Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Science Language History 17th century'

During the Age of Exploration, navigation evolved from a field filled with superstition into a modern science in Portugal, Spain, and England. The most common navigation instruments utilized and their subsequent innovations are discussed. The refinement of these instruments led to increased accuracy in cartography, safer shipping, and increased trade globally in the period. In order to have the most comprehensive collection of navigation instruments, I investigated 165 shipwrecks dated between 1500 and 1700. Each of these vessels have been located, surveyed, and/or excavated in whole or in part. A comprehensive list of these vessels, compiled for the first time, has been included. This thesis analyzes navigation-related artifacts recovered from 27 of these shipwreck sites. These instruments provide the basis to develop a typology for archaeologists to more closely date these finds. The navigation instruments recovered from the wreck of LaBelle (1686) are discussed in detail. These instruments and related historical documents kept by the navigator provide a more comprehensive picture of the instruments’ accuracy and usefulness. This thesis particularly focuses on the nocturnal/planisphere recovered from the site. This unique instrument is one of only four known to exist worldwide and remains accurate enough to be utilized today. Analysis by a modern astronomer has been included, as well as a partial translation of the common names for constellations inscribed on the instrument. These common names provide some important insights into the received knowledge of sailors and non-academic astronomy during this period. It is hoped that this thesis will be of assistance to archaeologists working to identify, study, and appreciate navigational instruments recovered from shipwrecks. With increased documentation and closer dating, these instruments will become a more valuable portion of the archaeological record.

The plurality of worlds has had a long history in England, which has not gone unnoticed by scholars. Historians have tended to view this English pluralist tradition as similar to those found on the continent, and in doing so have failed to fully understand the religious significance that the plurality of worlds had on English thought and society. This religious significance is discovered through a thorough investigation of plurality as presented by English natural philosophers and theologians, and in so doing reveals much about England in the seventeenth century. As natural philosophers incorporated plurality within the larger framework of natural theology, it became a weapon of science and reason to be used against the unreasonable atheists of late seventeenth-century England.

One of the central theoretical tenets of linear perspective is that it is based upon the idea of a monocular observer. Our lived perception, also referred to in the Renaissance as perspectiva naturalis, is always rooted in binocular vision, however, the guidelines for perspectiva artificialis often imply a single peeping eye as a starting point. In the early modern period, a number of rare art forms and instruments follow the prescriptive character of linear perspective to ludic ends. By focusing on this special class of what I would call 'monocular art forms', I will analyse the extent to which the perspectival method has been successfully applied in material form beyond the classic two-dimensional paintings. This special class of objects include: anamorphosis, peep-boxes, catoptrics, dioptric perspective tubes, and perspective instruments. It is my intention to draw attention to the different ways traditional perspectival paintings, exceptional cases such as perspective boxes and anamorphoses, and optical devices were encountered in the early modern period. In this thesis I will be examining the specific sites of each case study in depth so as to describe the various contexts - aristocratic, intellectual, religious - in which these items circulated. In Chapter 1 I illustrate a special class of perspective and anamorphic designs that confined their illusions to a peepshow. Chapter 2 examines one of the most consummate applications of the monocular principle of perspective: seventeenth-century Dutch perspective boxes. In Chapter 3, monocular catoptric designs are studied in light of the vogue for mirror cabinets in the seventeenth century. Chapter 4 examines the innovative techniques of drawing machines and their collection in early modern courts through close study of the 'perspectograph'.

The purpose of this study is to examine how English natural philosophers of the seventeenth century—in particular, Robert Boyle (1627-1691) considered and assessed the personal traits of skill and experience and the significance of these characteristics to the practice of seventeenth-century science. Boyle's writings reveal that skill and experience impacted various aspects of his seventeenth-century experimental natural philosophy, including the credibility assessment of tradesmen and eyewitnesses to natural phenomena, the contingencies involved in the making of experiments, and Boyle's statements about the requisite skills of experimental philosophy in contrast to other traditions. Subtopics explored include the popularization of science and Boyle's expectations concerning the future improvement of natural philosophy.

'The Art of War' studies the transition of the soldier from fighter to settler as it is reflected in the texts he produces. Drawing on texts written by soldiers, in English, between c. 1624 and 1685, it focuses on representations of events in Ireland from 1641-1655, that is to say, during the Catholic Confederation and the Cromwellian campaigns and settlement. The focus and methodology of the thesis seek to restore a more literary reading of seventeenth century texts from, and about, Ireland to the current vibrant historical debate on the period. It argues that the writings of the Old Irish, Old English, New English, and Cromwellian soldiers in Ireland draw on a variety of literary influences – the traces of Guicciardini and Machiavelli, Sidney and Spenser are clear. It also charts shifts in the genres of military writing from professional handbooks, to documents of civil policy, to romance, poetry, and the theatre. In doing so, it addresses the literary tools which the soldier-writer uses to define the self within a complex network of political, national, religious, and personal allegiances. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first, chapter one, explores the trafficking of military images between military handbook and literary text. It pays particular attention to Ireland as a borderland for the European Wars and the English colonial enterprise. The second part, comprising three chapters, examines three different perspectives on the Irish Wars. The first, that of the Old English writer Richard Sellings; the second, that of the anonymous Aphorismical Discovery; the third begins with a view of the 'Irish enemy' from England, as it is constructed and enforced in the pamphlet literature of the Civil War period, and ends with the perspective of Richard Lawrence, a Cromwellian soldier-turned-settler in the early 1680s. The third part, the fifth and final chapter, explores the controversies surrounding recent Irish history as they are played out in the wake of the Exclusion Crisis. This is followed by a brief conclusion.

