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1
Galtsin, Dmitrii D. "Froben Prints and Polemics on Religion in Early Modern Eastern Europe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 578–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.216.
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The article explores the Froben prints stored at the Rare Books Department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Science (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk) in Saint Petersburg. For three generations in the 16th century, Basel printers the Frobens influenced European intellectual life like no other publishing establishment, contributing to the spread of early Latin and Greek Christian literature, which determined both the development of theology and the humanities. Some copies of Froben prints are conspicuous for the history of their use which is intrinsically connected with various kinds of religious polemics in 16th and 17th century Eastern Europe. The focus of the article is the copies of Froben’s Opera omnia of St Augustine which underwent censorship in monastic libraries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th century. The article traces the history of a number of Froben copies which belonged to notable Polish Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries (Andrzej Trzecieski, Nicholas Radziwill the Black (“Czarny”), Andrzej Dobrzanski). The examination of the connections of Eastern European Protestants, which enabled vigorous exchange of books with Western Europe, bringing, for instance, a book from the library of the great Dutch cartographer Gerhard Mercator to the hands of a provincial Polish pastor, is carried out. Finally, the article addresses the marginalia left by Simeon of Polotsk on one of his books. These marginalia throw some new light on the question of Simeon’s genuine theological views. By examining the history of the copies from the Library of the Russian Academy of Science through the marginalia left in the 16th and 17th centuries by people of various religions, the article assesses Froben copies as a source on confessional and intellectual history of the period.
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Romano, Antonella, and Stéphane Van Damme. "Science and World Cities: Thinking Urban Knowledge and Science at Large (16th-18th century)." Itinerario 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300002722.
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Through its focus on the question of circulation, world history attained a central position amongst the historical configurations in the last decade. Indicative of our fundamentally changing world, the past thereby reveals itself to have been shaped by commercial, human and intellectual flows of global dimension. The history of science has been particularly receptive to such methodological developments, especially with regard to works influenced by a markedly social approach to science and knowledge, which has focused for some time on the analysis of intellectual networks. From the French provincial Enlightenment to Athansius Kircher's circles—including the relationships of patronage of mathematicians and court philosophers—social, intellectual and epistemological configurations have been designed, allowing us to consider different scales in the circulation of knowledge.
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Rodari, Paola. "Education and science museums. Reflections in Italy and on Italy." Journal of Science Communication 07, no. 03 (September 19, 2008): R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.07030701.
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The educational function of science museums was born with the first naturalistic collections ever, flourished in 16th-century Italy. The pedagogic thought and the educational experimentations carried out in approximately five century of history have allowed the educational mission of museums to acquire many different facets, drawing a task having an increasingly higher and complex social value. Recent publications explore these new meanings of an old role.
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Rahman, Mushtaqur. "A History of Arab-Islamic Geography (9th-16th Century AD)." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i4.2223.
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“Everything you ever wanted to know about the Arab-Islamic contribution togeography (but have had no time to learn up to now),” aptly describes SayyidMaqbool Ahmad‘s A History of Arab-Islamic Geography, which is a descriptionof the Arab-Islamic contribution to geography between the sixth and nineth centuries.To the uninitiated reader, the book may seem like a spider’s web; there isa guiding thread to follow, but that thread is hard to find and easy to lose.Barring language difficulty and the insipid organization of the text, the book ismonumental. It clarifies a number of misconceptions and provides authenticdetails about Arab-Islamic geography.The book is based on over 50 years of painstaking research of Arabicpalimpsests and chronicles and their translations into English and otherEuropean languages. It was the late Professor Hamilton Gibb of St. JohnsCollege (Oxford University), a shining light among Western Orientalists, whoasked Ahmad in 1945 for research on the subject. Following his mentor, Ahmadhas done a remarkable job of distilling much of the chaotic and contentious mattersrelating to Arab-Islamic geography. Never before has anyone attempted toprovide detailed “basic data” on Arab-Islamic geography. Contrary to whatmany Western Orientalists believe, the Arabs-in addition to being inheritorsand preservers of Greek, Indian, and Persian knowledge-made significant contributionsto geography. It was partly the contribution of Nasir al-Din Tusi(astronomy), al-Battani (astronomy), Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi (mathematics),Ibn al-Haytham (optics), Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni (astronomy, physics),Ibn Sina (medicine), Al-Jazari (mechanics), Al-Sharif al-Idrisi (geography), Al-Masudi (geography), Ibn al-Nafis (blood circulation), Ibn Majid (magnetic compass),and others to science and technology.that motivated the IndustrialRevolution of Europe.The book is organized into two parts and twenty-two chapters to present thevast literature by subject and chronological order. Part I of the book has threesections and nine chapters, which discuss the origins of scientific geography,astronomical and philosophical literature, reports of the explorers and Arabembassies, and regional discussions. These chapters are conclusive that Arab-Islamic scientific geography began with Al-Ma’mun (813-833 AD), who establishedthe first academy, known as Bayt al-Hikmu (the House of Wisdom). As aresult, in Baghdad after the middle of the ninth century, general and descriptivegeographical works began appearing. Included in this section are also chapterson the Iraqi and Balkhi school of geography. Chapters 10 through 15 discuss theimportant regional, philosophical, and astronomical geography works whichappeared in Baghdad. lbn Khurdadbih was the fit writer on the subject andhence can be called the father of Arab-Islamic geography. His Kirub ul-Musalikwu ul-Mumulik (Book of Roads and Kingdoms) is a classic.Two appendices, one concerning the Waqwaq Islands and the other concerningModification of Ptolemy’s Geography by Al-Idrisi, are the most revealingparts of the book because the location of the Waqwaq Islands and Al-Idrisi’smodification of Ptolemy’s map have long baffled Orientalists. Waqwaq Islands(ul-Juzur al-Wuqwuq) were fit mentioned in Ibn Khurdashbih’s Kitab ul-Musulik wu a1 -Mamulik. Appendix 2, Al-Idris’s modification of Ptolemy’s map, ...
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Rasmussen, Knud. "Disputable Issues in the Russian History of the 16th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.2.2.
