scientific contributions to be rediscovered. Steno’s general philosophy of science is one of the clearest formulated philosophies of modern science as it appeared during the 17th Century. It includes • separation of scientific methods from religious arguments, • a principle of how to seek “demonstrative certainty” by demanding considerations from both reductionist and holist perspectives, • a series of purely structural (semiotic) principles developing a stringent basis for the pragmatic, historic (diachronous) sciences as opposed to the categorical, timeless (achronous) sciences, • “Steno’s ladder of knowledge” by which he formulated the leading principle of modern science i.e., how true knowledge about deeper, hidden causes (“what we are ignorant about”) can be approached by combining analogue experiences with logic reasoning. However, Steno’s ideas and influence on the general principles of modern science are still quite unknown outside Scandinavia, Italy, France and Germany. This unfortunate situation may be explained with the fact that most of his philosophical statements have not been translated to English until recent decades. Several Latin philologists state that Steno’s Latin language is of great beauty and poetic value, and that translations to other languages cannot give justice to Steno’s texts. Thus, translations may have seemed too difficult. Steno’s ideas on the philosophy of science appear in both his many anatomical and in his fewer geological papers, all of which with one exception (in French) were written in Latin. A concentration of his philosophy of science was given by himself in his last scientific lecture “Prooemium” (1673), which was not translated from Latin to English before 1994. Therefore, after the decline of Latin as a scientific language Steno’s philosophy of science and ideas on scientific reasoning remained quite unknown, although his ideas should be considered extremely modern and path finding for the scientific revolution of the bio- and geo-sciences. Moreover, Steno’s philosophy of science is comparable to Immanuel Kant’s 80 yr younger theory on perception, Charles S. Peirce’s 230 yr younger theory on abduction, and—especially—Karl R. Popper’s 300 yr younger theory on scientific discovery by conjecture and refutation.
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Gąsiorowski, Stefan. "Professor Jan Marian Małecki (1926-2017): In Memoriam." Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 15 (2017): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843925sj.17.012.8181.
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Jan Małecki was a historian and rector of the the Kraków Academy of Economics. While his most important research was devoted to economic history, his achievements also included works related to the grand synthesis of Polish history, methodology, source studies, bibliography, and biography. In the 1985/1986 academic year, together with two other scholars, he began an open series of lectures in the Institute of History at the Jagiellonian University entitled ‘Jews in Polish History’. He was the author of a number of academic papers on the history of the Jewish community in Poland in both Polish and English. Of particular importance are his extensive source entries from Kraków customs registers concerning Jewish trade at the end of the 16th century and start of the 17th century, published by the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Małecki also popularized Jewish issues by including them in his numerous publications on the economic history of Poland and the history of Kraków. For many years, he also promoted Jewish studies outside of the Jagiellonian University and the Kraków University of Economics and reviewed numerous works of other scholars for degrees and publishing houses. In 2016, he was granted the Father Stanisław Musiał Award for his work on the history and culture of the Jewish community in Poland.
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Levin, Feliks. "The Categories Describing the Community in Ethnic and Protonational Discourse in the Irish Language in the First Half of the 17th Century." ISTORIYA 13, no. 6 (116) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021760-5.
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Tudor and Stuart periods marked an epoch of great transformations in the history of Ireland which were reflected in the renewed terminological apparatus of the Irish language. Náision (nation) was one of the new concepts adopted in Irish. The paper examines the vocabulary of ethnic and protonational discourses in the texts created in the first half of the 17th century by Tadhg Ó Cianáin, Aodh Mac Cathmhaoil (Mac Aingil), and Geoffrey Keating and contextualizes the perceptions concerning ethnicity in the Irish-language environment. On the basis of the analysis of concepts náision, pobal, cíne, fine, aicme, and sliocht the author demonstrates that when the texts adopted external tradition of using the categories describing community, their supragentile potential actualized; when they used vernacular resources, more familiar gentile aspect of meanings persisted. In spite of endurance of gentilism in the Irish-language environment, the emergence of a new language of description signaled not only discursive acculturation of Irish intellectuals but also the process of territorialization.
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Klein, Wolf Peter. "Gab es eine Fachsprachenforschung im 17. Jahrhundert?: Versuch einer Antwort mit besonderer Berücksichtigung von Johann Heinrich Alsted." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 31, no. 2-3 (2004): 297–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.31.2-3.05kle.
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The present article demonstrates, with the example of the polyhistor Johann Heinrich Alsted (1588–1638), that in the 17th century there already was systematic work done on language for special purposes. This kind of research was essentially oriented toward the lexicon and stood in close connection to comparative linguistics undertaken at the time. Methodologically it was closely bound up with the categories of lexicological analysis keeping in view semantic and etymological details of technical terms. At the same time, whenever required, the difference between technical language and common language was analyzed. Additionally, in the presentation of the technical lexicon contemporary techniques such as the doctrine ofloci communesand pieces taken from Ramistic logic were employed. At the time, the transfer of Greco-Roman terminology to the various vernaculars did not yet play a major role in these activities. Instead, we must see these efforts in the identification and analysis of the technical lexicon as being part of the projects to construct a universal science.
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Pascal, A. D. "On the handwritten tradition of the Slavic version of Matthew Blastares’s Syntagma in the principality of moldavia in the 15th–17th centuries." Rusin, no. 64 (2021): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/64/2.
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The article analyses the relationship of the copies of the Slavic version of Matthew Blastares’s Syntagma made in the 15th – 17th centuries in the Principality of Moldavia. The author studied haplographies (line omissions) in eight of the eleven surviving copies de visu and by photocopies to determine that, in addition to the monastery of Neamc, Suceava, and Romanesque metropolitans, there was another most important center for copying the Syntagma in the Principality of Moldavia of the 15th-17th centuries in the Putna Monastery, where three direct copies of each subsequent copy from the previous one were created, starting with the original Copy of 1472 (Bucharest, Library of the Academy of Romania, Nr. 131). These are the following manuscripts: Copy of 1474 (Moscow, Russian State Library, Fund 98, Nr. 742); Copy of the early 16th century (Moscow, Russian State Library, Fund 98, Nr. 65); Copy of the last quarter of the 16th century (Moscow, Russian State Library, Fund 178, Nr. 4293). The information about the number of Slavic copies of Matthew Blastares’s Syntagma in the Principality in the 15th – 17th centuries has been adjusted upwards, since some of the surviving copies can be traced back to their Slavic manuscript protographic originals, which have not yet been found in the world depositories or not survived to this day.
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Truhlarova, Oxana G., and Simona Korycankova. "The History and Main Avenues of Historical Lexicography in the Comparative Aspect (On the Example of Historical Dictionaries of the Russian and Czech Languages)." Voprosy leksikografii, no. 18 (2020): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22274200/18/4.
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The aim of the present article is to trace the establishment of the Russian and Czech historical lexicography and conduct a comparative study of the features of historical dictionaries of these languages. Historical dictionaries of the Czech and Russian languages served as the subject matter of the study. The dictionaries are reviewed chronologically and analyzed according to several lexicographical criteria: time of creation, pool of sources, extent of vocabulary, entry structure, manner of representation of a word’s lexical meaning. Historical lexicography is distinguished by a certain terminological vagueness and ambiguity. Thus, the term “historical dictionary” can mean, on the one hand, a lexicographical study that represents the history of words in the course of a certain epoch in a language’s evolution. On the other hand, dictionaries that explain the meaning of words used in ancient writings can also be termed historical. Such ambiguity signifies that the subject of historical lexicography has not received sufficient attention, either in regards to individual languages, or the Slavic lexicography as a whole. This study has isolated the following stages in the development of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: (1) 17th–18th centuries – scientific study of vocabulary gives rise to predecessors of historical dictionaries (wordlists, lexicons), (2) 19th century – descriptions of vocabulary stress diachronic changes, giving rise to the first historical dictionaries, (3) 20th century – historical lexicography joins linguistics as a distinct branch of scientific study. A methodology for the compilation of historical dictionaries is developed, many new historical dictionaries are compiled that encompass the entire span of a language’s history, as well as only certain formative stages of the Russian or Czech language. (4) Late 20th – early 21st centuries – conceptual changes to the editorial approach to the structure and compilation of historical dictionaries, the relevance of publishing the dictionaries in the printed form is debated. The introduction of IT into the linguistic science has enabled an expansion of the dictionary database. The practice of creating language corpora has given historical lexicography a new direction and made the material accessible to a wide circle of users. The following can be counted among the distinctive features of the Czech and Russian historical lexicography: a keen interest in the history of language on the part of Czech researchers at even the early stages of the linguistic science, adherence to Western European examples by Czech lexicographers, most historical dictionaries of the Czech language have never been published in full because the work on them has either been suspended or discontinued altogether. In the Russian historical lexicography, on the other hand, there is an intense ongoing effort to create new dictionaries.
