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Höflinger, Tim. "Partner Country Characteristics as Factors in Foreign Policy Behaviour: Germany’s Relations with Developing Countries." European Review of International Studies 9, no. 2 (August 24, 2022): 165–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/21967415-09020003.
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Abstract This article seeks to identify partner country characteristics as potential explanatory factors for Germany’s foreign policy actions in its bilateral relations with developing countries. From this starting point, two different types of foreign policy actions have been considered: Diplomatic cooperation and development cooperation. Firstly, a comprehensive panel data set has been assembled, containing a set of indicators capturing the socio-economic, demographic, geographic and political characteristics of 101 developing countries from the 2000–2017 period as well as Germany’s foreign policy actions in these countries. Subsequently, a regression analysis was carried out to examine the impact of the country characteristics on Germany’s bilateral foreign policy actions. The analysis has shown that dyad partner characteristics influence Germany’s bilateral foreign policy behaviour with developing countries across both types of foreign policy actions. Based on the identified relationships, one can draw some informed inferences regarding Germany’s foreign policy conduct with developing countries.
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Ahlquist, John S., and Aseem Prakash. "The influence of foreign direct investment on contracting confidence in developing countries." Regulation & Governance 2, no. 3 (September 2008): 316–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2008.00040.x.
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Bussmann, Margit, John Oneal, and Indra de Soysa. "The Effect of Globalization on National Income Inequality." Comparative Sociology 4, no. 3-4 (2005): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913305775010089.
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AbstractWe assess the effect of globalization on income inequality within countries, focusing on the influence of accumulated foreign direct investment stocks. We analyze data on inequality and foreign investment for 72 countries, 1970-90, incorporating in our tests the Kuznets (1955) curve, the character of political institutions, and various other aspects of the economy and society emphasized in previous research. Our results indicate that globalization does not increase national income inequality. The ratio of foreign direct investment to gross domestic product is unrelated to the distribution of incomes in both developing and developed countries. The share of income received by the poorest 20% of society also is unaffected by foreign investment. Nor are alternative measures of economic openness – the trade-to-GDP ratio and Sachs and Warner's (1995) measure of free trading policies – associated with greater income inequality. If foreign investment increases average incomes in developing countries, as recent research indicates, and does not increase inequality, it must benefit all strata of these societies, including the poor.
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Moore, Mick, and Mark Robinson. "Can Foreign Aid Be Used to Promote Good Government in Developing Countries?" Ethics & International Affairs 8 (March 1994): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00162.x.
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In the five years since the collapse of communist rule in Eastern Europe, there has been a major shift in the way in which development aid is conceived and discussed in the aid agencies and foreign affairs ministries of the donor nations. There is a new agenda, the “ new political conditionality ” or “good government ” agenda. Formally, at least, aid increasingly is being tied to the practice of “good government ” as defined by the aid donors. Aid projects are now being justified in terms of their contribution to this god. More significantly, the practice of good government by recipients is becoming a general condition for eligibility for aid. The coercion of the Kenyan government into holding general elections in December 1992 has been the most vivid and publicized example of such practice to date, It is widely believed that there have been several other instances recently where aid donors, generally acting more covertly than in the Kenyan case, have had a major influence on the constitution of African governments.
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Nguyen, An, and Minh Tran. "Science journalism for development in the Global South: A systematic literature review of issues and challenges." Public Understanding of Science 28, no. 8 (September 19, 2019): 973–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662519875447.
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Based primarily on a systematic review of the relevant literature between 2000 and 2017, this article reflects on the state of journalism about science in developing countries, with a focus on its issues, challenges and implications for their developmental processes and causes. Five major themes emerge from our analysis: (a) heavy dependence on foreign sources, especially the media of the Global North; (b) the low status of domestic science news in newsrooms; (c) uncritical science reporting that easily lends itself to influences of non-science vested interests; (d) tight grip of politics on science journalism; and (e) ineffective relationships between science and journalism. We will demonstrate that, while some of these problems exist in the North, they can have far more severe consequences on the progress of the South, where news plays an almost exclusive role in informing and engaging laypeople with science and its socio-cultural, economic and political implications.
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Bayulgen, Oksan. "Foreign capital in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Curse or blessing?" Communist and Post-Communist Studies 38, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2005.01.007.
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In developing countries, the magnitude as well as the composition of foreign capital greatly influences the political fortunes of domestic actors, and thus regime trajectory. This paper demonstrates that the states of Central Asia and the Caucasus depend heavily on external capital flows for the financing of their fiscal deficits and that the bulk of the flows go directly to authoritarian governments. This situation has empowered authoritarian rulers, provided very little financial strength to local businesses, and offered half-hearted incentives for market reforms. Moreover, the small differences among these states in terms of the composition of capital flows also explain why some of these states have moved towards a milder version of authoritarian rule while others have been stuck in hard authoritarianism.
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Vasilyeva, R. I., and O. S. Mariev. "Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developed and Developing Countries: Impact of Political Stability." Economy of Region 17, no. 4 (2021): 1390–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-4-24.
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Stable political environment and prominent development of political institutions increase foreign direct investment flows by providing lower risks for investors. However, this impact can vary according to the development of the country. This study aims to investigate the impact of various indicators of political stability on foreign direct investment attraction for different economies distinguished by their development level. Our database includes 66 FDI-recipient countries and 98 FDI-investing countries for the period from 2001 to 2018. By applying the gravity approach and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood method with instrumental variables (IV PPML), we model bilateral FDI flows, incorporating variables reflecting various aspects of political stability formed by the principal components analysis. Interestingly, we found mixed results regarding the impact of political stability on FDI flows. In particular, political stability indicators were found to be insignificant, when analysing the bilateral FDI flows for the group of developed economies. We obtained similar result for the group of developing economies. However, political stability variables significantly influence FDI flows for countries with different development level, confirming the hypothesis that countries’ development affects bilateral FDI flows. Besides, we discover the significant difference between developed and developing countries referring to FDI-investors. Based on the obtained results, we highlight a few policy implications for developing and developed economies.
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Ershov, Mikhail V. "On Some Aspects of the Foreign Exchange Influence on Socio-Economic Tendencies." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, no. 5 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990017290-1.
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World’s financial markets have undergone significant changes in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2020 contributed to increased volatility in the markets and increased uncertainty about future development. At the same time, the currency sphere is still one of the most important for maintaining stability in the economy and is a successful exit from the crisis. As the article indicates, in times of crisis the national currencies of emerging markets and developing countries experience increased volatility and tendencies towards depreciation. Raising interest rates of the leading countries’s central banks can destabilize the situation in the foreign exchange markets, especially in developing countries. The article shows the advantages and disadvantages of the appreciation and depreciation of the national currency. Currency depreciation negatively impacts poverty and inequality across countries. The increased volatility of the national currency has a negative impact on the development of the economy. At the same time in Russia, where volatility has also increased and the ruble has depreciated, there are significant opportunities to ensure a stable ruble. In the current conditions of high uncertainty in world markets, anti-Russian sanctions and the importance of strengthening internal foundations of the economy, the use of a wide range of mechanisms to ensure the stability of the currency sphere is especially important. Moreover, Russian regulators do have such opportunities.
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Reiter, S. L., and H. Kevin Steensma. "Human Development and Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries: The Influence of FDI Policy and Corruption." World Development 38, no. 12 (December 2010): 1678–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.04.005.
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SINGER, DAVID ANDREW. "Migrant Remittances and Exchange Rate Regimes in the Developing World." American Political Science Review 104, no. 2 (May 2010): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055410000110.
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This article argues that the international financial consequences of immigration exert a substantial influence on the choice of exchange rate regimes in the developing world. Over the past two decades, migrant remittances have emerged as a significant source of external finance for developing countries, often exceeding conventional sources of capital such as foreign direct investment and bank lending. Remittances are unlike nearly all other capital flows in that they are stable and move countercyclically relative to the recipient country's economy. As a result, they mitigate the costs of forgone domestic monetary policy autonomy and also serve as an international risk-sharing mechanism for developing countries. The observable implication of these arguments is that remittances increase the likelihood that policy makers adopt fixed exchange rates. An analysis of data onde factoexchange rate regimes and a newly available data set on remittances for up to 74 developing countries from 1982 to 2006 provides strong support for these arguments. The results are robust to instrumental variable analysis and the inclusion of multiple economic and political variables.
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Donno, Daniela, and Nita Rudra. "David and Goliath? Small Developing Countries, Large Emerging Markets, and South-South Preferential Trade Agreements." International Studies Quarterly 63, no. 3 (July 17, 2019): 574–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqz041.