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Knud Rasmussen (1930–1985) was a famous Danish historian, Professor at Institute of Slavic Studies at University of Copenhagen, specialist in medieval Russia, author of a dozen of scientific monographs published in large editions including in Russian. In 1973, he defended his thesis titled “The Livonian crisis of 1554–1561”. According to the list of works published by J. Lind, 13 publications are devoted to the epoch of Ivan the Terrible. This article, published for the first time, is presented in the form of a report at the conference in Hungary. The scientist consistently outlined the main tasks and problems related to the study of Russian history abroad, in particular, in Denmark. He told what plan was built for the team of Danish historians who decided in the early 1970s to prepare a textbook on Russian history in the form of a problem historiographic course for Danish students, and how this plan was implemented. The study of works on Russian history and their systematization helped the team of Danish historians, which included K. Rasmussen, develop a special historiographic method and its principles, which led to developing understanding of the problematic historical field as a whole and placing individual research in it. As a result, a multivolume manual was written; by the time of K. Rasmussen’s speech, 3 volumes were published, covering the period of Russian history from the 17th to the 20th century inclusive. K. Rasmussen worked on preparing a volume on the Russian history of the 16th century. In the second part of his speech (article), the author shared his thoughts on the chosen approach to the assessment of historiography and spoke about the content of this volume, where he outlined the controversial problem of enslaving peasants, discussions on the reasons for backwardness of Russian cities as the basis of Moscow defeats in Livonia, possible ways of Russian revival, on the state and its institutions and on the development of historical events in the field of domestic policy. This volume was published after the death of the author in the same year: Rasmussen Knud. Ruslands historie i det 16. Arhundrede: En forsknings-og kildeoversigt. Kobenhavn, 1985. 161 s. Bibliography about K. Rasmussen: Lind J. Creative Way Knud Rasmussen (on the 10th anniversary of his death) // Archeographic Yearbook for 1995. – Moscow : Nauka, 1995. – P. 160–165; Lind J. H. Knud Rasmussen in memoriam // Jacob Ulfeld. Travel to Russia. – M. : Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. – Р. 17–25; Vozgrin V. E. Knud Rasmussen and Zans Bagger – Danish historians of Russia // Proceedings of the Department of the History of New and Newest Times of St. Petersburg State University. – 2016. – № 16 (2). – Р. 205–219. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko.
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Ubrizsy Savoia, Andrea. "The influence of new world species on the botany of the 16th century." Asclepio 48, no. 2 (December 30, 1996): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/asclepio.1996.v48.i2.403.
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Truong, Anh Thuan, and Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade of the Portuguese Royal and Private Traders in India from the 16th to the 19th Century." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 14, no. 4 (2022): 704–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2022.409.
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The 16th–19th centuries was the period that witnessed the ups and downs development of the trade of the Portuguese Crown and the Portuguese private traders in India. In fact, the maritime trade of the Portuguese Crown only developed significantly in the 16th century; from the 17th century, because of different reasons, it declined gradually. Finally, it had to depend on the British at the end of the 19th century. In contrast with the Portuguese Crown trade, although the commerce of the Portuguese private merchants had to face a lot of difficulties, it continued to expand its role and influence during the four centuries (16th–19th). This article summarizes the trade of Portuguese royal and Portuguese private commercial activities in India from the 16th to the 19th century. On that basis, the authors of this article analyze and point out the core characteristics which fully and comprehensively reflect the development of commercial activities of the Portuguese royal family and merchants in India during this period. To conduct this research, the authors rely on the research results of scholars around the world directly or indirectly related to this issue and use two main research methods of Historical Science, including the historical method and the logical method. In addition, the authors also use several other research methods such as analysis, synthesis, statistics, and comparison. The completion of this study will make a scholarly contribution by helping researchers to have a more comprehensive and in-depth view of Portugal’s commercial activities in Asia in general and India in particular from the 16th to the 19th century.
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Onal, Recep. "The General situation of ilm al-kalām in the Ottoman educational system up to the 16th century." International Journal of Innovative Research in Education 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijire.v6i2.4493.
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In this paper, the formation of the Caliphate, which emerged as a scientific discipline by Mu‘tazila in Hijri 2nd Century, the general situation and basic features of the Ottoman education system up to the 16th century and the works of Kalām taught in madrasas are examined. This study is a descriptive and comparative study. This research will use the classical soruces of the history of Islam, the history of sects in islams and kalam. In spite of some unfavorable reactions which have been exhibited against Ilm al-Kalām since the earliest period of the Ottoman period, Ilm al-Kalām has been able to enter the curriculum of the Ottoman madrasas and become a knowledge discipline favored by the Ottoman sultans and their ʿulamās. The most important contributor to this was the Ottoman sultans, who showed great interest in science, valued the freedom of thought and belief, and provided free thinking and working environment in the Kalām and philosophical areas. In this respect, the Ottoman lands became a science and culture center and a great deal of scholars have been trained in scientific and religious areas up to the 16th century, and in these areas, they produced lots of precious works. Among these works, there are not only independent studies on akaid and Kalām but also works belonging to other disciplines which study the fields of faith, worship and morality together. Ilm al-Kalām came to the fore in the Ottoman education system with the help of these scholars who interested in Ilm al-Kalām. Through the middle of the 16th century, the importance given to the education of Kalām was decreased due to a number of reasons and Kalām was replaced by fiqh. The Anti-Kalām thought reached such a point that many books on Kalām theology had been removed from the madrasah course curriculum and some scholars gave fatwas that say that learning Kalām was forbidden. The findings state that the science of Kalam was considered important until 16th century after which it has lost its importance in the educational system. This caused the loss the culture of criticism and the philosophical though has been ignored.
Key Words: Ottoman, Kalām, Philosophy, Ahl al-Sunna, Madrasah
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Rutkowski, Henryk. "Work on the historical atlas of the sixteenth-century Poland." Polish Cartographical Review 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcr-2018-0015.
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Abstract The author begins with presentation of a programme of creating the detailed cartographic picture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century, proposed by Stanisław Smolka from the Jagiellonian University at the first congress of Polish historians in Cracow in 1880. This initiative was partially realised in the atlas of Ruthenian lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the turn of the 16th and 17th century created by Aleksander Jabłonowski and printed in 1904 in Vienna. When Poland regained its independence, it became possible to organize further works. As their results two maps were designed, prepared and issued in the interwar period: the general map of the sixteenth-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania created by Jan Jakubowski, published in 1927 and 1928, and the map of Cracow Voivodship of the Four-Year Sejm period (1788–1792) elaborated by Karol Buczek with cooperation of several other persons and published in 1930 in Cracow. The main topic of this article is a series of maps with commentaries prepared collectively in the Institute of History of Polish Academy of Sciences, entitled Atlas historyczny Polski. Mapy szczegółowe szesnastego wieku (Historical Atlas of Poland. Detailed maps of the 16th century) which includes Polish lands of the Crown. From the planned eight volumes with maps of individual voivodships or their groups, six were published successively in the years 1966–2018 and the last two are prepared for publishing in 2020. The author presents subject of the series and particularly contents of the main maps at the scale of 1:250,000. This most detailed geographical and historical analysis of a large part of old Poland depicts the area in the 16th century, but it can also facilitate the process of gaining deeper knowledge about the history of these lands in the earlier and later centuries.