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Puriaieva, Nataliіa, Ruslana Kotsa, and Bohdana Babenchuk. "Studies in historical linguistics at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine." Ukrainska mova, no. 1 (2022): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrmova2022.01.052.
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This article analyzes major directions, achievements, and prospects of studies in historical linguistics accomplished by the department of the history of Ukrainian of the Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine within 30 years since its foundation. The department has focused on the Ukrainian glotogenesis and dialectogenesis and their ProtoSlavic origins, the history and structure of Church Slavonic in its East Slavic recension as attested in Old Ukrainian records and used on the Ukrainian ethnolinguistic territory in the 10th—13th centuries, and the history of the Ukrainian orthography. At the moment, three general research areas are in the center of scholarly interests, which are editorial studies of linguistics sources, historical lexicography, and the academic history of Ukrainian. Together with the historians of language working at different Ukrainian educational institutions and research centers, the department continues publishing the book series Ukrainian Written Records of the 11th—13th centuries. In 2019, the department coordinated a scientific seminar series dealing with the historical and lexicographic project Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language of the Late 17th—18th Century. It starts working on a monograph to present theoretical and methodological principles of the dictionary ompilation. Together with the South Ukrainian Historical Word Formation Center (founded in 2004, Zaporizhzhia), the department is working on the 5th volume of the academic book A History of the Ukrainian Language. Word Formation containing a generalized study of word formation of the nominative elements of Ukrainian. Keywords: historical and linguistic research, editorial studies of linguistic sources, historical lexicography, historical word formation
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ОСІНЧУК, ЮРІЙ. "Церковнослов’янська лексика зі семантикою ‘Бог; Божа особа’ у староукраїнських текстах." Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 64, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/060.2019.64211.
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The present paper is based on materials of different genres and different styles of Ukrai- nian written monuments of the 16th and the 17th centuries (acts, court documents, wills, deeds, documents of church and school fraternities, chronicles, works of religious, polemi- cal and fiction, memos of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, episto- lary heritage, etc.) which are included in the source database of the Dictionary of Ukrainian language of the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century and its unique lexical card index, which is stored at the Ukrainian Language Department in the I. Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). The composition and structural organization of Church Slavonic lexemes meaning ‘God; God’s face’ as well as their origin and history are studied.It was found that the register of this vocabulary included more than fifty phonetic and graphic Church Slavonic elements expressing the concept of ‘God; God’s face’ different in word-forming structure. The main attention is paid to the etymological analysis of the studied tokens, which was primarily to clarify their semantic etymon. It is established that the analyzed Church Slavonicisms are mostly semantic loans from the Greek language, which preserved their semantics from ancient times to the Old Ukrainian period.It is observed that some studied tokens often act as core components of various two-, three-, or four-membered lexicalized phrases. The most active multifunctional core com- ponent was the token Lord. It is established that fixed phrases and phraseologisms are of different types in structure, mostly two-component noun + adjective phrases (sporadically, there are other lexical-grammatical models, too: “noun + noun”, “preposition + adjective”). Much less observable are three-component formations (“noun + verb + pronoun“, “verb + pronoun + noun“) and four-component models (“verb + preposition + pronoun + noun”).It was found that the Church Slavonic words attested in the Ukrainian memos of the 16th and the 17th centuries did not undergo significant semantic changes in the process of formation of religious vocabulary. Some Church Slavonicisms have gone through a partial semantic modification, and some have acquired new semantics due to fixed phrases. Some words that point to God’s face are characterized by polysemy and synonymy.The evolution of the analyzed Church Slavonicisms is different. Some of them have survived to our time and are actively used in the Ukrainian literary language or dialects, while others function only in a special area: in the church practice of the Byzantine rite (Orthodox Church of Ukraine, Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church).
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Arel, Maria Salomon, and Paul Meyendorff. "Russia, Ritual, and Reform: The Liturgical Reforms of Nikon in the 17th Century." Russian Review 53, no. 4 (October 1994): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130982.
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Molnár, Dávid. "Ferenc Hunyadi, an almost completely forgotten Transylvanian humanist." Hungarian Studies 36, S (November 22, 2022): 22–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/044.2022.00199.
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AbstractAlthough the name of Ferenc Hunyadi is known in Hungarian literary history mainly for his Hungarian-language historical song about the peril of Troy, there also exist more than five thousand lines of Latin poetry by him which have not been collected or published since the 16th century. Another eleven of his poems are known from a manuscript written by a Unitarian pastor in the early 17th century. A further, one-distich poem was recorded by István Szamosközy. The date of composition of his poems in manuscript can be placed roughly between the end of 1586 and 1599. In addition to these, there is also a manuscript kept in Oxford in which Hunyadi gives prescriptions for febrile diseases. As a starting point for further research, this paper summarises what is currently known about Hunyadi and his works.
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Nanzatov, Bair Z., and Vladimir V. Tishin. "Об одном бурятском этнониме в якутской среде: *mököröön > mögürüön ~ möŋürüön ‘Мегюрен’." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 14, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2022-2-334-343.
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Introduction. The article examines the onym Megüren (Yak. Möŋürüön < Mögürüön) used as a name of several administrative units in the territory of Yakutia, mainly those included in Meginsky (Yak. Mäŋä) District. The available 17th-century written sources — i.e. earliest Russian-language documents on Yakuts — mention no such onym. And it was E. Pekarsky who already pointed out that the Yakut word mögürüön ‘round-thick’ could be a Mongolic borrowing and, in particular, tended to trace parallels in the Buryat language. Subsequent researchers paid no attention to both the word and the corresponding ethnonym. Goals. The paper aims to analyze origins of the word the ethnic name stems from. Materials and methods. In the absence of early historical accounts, the work explores linguistic sources to investigate phonetic appearances of the Yakut onym in question and comparable data in other languages, primarily Mongolic ones. The latter include not only vocabularies but also materials dealing with personal onomastics. Some folklore elements also prove instrumental in settling the issue. Conclusions. The analysis of phonetic properties inherent to the Yakut ethnonym möŋürüön — in comparison with different forms of the word in Buryat dialects — makes it possible to conclude that it penetrated the Yakut discourse precisely from a language essentially close to western Buryat dialects characterized by the use of /ö/ in the first syllable (/ü/ in standard Buryat) and vowel labialization in non-first syllables. Other features outline the upper chronological limit of the word’s arrival in Yakut to the late 17th century since the observed properties are as follows: /g/ > /ŋ/ assimilation; presence of a long vowel in -VgV- complex, and the intervocalic /g/ from the Mongolic /k/ not yet transformed into the Buryat /χ/
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Dubrovskaya, Dinara V. "The Way Athanasius Kircher Illustrated China in His “China Illustrata” (1667)." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021557-9.
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The paper seeks to further research the long-forgotten compilation work of the German Jesuit encyclopedist of the 17th century Athanasius Kircher “China Illustrata ...”, which has acquired relevance since the beginning of the 21st century not only in the context of the European Sinology history, but also in historical, imagological and philosophical-missiological context. The publication aims to integrate this hitherto little-known and underestimated work of the German erudite and “the last Renaissance man, who knew everything” into several lines of information transmission: From the preachers collecting facts and carrying out initial systematization in China to the creator of “China Illustrata”, and further from the author of this first “Encyclopedia of China” to subsequent philosophers of the Enlightenment and first professional European Sinologists. The paper provides a brief description and history of the “Encyclopedia of China” creation, identifies some important Jesuit informants and colleagues of the scientist (including his Chinese collaborators), whose data Kircher used while compiling his work. The author comes to the conclusion that the long present in history of science claims made to Kircher for factual errors, dissemination of mythologized information and the construction of several false hypotheses (such, e.g., as the genesis and structure of Chinese symbols, the origin of which Athanasius Kircher deduced from Egyptian hieroglyphics) are not entirely fair, since the German scientist conscientiously worked out the information field outlined for the book by himself, and his inevitable mistakes largely served as a guarantee that they were not made by researchers following in his footsteps.
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Ryan, Rebecca M. "The Sex Right: A Legal History of the Marital Rape Exemption." Law & Social Inquiry 20, no. 04 (1995): 941–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb00697.x.
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How did the American legal elite come to reject the husband's privilege to rape his wife. What is the significance of that rejection. This essay traces theories justifying the marital rape exemption from the 17th century, focusing on the period following World War II. The history illustrates how the postwar legal elite's limited progressivism created inconsistent arguments that left the exemption open for attack, an attack that came from within the 1970s feminist movement. Radical feminist rhetoric about sexuality, rape, and marriage pulled away the last layer of theoretical support for the exemption and denounced the sex right it left exposed underneath. Connections in the 1970s, both literal and conceptual, between radical feminists and the legal elite allowed the feminist movement to discredit the exemption within that elite. To interpret the significance of that rejection, I consider how legal language affects people's senses of self. I argue that legal words like “rape,” “marriage,” and “husband” validate and inform people's, specifically husbands', identities in marriage. By changing the meanings of those legal words, legal reform can eventually change human behavior.