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Abstract Has the rise of large emerging economies influenced the foreign economic policies of smaller nations? Many of the BRICS' (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) dominance in export markets for low-skilled goods pose a particular challenge for “surplus-labor” countries characterized by large populations of unskilled and underemployed labor. We theorize the incentives of firms and governments in surplus-labor countries to form South-South preferential trade agreements (SSPTAs) as a means of diversifying and expanding trade relationships in the face of this challenge. Of all the BRICS, our findings show that China poses the greatest challenge; the countries forming the most South-South agreements are those whose exports have been most displaced by China. We verify this pattern using both systemic and country-specific measures of the China “shock.” Imports from China, in contrast, have no significant effect on SSPTA formation. Our account, which helps resolve the dual puzzle of declining trade with rich countries and the proliferation of SSPTAs in recent decades, underlines the implications of China's rise on the developing world.
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Simelyte, Agne, and Manuela Tvaronaviciene. "Innovative Foreign Direct Investment Policy: Latvia’s Case." Marketing and Management of Innovations 13, no. 3 (2022): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2022.3-12.
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As globalization accelerates, the influence of innovative foreign capital on economic development and employment level becomes more significant. However, the impact of FDI on the standard of welfare and economic development is controversial. The demand to promote or target innovative FDI has increased as it has been seen as an innovative tool to stimulate regions’ economic growth or intervene in economic structure changes by orienting it in the most favourable way for the host country. Interest in attracting foreign direct investment has increased since the 1980s as it is one of the external financing sources for both developing and developed countries. However, scientists still argue whether the impact of foreign capital on economic growth is positive or negative. Some researchers state that inward FDI is limited to a short-term positive impact. In contrast, others maintain that the performance of multinational corporations cannot harm the host country at all, and FDI only positively influences economic growth. Modern economic science questions whether it is worthwhile for the state to interfere with the market and stimulate the identified target business sectors with the help of innovative FDI policy. In this way, even significant market flaws are revealed, and some companies are doomed to fail. The benefits of FDI are obvious: the creation of new jobs, «know-how», and the tendency to increase exports. In this sense, the host country should attract specific MNCs motivated towards expanding business through research and development. The article proposes a targeted, complex, innovative FDI policy while applying the ANP method. The methods applied in this research include Analytic Networking Method based on the SWOT approach. The ANP has been chosen as a qualitative method based on the experts’ opinion, allowing determining the best or several alternatives. The findings & value added of the study demonstrated that to gain a competitive advantage, Latvia should attract more innovative FDI into the service business area, followed by manufacturing. The research contributes to the internalization theory while emphasizing the importance of promoting innovative FDI.
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Bukhtiarova, Alina, Arsen Hayriyan, Victor Chentsov, and Sergii Sokol. "Modeling the impact assessment of agricultural sector on economic development as a basis for the country’s investment potential." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 16, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(3).2019.21.
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In the context of countries integration into the world economic space, agricultural sector is one of the priorities and strategically important sectors of the national economy. Development of instruments aimed to increase investment potential of this sector is therefore an important component of the country’s economy growth. The article proposes a science-based model of the impact of the agricultural sector on the economic development level of countries trying to move towards European integration.It was found that the employment rate (+58.4) has the largest influence on the rate of GDP change in the studied group of countries (Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia). The impact of the gross value added of the manufacturing sector on its economic growth is positive (+44.6). The negative foreign direct investment ratio in the model (–40.3) may be due to the fact that the indicator in the studied countries is still largely influenced by the intervention of the state mechanism, significant uncertainty and risk, which is a deterrent to the overall economic development. An important result of the study was that foreign direct investment had a negative impact on economic growth in developing countries. Further development of the investment potential of a country’s agricultural sector provides for a radical acceleration of scientific and technological progress and, on this basis, a reduction in the cost of a unit of agricultural products and food and an increase in their competitiveness in the domestic and world markets.
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KHAN, Yury, Galina NIKITINA, Vladimir GRIGORUK, and Galya AKIMBEKOVA. "Specifics of Agricultural Risks Insurance System in the Republic of Kazakhstan." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 8, no. 1 (May 25, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v8.1(17).02.
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This article provides the analysis of influence of agricultural risk management on the economic development of the agricultural economies in developing countries on the example of Kazakhstan. The publication reflects the problems of the insurance development based on the generalization and application of foreign experience. Thus, the paper describes agricultural risk management system in Kazakhstan using integrated approach, which assumes cooperation between risk sources, farmers’ strategy and policy; comprehensive solutions for risk management in agriculture are offered. In this research, price variation in accordance with public-private partnership in agriculture of the country is examined. Statistical results of the empirical survey will help governments in developing countries to define agricultural risk management strategies that can be used as powerful tools for economic development of agriculture.
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Zaritskii, B. "Development Assistance in German Foreign Policy." World Economy and International Relations 66, no. 4 (2022): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-4-63-74.
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The article discusses the conceptual approaches and policies of Germany in the field of official development assistance (ODA). The FRG is the second largest donor country in terms of the absolute amount of financial resources that the government donates as ODA. However, there is an obvious gap between the official rhetoric and the actual practices of the German ODA policy. Development assistance has been actively used by Berlin to promote its political and economic interests and to address its security policy problems. Germany’s ODA policy is built primarily on a bilateral basis, the belief being that this form of cooperation allows a better control of financial resources and enables the donor country to more effectively articulate its interests. The fate of the most needy countries is of much less concern to the German authorities. The FRG, as well as the European Union, are trying to make their own priorities a platform for building cooperation with partners. The entry of the “Alliance 90/Greens” into a governmental coalition after the 2021 parliamentary elections will further shift the focus of Germany’s ODA policy towards combating climate change. However, the “Greens” are careful to avoid discussing what energy resources should become the basis of industrial development in least developed countries. Berlin is interested in maintaining its place among the world’s largest donors. In the arsenal of Germany’s foreign policy tools, development assistance serves to counter from afar new threats and challenges – terrorism, conflicts and illegal migration. It can be adapted to strengthen the position of the donor in the markets, political and public life of the recipient countries. With Germany having a significant influence on the formation and financing of the EU coordinating mechanisms, the FRG’s ODA policy can, when necessary, rely on the latter. However, the Germany’s ODA policy is not without vulnerabilities. Berlin often looks like a mentor who knows what to do and how to do it, although the reality almost always turns out to be more complicated than the speculative recipes. The main weakness of this policy lies in that its conceptual framework has been built according to European patterns and so is largely out of touch with the real needs of developing countries.
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Pauselli, Gino. "New Donors, New Goals? Altruism, Self-Interest, and Domestic Political Support in Development Cooperation in Latin America." Latin American Politics and Society 63, no. 4 (November 2021): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2021.37.
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ABSTRACTThe literature on aid allocation shows that many factors influence donors’ decision to provide aid. However, our knowledge about foreign aid allocation is based on traditional foreign aid, from developed to developing countries, and many assumptions of these theories do not hold when applied to southern donors. This article argues that south-south development cooperation (SSDC) can be explained by the strength of development cooperation’s domestic allies and foes. Specifically, it identifies civil society organizations as allies of SSDC and nationalist groups as opponents of SSDC. By using for the first time data on SSDC activities in Latin America, this article shows the predictive strength of a liberal domestic politics approach in comparison to the predictive power of alternative explanations. The results speak to scholars of both traditional foreign aid and south-south development cooperation in highlighting the limits of traditional theories of foreign aid motivations.
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Andreev, Anton. "The Evolution of Soviet-Uruguayan Relations in the 1920—1980s." ISTORIYA 13, no. 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023309-8.
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Uruguay was always on the periphery of the foreign policy of the USSR. At the same time, political, economic, party and cultural ties between Moscow and Montevideo since the 1920s was developing, which became a factor in intern policy in Uruguay. Before the Second World War, relations between the two countries were formed in the context of the influence of the Comintern, and during the era of the Cold War — in the context of organizational and ideological ties between the communist parties. The purpose of this article is to show the features of the evolution of relations between the USSR and Uruguay in the 1920—1980s. Based on party documents, documents of the Comintern, documents of Soviet foreign policy, the article examines the stages of the formation of bilateral relations, identifies their main features, draws conclusions about the influence of the left movement on relations between Uruguay and Moscow. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the USSR on the ideology of the Uruguayan communist movement, as well as on the ratio of state and public relations of the two countries.
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Bush, Sarah Sunn. "International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures." International Organization 65, no. 1 (January 2011): 103–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818310000287.
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AbstractQuotas to promote women's representation in the world's legislatures have spread to more than one hundred countries. The diffusion of gender quotas poses a puzzle since they have often been adopted in countries where women have low status. International influence and inducements best explain quota adoption in developing countries. Promoting gender equality, including through gender quotas, has become a key part of international democracy promotion. The international legitimacy of gender quotas leads them to be adopted through two causal pathways: directly, through postconflict peace operations, and indirectly, by encouraging countries, especially those that depend on foreign aid, to signal their commitment to democracy by adopting quotas. An event history analysis, which controls for other relevant factors, shows that the hypothesized relationships exist. Further support comes from a process-tracing analysis of Afghanistan's 2004 quota.
