Academic literature on the topic 'Science and state – Italy – 16th century'
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Journal articles on the topic "Science and state – Italy – 16th century"
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Armetta, Francesco, Gabriella Chirco, Fabrizio Lo Celso, Veronica Ciaramitaro, Eugenio Caponetti, Massimo Midiri, Giuseppe Lo Re, et al. "Sicilian Byzantine Icons through the Use of Non-Invasive Imaging Techniques and Optical Spectroscopy: The Case of the Madonna dell’Elemosina." Molecules 26, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 7595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247595.
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The iconographic heritage is one of the treasures of Byzantine art that have enriched the south of Italy, and Sicily in particular, since the early 16th century. In this work, the investigations of a Sicilian Icon of Greek-Byzantine origin, the Madonna dell’Elemosina, is reported for the first time. The study was carried out using mainly non-invasive imaging techniques (photography in reflectance and grazing visible light, UV fluorescence, infrared reflectography, radiography, and computed tomography) and spectroscopic techniques (X-ray fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy). The identification of the constituent materials provides a decisive contribution to the correct historical and artistic placement of the Icon, a treasure of the Eastern European historical community in Sicily. Some hidden details have also been highlighted. Most importantly, the information obtained enables us to define its conservation state, the presence of foreign materials, and to direct its protection and restoration.
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Zaichenko, Dariya A. "SEPHARDIC MATRIMONIAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE EARLY MODERN DIASPORA." Journal of the Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, no. 4 (18) (2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2618-7302-2021-4-131-144.
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At first sight it may seem that family relationships lie just in the sphere of private life and historical sources which describe them may tell us little about the organization of Jewish community or about the interaction between the Jewish community and local non-Jewish authorities. However, the term ‘matrimonial relationships’ has a wide range of aspects. This work is an attempt to illuminate some of them. The article is dedicated to matrimonial relationships in the Jewish community of Avignon in the second half of the sixteenth century. It is made like a case-study and based on the scandal which happened at that time in the Jewish community of Avignon which was then a part of French holdings of the Pope, that’s to say the French part of the Papal States, and thus was controlled directly by the pope. The scandal is connected to the name of Bondion Crescas — a man who decided to marry the daughter of a woman with whom he passed the ceremony of halitzah several years ago. The intention brought about the opposition of the traditional rabbinate, that’s to say the majority of rabbis of Italy and Palestine as the conflict didn’t remain local one and rapidly became a subject of long disputes between different parties within the Jewish world. The study is based on hand-written documents, that’s to say on the Hebrew manuscript from D. Ginzburg’s Collection which has’t been decoded and studied before and is preserved in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The process reveals three main issues. The first one is the Halakhic legality of marital intercourse between a man and the daughter of his haluzah (a woman with whom he must have got married a levirate marriage but released her). The second one is the social image of Avignon community in the 16th century, and the last one is the question about the boundaries of rabbinical jurisdiction in traditional Jewish society.
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Annarilli, Sofia, Antonella Casoli, Claudia Colantonio, Luca Lanteri, Angela Marseglia, Claudia Pelosi, and Sabrina Sottile. "A Multi-Instrument Analysis of the Late 16th Canvas Painting, “Coronation of the Virgin with the Saints Ambrose and Jerome”, Attributed to the Tuscany-Umbria Area to Support the Possibility of Bio-Cleaning Using a Bacteria-Based System." Heritage 5, no. 4 (September 30, 2022): 2904–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5040150.