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Romanovska, Alina. "Regional Identity and Multiculturalism: the Baltic Germans of Latgale in the Early 20th Century Latvian Literature." Respectus Philologicus 40, no. 45 (October 11, 2021): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/respectus.2021.40.45.93.
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In the studies of Latvian culture and history, there is a number of investigations dedicated to the influence of Baltic German culture on Latvian culture. Hence the Latgale region was not given due attention in this regard. The role of the Baltic Germans in this region is peculiar due to its specific history, and it is important to study how the Baltic German culture influences the multicultural identity of Latgale. A project of the Latvian Science Council The Baltic Germans of Latgale in the context of socio-ethnic relations from the 17th until the beginning of the 20th century (2020–2021) is devoted to this topic. One of the tasks of the project is the analysis of the image of the Baltic Germans in fiction. In the framework of the research, the works written in the Latvian literary language, the action of which is set in Latgale, are analysed. The focus is on fictional works about Latgale written by two authors – Antons Austriņš (1884–1934) and Ādolfs Ers (1885–1945) – in the first and second decades of the 20th century. The said writers are the first currently distinguished authors narrating in the Latvian literary language, who describe Latgale in a number of their works. Compared to other nationalities (Poles, Russians, Jews), the Baltic Germans are mentioned minimally in their works; moreover, it is a commonplace that in some cases protagonist’s belonging to German descent is not mentioned, which can only be inferred. Although the Baltic Germans belong to the Latgale past, their culture is imperceptibly and harmoniously apparent in Latgale, i.e. it is evident in the castles (castle ruins) and manors as well as in the use of Germanisms by the Baltic Germans, it has determined the location of the Latgale cities and influenced the worldview.
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Philippov, A. V. "Japanese Studies in Russia: From Its Classical Origins to the Winds of Changing Trends." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 14, no. 6 (April 12, 2022): 92–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2021-14-6-5.
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The article deals with the analysis of Japanese studies evolution in Russia and its key milestones on the base of problem-oriented historical approach since the very start in the late 17th century. The development of area studies on Japan in Russia was determined by many factors, such as geopolitics, domestic and foreign policy, socio-economic changes in all public authorities. Russian Japanology is presented as a complex science that has incorporated a number of scientific areas (language, history and culture, literature and art, ethnography and ethno-psychology, geography, economics, and politics). The Japanology specificity in Russia is the preservation of the unity and integrity of Japanese studies as a sign of respect for the classical traditions of Oriental studies. Among the main stages of development, the author considers the origins of Japanese studies in Russia, starting from the 17th century, the formation in the classical form at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the crisis lines of 1905, 1917, 1937-1938. The next two stages, marking the completion of the review, can be considered as signs of certainly impressive results in scholarly publications for the Russian Japanese studies. The comprehensive analysis that had appeared in the scholarly works and literary translations of Russian Japanology scholars (from the mid-forties till perestroika-time, 1945-1985) was the result of a well-planned policy to promote Oriental studies based on a stable ideology and regular funding. The names of the most prominent scholars, twists and turns of their life activities and achievements are widely presented. The essay concludes with an overview of the situation at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries, touches on the pros and cons that emerged in Japanese studies at the post-Soviet stage.
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Anikeeva, Tatiana, and Ilona Chmilevskaya. "TURKIC MANUSCRIPTS FROM PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF ALHAJIKENT (KAYAKENT DISTRICT, REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 18, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch184899-907.
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As part of the research project of the RSCF No. 22-18-00295 “Electronic library of Arabographic manuscripts from archival, library, museum and private collections of Russia”, the authors conducted an archeographic expedition in the summer of 2022 to the Kayakent, Akhtynsky and Suleiman-Stalsky districts of the Republic of Dagestan with the aim to identify private and mosque collections of manuscripts and books for their subsequent description and digitization. Two private collections, belonging to K.M. Kamalov and Sh.Yu. Magomedov, were identified in the Kayakent district of Dagestan. They comprise around forty volumes of manuscripts and early printed books, as well as handwritten documents: assembly records, letters, registration of legal transactions, etc. Both collections have a common origin and are fragments of collections belonging to local religious figures: the last pre-revolutionary qadi of the village of Alhajikent, Qadi-Agay and his relatives Abuzar-qadi, local alim of the first half of the 19th century, Abdul Wahab Sheikh and Sheikh Mirza. The part of the collection of Sh.Yu. Magomedov was lost in the 1980s. The content of the collections is mainly represented by works in Arabic in the fields of grammar and stylistics of the Arabic language, Muslim law, dogmatics, occult sciences. Due to the loss of its part, the Sh.Yu. Magomedov’s collection covers the period between 1747-1748 to the first third of the 19th century, while in the collection of Kamalov K.M. there are earlier copies of manuscripts, which, according to paleographic characteristics, can be attributed to the middle of the 17th century. Our paper focuses on the few manuscripts in the Turkic languages, identified in the collections.
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Kirillova, Natalia B. "Metamorphoses of Russian Mass Culture." Observatory of Culture 16, no. 5 (December 4, 2019): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2019-16-5-536-541.
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The article is a review of the monograph “Russian Mass Culture: From Baroque to Post-Modernism” by Doctor of Philosophy, Professor of the Russian State University for the Humanities, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences I.V. Kondakov. The book, which consists of seven chapters, is devoted to the history of the emergence and development of mass culture in Russia from ancient times to the beginning of the 20th century. Studying its origins dating back to antiquity, the author proves that Russian mass culture received an “impulse of independence” in the 17th century, as the culture was becoming personified, which means a personal principle was coming forward in it. It was during that period, associated with the emergence of Russian Baroque, that two paradigms appeared — Pre-Renaissance and Pre-Enlightenment, which led to the subsequent juxtaposition of “mass” and “elite” cultures in Russia first before Peter the Great and then after his period. The author gives an interesting assessment to the period of the Russian Enlightenment of the 18th century, when there happened a demarcation of the noble culture into liberal-democratic and conservative directions. Moreover, the former contributes to “massification”, and the latter – to “individualization” of Russian culture. The crisis of the classical paradigm in the 19th century, including the “literature-centrism” and “critical-centrism” of Russian culture, ultimately led to the formation of new artistic movements, new genres and styles, that is, to the modernization of Russian culture at the turn of the 19th—20th centuries. In this regard, the Silver Age turned out to be an “exquisite and ephemeral construction of the Russian Renaissance” in paradoxical forms of symbolism and modernism.The review reflected the structural and substantive aspects of I.V. Kondakov’s monograph, the features of his theoretical analysis, the specifics of style and language. The article evaluates the publication, reveals its uniqueness and scientific significance for modern humanitarian science, including history and cultural studies, literary criticism and philosophy, art criticism and aesthetics.
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Bobkova, Marina. "Jean Boden in Russian Historiography." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019047-0.
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Jean Boden (1530—1596), the famous French lawyer and politician, historian, economist and philosopher left a rich artistic legacy — ten treatises on a variety of topics: from education to the theory of sovereignty. Abroad, hundreds of works are devoted to the study of the life and work of Boden, and the first of them appeared already at the beginning of the 17th century. The question naturally arises, what was the fate of Boden's ideas in Russia? At first glance, it seems that there can be no question of direct impact. In those few decades, when the name of Boden was still thundering, his works were repeatedly published and translated into foreign languages, the political atmosphere in Russia was not conducive to the perception of the ideas of the French thinker. This was the period of the reign of Ivan the Terrible, Oprichnin, then, followed by Troubles and the accession of the first Romanovs to the Russian throne. When the Russian educated society began to actively assimilate the spiritual riches of the West, Boden's time had already passed and Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, and others became the subject of study of the Russian Enlightenment. But nevertheless, traces of acquaintance with Boden and even his influence can be found in our country at the end of the 17th and especially in the 18th century. The article further examines the Russian tradition of studying Boden's ideas to this day.
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Ahmad Hilmi, Ahmad Bazli, Zulkfli Mohd Yusoff, Selamat Amir, and Zulkarnin Zakaria. "THE REVIEW OF THE WORDS ADNA AL-ARD AND AL-‘ANKABUT IN MALAY TRANSLATION OF HOLY QURAN: ANALYSIS GUIDED BY SCIENCE-ORIENTED EXEGESIS METHODOLOGY." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss1pp146-158.