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Harris, Adam S., Michael G. Findley, Daniel L. Nielson, and Kennard L. Noyes. "The Economic Roots of Anti-immigrant Prejudice in the Global South: Evidence from South Africa." Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912917734062.
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Most research in developed countries on prejudice toward foreign-born minorities suggests that cultural rather than economic threat motivates xenophobia. Prior studies leave unanswered questions about the origins of anti-immigrant prejudice in developing countries, where one-third of worldwide immigration occurs. Alternatively, developing-country research simply assumes that economic threat drives prejudice in the global South but has not presented credible empirical evidence. In this study, we seek to reliably measure anti-immigrant prejudice and examine possible determinants of prejudice and prejudice-based voting behavior. Through a list experiment conducted on a random sample of South Africans ( N = 1,088), we investigate the predictive power of economic threat theory in explaining prejudice toward immigrants in South Africa. The results show that significant prejudice toward immigrants exists among South Africans and that such prejudice is higher among the unemployed, but these sentiments do not seem to influence vote choice. The evidence suggests that the determinants of anti-immigrant sentiments due to South-South migration are distinct from South-North migration.
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Aliyeva, Aygun. "Methodological aspects of cluster policy formation in Azerbaijan." Technium Social Sciences Journal 10 (July 18, 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v10i1.1249.
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Foreign experience demonstrates that countries’ strategies in cluster policy differ depending on national traditions and culture of their strategy engineering process, as well as on the cluster concept. Analysis of information sources shows that technical and methodological framework for cluster policy formulation have not been clearly and unambiguously studied in science.
The most important methodological document on cluster policy is the European Cluster Memorandum signed by the Member States of the European Union in 2006 [3]. It defined the essence and importance of clusters in innovation development and identified the key provisions of cluster policy.
One of the essential methodological issues is the role of government in the formation of clusters. The following factors can be associated with the state’s growing influence on clustering processes:
market weakness, increase in the volume and value of public goods;
an objective priority of public interest in the context of globalization;
the need to protect the national economy in the international economic relations;
the need for institutional regulations in the national and global economy.
Foreign experience demonstrates that the numerous cluster initiatives running in major developed countries over the last few years have been brought forward by local or regional governments. In relatively small developed countries and in a number of developing countries, the government plays an essential role in the cluster development initiative, especially when local and regional government agencies cannot partner with the private sector. A number of decisions on clusters have been adopted at national level in countries with centralized decision-making process.
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Contipelli, Ernani, and Simona Picciau. "China’s Global Order: a New Paradigm in South to South Relations." Croatian International Relations Review 21, no. 73 (August 1, 2015): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2015-0012.
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Abstract This article analyses the evolution of Chinese political foreign policy and its strategy in approaching developing and less developed nations. In this context, the relationship between China and Latin America appears to reveal the practice of the Beijing Consensus when considering their interests: China needs natural resources and new markets for its products, and Latin America needs financial aid and loans to develop its infrastructure and provide social programmes. The absence of the US in the region and the rise of political movements denouncing the American imperialism of the Washington Consensus are all factors that contribute to the expansion of Chinese influence. All these considerations allow a discussion concerning the new role of China in developing countries as an expression of a new emerging order in which China is assuming an important role.
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Susetyo, Didik. "Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (Fdi) in Indonesia: Short Term and Long Term." Modern Economics 33, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v33(2022)-10.
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Abstract. Introduction. Foreign capital flows have an important role in a sustainable Indonesian economy, these flows have a significant influence on developing countries, especially Indonesia to encourage increased economic growth. This study focuses on analyzing the determination of macroeconomic variables including economic growth, interest rates, rupiah exchange rates, and the number of residents who subscribe to cellular phones. Purpose. This study focuses on long-term analysis of macroeconomic variables in determining foreign direct investment (FDI). Results. The findings of this study indicate that in the short term economic growth has a positive and significant effect on foreign direct investment. while the rupiah exchange rate, interest rate,s and the number of residents who subscribe to cellular phones have a negative and significant effect on foreign direct investment. while in the long term economic growth has a positive but not significant effect on foreign direct investment. while the interest rate and the number of residents who subscribe to cellular phones have a positive and significant effect. Meanwhile, the rupiah exchange rate in the long term has a negative and significant effect. Conclusions. Based on the short-term estimation, Economic Growth has a positive and significant effect on Foreign Direct Investment. Meanwhile, the Rupiah Exchange Rate, Interest Rate, and Number of Residents Subscribing to Cellular Phones have a negative and significant effect on Foreign Direct Investment and Based on the long-term estimation, Economic Growth has a positive but not significant effect on Foreign Direct Investment. Meanwhile, the interest rate and the number of residents who subscribe to cell phones have a positive and significant effect. Meanwhile, the Rupiah Exchange Rate in the long term has a negative and significant effect.
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Chuprii, Leonid. "China's Geopolitical Role in the Modern Globalized World." Ukrainian Studies, no. 2(83) (July 24, 2022): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30840/2413-7065.2(83).2022.261062.
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The article examines the strengthening of China’s foreign policy activity in the conditions of the activation of modern challenges. It is pointed out that today China is increasing its political, economic, and cultural influence in the world. It is noted that China is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, it has become the largest exporter in the world, while also increasing imports. Thus, the average growth of Chinese exports in recent decades has increased by 5 times, and the growth of imports - by 4.7 times. It is emphasized that in response to China's economic growth in the West and some Asian countries, including Japan, the concept of the "Chinese threat" has emerged, the founders of which, believe that China has a negative impact on the Asian security system because of its increased economic growth and its desire to play a dominant role in the region, while not always taking into account the interests of other Asian countries. The peculiarities of the current foreign policy course of China are determined, in particular, it is noted that, as before, serious attention is paid to relations with the great states. Thus, Xi Jin Ping is in active contact with the United States, the European Union, and India. Significant emphasis is placed on a balanced foreign policy course. Much attention is paid to the BRICS countries, including Russia, India, and South Africa. China is also strengthening relations with developing countries. This is evidenced by Xi Jinping's visit to South Africa and the Countries of the Caribbean. Particular attention is paid to the Russian vector, which is aimed at jointly confronting the United States and NATO. It is emphasized that China's economic and geopolitical growth is also holding back several issues that need to be addressed. These are, first of all: incomplete transition to a market economy, excessive state intervention in the economy, in the banking sector, lack of rule of law, violation of human rights and freedoms, high dependence on exports, strong excess credit and growing debt, environmental problems.
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Kavakli, Kerim Can. "Domestic Politics and the Motives of Emerging Donors: Evidence from Turkish Foreign Aid." Political Research Quarterly 71, no. 3 (January 19, 2018): 614–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1065912917750783.
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Why do developing countries give foreign aid? Although emerging donors are gaining importance in development finance, lack of systematic data on their aid allocation limits our understanding of their motives. We address this gap using detailed data on a major new donor, Turkey, since 1992. We show that domestic politics has had a large impact on Turkey’s priorities in giving aid. Turkish aid used to be determined by international alignments and coethnicity, but after the Islamic AKP ( Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi) took power, political ties lost importance. Turkey began to give more economic aid to trade partners and more humanitarian aid to Muslim nations. While this new focus on trade ties makes Turkey more similar to traditional donors, the growing role of cultural ties sets Turkey apart. The broader lesson of this study on Turkey is that government change can significantly influence the way emerging donors give aid and these changes can vary in predictable ways across different types of aid.
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Kabanda, Salah, and Fernanda Matsinhe. "Contextualist Inquiry into E-Commerce Institutionalization in Developing Countries: The Case of Mozambican Women-led SMMES." Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management 14 (2019): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4445.