The object of this study is a translation from Polish to Russian of the Polish historian Maciej Stryjkowski’s Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmódzka i wszystkiej Rusi, made at the Diplomatic Chancellery in Moscow in 1673–79. The original of the chronicle, which relates the origin and early history of the Slavs, was published in 1582. This Russian translation, as well as the other East Slavic translations that are also discussed here, is preserved only in manuscripts, and only small excerpts have previously been published. In the thesis, the twelve extant manuscripts of the 1673–79 translation are described and divided into three groups based on variant readings. It also includes an edition of three chapters of the translation, based on a manuscript kept in Uppsala University Library. There was no standardized written language in 17th-century Russia. Instead, there were several co-existing norms, and the choice depended on the text genre. This study shows that the language of the edited chapters contains both originally Church Slavonic and East Slavic linguistic features, distributed in a way that is typical of the so-called hybrid register. Furthermore, some features vary greatly between manuscripts and between scribes within the manuscripts, which shows that the hybrid register allowed a certain degree of variation. The translation was probably the joint work of several translators. Some minor changes were made in the text during the translation work, syntactic structures not found in the Polish original were occasionally used to emphasize the bookish character of the text, and measurements, names etc. were adapted to Russian norms. Nevertheless, influence from the Polish original can sometimes be noticed on the lexical and syntactic levels. All in all, this thesis is a comprehensive study of the language of the translated chronicle, which is a representative 17th-century text.

Some linguists in the nineteenth century argued for the existence of a “Turanian” family of languages in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia, claiming the common descent of a vast range of languages like Hungarian, Finnish, Turkish, Mongol, Manchu, and their relatives and dialects. Of such linguists, Friedrich Max Müller (1823–1900) was an important developer and popularizer of a version of the Turanian theory across Europe, given his influence as a German-born Oxford professor in Victorian England from the 1850s onwards. Although this theory lost ground in academic linguistics from the mid twentieth century, a pan-nationalist movement pushing for the political unity of all Turanians emerged in Hungary and the Ottoman Empire from the Fin-de-siècle era. This thesis focuses on the history of this linguistic theory in the nineteenth century, examining Müller’s methodology and assumptions behind his Turanian concept. It argues that, in the comparative-historical trend in linguistics in an age of European imperialism, Müller followed evolutionary narratives of languages based on word morphologies in which his contemporaries rationalized the superiority of “inflectional” Indo-European languages over “agglutinating” Turanian languages. Building on the “Altaic” theory of the earlier Finnish linguist and explorer Matthias Castrén, Müller factored in the more primitive nomadic lifestyle of many peoples speaking agglutinating languages to genealogically group them into the Turanian family. Müller’s universalist Christian values gave him a touch of sympathy for all human languages and religions, but he reinforced the hierarchical view of cultures in his other comparative sciences of mythology and religion as well. This picture was challenged in the cultural pessimism of the Fin de siècle with the Pan-Turanists turning East to their nomadic heritage for inspiration.

Jean de Meun's continuation of the Roman de la rose (The Romance of the Rose), written in Paris in the 1270s, presents a vast amount of philosophy and natural science in vernacular poetry, while engaging thoroughly with contemporary, local philosophical and institutional debates. Taking this into consideration, this study investigates how the Rose depends for its meaning on questions around human nature, natural philosophy, and the philosophy of language that were being discussed and debated in the University of Paris at the time of its composition. It suggests a reading of the poem as a work of philosophy that uses Aristotelian ideas of nature and what is natural to present a moral framework – at times explicitly, at times implicitly – within which to assess and critique human behaviour. The concepts of the unnatural and the artificial are used to discuss sin and its effects on sexuality – a key concern of the Rose – and on language. The Rose is shown to present itself as artificial and compromised, yet nevertheless capable of leading imperfect and compromised humans to moral behaviour and towards knowledge which can only ever be imperfect. It is read as a presenting a rhetorical kind of philosophy that is sui generis and that appeals to human desire as well as to the intellect. The specific issue of usury and its relation to avarice is examined, studying contemporary theological and philosophical treatments of the question, in order to illustrate similarities and contrasts in the Rose's theoretical methodology to more orthodox modes of philosophical enquiry. Finally, the poem's valorisation of pleasure and of the perversity inherent in artificial productions is explored to show how poetry, though deviating from the strictures of dialectical language, is nevertheless productive and generative.