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Kalinowski, Emil. "Rodzina Mokrzeckich na Podlasiu do połowy XVII w. Studium historyczno-genealogiczne." Studia Podlaskie, no. 29 (2021): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2021.29.03.
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The article presents the history of the Podlasie noble line of the Mokrzecki family until the mid-17th century. The original seat of its founder was near Bryansk, which was lost to Moscow. In the mid-16th century, through a marriage, the grandson of the ancestor of the family settled in Podlasie.
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Özel, Oktay. "POPULATION CHANGES IN OTTOMAN ANATOLIA DURING THE 16TH AND 17TH CENTURIES: THE “DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS” RECONSIDERED." International Journal of Middle East Studies 36, no. 2 (May 2004): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743804362021.
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The historiography of the past two decades of the demographic history of 16th- and 17th-century Ottoman Anatolia has seen diverse and often conflicting arguments among historians. Whether the Ottoman Empire witnessed “population pressure” in the 16th century, and whether this was followed in the 17th century by a serious “demographic crisis,” considered by some historians as a “catastrophe,” have constituted the central theme of the debate. The roots of these issues can be traced as far back as the early works of Ömer Lütfi Barkan in the 1940s and 1950s. It appears that the disagreements not only arose as a result of the different models of historical demography developed by diverse schools of thought, but that they also owed much to the highly disputed nature of the sources that provide the bulk of quantitative data for the demographic history of the Ottoman Empire.
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Santangelo, Paolo. "A Neo-Confucian Debate in 16Th Century Korea." T'oung Pao 76, no. 4 (1990): 234–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853290x00083.
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Pamuk, Şevket. "THE PRICE REVOLUTION IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE RECONSIDERED." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 1 (February 2001): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801001040.
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The Price Revolution of the 16th century has been the subject of one of the most enduring debates in European historiography and, more recently, in the historiography of the world economy. That European prices, expressed in grams of silver, increased by more than 100 percent—and in some countries, by more than 200 percent—from the beginning of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century has been well established and broadly accepted. In countries that experienced currency debasements, overall inflation was proportionately higher, reaching, in some cases, 600 percent or more for the entire period.
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Smirnova, Nataliya Vladimirovna, and Anastasiya Igorevna Karpova. "History of Indonesia in the Master's Degree Course of the Department of Foreign History, Political Science and International Relations, Petrozavodsk State University." Uchenyy Sovet (Academic Council), no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-02-2201-04.
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The article shows the importance of oriental publications Sulalat-us-salatin: Malay Manuscript of Kruzenshtern and its Cultural and Historical Significance and Travel and Latest Observations in China, Manila and the Indo-China Archipelago for studying the colonial policy of the Netherlands in Indonesia as part of the training course "Politics of European Powers in the Countries of the East in the 16th-early 20th century" of Master's program at the Petrozavodsk State University. The organization of the first Dutch expedition to the East Indies in 1595-1597 and the creation of the United East India Company are analyzed. The materials of the article can be useful in preparation for classes in the field of History.
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Natale, Gianfranco, Paola Soldani, Marco Gesi, and Emanuele Armocida. "Flaminio Rota: Fame and Glory of a 16th Century Anatomist without Scientific Publications." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 16 (August 19, 2021): 8772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168772.
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Academic activity is intrinsically composed of two aspects: teaching and research. Since the 20th century, the aphorism “publish or perish” has overwhelmingly established itself in the academic field. Research activity has absorbed more attention from the professors who have neglected teaching activity. In anatomical sciences, research has focused mainly on ultrastructural anatomy and biochemical aspects, far removed from the topics addressed to medical students. Will today’s anatomists be rewarded by their choice? To generate a forecast, we should entrust what history has already taught us. For this analysis, an example was taken, concerning the fate that history reserved for the anatomy teachers of the University of Bologna in the second half of the 16th century. Thanks to Vesalius (1514–1564), experimentation on the human body replaced the old dogmatic knowledge, and didactic innovation was one with research. Some figures were highly praised despite their poor scientific production. The present article focuses on the figure of Flaminio Rota, who was highly esteemed by his colleagues in spite of no significant scientific activity. Reasons for this paradox are examined. Then, history also whispers to us: publish, but without perishing in the oblivion of students.
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Kashtanov, Sergey. "The Process of Writing and Promulgation of Acts in the Early Chancellery Practice of the Frankish State and Old Rus." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018289-6.
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The paper is dedicated to the early chancellery practices of the Frankish State and Old Rus as well as to the differences and the similarities of the early immunity chaters of those two countries. In medieval Latin sources, the word kancellaria is known from the 12th century. In what concerns Rus and the Russian State, it is used somewhat conventionally up to c. 1700. Institutions comprising some staff of scribes are known in the Russian State not earlier than in the 15th—16th centuries. The offices of dyaks (later transforming into prikazes and chets) emerged only in the first half and the middle of the 16th century. Contrary to the early medieval West, chancellery was not a special institution at the court, but rather a structure within a central state office. Due to this, acts often were composed in scriptoria, and the originals of the earliest of them are written in bookish hands. The practice of composing charters by beneficiaries, known in the early Frankish State, was characteristic to Rus until at least the second half of the 16th century. Although princely scribes are known to compose some kinds of acts from the late 13th and the 14th centuries, many other long continued to be written in monastic scriptoria.
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Misiak, Małgorzata. "Vilnius Alma Mater – Cultural and Scientific Link of Polish-Lithuanian History." Slavistica Vilnensis 66, no. 1 (November 18, 2021): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/slavviln.2021.66(1).66.
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The discussed monograph is an attempt to present Vilnius Alma Mater as a cultural and scientific link of Polish-Lithuanian history. The texts that make up the volume concern thematically Polish-Lithuanian relations from the 16th century to the present day, perceived in several aspects: historical and cultural, literary, linguistic and educational. The articles collected in the volume are arranged into specific five themes. These are: the heritage of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the works of 19th-century artists, The History of Stefan Batory University (1919–1939), The interpretation of the space of Vilnius and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the perspective of the 20th and 21st centuries, the study of phenomena belonging to the cultural and cultural borderland linguistic.