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Aim/Purpose: This study explores how women-led SMMEs in developing countries, specifically in the Mozambican context, institutionalise e-commerce by focusing on the ongoing interaction between the SMME, its context, and process of e-commerce institutionalization. Background: It is believed that institutionalization of e-commerce provides significant benefits of unlimited access to new markets, and access to new, improved, inexpensive and convenient operational methods of transacting. Although prior studies have examined the adoption of e-commerce and the enabling and constraining factors, few have examined e-commerce (i) institutionalization (that is, post-adoption), and (ii) from a gender perspective. This study aims to respond to this paucity in the literature by exploring how women-led SMMEs in developing countries, specifically in the Mozambican context, institutionalise e-commerce. Methodology: The study follows a qualitative inquiry approach for both data collection and analysis. Semi-structured interviews were adopted for data collection and thematic analysis implemented on the data. SMMEs were purposively sampled to allow for the selection of information-rich SMMEs for study and specifically those that have gone through the experience of adoption and in some cases have institutionalized e-commerce. Contribution: The empirical findings explain how the institutionalization process from interactive e-commerce to transactive e-commerce unfolds in the Mozambican context. Findings: Transition from interactive to transactive e-commerce is firstly influenced by (i) the type of business the SMME is engaged in; and (ii) customer and trading partner’s readiness for e-commerce. Secondly, the transition process is influenced by the internal factors of (i) manager’s demographic factors; (ii) mimetic behaviour arising from exposure to (foreign) organizations in the same industry that have mature forms of e-commerce; (iii) the business networks developed with some of these organizations that have mature forms of e-commerce; (iv) access to financial resources; and (v) social media technologies. Thirdly, the process is influenced by external contextual factors of (i) limited government intervention towards e-commerce endeavors; (ii) limited to lack of financial institutions readiness for e-commerce; (iii) lack of local available IT expertise; (iv) consumer’s low purchasing power due to economic recessions; (vi) international competitive pressure; and (vii) sociocultural practices. Recommendations for Practitioners: The study provides SMME managers, practitioners, and other stakeholders concerned with women’s development with a better understanding of the process in order to develop appropriate policies and interventions that are suitable for the reality of women-led SMMEs in Mozambique and other developing countries with similar contextual characteristics. Recommendation for Researchers: The study contributes to the existing debate of e-commerce and the use of ICT for development in developing countries by providing a distinct contribution of the institutionalization process and how the contextual structures influence this process. Impact on Society: Women-led SMME managers can learn from the different experiences, and compare their e-commerce efforts with SMMEs that were able to institutionalize and make strategies for improvements within their organizations. Future Research: The manner in which women-led SMMEs employ e-commerce requires further investigation to understand how issues related to gender, the cultural context, and different regions or countries impact this process.
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Özker, Ahmet Niyazi. "THE PUBLIC DEBT PHENOMENON IN FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY, AND FINANCIAL DEVIATIONS IN SELECTED OECD COUNTRIES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 7 (August 2, 2022): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i7.2022.4692.
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In this study, we attempt to put forth the sustainability phenomenon, an empirical that occurs a significant fiscal impact on developing countries, which aim to reach the desired economic growth levels. Sustainability of public fiscal balances, especially in terms of debt policies, refers to a structural impact mechanism that means paying debts without default and restructuring them without risk in a period when the payment and redemption deadlines have come, especially in terms of external debts. This mechanism of influence is also expressed in the restructuring of a financial process, which can be expressed in different values, especially in developing countries, and whether the defaulted public liabilities refer to the later debt phenomenon. In this respect, public fiscal sustainability means that the real level of future primary surpluses is equal to the current real value of the public debt at a fundamental level. In our analytical study, the four countries were taken as the basis and the analytical values of these four countries in the financial balances were determined as emerging economies on the basis of these selected countries as Turkey, Poland, Chile, and Mexico. Besides, based on debts and public deficits, this fact also means a sustainable fiscal structure that can emphasize all kinds of debt phenomena at different levels, especially local governments, and the central government throughout the country. In addition, a debt obligation covering the entire public sphere also expresses sustainability in the narrow sense, representing the central government budget, which is essential in terms of sustainable budget balances. On the other hand, the sustainability of debts in developing countries where foreign public debt is in question, especially the public debt of central banks, can also lead to unexpected financial weakness and vulnerabilities. The policies as public borrowing instruments can create uncertainty about the level of financial-institutional impact in terms of future principal and interest payments and negatively affect fiscal policies sustainability. In this context, the acceptability of this fiscal process regarding the receivables of all institutions such as private bondholders, banks, and the World Bank is accepted as the sustainability of the debts in an ongoing process with mutually positive financial formations. When countries demand debt from financial markets, they have to maintain their fiscal sustainability regarding whether they should retake financial risks, especially in developing countries. This approach, which can also be expressed as the stability of debts, also puts forward a position identical to the expectations of stable ground for developing economic growth potential and financial infrastructure.
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Acheampong, Timothy Yaw, and Beáta Udvari. "The potential role of aid in escaping the middle-income trap." Society and Economy 42, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 420–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/204.2020.00019.
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AbstractRecently, the middle-income trap (MIT) has gained considerable attention – besides European countries, several African, Asian, and Latin-American developing countries are also affected. Many countries have remained in the middle-income bracket for decades, whilst only a few have advanced to high-income status. Felipe et al. in 2012 showed that an annual growth rate of at least 3.5 and 4.7% sustained for a period of 14 and 28 years is required respectively for upper-middle-income and lower-middle-income countries to escape the MIT. Economic growth is influenced by several factors including foreign aid received. Thus, in this study, we aim to answer the question of how aid affects economic growth in middle-income countries and whether aid may contribute to escaping the MIT. Focusing on the countries that have remained in the middle-income group between 1990 and 2017, our analysis confirms that aid contributes to economic growth; however, the impact is positive in the upper-middle-income countries and negative in the lower-middle-income countries. Aid is therefore, likely to be more effective in helping the upper-middle income countries to escape the MIT but not the lower-middle income countries.
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Ilina, Irina, Sergey Malenko, Irina Vasileva, and Tatyana Rebrova. "The Application of the Science Diplomacy Model: the Russian and International Experience." Science Governance and Scientometrics 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 10–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33873/2686-6706.2021.16-1.10-46.
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Introduction. Science diplomacy is one of the tools that allows a nation to engage in full-scale dialogue with its international partners. The global discussion of how science and diplomacy interact and affect one another came to prominence only fairly recently. Nonetheless, this subject is seeing more and more interest from both governmental structures and the general public. In countries where science diplomacy is well-developed, the mechanisms of such diplomacy are seeing active use in the pursuit of optimal decision-making regarding the emerging challenges in the field of international politics. On the world stage, achieving the desired results in science, politics or various other fields depends on how well developed the model of scientific diplomacy implemented by a given country is. The purpose of this study is to highlight the potential of science diplomacy in Russia by studying its mechanisms, tools, methods and key forms of execution. Furthermore, we attempt to formalise Russian science diplomacy, compare it to the most productive foreign models and offer suggestions on how to develop science diplomacy in Russia by leveraging successful domestic and international case studies. Methods. We use the descriptive method to provide the international experience of science diplomacy (as exemplified by the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany), as well as the potential for deploying the most successful projects in Russia. The Russian experience of science diplomacy is analysed through the method of modelling. Furthermore, we use the methods of analysis and synthesis to single out the most important features of international cooperation. In turn, the comparative approach allows us to assess the predictions for how ready Russia and other countries are to face global challenges. The specifics of applying the mechanism of science diplomacy in Russia are considered through the lens of science diplomacy's classical iterations: science within diplomacy, diplomacy for science and science for diplomacy. Results and Discussion. Based on the results of our study, we propose a model for science diplomacy in Russia, including programmes for international cooperation among the authorities and governing bodies of different countries, as well as the activities of various scientific and educational institutions in this area, major mega-science projects, expert research at research foundations and more. To expand the formats of interaction among actors in science diplomacy and boost the development of scientific communications, we make suggestions on applying Western experience to Russian practice. We recommend the following in order to improve the productivity of science diplomacy methods: creating a single unified portal for foreign researchers, developing a new concept of Houses of Science and Culture, creating Russian institutions abroad, offering platforms for interaction among science attachés, getting scientists actively involved in resolving international issues, etc. Conclusion. Science diplomacy has unique potential in the system of international relations, besides being an effective tool for promoting national interests. Therefore, its further development is highly promising. The recommendations listed in this study are applicable not just to Russia, but to any nation interested in diversifying its approaches to foreign policy-making and thereby securing more influence on the global stage.
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Ali, Amjad, Aneel Salman, Fahd Amjad, and Faridoonc Khan. "Growth Dynamics of Sulfur Emissions in the Case of SAARC Countries." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 21, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341619.
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Abstract Climate change is the hotspot of every political and economic debate around the world. Its impacts are severe, and developing countries are highly vulnerable. Greenhouse gas emissions are growing because of economic expansion and an ever-expanding population. Using a fully modified OLS estimator, this study evaluated the link between sulfur emissions (SO2) and economic indices in SAARC nations. In addition, the study included panel data from SAARC nations from 1975 to 2018. For the long-run connection between variables, the study used panel unit root and cointegration tests. The study also included a trend analysis to comprehend the dataset’s monotone tendency. The findings signify that the GDP growth has negatively influenced SO2 emissions. Therefore, foreign direct investment, trade openness, electric energy production, and population growth positively relate to SO2 emissions. The SAARC countries will promote sustainable economic growth because GDP growth is not influencing greenhouse gases. The demand for energy in SAARC countries is growing by with increasing population and economic growth by integrating different economic corridors in the Asia region, which affects environmental quality through increased economic activities. All the nations need to increase renewable resources for energy generation; otherwise, the problem of the environment remains unsolved. SAARC countries need to change the goods mix in international trade and avoid dirty imports and exports to adopt market-based policies.