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The idea for the translation of the meaning of the Holy Quran in Malay Archipelago had appeared since the middle of 17th century. However, some problems in the translation of its meaning had resulted in a non-accurate translation of Quranic words or verses. A major factor contributing to this problem is the limited skills among the translators in the various fields and topics covered in Quran. Thus, a Review Committee for the Translation of the Meaning of Al-Quran consisting of experts in various field of knowledge related to Quran such as Arabic language, the target language, Quran interpretation and other disciplines such as history, geography, chemistry, biology, medicine and others that have been proposed. This article analyses two Malay translations of Holy Quran; Tafsir Pimpinan ar-Rahman and Tafsir Quran Karim guided by science-oriented exegesis (tafsir ‘ilmi) to find out whether the translation of meaning matches modern scientific facts. The accurate translation of the verse will then be proposed. The result revealed limitation in the translation of the meaning for the word adna Al-Ard to “nearest place”, while the word has various meaning. With regard to the interpretation of the mufassir and modern science fact, the suggested meaning for the word adna Al-Ard is supposed to be “the nearest place with lowest altitude”. Cite as: Hilmi, A.B.A., Mohd Yusoff, Z., Amir, S., & Zakaria, Z. (2017). The review of the words adna al-ard and al-‘ankabut in Malay translation of holy Quran: Analysis guided by science-oriented exegesis methodology. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(1), 146-158.
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Gambarova, A. G. "Concept “cow” (“bull”) as an archetype in ancient written texts." Philology at MGIMO 23, no. 3 (September 17, 2020): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2020-3-23-113-120.
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The 21st century is characterized as the century of globalization, the integration of cultures, which, of course, leaves its mark on the development of cognitive linguistics. Linguistics as a science of language, reflects all the changes that occur in the thinking and speech behavior of modern society. Cognitive linguistics makes it possible to identify and trace the logical foundations of the emergence and development of the human language as a general cultural phenomenon of human life and its features within the framework of a national culture. Cognitive studies in the language bring people together with different levels of development, culture and religious affiliation, which is necessary in the high-tech age, as they promote tolerance, religious tolerance and mutual respect. The article analyzes the mythological and religious texts of different peoples and faiths in order to identify one of C. Jung’s archetypes. It is a collective unconscious modeling function of certain words. Three centuries ago R. Descartes called such archetypes “the alphabet of human thoughts”. Then this expression was partially used in the late 1650s by the mathematician Blaise Pascal, and later applied in the works of G. Leibniz at the end of the 17th century. It is noteworthy that Descartes, Pascal, C. Jung and some other famous scholars were among the first in linguistics and the history of philosophical teachings to point out the importance of studying the symbolic primitives of thought in linguistic culture. They believed that such archetypes, thanks to symbolism, are part of the general linguistic picture of the world. At the same time the analysis was carried out, confirming one of the main provisions of modern cognitive linguistics about the interplay of language and culture, the originality of the linguistic picture of the world put forward in the Middle Ages by E. B. de Condillac, later proclaimed by W. von Humbolt, and underlying Sapir-Wharf’s theory of linguistic relativity.Not trying to “grasp the immensity”, the author of the article did not set a goal to indicate the use of the tokens “bull” and “cow” in different ancient languages. For example, in Asia and the East they acquire individual meaning in the group of Semitic languages (Arabic, etc.) or Turkic-speaking (Turkish, etc.). They are beyond the scope of our study. Comparisons and comparisons of these lexemes only in Russian and Hindi and a group of Indonesian languages come into view. Some other isolated parallels relate to the so-called “background information”. The study relies on a systematic analysis of the famous anthropologist K. Levy-Strauss and on the analogy method, widely used by linguists, culturologists, and anthropologists.
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Krom, Mikhail. "Patronage and Clientele in the Muscovite State in the 16th and 17th Centuries: Historiography and the Key Issues." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (August 2021): 66–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.4.6.
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Introduction. The paper deals with the phenomenon of patron-client relations in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Russia, which until recently has been almost completely neglected by the scholars. Relying on recent publications and his own findings, the author addresses the key issues of the topic including the origins of this phenomenon in Russia, the typology of patron-client relations and their specifics in Muscovy. Methods and materials. The paper combines a survey of the current historiography with examination of selected primary sources (mainly private letters from archival collections) and forays into the theory of patron-client relations elaborated by social scientists. Comparing the Muscovite patronage system to its counterparts in other European countries enables some hypotheses about the peculiarities of patron-client relations in pre-Petrine Russia. Analysis. Addressing the problem of the origins of the Russian patronage the author traces the evolution of social relations and the appearance of the specific language of patronage which leads him to a conclusion that the phenomenon in question might have emerged by the end of the 16th century. Proceeding then to the typology of patron-client relations, the author assumes that, although only aristocratic patronage has been thoroughly studied so far, similar phenomena can be detected in other milieus as well, including the Church, where nepotism and corporate clientelism flourished. Finally, the author isolates some specific features of the Muscovite patronage, especially its depoliticized and decentralized character, as contrasted to the analogous phenomena in Poland-Lithuania, England, and France. Results. Summing up the present-day knowledge of the Muscovite patronage, the author highlights it as a typically early modern phenomenon that evolved within the official state institutions and functioned as an addendum to them.
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Feldman, Walter. "The Celestial Sphere, the Wheel of Fortune, and Fate in the Gazels of Nâʾilî and Bâkî." International Journal of Middle East Studies 28, no. 2 (May 1996): 193–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800063133.
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The poet known as Bâkî (d. 1600), the “King of Poets” of Sultan Suleiman I (1520–66), is generally acknowledged as the leading figure of the so-called “classical age” of Ottoman poetry (roughly from the mid-15th to the beginning of the 17th century), while the poet known as Nâʾilî (d. 1666) was a pivotal figure in the break between this classical age and the “post-classical age,” roughly the early modern era extending from 1600 to 1800. On the broadest level this break was signaled by a change in the use of metaphorical language. This paper will contrast the treatment of one series of metaphors common in the lyric gazels within the divâns of both poets, although further examples could be found within other poetic genres, especially the panegyric kasîde. It will also attempt to interpret the significance of these metaphors in Nâʾilî's poetry and to demonstrate their distance from the usage of the classical Ottoman period, exemplified by Bâkî.
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Nguyen, Duy Phuong. "Missionary Activity and Civilization of Western Missionaries: a Case of Cochinchina (Vietnam) During the XVI and XVII Centuries." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080010743-4.
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As in many other religions, missionary activity is seen by Catholics as a self-fulfilling mission, a sacred act to expand the scope of God’s kingdom. The geographical discoveries, along with the progress of the maritime industry in the 15th–16th centuries, opened a great prospect for “spreading the Gospel” to faraway lands, including Cochinchina (Vietnam). Along with missionary activities, Western civilization also followed the missionaries, who introduced it into the indigenous social life, contributing to the creation of the West–East connection, and the world integration of this land. Based on the many sources, such as the memoirs and correspondence of the missionaries themselves in Cochinchina and the works on the Catholic history of some Vietnamese and foreign researchers, especially the latest studies of Vietnamese historians, the article focuses on studying about missionary activities along with the introduction of Western civilization by missionaries in Cochinchina from the 16th century to the 18th century. The resusts show that the activities of the missionaries under the encouragement policy of the Cochinchina government are the basic factors promoting the process of spreading Western civilized values in Vietnam. This is an inevitable result of the spread of Catholicism which is an important role in the cultural exchange between East and West in Cochinchina in the 16th and 17th centuries. The paper contributes to clarifying the history of the development of Catholic doctrine in Vietnam and affirm the merits of Western missionaries as a bridge to bring European scientific and technical knowledge to Cochinchina.