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Chondros, Thomas. "The development of mechanics and engineering design and machine theory since the rennaissance." FME Transactions 49, no. 2 (2021): 291–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fme2102291c.
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The history of science and mechanics is confronted by two interconnected problems: a critical accumulation and systematization of historical information about the subject of study, and the relationship between events and the laws of their development.The influence of natural philosophy in classical times that led to the development of mechanics and engineering as a science from the 5th century B.C. to the Middle-Ages was investigated in a previous article by the author. The rapid development of mechanics as a science started in the 16th and the 17th century. Machine design as an applied science was heavily relying on mechanics. Since the beginning of the 19th century, mechanics became the theoretical basis of an increasing number of applied technical disciplines directly connected with the development of industry, the elaboration of new technological processes machines, and industrial plants. A brief history of the development of the theory of machines and mechanisms is attempted here, along with the personalities and Academic Institutions that influenced Mechanisms and Machine Theory from Medieval Times to the recent past.
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Pfeifer, Helen. "ENCOUNTER AFTER THE CONQUEST: SCHOLARLY GATHERINGS IN 16TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN DAMASCUS." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 2 (April 27, 2015): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000021.
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AbstractThis article examines the extensive intellectual and social exchange that resulted from the Ottoman imperial incorporation of Arab lands in the 16th century. In the years immediately after the 1516–17 conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate that brought Egypt, Greater Syria, and the Hijaz under Ottoman rule, Turkish-speaking Ottomans from the central lands (Rumis) found that their political power was not matched by religious and cultural prestige. As the case of Damascus shows, scholarly gatherings calledmajālis(sing.majlis) were key spaces where this initial asymmetry was both acutely felt and gradually overcome. As arenas for discussion among scholars on the move, literary salons facilitated the circulation of books and ideas and the establishment of a shared intellectual tradition. As occasions where stories were told and history was made, they supported the formation of a common past. In informal gatherings and in the biographical dictionaries that described them, Rumis and Arabs came together to forge an empire-wide learned culture as binding as any political or administrative ingredient of the Ottoman imperial glue.
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Wasilkiewicz, Kamil. "Zarys dziejów baliwatu brandenburskiego joannitów do końca XVI w. Wpływ reformacji na jego funkcjonowanie." Studia Europaea Gnesnensia, no. 18 (December 15, 2018): 407–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/seg.2018.18.23.
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The article discusses selected fragments of history of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg, a jurisdiction of the Knights Hospitaller until the end of the 16th century, showing structural transformations it underwent over the centuries. Having outlined the social and political foundation of its functioning, the author presents the influence that the Reformation had on the bailiwick.
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Rybalko, Natalia. "Great Perm Governance in the Late 16th – Early 17th Century: From Administrators to Voivodes." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (December 2020): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.5.9.
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Introduction. Great Perm (Perm Velikaya) in the late 16th – early 17th centuries included Cherdyn, Solikamsk and Kaigorod districts. It was an important strategic region. Taxes from this region entered the royal treasury almost regularly, while the central part of the state was devastated by military operations during the Time of Troubles. The region provided communication with Siberia, its annexation and development. Historiography is dominated by the opinion that the institution of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm in the late 16th century. Methods and materials. The research is based on the documents of the archive of the Solikamsk district court, which currently constitute the collection of the fund No. 122 “Acts of Solikamsk” of the Archive of the St. Petersburg Institute of History of the Russian Academy of Sciences for the period from 1605 to 1613. The documentary complex was previously reconstructed using the principle of mutual correspondence of documents. The prosopography method was applied to study the biographies of clerks. Analysis. The article analyzes the argumentation of researchers on the problem when the institute of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm. The fundamental documents of the late 16th century have been revealed. It is proved that they do not contain information about the voivodeship form of government. The list of administrators and clerks of the late 16th century – early 17th century has been restored. The beginning and end of their service are indicated. Results. There was no voivodeship position in Great Perm until 1609. An administrator and a clerk were appointed to the clerk hut from Moscow. The change of administration took place on average every 2 years. The institute of voivodeship was introduced in Great Perm in 1610. The first voivode of Great Perm was Ivan Ivanovich Chemodanov. The administrators who replaced him also served as voivodes. The control system in Great Perm was strengthened by 1613.
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Титовец, Елена. "Бытование кириллической книги XVI – первой четверти XVII в. в старообрядческой среде." Acta Neophilologica 1, no. XXII (June 1, 2020): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/an.5227.
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The subject of analysis is the old printed Cyrillic editions of the 16th – first quarter of the 17th century books, acquired by the Central Science Library of NAS of Belarus from Old Believers M.S. Sevastyanov and N.M. Sorokin. Based on a study of handwritten notes, stamps and other book signs, the author reveals the history of these copies. The owners of the books were representatives of various social groups. All the features of the exemplars are represented in the catalogues of the Cyrillic editions of the Central Science Library of NAS of Belarus.
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Gonkowski, Slawomir, Liliana Rytel, Krystyna Makowska, and Jaroslaw Calka. "Historical Surgical Treatments in Polish Veterinary Medicine." Animals 10, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091487.
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Several methods of surgical treatments have been used in the history of Polish veterinary medicine, many of which have now been forgotten. In the present study, a review was conducted of Polish-language veterinary medicine books published from the 16th century (when the first books in Polish were printed) to the 20th century. The article contains a description of the most popular surgical methods used in animal treatment in Poland over the centuries including, among others, bloodletting, setons, fonticulus and cauterization. This article reviews historical veterinary methods and traces the development of Polish veterinary medicine from ancient cures often based on humoral theory to a modern branch of biologic science.
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Ivanov, Vitaly. "The constitution of physics and the certainty of mathematics in the 16th century scholastic philosophy." ΣΧΟΛΗ. Ancient Philosophy and the Classical Tradition 14, no. 1 (2020): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1995-4328-2020-14-1-143-163.