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Meidayati, Anis Wahyu. "Impact of Telecommunication Infrastructure, Market Size, Trade Openness and Labor Force on Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN." Journal of Developing Economies 2, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jde.v2i2.6677.
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AbstractForeign Direct Investment (FDI) in recent years has created a positive impact for ASEAN countries. FDI give spillover effects that directly contribute capital improvements, technological developments, and global market access, also skills and managerial transfers. In order to attract FDI inflow into country, ASEAN member countries need to know what factors which attract investment related to the needs of infrastructure types and other factors. The purpose of this study is examine the determinant of FDI in ASEAN countries. This research method used is panel data regression period 2005-2015 from 10 countries in ASEAN. The results showed simultaneously and partially telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, and labor force variable have significant relationship with FDI inflows in ASEAN countries.Keywords: panel data regression, telecommunication infrastructure, market size, trade openness, labor force, FDI.ReferencesAppleyard, DR. Field, JF. and Cobb, SL. 2008. International Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill.Azam, Muhammad. 2010. “Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Armenia, Kyrgyz Republic and Turkmenistan: Theory and Evidence”, Eurasian Journal of Business and Economics. 3 (6), 27-40.Botric, Valerija. 2006. “Main Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in the Southeast European Countries”, Transition Studies Review. Vol. 13(2): 359–377.Calderon, C., and Serven, L., 2010. “Infrastructure and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of African Economies. Vol.19(4): 13-87.Carbaugh, Robert J. 2008. International Economics. Edisi Kedelapan. South Western: Thomson Learning.Chakrabarti, A. 2001. “The Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment: Sensivity Analysses of Cross-Country Regression”, International Symposium on Sustainable Development. Vol 54 (1):89-114.Demirhan, E., & Masca, M. 2008. Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Flows. Prague Economic Papers.Dutt, Pushan, et all. 2007. “International trade and unemployment: Theory and cross-national evidence”, Journal of International Economics. Volume 78(1): 32-44.Gharaibeh, A. M. 2015. “The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment-Empirical Evidence from Bahrain”, International Journal of Business and Social Science. Vol. 6(8): 94-106.Grigg, N. 2000. Infrastructure System Management & Optimazation. Working Paper of Internasional Civil Engineering Departement Diponegoro University.Hirsch, Caitlin E. 1976. Macroeconomics, Politics and Policy: The Determinants of Capital Flows to Latin America. Texas Tech University.Hymer, Stephen Herbert. 1976. The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Foreign Investment (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA), MIT Department of Economics PhD thesis originally presented 1960.Kaliappan, Shivee Ranjanee et all. 2013. “Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU) Countries”, International Journal of Economics and Management. Vol 7(1): 136 – 149.Kurniati, Y., A. et al. 2007. Determinan FDI (Faktor-faktor yang Menentukan Investasi Asing Langsung). Jakarta: Bank Indonesia.Mughal, M.M., & Akram, M. 2011. “Does Market Size Affect FDI? The Case of Pakistan”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business. Vol. 2(9): 237-247.Nasir, S. 2016. “FDI in India’s Retail Sector: Opportunities and Challenges”, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. Vol: 23(3): 155-125.Novianti, Tanti et all. 2014. “The Infrastructure’s Influence on the Asean Countries’ Economic Growth”, Journal of Economics and Development Studies. Vol. 2(4):243-254.Rehman, C. A., Ilyas, M., Alam, H. M., & Akram. M., (2011). “The impact of Infrastructure on Foreign Direct Investment: The case of Pakistan”, International Journal of Business and Management. Vol.6(5): 184-197.Salvatore, D. 2007. International Economics. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Sarna, Ritash. 2005. The impact of core labour standards on Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia. Working Paper of the Japan Institute No. 1789.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain. 2014. The Significance of Infrastructure for Fdi Inflow in Developing Countries. Journal of Life Economics. Vol. 3(5):1-16.Shah, Mumtaz Hussain., and Khan, Yahya. 2016. Trade Liberalisation and FDI Inflow in Emerging Economies. Business & Economic Review. Vol 2(1): 35-52.Todaro, Michael P. and Smith, Stephen C. 2011. Economic Development. Ninth Edition. United States: Addison Wesley.Umoru, D. & Yaqub, J.O. 2013. “Labour productivity and Human capital in Nigeria: The empirical evidence”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol. 3(4). 199-221.Vernon, R. (1966). “The product cycle hypothesis in a new international environment”, Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics. Vol 41(4), 255-267.World Bank. 2015. World Development Indicator 2015.Zeb, Nayyra et all. 2015. “Telecommunication Infrastructure and Foreign Direct Investment in Pakistan: An Empirical Study”, Global Journal of Management and Business Research. Vol. 14(4): 117-128.
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Dagdag, A. "ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF ALGERIA." Scientific Review Theory and Practice 11, no. 4 (2021): 1190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2021-11-4-1190-1202.
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In the context of the trends of integration and internationalization characteristic of the world economy, it seems natural to be interested in assessing the role and nature of the participation of individual countries in world trade. With the reduction of barriers to trade, the expansion of the totality of integration associations (including global ones, the WTO format), participation in world trade as a factor of economic growth plays an increasingly important role for developed and developing countries. An important feature of the participation of countries in world trade is the formed structure of exports and imports, reflecting the state of competitiveness of the national economy, the nature of participation in the world market and, in some cases, the chosen model of economic growth. Historically, the formation of the sectoral and commodity structure of Algeria's exports was influenced by factors that were not fully favorable for the country. During the period of colonial management of the Algerian economy by France (until the 1960s), the export structure was mainly represented by agricultural products entering the French market. Subsequently, hydrocarbons dominate the export structure. The current state of export-import relations is being influenced by negative factors in the form of a decrease in world prices for energy resources (the main commodity exported by the country), stagnation in the target markets of the country's foreign economic activity (EU). At the same time, for Algeria, the stability of economic development, as well as the level of development of public finances, largely depends on the stability of energy supplies. For this reason, there is some interest in both the impact on the state of the country's foreign trade activity of the consequences of the deterioration of the macroeconomic conjuncture of the energy market, and the likely changes in the structure of Algeria's export-import relations, which could reduce dependence on the state of the energy market.
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Vasili, Evis. "Internationalisms: Do They Affect or Enrich the Modern Albanian Language?" European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 1, no. 2 (April 30, 2016): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v1i2.p352-356.
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Language is a symbol of cultural, national or state identity. For Albanians, language was and is the most important feature establishing their identity. The first attempts to codify the written Albanian language were distinguished since the second half of the nineteenth century by the Albanian scholars, who led the cultural movement "Albanian National Renaissance", where first of all we can mention Konstandin Kristoforidhi and Sami Frashëri. As an isolated Indo-European language, Albanian language is part of the Balkan linguistic connection. Although the Albanian language has not lost its origin, throughout its history it has proven and suffered interventions and major influences not only from the Indo-European but also from non-Indo-European languages. These influences are more directly reflected in the lexicon as the most fluid system of language. Like any other language, the Albanian language has responded to the demands of social development, changes in the field of production, technology, science, culture and so on by enriching and further developing its vocabulary, inter alia, by borrowing words from other languages. Language lexicon flows are larger than outflows and this explains the fact that the lexicon is expanded from generation to generation with new units. In general, there is a large number of words in Albanian language borrowed from Latin, Slavic languages in the south and Turkish. Most of the borrowed words such as anglicisms, germanisms, greecisms, italicisms etc are introduced in Albanian language in written form and orally, mainly in the last thirty years as a result of direct contact of Albanians with European and transatlantic countries, where they have lived and continue to live as immigrants, asylum seekers or workers. The number of foreign lexemes in Albanian language often differs from region to region and even from one person to another. Motivation of borrowing the words from a linguistic community, who regarding the cultural, technical and economic aspect prevails to the other community, is the desire and need to name new terms, objects and events, which are unknown in the language that takes these words. Borrowing new words for new issues also serves to cover linguistic requirements. However, taking foreign expressions does not necessarily show a sign of weakness; in a typical case there is a language enrichment, because new words are attributed to new things, new knowledge or new spiritual values. There are also cases when a word already exists in Albanian, but it is still replaced with the foreign word. In different circumstances both can be used. From this point of view, a question arises: What attitude should be taken for foreign words? Do foreign words enrich or spoil a language?
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Adejumo, Akintoye Victor. "Foreign Direct Investment, Export Performance and Sustainable Development in Nigeria." Journal of Sustainable Development 12, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v12n2p110.