O objetivo deste trabalho é abordar a produção intelectual de um médico judeu português, Manoel Bocarro Francês/Jacob Rosales. Personagem pouco estudado, não se inclui entre as figuras centrais no pensamento judaico, nem na medicina e nem na ciência de seu tempo. Mas é um personagem que uniu em sua vida intelectual uma adesão ao judaísmo ao lado de vasta produção e atuação no movimento sebastianista, sendo o único caso conhecido de um judeu que professava sua crença na volta do Encoberto Conviveu e partilhou sua atividade intelectual com grandes figuras de seu tempo, como Galileu Galilei, o famoso médico Zacuto Lusitano e o rabino Menashe ben Israel. Seus escritos eram conhecidos pelo padre Antônio Vieira e a influência dos mesmos no sebastianismo se fizeram sentir em Portugal até o século XIX. Trazer um retrato vivo deste personagem, de suas ideias, contradições e discutir seu lugar na vida intelectual, quer do mundo judaico de sua época quer na história da medicina e do pensamento científico do século XVII, é o objetivo deste trabalho.
This study aims to discuss a Jewish-Portuguese physician, Manoel Bocarro Frances / Jacob Rosales. A figure who has not been much studied, he is not included among the central characters of the Jewish thinking and neither of the medicine or the science of his time. However, he is a figure that gathered in his intellectual life an adherence to the Judaism and a large production and participation in the Sebastian Moviment, being the only known Jewish man who professed his belief in the return of \"The Hidden One\". He shared his intelectual activity with great figures of his time, like Galileu Galilei, the famous physician Zacuto Lusitano and the rabbi Menashe Ben Israel. His writings were known by priest Antonio Vieira, and their influence was felt in Portugal until the XIX century. Bringing a live portrait of this figure, his ideias, his contradicitons, and discussing his role in the intellectual life, being that in the Jewish world of his time, or in the history of the XVII century medicine and scientific thinking, is the goal of this research.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The purpose of this dissertation is the study of some chemical aspects discussed by Edward Jorden (1569-1633), during the analysis of mineral waters in the beginning of the 17th century. An historical of mineral waters analysis, and proposals on the classification of minerals are also considered on this work. The theme was chosen after the contact with Jorden s work, during the research about the identification test for salts and sowre juices made by the author, and realized the amount of information about the chemical knowledge of the period in his work. Due the importance of the test with the scarlet cloath indicator, a historical of the indicators with color changes was made. In this work, we gave priority to the concept and classifications of the minerals given by Jorden, using as base the 1633 edition of his Discourse of Naturall Bathes and Minerall Waters
Esta dissertação estuda alguns aspectos químicos abordados por Edward Jorden (1569-1633) na análise de águas minerais no início do século XVII. Para tanto, foram revistos os históricos da análise de águas minerais à época, assim como algumas idéias sobre a classificação dos minerais. Esse tema foi escolhido após o contato com a obra ao analisar o teste para identificação de sais e sucos azedos utilizados pelo autor, e perceber a quantidade de informações sobre o conhecimento químico do período presente em seu trabalho. Devido à importância do teste com o indicador de tecido escarlate, foi realizado um histórico do uso de indicadores com mudança de cor. Neste trabalho, priorizamos o conceito e a classificação dos minerais dados por Jorden, utilizando como base a edição de 1633 de seu Discourse of Naurall Bathes and Minerall Waters