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Cicėnienė, Rima. "Johannes Hevelius’s Selenographia Manuscript in Vilnius." Knygotyra 72 (July 9, 2019): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/knygotyra.2019.72.20.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the history of the Cyrillic manuscript transcription of Selenographia (1647), which details Moon observation – the work of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth astronomer Johannes Hevelius (Jan Heweliusz, 1611–1687). The codex is relevant in two aspects: first, as an example of a late-17th century book, incorporating the characteristics of both a manuscript and a printed publication; and second – as an example of scientific literature in the Commonwealth. Hevelius is a well-known sciencist. The researcher is recognized as the first precise topographer of the Moon. He has composed a catalogue of 1564 stars, discovered four comets, and defined new boundaries of several constellations. In historiography, the manuscript translation of Selenographia has been known since the end of the 19th century. However, in the beginning of the 20th century, the transcript was equated to a piece owned by Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich (1661–1682), which was present in his library in 1682. The manuscript has been studied by multiple linguists, astronomers, and museologists from various countries; however, it is still yet to receive attention from Lithuanian scientists. This article aims to clarify the currently available scientific information regarding the manuscript version of J. Hevelius’s work Selenographia, which is presently kept in the Manuscript Department of the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (LMAVB). This study also seeks to answer the following questions: whether the scientists of the GDL were aware of the piece and its Slavic translation, if there is a possibility that the codex may have belonged to the library of Tsar Feodor III Alexeyevich, and what are the history and the lifecycle of the codex. The object of this investigation is a manuscript codex (LMAVB RS F19–318) archived in the LMAVB. A digital copy of an exemplar archived in the Zurich ETH Library was used for comparative analysis. The history of astronomy in 17th century Europe and the GDL, as well as the placement of this work of Hevelius in that history, is shortly discussed and based on a literary analysis. This information was used to evaluate the scientific value of the manuscript codex under investigation and make conclusions regarding any possible demand for the translations of Selenographia in the GDL’s scientific environment of that time. Codicological and comparative analyses with the original print enabled to consider the circumstances of the translation and transcription of Selenographia and establish the characteristics of the manuscript codex. It was determined that the text is written in a hybrid Church Slavic language; it is written by several scribes in the Calligraphic Book Font with characteristics of the Chancellerie Font, distinctive to the cursives used in the 17th century in Kiev and Moscow. The transcription of the translation is illustrated with original copper engravings (17 of 140), hand-drawn copies of original drawings (17), and original (3) pictures. The majority of illustrations are missing, some blank gaps meant for tables are present, and several tables have been redacted completely. The contents of Selenographia were adapted to fit the environment of its purchaser: all dedications and celebratory texts dedicated to Hevelius were removed and supplementary texts were eliminated, an original preface created by the translator was added, and only an anonymous “ruler” is mentioned. The transcription of the text was intended to maintain the order of the text and illustrations as well as the exact glosses system present in the margins. All numbers and dates have been written in the Cyrillic alphabet; however a Western year numbering system was maintained, and the surnames of scientists were retained in their original Latin forms; objects named in schemes and diagrams were presented in the Latin alphabet. The coinciding fragments of an extant Selenographia translation (chapters 48, 51, 54, and 55) and texts of the codex kept in the LMAVB archives allow us to conclude that it is a translation made by S. Chizhinski during his service in Posol’skii prikaz (Moscow) in 1678–1681. Based on all the defined characteristics, as well as the unfinished appearance of the book and the variety of paper used, it may be concluded that it is a transcription meant for the diplomatic needs of Posol’skii prikaz rather than for the personal library of the Tsar.Efforts to find any evidence of the discussed Selenographia translation in the history of astronomy and book history in Lithuania were unsuccessful. It was not possible to clarify the history of the function of the codex as well. Nonetheless, the history of this book focuses one’s attention to another little-studied topic in Lithuania – the connections of literature and book culture in the 17th century that bridge the GDL and the Tsardom of Russia. To sum up, it may be concluded that access to new archival sources in Russia and Lithuania and a detailed chemical analysis of materials making up the codex (the ink in particular) would affirm or deny the conclusions reached in this study.
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Khapizov, Shakhban M., and Magomed G. Shekhmagomedov. "Reconstruction of the Last Stage of the Spread of Islam in Dagestan on the Basis of Local Arabic-language Written Sources (16th-17th Centuries)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 1 (2022): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.104.
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The article examines the process of the spread of Islam in Tsunta, i. e., in the southwestern part of Highland Dagestan, which is now part of the Tsuntinsky district of the Republic of Dagestan. By the end of the XV Century Tsunta was the only micro-region in Dagestan whose inhabitants did not yet adhere to Islam. The study is based on a comprehensive approach to the issue: the authors use information from epigraphic monuments, narratives, already published written sources, as well as oral traditions recorded by them. The latter are used only as an auxiliary source, which helps to bring additional facts to the reconstructed picture. The basic sources are local Arabic-language written sources, epitaphs of memorial monuments and written correspondence of representatives of the spiritual and political elite of Dagestan with the rural societies of mountain Dagestan. The former were identified by the authors in the Kortan locality, located in the Antsukh Gorge, Tlyaratinsky district. During the archaeographic expedition the authors also identified three Arabic-language letters, which contain answers to some key questions related to the topic under study. One of them, as it turned out, had already been previously published, but the authors offer their own version of the translation, as well as publish a copy of the letter for the first time. The other two letters are being researched for the first time. The authors have managed to identify a previously little-known phenomenon of the functioning of the Ghazi center in medieval Dagestan. From Kortan, with the involvement of volunteers from other settlements, military campaigns were organized against “pagan” communities that did not want to convert to Islam. From there, Qadis and other representatives of the Islamic clergy were appointed to Tsunta to carry out missionary work on the spot. We were also able to date the process of the spread of Islam in Tsunta, which took place from the end of the sixteenth century to the beginning of the eighteenth century.
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Isermann, Michael. "Letters, Sounds and Things: Orthography, phonetics and metaphysics in Wilkins’sEssay(1668)." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 34, no. 2-3 (2007): 213–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.34.2-3.03ise.
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For a long time, and well beyond the publication of John Wilkins’sEssay Towards a Real Character(1668), a latent tension characterised the orthographic tradition. It was caused by two incompatible principles whose problematic relationship had never been addressed. One is the idea of the logical, chronological and semiotic primacy of speech over writing, or of sound over character, a principle which lives on in modern linguistics. The other is the doctrine of an abstract unity of sound/potestasand character/figurain the letter/littera, an axiom that appears to have been abandoned only with the emancipation of modern phonetics from its former orthographic frame of reference. With the advent of the real-character movement in the 17th century, a way was suddenly opened up for the problematic issue to be discussed and resolved. Since a real, i.e., non-sound-related, character implied at least a non-priority of speech over writing — if not a priority of writing —, the first principle could be reformulated so as to be made consonant with the idea of an abstractlittera. This paper tries to bring out Wilkins’s sophisticated discussion of thelittera, his attempt to localise the abstract unity of sound and character in the configuration of the articulatory organs, as well as the utilisation of hislitteraconcept for his design of a real character of sounds. In a parallel line of argument, it is claimed that Wilkins’s orthography, or doctrine of letters, forms the conceptual equivalent to his metaphysics, or science of things. More than that, the two disciplines are so interlocked that things and letters can be seen to converge in letter-things, or thing-letters.
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Isermann, Michael M. "Letters, sounds and things." Historiographia Linguistica 34, no. 2-3 (November 13, 2007): 213–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.34.2.03ise.
Full textAbstract:
Summary For a long time, and well beyond the publication of John Wilkins’s Essay Towards a Real Character (1668), a latent tension characterised the orthographic tradition. It was caused by two incompatible principles whose problematic relationship had never been addressed. One is the idea of the logical, chronological and semiotic primacy of speech over writing, or of sound over character, a principle which lives on in modern linguistics. The other is the doctrine of an abstract unity of sound/potestas and character/figura in the letter/littera, an axiom that appears to have been abandoned only with the emancipation of modern phonetics from its former orthographic frame of reference. With the advent of the real-character movement in the 17th century, a way was suddenly opened up for the problematic issue to be discussed and resolved. Since a real, i.e., non-sound-related, character implied at least a non-priority of speech over writing — if not a priority of writing —, the first principle could be reformulated so as to be made consonant with the idea of an abstract littera. This paper tries to bring out Wilkins’s sophisticated discussion of the littera, his attempt to localise the abstract unity of sound and character in the configuration of the articulatory organs, as well as the utilisation of his littera concept for his design of a real character of sounds. In a parallel line of argument, it is claimed that Wilkins’s orthography, or doctrine of letters, forms the conceptual equivalent to his metaphysics, or science of things. More than that, the two disciplines are so interlocked that things and letters can be seen to converge in letter-things, or thing-letters.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 167, no. 1 (2011): 100–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003606.
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Jan Sihar Aritonang and Karel Steenbrink (eds), A history of Christianity in Indonesia. (Sita van Bemmelen) Mark Beeson (ed.), Contemporary Southeast Asia. (Henk Schulte Nordholt) Peter Borschberg, The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, security and diplomacy in the 17th century. (Hans Hägerdal) Lian Gouw, Only a girl: Menantang phoenix. (Widjajanti Dharmowijono) Eva-Lotta E. Hedman (ed.), Conflict, violence, and displacement in Indonesia. (Gerry van Klinken) Gerry van Klinken and Joshua Barker (eds), State of authority: The state in society in Indonesia. (Robert W Hefner) Mu’jizah, Iluminasi dalam surat-surat Melayu abad ke-18 dan ke-19 (E.P. Wieringa). Christian Riemenschneider and Brigitta Hauser-Schäublin, '…Yang hidup si sini, yang mati di sana': Upacara lingkaran hidup di desa Sembiran Bali (Indonesia). (Thomas Reuter) Ricardo Roque, Headhunting and colonialism: Anthropology and the circulation of human skulls in the Portuguese Empire, 1870- 1930. (Fenneke Sysling) Angela Schottenhammer (ed.), The East Asian ‘Mediterranean’: Maritime crossroads of culture, commerce and human migration. (Kwee Hui Kian) Karen Strassler, Refracted visions: Popular photography and national modernity in Java. (Suryadi)
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Kim, Ja-woon. "The process of establishing the status as Dohak-Seowon and Educational Characteristics of Jukrim-Seowon in the Late Joseon Dynasty." Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University 81 (August 31, 2022): 53–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.08.31.02.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this paper is to examine the history and the educational characteristics of Jukrim-Seowon in the late Joseon Dynasty.