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This study sets out to examine the role of manufacturing sector Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the quest for export sector diversification in Nigeria for sustainable development. This objective was achieved by estimating the effects of manufacturing sector FDI on manufactured goods export from Nigeria using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag estimating technique. The study discovered that FDI inflows into the country’s manufacturing sector impacted negatively on manufactured exports in the short run. The short run result nevertheless gave way to a positive and significant influence of FDI on manufactured exports in the long run, indicating that this form of foreign capital is important for manufactured export promotion in Nigeria. The resulting long run positive FDI- spillovers on export performance in Nigeria is in tandem with the neoliberal theoretical viewpoint that developing countries can rely on FDI as ladder to sustainable development. The findings suggest that sustainable development can be enhanced in Nigeria by exploiting the channel of positive spillovers from sector specific FDI inflows. The study concludes that with appropriate policy stance, one important way of pursuing the long run goal of sustainable development is to route FDI inflows in the direction of the country’s manufacturing sector.
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Kiratli, Osman S. "Aiding together? Europeans’ attitudes on common aid policy." European Union Politics 20, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 261–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1465116518794306.
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This article explores the determinants of individual support for common aid policy in the European Union, the largest multilateral contributor of foreign aid. Using the 2016 Eurobarometer survey data, I first investigate the influence of individuals’ assessments of aid objectives on support for multilateral disbursements, and second, I explore the effect of country-level factors, population and economic power. Multilevel regression models reveal that those who prioritize economic infrastructural projects in developing countries are highly negative of the utilization of EU channels. Conversely, individual preferences for the promotion of democratic reforms and the provision of basic necessities are strongly and positively associated with the dependent variable. The results also demonstrate that individuals living in lower income and less populated polities are more positively disposed towards common aid policy.
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Zhang, Huiying, and Xiaohui Yang. "Intellectual property rights protection and export quality." International Journal of Development Issues 15, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-11-2015-0071.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the impact of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on its ability to enhance domestic export quality. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides a testable framework to explain the impact of IPR protection on export quality. Research and development (R&D) spending and foreign direct investment (FDI) are positively correlated with a country’s export quality. Furthermore, intellectual property protection can induce more FDI and R&D spending. Therefore, the authors expect that there may be an indirect relationship between intellectual property protection and export quality (Figure 1). Findings The empirical results suggest that the influence paths of IPR protection on export quality are different between developed and developing countries. FDI plays a mediating role in the relationship between IPR protection and export quality in developing countries, while this mediating effect in developed countries is dependent on R&D and FDI. In addition, this impact is statistically significant in high-technology industries. Especially, IPR protection plays an extraordinary important role in enhancing the export quality of differentiated high-technology products. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature in several ways. First, this is the first empirical analysis focusing on the influence path of IPR protection on export quality. The authors find that the hypothesis is supported by the positive and significant interaction coefficients of IPR protection with FDI and R&D. Second, the authors explore that the influence path of IPR protection on export quality may vary with the level of economic development. Third, this paper examines the effect of IPR protection on export quality in different industries.
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Idris, Asmady, and Asri Salleh. "The Role of Systemic and Leadership Factors in Influencing Malaysia’s Joint Military Involvementin the Saudi-led Coalition in Yemen,2015–2018." Contemporary Review of the Middle East 8, no. 3 (June 2, 2021): 356–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23477989211017597.
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Malaysia’s military involvement in the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen Ops Yemen II (2015–2018) had been a subject of rigorous debate in the country. Those who opposed it saw the operation as a breach of Malaysia’s Non-Alignment Policy, especially when it involves military operation in a foreign country’s civil war. The main objective of this study is to critically analyze why and how the Barisan Nasional (BN)-led Malaysian government decided to send armed forces to participate in the Saudi-led military operations stationed in Riyadh. In examining this, an analysis on the role of systemic and leadership factors within the conceptual framework of the foreign policy of developing countries is used to explain the character of Malaysia’s joint military operation with Saudi Arabia in the Yemen Crisis. The method and data analysis of this article were mostly derived from written documentary analysis and discussion with related individuals. The findings indicated that both systemic political pressure and the role of leadership were constantly and constructively influenced intersubjective interactions with other domestic factors, which played a vital role in Malaysia’s decision to join the Saudi-led military operations.
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Лозицька, І. О., and В. В. Баштанник. "Theoretical and methodological bases using foreign experience in public administration reform." PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASPECTS 4, no. 1-2 (February 4, 2016): 34–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/1516004.
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The article is devoted to theoretical and methodological basics of implementation of foreign experience of public administration reform. The well-established identification of the terms «public administration» and «state administration» in modern management and science are used. The field study of the implementation performs the process of Euro-pean integration as a factor of influence on public management reforms In the process of analyzing. It is established, that a theoretical basis of introduction of foreign experience in the science of public administration is not systemically developed. Comprehensive com-parative analysis of the adaptation of the algorithm of introduction of foreign experience in public administration reform are proposed.The article examines various approaches regarding the principles of reforming public administration on the basis of introducing foreign experience of good governance. Stud-ies are based on the use of the complex of General scientific and special scientific methods of research. The article improved conceptual approaches regarding organizational prin-ciples of implementation of foreign experience in the practice of public administration in Ukraine. The feasibility of the methodology of the system approach to the process of re-forming the system of public administration on individual scientific direction are proved. Approaches are developments of the methodology of the structurally functional analysis of the transformation process in public administration are proposed. The methodology of the analysis the introduction of foreign codetermination by examining institutional forms, organizing principles and socio-historical origins and trends of public adminis-tration development. Sareas for further research of reforming the state in line with the concept of sustainable development «Ukraine – 2020» are uggested. In the article the attention is focused on the feasibility of developing the modern para-digm of public administration reform. This paradigm is based on the determination of regularities of development of the national state in the conditions of European integra-tion processes, and formed in a multicomponent form. In article features of the imple-mentation process resulted in further research the theoretical basis of adaptation of ex-perience of administrative reform.Key words: adaptation, administrative reform, harmonisation, public administra-tion, international experience, implementation, methodology, system of public adminis-tration, transformation.liarities of external influence on state control of economies by the countries-leaders who have the ability to regulate access to resources - energy, matter and information.
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Imran, Ali, Shah Rukh Hashmi, and Muhammad Fiaz Anwar. "U.S.-Pakistan Alliances in Afghanistan: Policies, Costs and Implications." Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2022.1001.0185.
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With the onset of the cold war, the United States (U.S.) had played a crucial role in ensuring the containment of the communist cause, and limiting the global influence of the Soviet Union. The U.S., through the implementation of its foreign policies, allied with the nation-states having similar goals and objectives. However, the result expected from such relations has never been achieved in its complete spirit, primarily because some or most of such alliances were complementary alliances[1]. Accordingly, this study has made an attempt to have a critical review of the motives that ultimately led to the U.S. and Pakistan nurturing, funding, developing, and fighting the Mujahedeen and Taliban groups during the Soviet-Afghan war and War on Terror (WOT). Conclusively, this study mirrors the impact of these alliances on both countries determining that Pakistan ultimately received the bitter end of the deal with its economy failing and country near collapse, while the U.S. remains in an advantageous situation.
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Madiyarova, Diana M., and Tatiana S. Malakhova. "Strengthening relations between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union at the stage of transformation of the geo-economic system." RUDN Journal of Economics 30, no. 2 (June 26, 2022): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2022-30-2-155-167.
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In the context of modern conditions of foreign economic relations between the countries of the Eurasian Economic Community, they are being transformed under the influence of external challenges and threats. The pandemic temporarily paralyzed intercountry relations in the integration group. Despite this, the official institutions of the EAEU are developing new programs and strategic directions for the further development of this association. The purpose of the study is to assess the economic positions of the EAEU countries in international markets and to study individual strategic directions for the development of Eurasian integration until 2025. As a theoretical and methodological basis, the article uses the statistical, historical and logical method, dialectical principles and contradictions, the method of scientific abstraction. On this basis, the current state of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union is analyzed, the indicators of international trade for 2017-2020 are assessed, the export and import range, proportion of imports covered by exports and etc. Particular attention is paid to the dynamics of industrial producer price indices for 2016-2020 and on this basis, a forecast for this indicator is given. It is noted that the share of innovative products of Russia in the total volume of shipped products of its own production is decreasing every year, which significantly affects the country’s position in international markets. It was noted that in order to strengthen the relationship of the EAEU countries at the stage of transformation of the geo-economic system, it is necessary to comprehensively and stage-by-stage implement the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration.
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Pata, Ugur Korkut, and Amit Kumar. "The Influence of Hydropower and Coal Consumption on Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Comparison between China and India." Water 13, no. 10 (May 16, 2021): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101387.