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Traditionally, it is believed that one of the most important phenomena in the history of "new" science, i.e. the science of Early Modern times, is the emergence of mathematical natural science. However, in the 16th century the status of physics and mathematics within the framework of scientific knowledge was far from being so unambiguous. In this article, we consider and analyze the arguments of the late Peripatetic author of the late 16th century – the learned Jesuit Benedict Pereira – in favor of his thesis about "non-scientific character" of mathematical disciplines. These arguments focus not on the weaker (less perfect) status of the reality of the mathematical object, but on the nature of mathematical demonstration and mathematical knowledge as such. Pereira shows in detail that mathematics does not meet the criteria of scientific knowledge (in the sense of "Second Analytics"), because the middle terms in its demonstrations are non-proper, general and accidental, and mathematics itself is not a knowledge of the real causes. In sum, in Pereira's consideration mathematics turns out to be some sort of “operational art” rather than a necessary knowledge of the truth from real causes. A comparison of the scientific status of physical and mathematical knowledge in Pereira makes it possible to clarify the conditions for the emergence of modern mathematical physics.
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Otte, Michael, and Mircea Radu. "Mathematics Education in the Context of certain classical Debates in Philosophy and Mathematics." Educação Matemática Pesquisa : Revista do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Educação Matemática 24, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 041–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/1983-3156.2022v24i2p041-062.
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Abstract The paper presents some illustrative turns in the history of the interactions between philosophy, logic, mathematics, and mathematical education since the 16th century. The underlying problem could be called the Aristotelian problem. Aristotle argued that any individual thing consists of a substantial form, which determines its general nature, and matter, which individuates the thing and makes it numerically distinct from other similar substances.
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Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. "Commerce and Conflict: Two Views of Portuguese Melaka in the 1620s." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 19, no. 1 (March 1988): 62–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400000333.
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The great commercial emporium of Melaka in the Malay peninsula, which was in Portuguese hands for over a century and a quarter (1511–1641), has received a good deal of attention from historians in the past. Of the available studies on Melaka in the 16th and 17th centuries, those of M.A.P. Meilink-Roelofsz. and Luís Filipe F.R. Thomaz are particularly outstanding, being rich both in detail and in implications. Though less well-known than Meilink-Roelofsz.'s monumental work, Thomaz's essays on the early 16th century are particularly important for being based on a mass of fresh documentation, belying earlier beliefs that “a lack of relevant data” from the archives would force historians to rely heavily on a limited set of sources — notably Tomé Pires's Suma Oriental.
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Neevel, Han. "Logwood Writing Inks: History, Production, Forensics, and Use." Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 42, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/res-2021-0015.
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Abstract In the 16th century, the Spanish brought logwood from Mexico to Europe. Its extract was used for textile dyeing. The French introduced the logwood tree to Western Hispaniola, which became Haiti in 1804. Around 1880, Haiti exported most of its logwood to France. In 1847, Runge introduced the black chrome-logwood ink as an alternative for iron-gall ink, because the latter attacked the steel writing nibs. The most important constituents of logwood are hematoxylin and hematein. Due to the profitable import conditions from Haiti, chrome-logwood ink became the cheapest and most commonly used black writing ink in France. This could explain why Vincent van Gogh, during his French period, used it for writing and drawing and why most of the French postcards from the first half of the 20th century, studied in this publication, were written with chrome-logwood ink, while most of the Dutch postcards were written with an iron gall ink.
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Dmitrieva, Zoia, Marina Rumynskaia, and Tatiana Sazonova. "Belozersk Monasteries in Crisis Years (1570s – 1610s)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (November 2021): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.5.6.
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Introduction. The article examines the situation of the monasteries of the Belozersk region in the last quarter of the 16th century – the first decade of the 17th century: regional manifestation of crisis phenomena, the reasons for their occurrence, the degree of influence of individual factors (epidemic, famine, foreign invasion). Methods and materials. The topic is disclosed using the methods of historical research (analysis, synthesis, external and internal criticism of documents). The source base was made up of acts and monastic business books, including inventory of property. Analysis. In the last quarter of the 16th century – the first decade of the 17th century the Russian state was going through a deep crisis, which was observed in all aspects of the life of Russian society: political, dynastic, economic and social; it was intensified by the great famine of 1601–1603. During these years monasteries remained centers of economic stability, providing the brethren, servants, ministers and beggars with the necessary products and household items. In the years of famine, grain from the monastic granaries was “loaned” to the peasants for consumption and sowing. The devastation of the monastic economy and the physical destruction of the population began in the Time of Troubles. As a result, the authors came to the following conclusions: the crisis of the last quarter of the 16th century and the Great Famine of the early 17th century did not lead to degradation and disruption of the traditional way of life in the region; the destruction of Belozersk monasteries begins in 1612 and continues until 1618; only the Kirillov Monastery, headed by Abbot Matthew, was able to organize the defense and protect the fortress, preserving the Cyril’s heritage from the Polish-Cossack plunder.
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Togoeva, Olga. "Jean Bodin and English Demonology of the 16th — 17th Centuries." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840019048-1.
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The article deals with the influence exerted by the famous French lawyer Jean Bodin on the English demonologists of the 16—17th centuries. Based on the material of demonological treatises and pamphlets published in the English Kingdom since the end of the 16th century, the author of the article traces the degree of familiarity of the English with the basic ideas of the “Demon-mania of Sorcerers” of Jean Bodin (1580). She notes four different principles of quoting “Demon-mania”: direct quoting with the mention of the author’s name and the title of the treatise; hidden borrowings; indirect quoting; and finally, “empty” references, when the appeal to the authority of Jean Bodin was not based on his own text. The undeniable familiarity of English demonologists with “Demon-mania” makes the author of the article also consider the question of the religion of Jean Bodin in order to understand why the British, who were already Protestants for the most part by the beginning of the 16th century, paid so much more attention to the work written by a Catholic.
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Awang, Siti Nur Adilah, Ermy Azziaty Rozali, and Roziah Sidik @ Mat Sidek. "CONCEPT AND HISTORY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OTTOMAN HOSPITAL (DARÜŞŞIFA) IN 15th CE AND 16th CE." International Journal of Law, Government and Communication 7, no. 28 (June 22, 2022): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijlgc.728009.
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One of the major contributions in the field of Ottoman medicine was the establishment of a hospital institution called darüşşifa. Basically, this hospital was developed in the early 15th century with the aim of promoting medical activities through practice in institutions as well as offering public health services free of charge. The establishment of this hospital has also restored the glorious tradition of the hospital that was once achieved in Islamic civilization in previous eras. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the concept and history of the establishment of hospitals in the Ottoman Empire from the 15th century to the 16th century. This study uses a qualitative method with a historical study design approach based on various authoritative sources and then analyzed using text analysis and deductive methods. The findings of this study clearly show that the hospital (darüşşifa) in the Ottoman Empire was a charitable institution that offered a combination of education to medical students as well as free medical services to the general public. It is usually built either by the government or the palace in a complex (kulliye) located in major cities such as Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul and Manisa. The hospital building has unique features such as providing holistic treatment including medical and spiritual treatment, having a variety of medical functions and expertise, complete facilities and a conducive and eco-friendly environment. With the establishment of this hospital, the Ottoman Empire was able to strengthen the field of medical science, expand access of health and education facilities to the whole community as well as able to achieve sustainable development in the country successfully.