This thesis examines accounts of electricity in journalism, short stories, novels, poetry and instructional writings, composed between 1830 and 1880 by scientific investigators, popular practitioners and fiction authors. The writings are approached as diverse and often incongruous impressions of electricity, in which the use of figurative and narrative techniques brings into question distinctions between science and literature. It is proposed that the unusual combination of electricity’s historical characterisation as an elixir vitae, intense investigation by contemporary scientists, and close alliance with new technologies offered unique opportunities for imaginative speculation. The thesis contends that engaging with these conflicting characteristics created a synthesis of scientific, social and literary responses that defy epistemological and generic categorisation. Fictionality is approached in chapter two as a central feature of scientific conceptualisation, experiment and discovery, particularly in the work of Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. In chapters three and four, the landscape of popular non-fiction books and periodicals is mapped, to show the ways in which the period’s publication contexts and forums, reading patterns, and use of literary practices contributed to wider engagement with ideas about electricity. Chapters five and six focus on fiction writings, identifying parallels and divergences between actual electrical science and its fictional portrayal. Short stories are shown to have emphasised associations between electricity, neurosis, deformity and the occult, complicating contemporary scientific optimism and presenting electricity as an alluring yet dangerous phenomenon, which disordered the natural world and man’s relationship with it. These characteristics are identified further in the metaphorical references of several canonical novelists, in the exploitation of electricity, elixirs and power depicted by William Harrison Ainsworth and Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and through a case study of the text and reception of a popular novel about electricity by Benjamin Lumley. The thesis contends that electricity’s anomalous and protean nature produced distinctively hybrid responses that enhance our understanding of contemporary popular writing, its contexts and how it was read.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP
The objective of this research is to verify, among the traditions related to the treaties and manuals, the pathway of a French treatrise on tecniques of engraving, until Portuguese translation. It will be investigated the relevance of this work translated into Portuguese with the title Tratado da Gravura à Água-Forte e a Buril e em Maneira Negra com o modo de construir as Prensas Modernas e de Imprimir em Talho-Doce (Treatise of Engraving, Etching, and Mezzotint with the way of building the Modern Presses and Printing Copper Plates), by Priest José Joaquim Viegas Menezes and published in 1801 in the Arco do Cego’s Typography, Lisbon. The hypothesis that the Portuguese version is based on De la Manière de Graver à L'eau Forte et au Burin, a treatise on French engraving amplified by Charles Nicolas Cochin and edited in the year 1758, guided this study. This research involved a comparison of Abraham Bosse's original treatise of 1645 with the three subsequent French editions, 1701, 1745, 1758, and the edition produced in Portugal in 1801. The changes and updates in relation to the content and the images were analyzed, verifying that the Portuguese edition of 1801 presents few changes in relation to the French text of 1758
O objetivo desta pesquisa é verificar dentre as tradições relacionadas aos tratados e manuais, o percurso de uma publicação francesa sobre as práticas artesanais da gravura em metal, até sua tradução realizada. Será investigada a relevância dessa obra traduzida para o português com o título, Tratado da Gravura à Água-Forte e a Buril e em Maneira Negra com o modo de construir as Prensas Modernas e de Imprimir em Talho-Doce, pelo Padre José Joaquim Viegas Menezes e publicada em 1801 na Tipografia do Arco do Cego. A hipótese de que a versão portuguesa, se baseia no De la Manière de Graver à L'eau Forte et au Burin, tratado da gravura francês ampliado por Charles Nicolas Cochin e editado no ano de 1758, guiou este estudo. O caminho desta pesquisa envolveu a comparação do tratado original de Abraham Bosse de 1645, com as três edições francesas subsequentes, 1701, 1745, 1758 e a edição produzida em Portugal em 1801. Foram analisadas as mudanças e atualizações em relação ao conteúdo e às imagens, verificando-se que a edição portuguesa de 1801 apresenta poucas alterações em relação ao texto francês de 1758

From the first electric lights in London along Pall Mall, and in the Holborn Viaduct in 1878 to the nationalisation of National Grid in 1947, the narrative of the simple ascendency of a new technology over its outdated predecessor is essential to the way we have imagined electric light in London at the end of the nineteenth century. However, as this thesis will demonstrate, the interplay between gas and electric light - two co-existing and competing illuminary technologies - created a particular and peculiar landscape of light, a 'lightscape', setting London apart from its contemporaries throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Indeed, this narrative forms the basis of many assertions made in critical discussions of artificial illumination and technology in the late-twentieth century; however, this was not how electric light was understood at the time nor does it capture how electric light both captivated and eluded the imagination of contemporary Londoners. The influence of the electric light in the representations of London is certainly a literary question, as many of those writing during this period of electrification are particularly attentive to the city's rich and diverse lightscape. Though this has yet to be made explicit in existing scholarship, electric lights are the nexus of several important and ongoing discourses in the study of Victorian, Post-Victorian, Modernist, and twentieth-century literature. This thesis will address how the literary influence of the electric light and its relationship with its illuminary predecessors transcends the widespread electrification of London to engage with an imaginary London, providing not only a connection with our past experiences and conceptions of the city, modernity, and technology but also an understanding of what Frank Mort describes as the 'long cultural reach of the nineteenth century into the post-war period'.

In broad terms, this thesis is a study of what Protestant theologians in early modern England taught regarding the interdependence between physical health and spirituality. More precisely, it examines the specific and complex doctrines taught regarding health-related issues in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and evaluates the consistency of these messages over time. A component of the controversial Protestant-science hypothesis introduced in the early twentieth century is that advancements in science were driven by the Protestant ethic of needing to control nature and every aspect therein. This thesis challenges this notion. Within the context of health, sickness and death, the doctrine of providence evident in Protestant soteriology emphasised complete submission to God's sovereign will. Rather, this overriding doctrine negated the need to assume any control. Moreover, this thesis affirms that the directives theologians delivered governing physical health remained consistent across this span, despite radical changes taking place in medicine during the same period. This consistency shows the stability and strength of this message. Each chapter offers a comprehensive analysis on what Protestant theologians taught regarding the health of the body as well as the soul. The inclusion of more than one hundred seventy sermons and religious treatises by as many as one hundred twenty different authors spanning more than two hundred years laid a fertile groundwork for this study. The result of this work provides an extensive survey of theological teachings from these religious writers over a large span of time.