First, before the establishment of Jukrim-Seowon, Kim Jang-saeng's moving to Hwangsan and educational activities in Hwangsan were reviewed. In the late 16th century, he built a pavilion called ‘Hwangsanjeong (黃山亭)’ at the intersection of Hoseo and Honam and used it as a place for education. And he built a house under it and started teaching disciples who came from Hoseo and Honam. Around the beginning of the 17th century, as the number of disciples increased, the pavilion in Hwangsan was too narrow, and a wider educational space was needed.
This is the initial background of the establishment of Hwangsan-Seowon.
Second, at the beginning of the 17th century, Hwangsan-Seowon faced various criticisms for enshrin people unrelated to the region.
However, this controversy later turned to the dimension of 'Dotong(道 統)' as Kim's disciples secured the logic and justification as a 'Dohak-Seowon(道學書院)' based on the historical events of Yul-gok and Zhu-Xi. As a result, in the 18th and 19th centuries, Jukrim-Seowon was recognized as a 'Dohak-Seowon' by the government. Chapter 2, examines the process of establishing the symbolic status of the Jukrim-Seowon as a Dohak-Seowon, which inherited the legitimacy of Confucianism in Joseon.
Third, based on the 'Hwangsan-Seowondo(黃山書院圖)' included in the Hwangsan Gicheop(黃山記帖) in 1680 and some literature data, I pointed out the problems of the current Jukrim-Seowon architectural structure and corrected the errors of previous studies.
Fourth, I reviewed the educational activities and educational characteristics of Jukrim-Seowon until the 19th century. Jukrim-Seowon was recognized as an ‘educational space for poetry and rituals’ rather than merely for acquiring literal knowledge. Also, they set the ultimate goal of education to inspire the Confucian students by 'instructing them in virtue and arousing their will.
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Ziemba, Antoni. "Mistrzowie dawni. Szkic do dziejów dziewiętnastowiecznego pojęcia." Porta Aurea, no. 19 (December 22, 2020): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.01.
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In the first half of the 19th century in literature on art the term ‘Old Masters’ was disseminated (Alte Meister, maître ancienns, etc.), this in relation to the concept of New Masters. However, contrary to the widespread view, it did not result from the name institutionalization of public museums (in Munich the name Alte Pinakothek was given in 1853, while in Dresden the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister was given its name only after 1956). Both names, however, feature in collection catalogues, books, articles, press reports, as well as tourist guides. The term ‘Old Masters’ with reference to the artists of the modern era appeared in the late 17th century among the circles of English connoisseurs, amateur experts in art (John Evelyn, 1696). Meanwhile, the Great Tradition: from Filippo Villani and Alberti to Bellori, Baldinucci, and even Winckelmann, implied the use of the category of ‘Old Masters’ (antico, vecchio) in reference to ancient: Greek-Roman artists. There existed this general conceptual opposition: old (identified with ancient) v. new (the modern era).
An attempt is made to answer when this tradition was broken with, when and from what sources the concept (and subsequently the term) ‘Old Masters’ to define artists later than ancient was formed; namely the artists who are today referred to as mediaeval and modern (13th–18th c.). It was not a single moment in history, but a long intermittent process, leading to 18th- century connoisseurs and scholars who formalized early-modern collecting, antiquarian market, and museology.
The discerning and naming of the category in-between ancient masters (those referred to appropriately as ‘old’) and contemporary or recent (‘new’) artists resulted from the attempts made to systemize and categorize the chronology of art history for the needs of new collector- and connoisseurship in the second half of the 16th and in the 17th century. The old continuum of history of art was disrupted by Giorgio Vasari (Vite, 1550, 1568) who created the category of ‘non-ancient old’, ‘our old masters’, or ‘old-new’ masters (vecchi e non antichi, vecchi maestri nostri, i nostri vecchi, i vecchi moderni). The intuition of this ‘in-between’ the vecchi moderni and maestri moderni can be found in some writers-connoisseurs in the early 17th (e.g. Giulio Mancini). The Vasarian category of the ‘old modern’ is most fully reflected in the compartmentalizing of history conducted by Carel van Mander (Het Schilder-Boeck, 1604), who divided painters into: 1) oude (oude antijcke), ancient, antique, 2) oude modern, namely old modern; 3) modern; very modern, living currently. The oude modern constitute a sequence of artists beginning with the Van Eyck brothers to Marten de Vosa, preceding the era of ‘the famous living Netherlandish painters’.
The in-between status of ‘old modern’ was the topic of discourse among the academic circles, formulated by Jean de La Bruyère (1688; the principle of moving the caesura between antiquité and modernité), Charles Perrault (1687–1697: category of le notre siècle preceded by le siècle passé, namely the grand masters of the Renaissance), and Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi writing from the position of an academic studioso for connoisseurs and collectors (Abecedario pittorico, 1704, 1719, 1733, 1753; the antichimoderni category as distinct from the i viventi).
Together with Christian von Mechel (1781, 1783) the new understanding of ‘old modernity’ enters the scholarly domain of museology and the devising of displays in royal and ducal galleries opened to the public, undergoing the division into national categories (schools) and chronological ones in history of art becoming more a science (hence the alte niederländische/deutsche Meister or Schule). While planning and describing painterly schools at the Vienna Belvedere Gallery, the learned historian and expert creates a tripartite division of history, already without any reference to antiquity, and with a meaningful shift in eras: Alte, Neuere, and lebende Meister, namely ‘Old Masters’ (14th–16th/17th c.), ‘New Masters’ (Late 17th c. and the first half of the 18th c.), and contemporary ‘living artists’. The Alte Meister ceases to define ancient artists, while at the same time the unequivocally intensifying hegemony of antique attitudes in collecting and museology leads almost to an ardent defence of the right to collect only ‘new’ masters, namely those active recently or contemporarily. It is undertaken with fervour by Ludwig Christian von Hagedorn in his correspondence with his brother (1748), reflecting the Enlightenment cult of modernité, crucial for the mental culture of pre-Revolution France, and also having impact on the German region. As much as the new terminology became well rooted in the German-speaking regions (also in terminology applied in auction catalogues in 1719–1800, and obviously in the 19th century for good) and English-speaking ones (where the term ‘Old Masters’ was also used in press in reference to the collections of the National Gallery formed in 1824), in the French circles of the 18th century the traditional division into the ‘old’, namely ancient, and ‘new’, namely modern, was maintained (e.g. Recueil d’Estampes by Pierre Crozat), and in the early 19th century, adopted were the terms used in writings in relation to the Academy Salon (from 1791 located at Louvre’s Salon Carré) which was the venue for alternating displays of old and contemporary art, this justified in view of political and nationalistic legitimization of the oeuvre of the French through the connection with the tradition of the great masters of the past (Charles-Paul Landon, Pierre-Marie Gault de Saint-Germain).
As for the German-speaking regions, what played a particular role in consolidating the term: alte Meister, was the increasing Enlightenment – Romantic Medievalism as well as the cult of the Germanic past, and with it a revaluation of old-German painting: altdeutsch. The revision of old-German art in Weimar and Dresden, particularly within the Kunstfreunde circles, took place: from the category of barbarism and Gothic ineptitude, to the apology of the Teutonic spirit and true religiousness of the German Middle Ages (partic. Johann Gottlob von Quandt, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe). In this respect what actually had an impact was the traditional terminology backup formed in the Renaissance Humanist Germanics (ethnogenetic studies in ancient Germanic peoples, their customs, and language), which introduced the understanding of ancient times different from classical-ancient or Biblical-Christian into German historiography, and prepared grounds for the altdeutsche Geschichte and altdeutsche Kunst/Meister concepts. A different source area must have been provided by the Reformation and its iconoclasm, as well as the reaction to it, both on the Catholic, post-Tridentine side, and moderate Lutheran: in the form of paintings, often regarded by the people as ‘holy’ and ‘miraculous’; these were frequently ancient presentations, either Italo-Byzantine icons or works respected for their old age. Their ‘antiquity’ value raised by their defenders as symbols of the precedence of Christian cult at a given place contributed to the development of the concept of ‘ancient’ and ‘old’ painters in the 17th–18th century.
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Zakariyaev, Zamir Sh. "Arabic-language Epigraphy of Mosques in Lezgin Villages of Akhty District of Dagestan (Inscriptions of 11th–18th Centuries)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 4 (2021): 542–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.406.