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Ponyatovsʹkyy, Feliks. "Restoration and radical reformation." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 83 (September 1, 2017): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2017.83.770.
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The Reformation, which spread to Europe 500 years ago, had a profound impact on all spheres of society's life. The development of science, education, social institutions and modern progress in general - all this can be considered a result and a fruit of the course of the Reformation. The 16th-century reformers could not even imagine what a powerful irreversible process was triggered by them through several theological slogans. The entire history of modern civilization can be divided into two periods: before and after the Reformation.
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Bulang, Tobias. "Wissensgenealogien der frühen Neuzeit im Vergleich." Daphnis 48, no. 1-2 (March 19, 2020): 38–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18796583-04801002.
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For Paracelsian texts, as well as for hermetic writing in general, genealogies that trace knowledge all the way back to Hermes Trismegistos or even to Adam are characteristic. However, in the 16th century, Paracelsians were by far not the only ones drafting such genealogies. Many sciences didn’t restrict themselves to the medieval practice of quoting ancient authorities (e.g. Plinius dixit …), but rather employed genealogies of knowledge to achieve legitimacy for their texts. Such genealogies of knowledge preceeded a modern history of science. Also, they aim towards a turning point in the very presence of their authors, a point from which truth is finally revealed again. This presentation will compare different genealogies of knowledge (in botanical, demonological, and alchemical writings) and investigate their social and institutional implications.
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Stolyarova, Lyubovj. "“Childbearing” as a Direction of the Inner Policy of Late 16th-Century Russia." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021613-3.
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The authors analyze the approaching dynastic crisis in late 16th-century Russia as a special direction of the policy of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich’s government. The policy was concerned, firstly, with the belittling of the dynastic rights of Dmitry of Uglich, and, secondly, with the attempts of Fedor and his wife Irina Fedorovna to bear their own heir. The latter problem was addressed with the use of all medical and non-medical resources available in the late 16th century: from secret diplomacy, invitation of foreign doctors and an English midwife to Russia to votive building, pilgrimage to monasteries, creating icons dedicated to saints who patron childbearing, and so on. Thirdly, the concentration of the ruling couple on pilgrimage, church building etc., for which much money and time was needed, was connected with the activity of Boris Godunov as the real head of the government. The collapse of this policy after the death of Princess Feodosia was the reason why Boris Godunov attempted to found a new, Godunov dynasty on the Muscovite throne.
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Roero, Clara Silvia. "Giovanni Battista Benedetti and the Scientific Environment of Turin in the 16th Century." Centaurus 39, no. 1 (January 1997): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0498.1997.tb00024.x.
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Collins, Edward. "Interactions of Portuguese artisanal culture in the maritime enterprise of 16th‐century Seville." Centaurus 60, no. 3 (August 2018): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12188.
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van der Meulen, Jim. "Seigneurial governance and the state in late medieval Guelders (14th–16th century)." Continuity and Change 36, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000084.
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AbstractThis article charts the long-term development of seigneurial governance within the principality of Guelders in the Low Countries. Proceeding from four quantitative cross-sections (c. 1325, 1475, 1540, 1570) of seigneurial lordships, the conclusion is that seigneurial governance remained stable in late medieval Guelders. The central argument is that this persistence of seigneurial governance was an effect of active collaboration between princely administrations, lords, and local communities. Together, the princely government and seigneuries of Guelders formed an integrated, yet polycentric, state. The article thereby challenges the narrative of progressive state centralisation that predominates in the historiography of pre-modern state formation.
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Sept, Jeanne M., and George E. Brooks. "Reports of chimpanzee natural history, including tool use, in 16th- and 17th-century Sierra Leone." International Journal of Primatology 15, no. 6 (December 1994): 867–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02736073.
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Burmistrov, Konstantin Yu. "Moshe Cordovero’s Kabbalah and its reception in Europe at the end of the 17th century." Philosophy Journal 15, no. 1 (2022): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2022-15-1-21-36.
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Moshe ben Ya’akov Cordovero (1522–1570) was one of the most influential Kabbalists of the 16th century living in Safed in Northern Galilee (Ottoman Empire). The systematic explanation of the basic concepts of Kabbalah that he proposed had a significant impact on the subsequent development of Kabbalah. A characteristic feature of the views of Cordovero and his followers was the desire to “demythologize” Kabbalah, to create a synthesis of earlier views and to develop a unified speculative theory on their basis. At the same time, since the end of the 16th century, the Kabbalah school of Yitzhak Luria has gained increasing influence, striving to offer a completely new interpretation of the basic concepts of this teaching by remythologizing it. As a rule, it is believed that it was Luria’s Kabbalah that was at the center of interests of Christian researchers of Kabbalah of the 17th century, who in turn influenced the views of a number of European philosophers (H. More, G.W. Leibniz, J. Locke, F.C. Oetinger, F.X. von Baader, F.W.J. Schelling, F.J. Molitor and others). The article attempts to revise this idea and show that Cordovero’s Kabbalah was also very significant for the European thinkers of the 17th century, who were engaged in the translation and interpretation of Kabbalistic writings. The article is based on the analysis of the original Hebrew sources, as well as the Latin translations, made in the late 17th century.
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Wyszczelski, Lech. "MOSKIEWSKA I KIJOWSKA WIZJA INTERPRETACJI SPORÓW O PRZESZŁOŚĆ CIĄGŁOŚCI HISTORYCZNYCH KORZENI WZAJEMNEJ PAŃSTWOWOŚCI." Pomiędzy. Polonistyczno-Ukrainoznawcze Studia Naukowe 4, no. 1 (2022): 129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppusn.2022.01.12.
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Russian Federation’s attack of February 24, 2022 on Ukraine was no coincidence but a strategy to regain the status of superpower. Referring to history was its significant part. Indeed, that is a shared history, at least in the origin, though differently interpreted by both states, independent from 31 years. Based on the promoted from 16th Century vision of Russia as the Byzantine Empire’ successor, Putin’s Russian Federation claims the right to build an empire that would include all lands of the Russian Empire. It does not recognise independent statehood and Ukrainian nationality. The war was started to achieve that goal.