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(1) Background. The aim of this work is to combine non-invasive imaging with chemical characterization analyses to study original and restoration materials of a late 16th-century painting on a canvas representing the “Coronation of the Virgin with the Saints Ambrose and Jerome”, preserved in the Diocesan archive of Orte, a town in the district of Viterbo (Italy). The diagnostic campaign was addressed to support the restoration activities and the choice of the most suitable cleaning operations. (2) Methods. Both traditional analytical techniques and innovative multispectral imaging were applied to solve the diagnostic issues and best address the restoration of the painting. Specifically, hypercolorimetric multispectral imaging (HMI), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), optical microscopy, and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were combined to obtain information on the general conservation state of the artwork and the characterization of pigments, organic binders, and superimposed materials, these last being particularly important to identify ancient and not-documented restoration intervention, enabling the correct choice of the most suitable and effective cleaning intervention. (3) Results. Multispectral data allowed us to differentiate and map original materials through infrared and ultraviolet false color images and spectral reflectance-based similarity maps, suggesting pigment attribution and focusing point analysis for characterization. This approach was particularly successful to identify and locate the presence of unaltered smalt blue in the first painting coat, which had been covered with other pigments, and to suggest the use of organic dye in mixtures with cinnabar and ochres. Spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques enabled us to identify the painting palette and confirm the use of oil-based binder for the pigments and characterize the altered top layers, made with a natural resin and an animal glue. (4) Conclusions. The characterization of the artwork’s materials was essential to select the most suitable methods and materials for the bio-cleaning, based on bacteria, experimented with during the restoration activities.
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Burganova, Maria A. "LETTER FROM THE EDITOR." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 17, no. 5 (December 10, 2021): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2021-17-5-8-9.
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Dear readers, We are pleased to present to you Issue 5, 2021, of the scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The Space of Culture. Upon the recommendation of the Expert Council of the Higher Attestation Commission, the journal is included in the List of Leading Peer-reviewed Scientific Journals and Publications in which the main scientific results of theses for the academic degrees of doctor and candidate of science must be published. The journal publishes scientific articles by leading specialists in various humanitarian fields, doctoral students, and graduate students. Research areas concern topical problems in multiple areas of culture, art, philology, and linguistics. This versatility of the review reveals the main specificity of the journal, which represents the current state of the cultural space. The journal traditionally opens with the Academic Interview rubric. In this issue, we present an interview with Alexander Burganov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts, an outstanding Russian sculptor, National Artist of Russia, Doctor of Art History, Professor, Director of the Burganov House Moscow State Museum, interviewed by Irina Sedova, the Head of the 20th Century Sculpture Department of the State Tretyakov Gallery. This dialogue became part of the sculptor’s creative evening at the State Tretyakov Gallery, which included a personal exhibition, donation of the sculptural work Letter, screening of a special film and a dialogue with the audience in the format of an interactive interview. In the article “The Apocalypse Icon from the Kremlin’s Assumption Cathedral. Dating and Historical Context”, T. Samoilova points out the similarities between some motifs of the Apocalypse iconography and the motifs of Botticelli’s illustrations to the Divine Comedy, as well as the role of a line in both artworks which testifies to the influence of the Renaissance art on icon painting of the late 15th — early 16th centuries. Studying palaeography and stylistic features of the icon, the author clarifies the dates and believes that the icon was most likely painted after 1500, in the first decade of the 16th century. P. Tsvetkova researches the features of the development of the Palladian architectural system in Italy, in the homeland of Andrea Palladio. On the examples of specific monuments, drawings and projects created during two and a half centuries, the author analyses the peculiarities of the style transformation in the work of Palladio’s followers, the continuity of tradition, deviations from canonical rules. In the article “Artistic Features of the Northern White Night Motif in the Landscapes of Alexander Borisov and Louis Apol”, I. Yenina conducts art analysis and compares the works of the Russian “artist of eternal ice”, A. Borisov, and the Dutch “winter artist”, L. Apol. They were the first to depict such a phenomenon as a white night in the Far North. V. Slepukhin studies the artworks of the first decades of the Soviet era in the article “Formation of the Image of a New Hero in Russian Art of 1920- 1930”. The author concludes that the New Hero in the plastic arts of the 1920s–1930s was formed as a reflection