This thesis argues that 17th century polymath Sir Kenelm Digby treats his scientific discourses as psychological romances in his works Loose Fantasies and Two Treatises, with his use of courtly romantic tropes, and that a contemporary audience would have read Digby's scientific treatises as literary. I first argue that science and romance in Digby's narrative romance Loose Fantasies are literary modes of the text's narrative form and that these modes are not mutually exclusive, since science is a "pyschodrama" to Digby, who is both the audience and author of these putative "private memoirs." I then relate Digby's "romantic science" in Loose Fantasies to his "poetike Idea of science" in Digby's Two Treatises in order to argue that while the treatise is traditionally received as a philosophical discourse, it is also a work of literary criticism. I conclude that Digby's "poetike Idea of science" is always unstable, because Digby cannot choose between the primacy of language and ideas in human cognition, due to the rapid rationalistic developments in epistemology during his time.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
To take at face value the current enthusiasm at the idea of marshaling science to end human social ills such as global poverty, one could easily overlook the fact that one hundred fifty years prior people were making strikingly similar claims as part of a broad movement often referred to as “scientific charity” or “scientific philanthropy”. The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to our knowledge of the scientific charity movement, through a retrieval of the morally weighted language used by reformers and social scientists to justify the changes they proposed for both public and private provision of poor relief, as found in the Proceedings of the Annual Assembly of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections (NCCC). In essence I am claiming that our understanding of the scientific charity movement is incomplete, and can be improved by an approach that looks at scientific charity as a species of moral language that provided ways to energize the many disparate and seemingly disconnected or even contradictory movements found during the period under study. The changes enacted to late 19th century philanthropic and charitable structures did not occur due to advances in a morally neutral and thus superior science, but were born along by a broad scale use of the language of scientific charity: an equally moral yet competing and eventually more compelling vision of a philanthropic future which held the keys to unlock the mysteries of poverty and solve it once and for all. When viewing scientific charity as something broader than any particular instantiation of it, when pursing it as a set of languages used to promote social science’s role in solving human problems by discrediting prior nonscientific attempts, one can begin to see that the reformist energies of late 19th century social thinkers did not dissipate, but crystalized into the set of background assumptions still present today.

Connections between George Eliot and Immanuel Kant have been, for the most part, neglected. However, we have good reason to believe that Eliot not only read Kant (as well as many who were directly influenced by Kant), but substantially agreed with him on critical and moral issues. This thesis investigates one of the issues on which Kant and Eliot were most closely aligned, the need for duty in morality. Both the English novelist and the German philosopher upheld a vision of duty that could command absolutely while remaining consonant with human freedom and grounding a sense of moral dignity. This vision runs throughout the works of both writers, but is first developed and takes on a particular urgency in the works examined in this thesis, ranging from some of their early publications to Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason and Eliot’s Romola. The first chapter discusses duty in the wider context of debates about Divine Command Morality, in which the good is defined by its accord with the will or command of God, and which both Kant and Eliot resisted in formulating their own moral visions (while maintaining the language of law and command). This chapter also discusses evidence we have for Eliot’s familiarity with Kant and establishes critical context for this paper. The second chapter discusses religion – in particular, religious enthusiasm – as a necessary background for duty, which exists in the absence of theological certitude, even as it seeks to preserve something of religion’s capacity to command and its popular scope. Kant’s path to the first Critique led through works foundational for, but also sometimes at odds with the priorities and conclusions of critical science, and Eliot’s first novel was preceded by a critical career that paints a quite different picture of religion than the sympathetic portrait of Dinah Morris. The third chapter deals with three dimensions of duty in Kant and Eliot, autonomy, reflection and respect, primarily through Kant’s second Critique and The Mill on the Floss. In the conclusion, I turn to Romola to illustrate the conflict and indeterminative power inherent in this conception of duty.

Marek FAPŠO, Enlightenment as the Origin of National Revival?, dissertaion, Institute of Czech History, Charles University, Prague 2019 Dissertation aims a goal to catch an age between 1760-1790, which is usually in the Bohemian Lands taken as the so called beginning of the National Revival. Methodologically the dissertation stands upon tradition of Michel Foucault's research and environmental history. Firstly, it brings synchronic connections of phenomena instead of searching for diachronic predecessors and followers of so called Enlightenment. Secondly, the dissertation brings up the reflections of nature, landscape and environment, which became an important issue in the second half of the 18th century. One of the leitmotivs is the relationship between usually disconnected realms of natural and human sciences. The work is divided into three main parts. The first one is focused on reflections of languages, their natural background and classifications related to Carl Linne's taxonomy. Then the second deals with long forgotten concept of Naturgeschichte forging together natural and historical perspective. A topic is also devoted to new-born fields of expertise - archaeology and critical historiography - that have a special relation to landscape as well. In the last part the notion of nature and...