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Çirakman, Asli. "FROM TYRANNY TO DESPOTISM: THE ENLIGHTENMENT'S UNENLIGHTENED IMAGE OF THE TURKS." International Journal of Middle East Studies 33, no. 1 (February 2001): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743801001039.
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This study aims to examine the way in which European writers of the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries represented Ottoman government. The Ottoman Empire had a special place in European experience and thought. The Ottomans were geographically close to Western Europe, yet they were quite apart in culture and religion, a combination that triggered interest in Turkish affairs.1 Particularly important were political affairs. The Ottoman government inspired a variety of opinions among European travelers and thinkers. During the 18th century, the Ottomans lost their image as formidable and eventually ceased to provoke curiosity in the European public. They were no longer dreaded as the “public calamity”; nor were they greatly respected as the “most modern government” on earth. Rather, they were regarded as a dull and backward sort of people. From the 16th century to the 19th century, the European observers employed two similar, yet different, concepts to characterize the government of the Ottoman Empire. The concept of tyranny was widely used during the 16th and 17th centuries, whereas the concept of despotism was used to depict the regime of the Ottomans in the 18th century. The transition from the term “tyranny” to that of “despotism” in the 18th century indicates a radical change in the European images of the Ottoman Empire. Although both of these terms designate corrupt and perverse regimes in Western political thought, a distinction was made between tyranny and despotism, and it mattered crucially which term was applied to the Ottoman state. European observers of the empire gave special meanings to these key concepts over time. “Tyranny” allowed for both positive and negative features, whereas “despotism” had no redeeming features. Early modern Europeans emphasized both admirable and frightening aspects of Ottoman greatness. On the other hand, the concept of despotism was redefined as inherently Oriental in the 18th century and employed to depict the corruption and backwardness of the Ottoman government. This transformation was profoundly reflected in the beliefs of Europeans about the East. That is, 18th century thought on Ottoman politics contains a Eurocentric analysis of Oriental despotism that is absent from the discussions of Ottoman tyranny in earlier centuries.
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Tretyakova, Marina. "William Harrison's Garden as an Example of 16th Century English Garden." ISTORIYA 12, no. 1 (99) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840013751-5.
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Moya-Olmedo, Pilar, and María Núñez-González. "Converso Houses in the 16th Century in the Former Jewish Quarter of Seville." Heritage 5, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 4174–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040216.
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Vital scenarios in the old Jewish quarter of Seville (Spain) in the 16th Century are analyzed. The objectives of this paper are first, to gather up a brief history of the property of some houses of Conversos (Jews who converted to Christianity in the face of the Inquisition); secondly, to study their layout and their construction relating them to emotions in architecture in a transversal way; thirdly, to make hypothetical plans and elevations (including some digital reconstructions); and, finally, to report their current state of preservation. For these purposes, documents have been consulted in Sevillian archives. To analyze these buildings, it was essential to consult the little-known texts called apeos, which were official documents drawn up by the master builders (alarifes) that the owners requested in order to know the conservation of the buildings. An innovative methodology of translating written descriptions into graphics has been developed. Likewise, among the characteristic spaces of the Sevillian houses, more singular ones, such as the reception courtyards, the main rooms, and the women’s quarters, have been thoroughly analyzed. The alteration of the entrance of one of the houses due to the historical and emotional context and the importance of the women’s quarters (as a religious and vital refuge) are also highlighted.
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Nguyen, Duy Phuong. "Missionary Activity and Civilization of Western Missionaries: a Case of Cochinchina (Vietnam) During the XVI and XVII Centuries." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 1 (2022): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080010743-4.
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As in many other religions, missionary activity is seen by Catholics as a self-fulfilling mission, a sacred act to expand the scope of God’s kingdom. The geographical discoveries, along with the progress of the maritime industry in the 15th–16th centuries, opened a great prospect for “spreading the Gospel” to faraway lands, including Cochinchina (Vietnam). Along with missionary activities, Western civilization also followed the missionaries, who introduced it into the indigenous social life, contributing to the creation of the West–East connection, and the world integration of this land. Based on the many sources, such as the memoirs and correspondence of the missionaries themselves in Cochinchina and the works on the Catholic history of some Vietnamese and foreign researchers, especially the latest studies of Vietnamese historians, the article focuses on studying about missionary activities along with the introduction of Western civilization by missionaries in Cochinchina from the 16th century to the 18th century. The resusts show that the activities of the missionaries under the encouragement policy of the Cochinchina government are the basic factors promoting the process of spreading Western civilized values in Vietnam. This is an inevitable result of the spread of Catholicism which is an important role in the cultural exchange between East and West in Cochinchina in the 16th and 17th centuries. The paper contributes to clarifying the history of the development of Catholic doctrine in Vietnam and affirm the merits of Western missionaries as a bridge to bring European scientific and technical knowledge to Cochinchina.
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Petukhov, Alexander V. "ACCESSION OF KAZAN KHANATE TO RUSSIA IN THE ASSESSMENTS OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS OF THE MIDDLE 20th CENTURY." Historical Search 1, no. 3 (December 21, 2020): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-3-68-74.
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The article analyzes the views of American historians of the middle 20th century on the problem of accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia. Studies on the history of Russian foreign policy have become relevant in the West with the beginning of the «cold war», the purpose of these studies was the need to identify the historical origins of «expansionist» foreign policy of the USSR and Russia. Searching the roots of “Russian expansionism”, Western science of the middle 20th century came to the conclusion about the non-European character of the Russian statehood, about Byzantine and Mongolian origins of the Russian state ideology, which substantiated its claim to world domination. Harvard University historians specializing in the history of Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe, in their works developed the concept of dual nature of the Russian state foreign policy ideology in the middle 16th century. On the one hand, this ideology was based on the Mongolian political tradition inherited from the Golden Horde. On the other hand, Russian ideology was influenced by the Byzantine political tradition. In the works of E. Keenan and Ya. Pelenski’s accession of Kazan Khanate to Russia was presented as the first embodiment in practice of Moscow rulers’ claims to dominate in the political space of Eastern Europe. At the same time, Kazan’s accession was a powerful impetus for the formation of the Russian state ideology, which was based on historical, dynastic, national and religious justifications for the claims to Kazan Khanate. Raised in the works of American historians, questions about Russian political culture and ideology of the 16th century, their reflection in the sources and interpretation of ideas by modern researchers maintain their scientific relevance today.