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This study mainly aims to investigate carbon status according to the Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH) in developing countries such as India and China based on annual time series data from 1980 to 2016. The recently developed bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag procedure is applied to observe the long-run effect of FDI, hydropower, and coal-based fossil fuel consumption on three repressive measures of carbon emissions. The empirical results of the analysis show that hydropower and coal consumption lead to an upsurge in carbon emissions and the size of the carbon footprint in China. Similarly, Chinese FDI increases the carbon footprint. Moreover, Indian FDI and coal consumption accelerate carbon emissions while hydropower has no impact on environmental degradation. These results suggest that the PHH exists in China and India and that the validity of the PHH varies according to differing carbon indicators. Based on the empirical results, effective policy practices can be implemented by replacing coal and hydropower with more effective renewable energy sources and allowing foreign investors to pursue environmental concerns in the fight against environmental degradation.
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Murshudli, Fakhri, Roksolana Zapotichna, and Erkin Dilbazi. "International banking business and bank strategy: global trends and benchmarks for post-Soviet states." Economic Annals-ХХI 185, no. 9-10 (November 21, 2020): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v185-03.
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The authors analyze the state of international banking business before and after the global economic crisis of 2007-2009, and make predictions on potential future effects of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on transformation of international banking and bank strategy. The analysis focuses on trends and changes in the two most important forms of trade in banking services, namely, cross-border banking flows, which include direct cross-border banking flows and local banking flows of international banks’ subsidiaries abroad, and foreign bank presence. It has been concluded that direct cross-border banking flows are more volatile than local banking flows of foreign banks during economic and social upheavals. The period under study has witnessed large increase in foreign bank presence, both in terms of number and local market share. The study determines changes of leading international banks and their home countries, highlighting the weakening position of banks from advanced countries and increase in the role of banks from emerging markets and developing countries. The authors review international expansion strategies of major banks from the post-Soviet states, that are influenced both by the opportunities and goals of banks going abroad, and by the institutional features of their banking systems; countries which these banks are targeting are predominantly comparable to the post-Soviet states in terms of economic development, and are chosen by criteria of their attractiveness, such as high level of trade and political relations with the bank’s home country, the presence of diaspora, the degree of saturation and growth dynamics of the banking market in the host country. The reasons behind the banks’ geographical expansion decision include, among many others, the dramatic growth of their economies, stimulated by the involvement in globalization processes, and liberal banking reforms. Obstacles of economic and non-economic nature that are hindering this expansion, encompass high level of competition in external banking markets, expensive financial resources of domestic banks, low level of expansion of the post-Soviet states-based enterprises to the non-post-Soviet states, discriminatory qualification requirements for personnel and composition of management bodies, problems related to banking licensing procedures and requirements, aspects of culture and communication; their transformation from local banks, operating in the local market, to banks with a clear manifestation of the tendency of their international expansion amidst changing global environment and uncertainty.
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Perminova, Liudmila. "SCIENCE DIPLOMACY IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION." Three Seas Economic Journal 3, no. 3 (October 31, 2022): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2022-3-10.
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The article is devoted to the problem of development of scientific diplomacy of educational institutions by means of creative cooperation. The main task of scientific diplomacy to form the image of the educational institution and interpersonal relations of all participants in the educational process is substantiated. Attention is paid to the communicative activity as a phenomenon of scientific creativity; the theoretical content of the concepts of "diplomacy", "communicative culture", "educational diplomacy" is considered; diagnostics of the readiness of educational institutions for the development of educational and scientific diplomacy is carried out. The conducted analysis of the essence of pedagogical interaction in an educational institution allows us to conclude that the concept of "educational diplomacy" is a rather complex and multifaceted concept that is used in various spheres of human activity, covers a large number of objects and phenomena, as it is manifested in the educational process, personal interaction, technological processes, communications, etc. The article also pays attention to the development of science diplomacy, peculiarities of its implementation and influence on the generation of international initiatives in the globalized world. Using a comparative methodology, the approaches to understanding science diplomacy in domestic and foreign discourse are analyzed, taking into account the existing practice of its application. It is established that science diplomacy, as a type of public diplomacy, serves as a means of promoting and protecting the national interests of the state, and also plays a regulatory role in a complex system of international interaction. At the same time, science diplomacy can serve to solve specific foreign policy tasks of regional importance – first of all with neighboring countries in the fields of ecology, forecasting and elimination of the consequences of natural and man-made disasters, mining and rational use of marine natural resources, in the social and humanitarian sphere. The availability of permanent and sufficient funding for bilateral scientific projects on such topics, especially with neighboring countries, can actually be a manifestation of scientific diplomacy for establishing good international relations. Developing the institution of science diplomacy, it is extremely important to maintain a balance of interaction between scientific and political components, to prevent the use of political tools in the scientific sphere. It is also extremely important that scientific and diplomatic goals remain transparent to avoid manipulation of science for political purposes and to prevent politicization of science. The results of the study give grounds to assert that the development of educational diplomacy is a priority area of personal development and professional development of scientists and teachers of educational institutions, based on psychological and pedagogical theory and practice and focused on subject-subject relations in work. This direction is consistently implemented in the process of studying in the system of postgraduate pedagogical education by acquiring the necessary competencies, gradual improvement of communicative qualities and accumulation of experience in communicative interaction.
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KIM, JUNG HYOUN. "The Comparative Analysis of Public Support for Developing Regional Regime in East Sea Rim (Sea of Japan) Region." Japanese Journal of Political Science 15, no. 1 (February 10, 2014): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109913000388.
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AbstractThe East Sea (or Sea of Japan) (ESR/SOJ) Rim region, in which five countries – Japan, China, Russia, and North and South Korea – have their own coastal areas, is complex and dynamic, with many emerging regional security concerns. In this paper, the author tries to show that there is the possibility of a maritime regional regime in the ESR/SOJ region by investigating the level of public support, in Japan and South Korea, for the formation of a regional regime. Based on the theoretical assumptions of constructivism, the author analyzes what kinds of individual's social position factors influence the level of support for regional regime formation by conducting a nested regression model of survey datasets. The results of the statistical analysis suggest that people with a high level of national pride in South Korea are more likely to support a regional regime in the ESR/SOJ region. In contrast, for Japanese people, there is no relationship between people's national pride and the level of support for regional regime formation. The economic recession in Japan since the early 1990s has made public concern more about domestic policy than about foreign policy issues. Based on strong support of the bottom, public opinion towards regional regime formation, the South Korean government may play a leading role in developing a regional regime in the ESR/SOJ region (when the process of negotiation begins) as in the case of Japan in nineteenth century.
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Bernal-Meza, Raúl. "Dynamics and Prospects for China - Latin America Relations from the Perspective of Latin American Scholars." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 22, no. 3 (December 15, 2022): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2022-22-3-464-477.
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The research reveals Latin American academic thought on the relationship between Latin America countries and China. The relevance of the topic is linked to the growing importance and presence of China in the foreign policy of Latin American countries, whose bilateral relations are developing against a backdrop of growing US - China tensions. Today, China is one of the key economic partners of several Latin American countries, as well as implementing a number of infrastructure projects on the continent. This forces Latin America to choose between traditional ties of dependence vis-à-vis Washington and increasing economic and investment cooperation with Beijing. Methodologically the article is based on the study and interpretation of the ideas of Latin American scholars and experts gathered from secondary sources, monographs and academic articles. The author puts forward two hypotheses based on the existence of two conjectures. The first hypothesis is that there is no consensus among Latin American scholars and representatives of research centers about the impact of China’s bilateral relations with the countries of the region in the logic of the core-periphery model on the economic development of Latin America. The second hypothesis is that the views of the local academic community have little or even no influence on the decisions Latin American governments make regarding China. The author concludes that at a time when Latin America is going through a crisis cycle of integration processes the region is unable to take a unified position on the issue of assessing China’s performance.
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Valk, Reimara, Mandy Van der Velde, Marloes Van Engen, and Rohini Godbole. "International career motives, repatriation and career success of Indian women in Science & Technology." Journal of Global Mobility 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2014): 203–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgm-07-2013-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into international career motives, repatriation and career success of Indian women in Science and Technology. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 30 semi-structured interviews were conducted with (upper) middle-class Indian women in Science and Technology in Bangalore and New Delhi, India. Findings – Thematic analysis resulted in four themes – International career motives, Theme 1: cross-cultural and scientific exposure; Repatriation reasons and experiences, Theme 2: family reunion, career prospects and readjustment; Career success, Theme 3: international experience; and career growth, Theme 4: social responsibility. Motives for international career mobility of Indian women were: exposure to foreign cultures, international collaboration in science and personal and professional development. Family formation and reunion and career prospects were reasons for repatriation and positively influenced repatriation experiences of Indian women. Readjustment to people and conditions in India impacted their repatriation experiences negatively. The meaning women attribute to career success is grounded in recognition from peers in science, career growth, satisfaction and contribution to science and Indian society. Research limitations/implications – The sample of Indian female scientists may limit generalization of the findings to global career professionals in other professions from other countries with different socio-cultural and economic contexts. Practical implications – HR policies that foster international careers of women scientists as well as women's networks in science to share and apply knowledge, and their contribution to the Indian economy and society will enhance global career success of women and strengthen the sustainable competitive position of organizations. Originality/value – The study provides new insights into motivation for international career mobility and repatriation of women professionals from a developing country and their career success in the home country, and contributes to the development of theoretical frameworks on international career mobility and career success.