Tematem rozprawy uczyniono analizę wycinka słownictwa poezji Wacława Potockiego (1621–1696). Na potrzeby badań ekscerpcji poddano próbę tekstową objętości 3000 linijek (wersów) pochodzących z trzech najbardziej znanych dzieł barokowego poety, to jest Transakcji wojny chocimskiej, Ogrodu nie plewionego i Moraliów. Podstawę źródłową badań stanowiło trzytomowe wydanie Dzieł W. Potockiego w edycji Leszka Kukulskiego (1987). Integralną częścią dysertacji stał się słownik języka autora, gromadzący całość zebranego materiału leksykalnego. Oprócz tegoż Słownika języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), liczącego 6116 jednostek hasłowych, do pracy dołączono również dwa inne leksykony języka idiolektu, zawierające 1149 związków frazeologicznych (Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego – SFWPot) oraz 679 łączliwych związków wyrazowych (Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego – SKWPot). Na podstawie haseł SJWPot przeprowadzono kilkupłaszczyznową analizę językoznawczą, która przybrała postać analizy etymologicznej, słowotwórczej, semantycznej i leksykograficznej. Pomocniczo zgromadzoną leksykę poddano także analizie rejestrująco-opisowej, statystycznej, onomastycznej oraz analizie porównawczej. Każdy z wymienionych typów analizy miał na celu zbadanie wyekscerpowanego materiału pod innym kątem. Tak więc dzięki analizie genetycznej możliwe stało się oszacowanie, jaki procent słownictwa utworów W. Potockiego stanowiły jednostki rodzime, a jaki wyrazy obce. Wśród tych ostatnich za interesujące uznano zwłaszcza to, z którego języka wybrany pisarz czerpał najwięcej inspiracji. A zatem czy była to bardzo rozpowszechniona w XVII w. łacina, czy może W. Potocki preferował inne źródła zapożyczeń, np. niemieckie i czeskie? Zenon Klemensiewicz dowodził zbytniego nasycenia poezji autora Moraliów latynizmami, podczas gdy Aleksander Brückner wskazywał na dominujące w niej pożyczki węgierskie, tatarskie oraz ruskie. Autorka dysertacji starała się ustosunkować do opinii wymienionych badaczy, próbując zarazem dociec, w jakim stopniu ich sądy znalazły potwierdzenie w zebranym materiale. Z kolei słowa Janusza S. Gruchały zmotywowały ją do sprawdzenia, jak prezentuje się zgromadzone słownictwo pod względem realizowanych w jego obrębie kategorii, technik oraz typów słowotwórczych. Informacji na ten temat dostarczyła analiza strukturalna leksyki rodzimej, w tym analiza jednostek derywowanych od innych wyrazów już po wyodrębnieniu się języka polskiego ze wspólnoty prasłowiańskiej. Przyjęcie synchroniczno-diachronicznej perspektywy badawczej pozwoliło wskazać na pewne upodobania indywidualne W. Potockiego w zakresie tworzenia jednostek leksykalnych, jak też umożliwiło ono wysnucie pewnych wniosków dotyczących całego średniopolskiego podsystemu słowotwórczego polszczyzny. Dzięki obranemu trybowi postępowania chociaż w części możliwe stało się wypełnienie luki powstałej po opracowaniu przez językoznawców wzorca opisu staropolskiego systemu słowotwórczego (Kleszczowa, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2015), a jeszcze wcześniej – współczesnego (Grzegorczykowa, Laskowski i in, 1999). Strukturę tematyczną zebranego materiału zbadano z zastosowaniem metody pól leksykalno-semantycznych, wzorując się na podziale polowym słownictwa staropolskiego w opracowaniu Stanisława Dubisza. Zasadniczym celem tego etapu analizy było sprawdzenie, wokół jakich kręgów znaczeniowych sytuowało się słownictwo dzieł twórcy Ogrodu nie plewionego. Stosunki jakościowo- -ilościowe zaobserwowane pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi zbiorami wyrazów miały pomóc stwierdzić, czy najpłodniejszy poeta epoki baroku rzeczywiście interesował się „wszystkim” i „wszystkimi”. Dotychczas bowiem badacze tej spuścizny literackiej podkreślali ogromną różnorodność tematów w niej poruszanych. Kolejny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza leksykograficzna materiału, mająca na celu udokumentowanie kilkuset haseł SJWPot w reprezentatywnych opracowaniach słownikowych. Aby warstwę leksykalną utworów XVII-wiecznego autora móc ukazać w przekroju synchroniczno- -diachronicznym, kwerendą objęto słowniki gromadzące zasób wyrazowy polszczyzny, począwszy od epoki staropolskiej po początek wieku XIX. Były nimi: Słownik staropolski, Słownik polszczyzny XVI wieku, Elektroniczny słownik języka polskiego XVII i XVIII wieku, Słownik języka polskiego Samuela Bogumiła Lindego oraz leksykon pisarza w postaci Słownika języka Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Ze względu na obszerność prezentowanego materiału zrezygnowano zaś z oddzielnych rozdziałów poświęconych wyekscerpowanym nazwom własnym i frazeologizmom. Przedłożona rozprawa doktorska składa się z pięciu rozdziałów, w tym dwóch rozdziałów teoretycznych i trzech analitycznych. Po krótkim Wstępie informującym o celach, założeniach i strukturze pracy w rozdziale pierwszym autorka uzasadnia wybór tematu badawczego, objaśnia