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The author of this article presents some results of the author’s study of the Arabic-language epigraphy of old Lezgin mosques in the Akhty District of the Republic of Dagestan. The mountainous Akhty District inhabited by Lezgins is located in the far south of Dagestan and Russian Federation, near the Main Caucasian ridge. The inscriptions of mosques are an important part of the district’s rich epigraphic heritage. The method of continuous study of epigraphic monuments made it possible to identify many Arabic-language inscriptions in different settlements, and also in abandoned rural settlements in hard-to-reach mountainous areas. The author considers not all epigraphic monuments of mosques, but only some of them. Many of them are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In addition, a new updated interpretation of some inscriptions already known to science is proposed. The translation of the inscriptions is accompanied by scientific commentary. Chronologically, the inscriptions cover the period from the 11th–12th centuries to the end of the 18th century. The epigraphy of this chronological period is found on the walls of only some villages in the Akhty District. A portion of the inscriptions considered are dated. To determine the time of undated inscriptions, the method of dating by paleographic features of writing is applied. In terms of genre, the epigraphic monuments of mosques consist of building and benevolent inscriptions, excerpts from Quranic Verse. The discovery of Kufic inscriptions from the 11th–12th centuries on the walls of mosques indicate that the most ancient mosques in the villages of the Akhty District have a millennial history. The geography of Kufic inscriptions found indicates the early spread of Islam even in the most remote and hard-to reach places in southern Dagestan. The location of the inscriptions, which for a long time were considered not preserved, has been established. Among them is the oldest dated building inscription in Arabic on the territory of Russia — from 563 AH (1167/68). After the establishment of rural communities in the Samur district of Dagestan in the beginning of the 17th century, the construction or repair of mosques was carried out, mostly either by the communities or by the representatives of the local Muslim elite.
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Abdurasulov, Ulfatbek. "Making Sense of Central Asia in Pre-Petrine Russia." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 63, no. 4 (June 16, 2020): 607–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341516.
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Abstract The existing historiography on liaisons between Russia and Central Asia in early modern period often tends to portray the cross-cultural diplomacy between the settings as an assemblage of sporadic, inefficient, clumsy encounters, full of diplomatic failures. Further to it, the dominant paradigm emphasizes cultural differences in the region, whereby any form of cross-cultural encounters was inevitably hampered by various confessional, religious and social borders. As a result, we tend to read every case of cross-cultural encounter between early modern Central Asia and Russia as a metaphor of cultural incommensurability. In the essay, I shall offer a close reading of two 17th-century Muscovite diplomatic missions to Central Asia as test cases with which to make sense of cultural encounters through the lens of individual actors. In doing so, I shall highlight the specific practices and strategies that allowed the diplomatic actors to play key roles as cultural mediators using their language skills, local knowledge and contact networks. In the broader sense, the essay set out to examine how can we problematize cross-cultural encounters between Central Asian principalities such as Khiva and Bukhara on the one hand, and Pre-Petrine Russia on the other: and to consider what we actually mean when we speak of early modern diplomacy in Central Eurasia.
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Nikolskaia, Kseniia D. "Conversations with the Malabar Pagans (according to the Documents of the Danish Royal Tranquebar Mission)." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080016648-9.
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At the beginning of the 17th century, the Danish East India company (Dansk Østindisk Kompagni) was established in Europe. In particular, Tranquebar (Dansborg fortress) became the stronghold of the Danes in India. In another hundred years, at the very beginning of the 18th century, the first Lutheran missionaries appeared on the Coromandel coast. At this time the Danish Royal mission was established in Tranquebar, funded by king Frederick IV. It consisted mainly of Germans who graduated from the University of the Saxon city of Halle. Those missionaries not only actively preached among the local population, but also studied languages of the region, translated Gospels into local languages and then published it in the printing house they created. They also trained neophytes from among the local children. One of the first missionaries in Tranquebar was pastor Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, who lived in India from 1706 to 1719. Information about Pastor's activities in the Royal Danish mission has been preserved in his letters and records. These letters and papers were regularly printed in Halle in the reports of the Royal Danish Mission («Ausführliche Berichte an, die von der königlichen dänischen Missionaren aus Ost-Indien»). However, besides letters and reports, this edition constantly published texts of a special kind, called «conversations» (das Gespräch). They looked like dialogues between pastor Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and local religious authorities. Those brahmans explained the basic principles of the Hindu religion, and their opponent showed them the absurdity of their creed by comparing it with the main tenets of Christianity. The following is a translation of one of these dialogues.
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Falk, Julia S. "Turn to the History of Linguistics: Noam Chomsky and Charles Hockett in the 1960s." Historiographia Linguistica International Journal for the History of the Language Sciences 30, no. 1-2 (2003): 129–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.30.1-2.05fal.
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SUMMARY In the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities — linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages — but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.RÉSUMÉ Durant les années quarante et cinquante, les chercheurs les plus importants en linguistique synchronique américaine ne manifestèrent que peu d ‘intérêt envers l’histoire de la linguistique. On accorda une certaine attention à l’historiographie au sein de sous-domaines de la linguistique liés plus intimement aux sciences humaines, tels que l’anthropologie linguistique, la linguistique historique ou les langues européennes modernes, mais la ‘science du langage’ qui avait vu le jour sous Leonard Bloomfield et ses disciples descriptivistes se devait d ‘être autonome face aux autres domaines d’études comme face au passé. La croissance des liens entre linguistes américains et européens durant les années cinquante culmina lors du neuvième congrès internationaldes linguistes, à Cambridge, au Massachusetts, en 1962. Noam Chomsky y fit une présentation de session plénière qui apparaîtra en quatre versions écrites entre 1962 et 1964, chaque nouvelle version soulevant de plus en plus de points liés aux précurseurs, au début du XXe siècle, des descriptivistes, ainsi qu’à un nombre d’études, datant du XVIIe au XIXe siècle, traitant de la langue et de la pensée. En réponse à cela, Charles Hockett, dans son discours présidentielde 1964 à la Linguistic Society of America, présenta une histoire de la linguistique, soulignant les époques, les individus marquants et les idées dont ne tenait compte Chomsky dans ses travaux. Les historiographes de l’époque constatèrent un vif intérêt américain vis-à-vis l’histoire de la linguistique au début des années soixante, et, pour la plupart, l’attribuèrent aux travaux de Chomsky. De la part des descriptivistes on assista à une croissance du nombre d’écrits traitant d’historiographie, comme de la part des générativistes, dont la plupart suivirent Chomsky en ce qu’ils exploraient des idées philosophiques antérieures au vingtième siècle ou portaient un regard nouveau sur les concepts et la réalité des précurseurs des descriptivistes. La visibilité et la poussée de l’avant données ainsi à l’histoire de la linguistique ont contribué à la base d’où on verra croître l’historiographie linguistique en Amérique du Nord lors des dernières décennies du XXe siècle.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG In den 1940er und 1950er Jahren zeigten die führenden Vertreter der amerikanischen synchronischen Linguistik wenig Interesse für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft. In einigen Nebenbereichen der Sprachforschung, die mit den Geisteswissenschaften verbunden waren, z.B. in der sprachwissenschaftlichen Anthropologie, der historischen Sprachwissenschaft oder der moderne europäischen Sprachforschung, schenkte man der Geschichtsschreibung Aufmerksamkeit, aber die von Leonard Bloomfield etablierte ‘Wissenschaft der Sprache’ und seine deskriptivistischen Nachfolger verlangten Unabhängigkeit von weiteren und älteren Wissensgebieten. Zunehmende amerikanische Beziehungen mit europäischen Sprachwissenschaftlern in den 1950er Jahren erreichten den Höhepunkt bei dem 9. Internationalem Linguisten-Kongress der in Cambridge, Massachusetts, im August 1962 statt fand. Hier hat Noam Chomsky in der Plenarsitzung seine wissenschaftliche Abhandlung vorgelegt, die zwischen 1962 und 1964 in vier verschiedenen Fassungen veröffentlicht wurde. Jede Version enthielt weitere Erörterungen der deskriptivistischen Vorläufer des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, sowohl wie einige Studien zum Thema ‘Sprache und Geist’ des 17. und 19. Jahrhunderts. Charles Hockett erwiderte darauf, in dem er in seinem Vortrag d.J. 1964 als Präsident der Linguistic Society of America die Geschichte der Linguistik die Zeitspannen, Persönlichkeiten und Begriffe, die nicht in Chomskys Darstellung vorkamen, hervorhob. Die damaligen Historiographen erkannten hierin einen plötzlichen Anstieg des amerikanische Interesses für die Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft, das die meisten hauptsächlich auf Chomskys Abhandlung zurückführten. Historigraphische Arbeiten vermehrten sich bedeutend bei den Deskriptivisten; zur gleichen Zeit traten sie auch bei den Generativisten hervor, die Chomsky in der Untersuchung der philosophischen Gedanken der Zeit vor dem 20. Jahrhundert folgten oder die Ideeen und Arbeiten der deskriptivistischen Vorgänger von neuem erwägten. Dieses Interesse trug schließlich zur Stärkung der Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft bei, so daß die linguistische Historiographie in Nordamerika sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts voll entwickeln konnte.