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Luzzini, Francesco. "Through dark and mysterious paths. Early modern science and the search for the origin of springs from the 16th to the 18th centuries." Earth Sciences History 34, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-34.2.169.
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Since its first attempts to understand natural phenomena, early modern science devoted great attention to the problematic issue of the origin of springs. This essay examines the lively debate that emerged from the studies on fresh water during the years spanning from the mid-sixteenth century to the early eighteenth. By focusing on the interpretations advanced by several authors (including lesser known, but nonetheless important figures such as Mario Bettini, Edward Barlow, and Diacinto Cestoni), and by introducing Antonio Vallisneri's Primi itineris specimen, an unpublished manuscript which reveals significant insights into the hydrogeological debate, a new analysis is provided of the heterogeneous factors which influenced the path of natural philosophy towards the comprehension of the water cycle. The conclusion suggests how a reconsideration of the intricate backgrounds underlying many scientific debates and concepts could play a critical role in solving a still controversial issue: science's need for a history of science.
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BARTON, ISABEL. "MINING, ALCHEMY, AND THE CHANGING CONCEPT OF MINERALS FROM ANTIQUITY TO EARLY MODERNITY." Earth Sciences History 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-41.1.1.
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ABSTRACT This paper analyzes how the Western concept of minerals evolved over time. Greco-Roman philosophers saw minerals as a form of plant that yielded useful metals or medicines. Most of their data came from mines and focused on ore minerals, but medicinal uses were more highly regarded and were the principal intentional focus of early mineral literature. As mining waned in the early medieval period, the focus of mineral literature shifted to emphasize gemstones rather than ores and mysticism rather than metallurgy, while medicine continued to be prominent. Descriptions from firsthand observation became rare. Starting in the 9th century AD, an inorganic concept of minerals as chemicals began to arise from alchemical experiments in the Middle East. The alchemical mineral literature demonstrated that minerals differed from plants in being separable into constituent ingredients by chemical processes, focusing on ores. The sulfur-mercury model of mineral origin also reflects a strong emphasis on metal ores at the expense of other minerals. As mining rates increased again in Europe after the 10th century, this alchemical concept of minerals caught on. However, the alchemical model acquired a spiritual gloss, leading to a divide in the 16th century between a spiritualized organic model of minerals and an inorganic or mechanical alternative, both focused mainly on ores. Eventually the concept of spiritual or living minerals diverged from the mineral to the alchemical literature in the 16th century, as the mechanical model evolved into the modern chemical identification of minerals.
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LÉVY, TONY. "L'ALGÈBRE ARABE DANS LES TEXTES HÉBRAÏQUES (II). DANS L'ITALIE DES XVe ET XVIe SIÈCLES, SOURCES ARABES ET SOURCES VERNACULAIRES." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 17, no. 1 (February 12, 2007): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423907000379.
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Until the end of the 14th century, the sources of Hebrew mathematical writings were almost exclusively in Arabic. This was particularly true of texts that contained elements of algebra or algebraic developments. The testimonies we present and analyze here are due to Jewish authors living in Italy, primarily in the 15th century, who made use of the most varied sources, in addition to Arabic: in Castilian, in Italian, and perhaps in Latin. These testimonies constitute both an indication, and a product, of the circulation of Arab algebraic traditions in Renaissance Italy. Simon Moṭoṭ’s book on The Calculation of Algebra stems from the Italian tradition of ‘‘treatises on the abacus’’. Mordekhay Finzi of Mantua is the author of a Hebrew version of the great work on algebra by Abū Kāmil (9th century), as well as of a version, distinct from the preceding, of the Arabic scholar’s introductory exposition. Beginning in 1473, Finzi also translated from Italian to Hebrew the important treatise on algebra by Maestro Dardi of Pisa (1344). We also indicate some 16th century continuations of Hebrew mathematical production, which contain algebraic developments.
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Yusim, Mark. "“Status Rei Publicae”: from the History of Concepts and Institutions." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018842-5.
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In the Modern Times European political thought definitively adopted the term which goes back to the Latin “status” and translates in Russian as «государство». It signifies the institute of public authority present in one or another form to every people reached a determined stage of evolution. The history of the concept “state” by itself and the establishing of corresponding terminology, including that of different forms of rule, were often discussed and continues to be discussed in modern works on the history and politology. Controversial are the questions on the impact of preceding epochs on the conception of the state and on its definition in the Early Modern Times, in particular in Italian political thought at the beginning of 16th century; such questions will be dealt with in this contribution.
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Egmond, Florike. "Aldrovandi, truthfully drawing naturalia, and local context." Acta ad archaeologiam et artium historiam pertinentia 32, no. 18 N.S. (September 13, 2021): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/acta.9020.
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This essay focuses on the 16th -century Bolognese naturalist and collector Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522-1605) and his enormous image collection of naturalia. Do these images present a specifically Bolognese form of visual natural science, and was his visual format of truthfulness new at the time? Did Local visual culture leave clear marks on Aldrovandi's image collection? On cover:ANNIBALE CARRACCI (BOLOGNA 1560 - ROME 1609), An Allegory of Truth and Time c. 1584-1585.Oil on canvas | 130,0 x 169,6 cm. (support, canvas/panel/str external) | RCIN 404770Royal Collection Trust / © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II 2021.
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Watts, Logan L., and Peter Barker. "Meeting Galileo: Testing the Effectiveness of an Immersive Video Game to Teach History and Philosophy of Science to Undergraduates." Transversal: International Journal for the Historiography of Science, no. 5 (December 9, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.24117/2526-2270.2018.i5.10.
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Can video games teach students about the history and philosophy of science? This paper reports the results of a study investigating the effects of playing an educational video game on students’ knowledge of Galileo’s life and times, the nature of scientific evidence, and Aristotle’s and Galileo’s views of the cosmos. In the game, students were immersed in a computer simulation of 16th century Venice where they interacted with an avatar of Galileo and other characters. Over a period of two weeks, 71 undergraduates were exposed to lectures about Galileo and the Copernican revolution in a traditional classroom setting. However, only half of the students (i.e., experimental group) also played the game. The other half (i.e., control group) were only exposed to lectures. The knowledge of both groups was assessed at the beginning (i.e., pre-test) and end (i.e., post-test) of the two-week period. The results demonstrated objective improvements in knowledge for the experimental group while the control group showed virtually no change. Implications of these findings for teaching and learning the history and philosophy of science are discussed.