kryteria doboru próby materiałowej i podaję jej zakres, a także prezentuje stan badań nad twórczością W. Potockiego. Dalsza część rozdziału pierwszego zawiera charakterystykę epoki, w której żył i tworzył autor Moraliów, oraz omówienie najważniejszych pojęć i terminów związanych z barokiem. W tym fragmencie dysertacji zamieszczono również kalendarium życia i twórczości XVII-wiecznego poety. Rozdział drugi w całości poświęcono opisowi metodologii, kierunków i narzędzi badawczych wykorzystanych podczas analizy wybranego wycinka języka pisarza. Część teoretyczną pracy kończy podrozdział zatytułowany: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. Trzeci rozdział rozpoczyna część analityczną rozprawy i stanowi zarazem jej najobszerniejszy fragment. Tworzą go dwa mniejsze podrozdziały, wyodrębnione na podstawie wyników analizy genetycznej przyjętej próby materiałowej. W pierwszej części rozdziału zaprezentowano zbiór słownictwa rodzimego, w obrębie którego odpowiednio wcześniej wydzielono wyrazy podstawowe (niederywowane na gruncie polskim) oraz pochodne słowotwórczo. Ważny etap podjętych badań stanowiła analiza strukturalna tych ostatnich, polegająca na pogrupowaniu jednostek motywowanych słowotwórczo według typów, kategorii i technik derywacyjnych. W części drugiej rozdziału trzeciego, zawierającej charakterystykę zapożyczeń, umieszczono dane jakościowo-ilościowe obrazujące podział leksemów obcych według źródła pochodzenia, przedmiotu zapożyczenia oraz stopnia ich przyswojenia do polskiego systemu językowego. W rozdziale czwartym przedstawiono wyniki analizy leksykalno-semantycznej materiału, przeprowadzonej przy użyciu metody pól wyrazowych. Jeden z podrozdziałów rozdziału czwartego przeznaczono na charakterystykę słownictwa zgromadzonego w polu <„Metajęzyk” człowieka>, w którym to polu, zgodnie z przyjętą klasyfikacją, oprócz większości wyrazów funkcyjnych znalazły się również wyekscerpowane nazwy własne. Rozdział piąty dysertacji traktuje przede wszystkim o wynikach badań statystycznych. Ponadto w rozdziale tym omówiono wyniki badań leksykograficznych, obejmujących określony wycinek słownictwa dzieł W. Potockiego. Wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy mieści syntetyzujące Zakończenie. Rozprawę zamykają: wykaz stosowanych skrótów i oznaczeń, indeks tabel znajdujących się w tekście głównym rozprawy, bibliografia uwzględniająca słowniki i inne źródła (elektroniczne) oraz dwuczęściowy aneks w wersji tradycyjnej i multimedialnej. Pierwszą część aneksu stanowią tabele załączone do dysertacji wraz z indeksem do nich. Drugi z aneksów, umieszczony na nośniku elektronicznym (płyta CD), zawiera trzy słowniki gromadzące leksykę utworów wybranego autora, tj. SJWPot, SFWPot oraz SKWPot. „Język J.Ch. Paska reprezentuje zasób leksykalny przeciętnego Polaka szlachcica z XVII wieku” – stwierdziła niegdyś Maria Borejszo w jednym z artykułów traktujących o leksyce Pamiętników Jana Chryzostoma Paska. Wnioski wyprowadzone z analizy porównawczej ujawniły podobieństwo jakościowo-ilościowe łączące warstwę słowną tekstu prozatorskiego z materiałem wyekscerpowanym z wycinka poezji W. Potockiego. Zarówno autor Ogrodu nie plewionego, jak i Jan Chryzostom Pasek najczęściej posługiwali się w swoich utworach wyrazami odziedziczonymi przez polszczyznę po wiekach poprzednich, w tym dużą liczbą jednostek niepodzielnych słowotwórczo i o najstarszej genezie w naszym języku. Wbrew też przypuszczeniom wysuwanym przez badaczy polszczyzny okresu średniopolskiego, żaden z autorów nie nadużywał zapożyczeń z języków obcych, przy czym XVII-wieczny poeta sięgał po nie rzadziej niż pamiętnikarz. Wacław Potocki okazał się tradycjonalistą językowym nie tylko w zakresie doboru słownictwa rodzimego, lecz także obcego i częściej niż średniopolskie latynizmy stosował w swoich wierszach pożyczki niemieckie, przejęte do polszczyzny przeważnie już w średniowieczu. Podobnie jak słownictwo zapożyczane z innych języków były to w zdecydowanej większości pożyczki formalnosemantyczne przyswojone drogą słuchową i spełniające określoną (utylitarną) funkcję w tekście. W przeciwieństwie do prozy Pamiętników J.Ch. Paska poezja W. Potockiego okazała się wolna od wspomnianej przez M. Borejszo „powodzi” makaronizmów, co jednak należy uznać za typowe dla ówcześnie powstających utworów wierszowanych.