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Osinchuk, Yurii. "LEXICON RELATED TO RELIGIOUS TEACHINGS AND RELIGIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF THE 16th – 18th CENTURIES." Philological Review, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2415-8828.1.2021.232676.
Full textAbstract:
In the article religious vocabulary is studied in the diachronic aspect based on the material of different genres and different styles of Ukrainian written monuments of the 16th – 18th centuries (act books of city governments, city and provincial courts, village councils, privileges, land lustration, books of income and expenditure, wills, deeds, descriptions of castles, universals of hetman offices, documents of church and school brotherhoods, chronicles, works of religious, polemical and fiction literature, monuments of scientific and educational literature, liturgical literature, epistolary heritage, etc.), included in the sources «Dictionary of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – first half of the 17th century», “Mapping of the Historical Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language”, edited by Ye. Tymchenko and their lexical card indexes, which are stored in the Department of the Ukrainian language of the Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Lviv). In particular, names related to religious teachings, religions, and names of persons according to their attitude to a particular faith or religion are reviewed. The article focuses on the etymological analysis of religious names, which was primarily focused on the clarification of their semantic etymon. It has been established that the words of the studied lexico-semantic group are not genetically homogeneous, as it includes tokens of different origins, including borrowings from the Greek language, Church Slavonic, Latin, Polonism, etc. Some Church Slavonic names originated as a semantic calque from Greek words. It is observed that the semantic history of some studied words in the Ukrainian language dates back to the early monuments of the Kyivan Rus period. The historical fate of names associated with religious teachings and religions is not the same. Mostly, these names have survived in the modern Ukrainian literary language and liturgical practice. Others were archaized or preserved in Ukrainian dialects. In some religious names, there are vivid features of the Ukrainian language of the 16th – 18th centuries. It has been found that some of the studied tokens act as core components of various two-membered or three-membered stable and lexicalized phrases.
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Рыкин, Павел Олегович. "NON-STANDARD CASE FORMS IN THE «HISTORY OF ALTAN KHAN»." Tomsk Journal of Linguistics and Anthropology, no. 4(30) (December 30, 2020): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23951/2307-6119-2020-4-60-72.
Full textAbstract:
В статье впервые в монгольском языкознании представлены результаты лингвистического анализа нестандартных падежных форм, употребляющихся в уникальном памятнике монгольской письменности начала XVII в. — т. н. «Истории Алтан-хана» (монг. Erdeni tunumal neretü sudur), единственная рукопись которой хранится в библиотеке Академии общественных наук Внутренней Монголии (Хух-Хото). Она является единственным оригинальным (непереводным) произведением значительного объема, относящимся к периоду конца XVI — начала XVII вв. Памятник был введен в широкий научный оборот в середине 1980-х гг., но лингвистически до сих пор удовлетворительно не исследован. В статье сведены воедино и систематизированы сведения об употреблении нестандартных падежных форм в языке памятника со ссылками на освещающие их публикации и примерами употребления каждой формы в тексте. Под нестандартными имеются в виду те падежные формы, которые либо не встречаются в нормативных описаниях классического письменно-монгольского языка, либо эксплицитно маркируются в них как архаичные, разговорные или диалектные. Автор подробно разбирает такие нестандартные формы, как генитив на +i, неклассический суффикс генитива +i+yin, аккузатив на +yi после согласных основ, неклассический суффикс аккузатива +i+yi, аккузатив на +U, датив-локатив на +DU, суффикс датива-локатива +DUri, аблатив на +DAčA. Анализ этих форм позволяет сделать вывод о том, что язык «Истории Алтан-хана» представляет собой сочетание лингвистических архаизмов (суффикс генитива +i, аккузатив на +yi после согласных основ, показатели датива-локатива +DUri и аблатива +DAčA) и инноваций (форма дативного маркера +DU *+DU/r, поздние составные суффиксы генитива +i+yin и аккузатива +i+yi), в то же время обнаруживая некоторые идиосинкретические черты, такие как употребление аккузатива на +U. Памятник лингвистически относится предположительно к переходной стадии от доклассического к классическому периоду в развитии письменного монгольского языка и несет на себе следы сильного разговорного и/или диалектного влияния. The article presents the results of a linguistic analysis of non-standard case forms occurring in the «History of Altan Khan» (Mo. Erdeni tunumal neretü sudur, lit. ‘The Jewel Translucent Sūtra’), a unique Mongolian manuscript of the early 17th century presently kept at the library of the Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences (Hohhot, China). It is the largest Mongolian original (untranslated) historical and literary work dating from the late 16th — early 17th centuries. The manuscript has been widely known since the mid-1980s but its linguistic investigation still remains to be carried out. The article reveals and brings together information on the use of non-standard case forms in the language of the monument with references to the relevant literature and occurrences of each form in the text. The notion of non-standard forms refers to those case endings that are either not mentioned in normative descriptions of Classical Written Mongol, or explicitly marked in them as archaic, colloquial or dialectal. The author provides an analysis of the following non-standard case forms: the genitive in +i, the non-classical genitive suffix +i+yin, the accusative in +yi after consonant stems, the non-classical accusative suffix +i+yi, the accusative in +U, the dative-locative in +DU, the dative-locative ending +DUri, the ablative in +DAčA. The investigation of these forms allows us to conclude that the language of the «History of Altan Khan» presents a sophisticated combination of linguistic archaisms (the genitive suffix +i, the accusative in +yi after consonant stems, the dative-locative in +DUri and the ablative in +DAčA) and innovations (the shape of the dative-locative marker +DU *+DU/r, the late complex genitive and accusative endings +i+yin and +i+yi), while at the same time containing some idiosyncratic features, such as the use of the accusative in +U supposedly unattested in other Written Mongol sources. The language system of the monument most probably belongs to a transitional stage between Preclassical and Classical periods in the development of Written Mongol and seems to be strongly influenced by colloquial speech and/or local Mongolic dialects of the time.
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Kusukawa, S. "The Historia Piscium (1686)." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 54, no. 2 (May 22, 2000): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0106.
Full textAbstract:
In 1686, just as Newton was preparing for the publication of the Principia , the Historia Piscium was being printed under the auspices of The Royal Society. The Historia Piscium was a work begun by Francis Willughby (1635–1672, F.R.S. 1663), completed by John Ray (1627–1705, F.R.S. 1667) and brought into print with the financial support of The Royal Society. The text and illustrations of the Historia Piscium reflect the 17th-century origins of the enterprise: Ray's quest to recover the knowledge and language lost in the Fall, and The Royal Society's support for establishing a reformed natural history of fish through publication. Ray's biblical belief in the corruption of human language and knowledge led him to reform natural history through ‘characteristic marks’. He sought to define, classify and depict fishes through their external features, which when matched up, would yield the same nature, and thus allow humans to identify and give a name to a fish. The Royal Society helped Ray's task by confirming the validity or uselessness of a given author on the subject, suggesting other authorities and sources for illustrations, organizing the printing, checking the corrections and paying for the cost of the printing. Subscriptions were sought for the illustrations and the inscriptions of subscribers reflect the Society's concern to promote its institutional identity and its supporters. Some Fellows of the Society also helped Ray with identities and classification of fishes, and changes were made in response to suggestions and objections of other Fellows. Without the intellectual and financial support of the Society, especially Pepys, Lister and Robinson, the Historia Piscium would not have been published in the way that it was. Despite the subscription, however, the Historia Piscium was a costly venture, largely due to its lavish illustrations, and the subsequent flop of sales of the book meant that The Royal Society faced serious financial problems. This is perhaps the main reason why it could not meet the cost of publishing Newton's Principia .
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Kim, Jeong-cheol. "The characteristics and values of Lee Ju-Cheon’s Sinjeunghwanggeuknaepyeon." Institute of Korean Cultural Studies Yeungnam University 81 (August 31, 2022): 336–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15186/ikc.2022.08.31.10.
Full textAbstract:
As a scholar from the late 17th century to the early 18th century, Nakjeo(洛渚) Lee Ju-Cheon(李柱天, 1662~1711) left a commentary called Sinjeunghwanggeuknaepyeon新增皇極內篇 that interpreted and enlarged caichen(蔡沈)’s work Hongbeomhwanggeuknaepyeon洪範皇極內篇. The direct object of new addition was not the whole Hongbeomhwanggeuknaepyeon 洪範皇極內篇, but Hwanggeuknaepyeonsuchongmyeong皇極內 篇數總名 in which Ming’s scholar zhangpin(章品) newly complemented caichen(蔡沈)’s incomplete part. Lee Ju-Cheon made the Sinjeunghwanggeuknaepyeon 新增皇極內篇 by modifying errors and adding new contents in the process of referring to this book. Lee Ju-Cheon’s new addition work might be the result shown when his learning and study of classics contained in Xinglidaquan性理大全 got deepened.