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Sudarevic, Tomislav, Predrag Radojevic, and Jasmina Lekovic. "The standardization/adaptation dilemma in agri-food exporters marketing strategies." British Food Journal 117, no. 11 (November 2, 2015): 2739–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-02-2015-0075.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide empirical insight into types of marketing strategies and the implementation difficulties of agri-food exporters, with the purpose to get information about them related to firm size, export experience and capital ownership. Design/methodology/approach – Focussing on Serbian agri-food exporters, this study employed quantitative design and descriptives-causal approach. An e-mail questionnaire is used to collect data, with aim to determine the influence of firm characteristics on marketing strategy selection and implementation. Descriptive statistics, difference between group tests, and correlation are used in data analysis. Findings – Results indicate that large and foreign-owned firms opt for standardization of the product, distribution and promotion, while they prefer an adaptation strategy for price. These firms have fewer difficulties implementing selected strategies compared to small businesses and domestically owned firms. The impact of export experience is mixed and less influential. Research limitations/implications – The main research limitations relate to the one country case, but results offer several implications for researchers, management of agri-food exporters, policy makers and society. Originality/value – This paper presents the original insight from agri-food exporters originated from one small, emerging economy for all marketing mix elements. Due Serbian case uniqueness it challenges previous findings and provide a “laboratory” for testing export marketing strategies. Research is easy for replication in the other countries and its results might be used for comparisons in further studies of agri-food exporters’ marketing strategies in other small, developing countries.
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Tkachuk, L. "TOURISM AS A MULTIDIMENSIONAL PHENOMENON." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, no. 66-67 (2017): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2017.66.17.
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The article reveals the multifaceted nature of tourism as a global scale social phenomenon. Tourism embraces nearly all aspects of our society. The main directions and tasks of its research by various sciences are disclosed. The necessary of integrating a number of subjects to study tourism is underlined. Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, which is induced by the natural and cultural diversity of the world. The essence of tourism as a travel define the context of geographical researches on tourism, in particular, there are researches on geography of tourist resources and flows, sustainable destinations management. Tourism as a social phenomenon has a variety of social-cultural impacts in all sociological dimensions. The main aspects of sociological researches of tourism have resulted in tourists’ typology and theory of “hosts and guests” relations. The modern mass international tourism is regarded in this article as a symbol of the postmodernism society. The economic and environmental effects of tourism are determined. As a key sector for economic development and job creation (for both men and women) throughout the world, tourism is one of the strongest drivers of global trade and prosperity. Tourism directly contributed US$2.3 trillion and 109 million jobs worldwide in 2016. It is revealed that tourism in many developing and least developed countries is the most viable and sustainable economic development option, and in some countries, the main source of foreign exchange earnings. Tourism impacts on the natural environment in various ways. Some forms of tourism can be extremely detrimental to ecologically sensitive areas, resulting in their degradation or destruction. The role of tourism in strengthening international economic relations, maintaining peace and stability in the world is also noted. It is determined that tourism can reduce prejudice among individuals, influences national institutions, structures and attitudes to create and sustain peaceful societies.
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Shchipkov, V. A. "Political and Institutional Approaches to Advancing International Religious Freedom in the U.S. Foreign Policy in 1998–2020." MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, no. 5 (November 9, 2022): 150–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-5-86-150-181.
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The article traces the institutional and political evolution of the US implementing its concept of international religious freedom from 1998 to 2020. The concept became popular after the end of the Cold War when the defense of religion against socialistatheist ideas had lost its relevance due to political (the collapse of the Eastern bloc) and cultural (the growing importance of religion in many non-Western countries of the world) reasons. The article starts by reviewing the history of the emergence and development of the institutional infrastructure (legal acts, administrative entities, public and political organizations, think tanks, expert platforms, interdepartmental coordination formats, human rights projects, funding and grant programs, and new international organizations) that supported the US foreign policy advancing international religious freedom. The article divides the reconstruction of this process into two periods formed by adopting two acts: in 1998 — the International Religious Freedom Act, and in 2016 — the amendment to this Act named after congressman Frank Wolf. The study concludes that over the past twenty years, religion has finally developed as an independent track of the US foreign policy, although it has been developing inconsistently and has undergone repeated corrections. The concept of international religious freedom has become the ideational basis of this track, while the extensive institutional and political infrastructure serves as its apparatus. More than 80 percent of the world's population encounters religious persecution. It legitimizes the concept, which encourages widespread support for religious minorities as opposed to the religious majority, and opens the way for the US to build sustainable ties with religious communities and their leaders worldwide, allowing them to influence political processes in different regions. The US has recently promoted the integration of this policy track into international institutions, establishing the International Religious Freedom or Belief Alliance.
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Sylenok, K. P. "ON THE ISSUE OF NORMATIVE LEGAL REGULATION OF THE FORENSIC EXPERT INVESTIGATION OF MOVABLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS (ARTEFACTS)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 42, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.01.16.
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Over the centuries, archaeological heritage of Ukraine has been developing under the influence of many factors. Research on such antiquities is a significant task of science for a detailed study of our history, deeper understanding of all stages of the formation, development and promotion of modern culture. Issues arising while protecting archaeological sites are relevant not only for Ukraine but also for many countries of the world. Preservation of history is the important task of every civilised country. Each monument is the source of information, and artefacts of a certain period in their totality represent a holistic cultural layer of history of people who lived in Ukraine no matter whether they were our ancestors or not.
The paper outlines the issues of legal regulation of the research of movable archaeological objects (artefacts). Attention is drawn to the legislation on protection and preservation of archaeological and cultural heritage, procedure of cultural properties circulation in Ukraine. The main focus is on enshrining the concept of movable archaeological objects in legislation of Ukraine and some foreign countries. The issue of elaboration of this topic in the legislation and in forensic science is also addressed.
Movable archaeological objects are exchanged and traded, such as Palaeolithic art, Bronze Age ornaments, stone axes, etc. Since they can be subject of crimes, and accordingly, can be investigated in forensic institutions, it is required to create a methodology for investigation of movable archaeological objects (artefacts) and conduct systematic research activities for the needs of forensic experts to ensure efficient provision of justice in Ukraine. It is also emphasised that while forensic examination of movable archaeological objects it is vital to establish their authenticity or non-authenticity.
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SARKISYAN, Hanna. "THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF GASTRONOMIC TOURISM STIMULATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT STRUCTURE OF REGIONAL TOURIST MARKETS OF UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2020-1-37.
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Introduction. Today, tourism has become an integral part of people's lives. Every day thousands of people make various trips. Tourism is one of the parts of the economy that can bring significant income to the country's budget. One of its types is gastrotourism, which is developing more and more. The purpose of this work is to study the role and importance of stimulating gastronomic tourism in the structure of regional tourism markets in Ukraine. The main objectives of this article are to consider the concept of gastrotourism, its features and types; research of the importance of gastro-tourism in the development of regional tourist markets; study of gastrotourism on the example of foreign countries, consideration of possible prospects for the development of this type of tourism. Results. The article considers the importance of gastronomic tourism, its types and forms. The influence it has on the main spheres of life of both the population and the country as a whole has been studied. The peculiarity and significance of tourism development in Ukraine are revealed. Popular gastronomic tours and regions in Ukraine have been identified. It is considered how gastronomic tourism develops in the world, examples are given - the leading countries, their experience in this field. Possible prospects and tendencies of further development of gastronomic tourism in our country are investigated. Conclusions. Gastronomic tourism is becoming more and more popular among tourists every year, plays an important role among general tourism, leads to its development and diversity. Gastrotourism is of great importance for the country's economy, as it can potentially bring high revenues to its budget, including social and cultural infrastructure. Its development improves the lives of the population, gives people the opportunity to communicate and develop in this direction. Gastronomic tourism carries historical memory as well as cultural value for its people. The experience of foreign countries has shown that this type of tourism should be developed and improved. There are several main areas of development of gastrotourism. In general, gastronomic tourism is important in the development of not only the regional tourism market, but also the state. Our country is rich in its dishes and has great potential for the development of gastronomic tourism. It is necessary to improve and popularize this type of tourism in Ukraine in all regions, because studies have shown that in many cities it is at a low level, and in some it does not exist at all. Key words: gastronomic tourism, development, tourist market, tourism, tourists.