The subject of this dissertation is the analysis of a part of Wacław Potocki's poetry vocabulary. For the purposes of the study, a text sample of 3000 verses from three representative works of the 17th-century poet (Transakcja wojny chocimskiej, Ogród nie plewiony, Moralia) was excerpted. The three-volume edition of Wacław Potocki's Dzieła edited by Leszek Kukulski (1987) was adopted as the source for the study. A dictionary of the author's language is an integral part of the dissertation, bringing together all the collected lexis: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego (SJWPot), Słownik frazeologizmów Wacława Potockiego (SFWPot) and Słownik kolokacji Wacława Potockiego (SKWPot). On the basis of the SJWPot entries a linguistic analysis was conducted at several levels: etymological, word-formation, semantic and lexicographical. The collected lexica was auxiliary subjected to register-descriptive, statistical, onomastic and comparative analysis. The adoption of a synchronic-diachronic research perspective has made it possible to point to certain preferences of Wacław Potocki in the creation of lexical units, as well as to draw certain conclusions concerning the entire medieval Polish vocabulary subsystem. The thematic structure of the collected material was examined using the method of lexical-semantic fields. The next stage of the research was a lexicographic analysis of the material, aimed at documenting several hundred SJWPot entries in representative dictionary studies. The search covered five dictionaries collecting Polish word resources from the Old Polish period to the beginning of the 19th century. The dissertation consists of five chapters, including two theoretical and three analytical ones. After a short introduction informing about the aims, assumptions and structure of the work in the first chapter, the author justifies the choice of the research topic, explains the criteria for the selection of the material sample and gives its scope, as well as presents the state of research into the works of Wacław Potocki. The next part of chapter one contains the characteristics of the epoch, in which the author of Moralia lived and worked, and a discussion of the most important concepts and terms associated with the Baroque. In this part of the work there is also a calendar of life and work of the seventeenth-century poet. The second chapter is entirely devoted to the description of methodology, directions and research tools used in the analysis of a selected fragment of the writer's language. The theoretical part of the work ends with a subsection entitled: Słownik języka Wacława Potockiego. Idea, struktura, zasady opracowania. The third chapter begins the analytical part of the dissertation and constitutes its most extensive fragment. It consists of two smaller subsections, distinguished on the basis of the results of the genetic analysis of the material sample. In the first part of the chapter a set of native vocabulary is presented, within which basic (non-derivative) words and words derived from it are distinguished. The first stage of the research was a structural analysis of the latter, consisting in grouping the vocabulary-motivated units according to types, categories and derivational techniques. In the second part of the third chapter, which was devoted to the characteristics of borrowings, the qualitative-quantitative data were placed showing the division of foreign lexemes according to the source of origin, the object of borrowing and the degree of their assimilation into the Polish language system. The fourth chapter presents the results of lexical-semantic analysis of the material, conducted with the use of the word field method. The fifth chapter deals mainly with the results of statistical research. In addition, the chapter discusses the results of lexicographic research, covering a specific section of vocabulary of Wacław Potocki's works. Conclusions from the conducted analysis are included in the conclusion. The dissertation ends with a list of abbreviations and designations used, an index of tables included in the main text of the dissertation, a bibliography including dictionaries and other sources and a two-part appendix in traditional and multimedia versions. The first part of the appendix consists of tables attached to the dissertation together with an index to them. The second part of the appendix, placed on an electronic carrier, contains three dictionaries collecting the lexicon of works of a selected author – SJWPot, SFWPot and SKWPot. As the analysis has shown, Wacław Potocki most frequently used words inherited by the Polish language from previous centuries, including a large number of units with indivisible vocabulary and the oldest origins in our language. Contrary to the assumptions put forward by scholars of the Polish language of the Middle Polish period, the author of Moralia did not overuse borrowings from foreign languages. Wacław Potocki turned out to be a traditionalist not only in his choice of native vocabulary, but also of foreign languages, and more often than Middle Polish latinisms, he used German loans in his poems, which were brought into Polish mostly as early as the Middle Ages. Like the vocabulary borrowed from other languages, these were mostly formal- -semantic loans acquired by ear and fulfilling a utilitarian function in the text. In contrast to the prose of Pamiętniki of Jan Chryzostom Pasek, Wacław Potocki's poetry turned out to be free of macaronisms, which, however, should be considered typical of poems written at that time.