of social ideals. The avant-garde artists searched for the Hero’s originality in the images of aviators, peasants, women. The artists of socialist realism began to form the images of the “typical” heroes of the time — warriors, athletes, rural workers, scientists, as new “people of the Renaissance”. In the article “Dialogues of the Avant-garde”, A. N. Lavrentyev presents a comparative analysis of spatial constructions created by the Russian Avant-Garde Artist Alexander Rodchenko and the famous kinetic European and American artist Alexander Calder in the first half of the 20th century. Wei Xiao continues his analysis of contemporary art in the article “Chinese Sculpture in the New Era”. The author notes that the art of sculpture is in many ways a reflection of social change, both in terms of cultural content and practice. The author emphasises the need for cultural identity to preserve national traditions and spirituality. Xu Yanping’s article “The Dynamics of the Choral Culture Development in China in the 1930s on the Example of Huang Tzi’s Oratorio Eternal Regret” is a scientific study of a particular phase of the active entry of Chinese choral music into the sphere of the oratorio genre, directly related to the name of the great Chinese composer, Huang Tzi. It also highlights the issues of the country’s political life in the 1930s, which actively influenced the creation of nationwide singing movements and new choral works in the country. The author believes that the oratorio Eternal Regret presented in the article is a unique creation that organically combines ethnic musical material and Western composition techniques. The publication is addressed to professionals specialising in the theory and practice of the fine arts and philology and all those interested in the arts and culture.
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Rodari, Paola. "Education and science museums. Reflections in Italy and on Italy." Journal of Science Communication 07, no. 03 (September 19, 2008): R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.07030701.
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The educational function of science museums was born with the first naturalistic collections ever, flourished in 16th-century Italy. The pedagogic thought and the educational experimentations carried out in approximately five century of history have allowed the educational mission of museums to acquire many different facets, drawing a task having an increasingly higher and complex social value. Recent publications explore these new meanings of an old role.
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Rizzo, Mario. "The hub of the system. Discussions and perceptions regarding the geopolitical role of Milan in the 16th century." Pedralbes. Revista d'Història Moderna 41 (December 21, 2021): 39–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/pedralbes2021.41.2.
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The article studies the geopolitical role of the State of Milan during the 16th century, as it was perceived and discussed by both members of the Habsburg ruling class as well as Italian writers, politicians and diplomats who did not belong to those circles nor were under their influences. The analysis starts with the early years of the century and subsequently covers the period of the Wars of Italy and then the second half of the century, when the new international context created by the peace of Cateau Cambrésis gave rise to a complex interplay between continuity and change.
Keywords: geopolitics, 16th-century Italy, Milan, Habsburg Empire.
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Baldini, Riccardo M., Giovanni Cristofolini, and Carlos Aedo. "The extant herbaria from the Sixteenth Century: a synopsis." Webbia 77, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jopt-13038.
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A synthetic synopsis of the herbaria of the 16th century is provided. The list is in chronological order and resumes the general information on the earliest herbaria from the XVI century facilitating the access by the scientific community to this important source of historical information. Fifteen herbaria are listed, of which the oldest date back to the first half of the 16th century. Nine originated in Italy, three in Switzerland, two in Germany and one in France. For each herbarium, data are provided on chronology, geographical origin, format and extent, current place of conservation, and information on cataloguing and digital accessibility when available.
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Borzacconi, Angela. "Technological Aspects of 16th Century Ceramics Production in Castelnovo del Friuli, Italy." Materials and Manufacturing Processes 24, no. 9 (July 24, 2009): 1041–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426910902987390.
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Pisano, Raffaele, and Paolo Bussotti. "ON POPULARIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC EDUCATION IN ITALY BETWEEN 12TH AND 16TH CENTURY." Problems of Education in the 21st Century 57, no. 1 (December 25, 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/pec/13.57.90.
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Mathematics education is also a social phenomenon because it is influenced both by the needs of the labour market and by the basic knowledge of mathematics necessary for every person to be able to face some operations indispensable in the social and economic daily life. Therefore the way in which mathematics education is framed changes according to modifications of the social environment and know–how. For example, until the end of the 20th century, in the Italian faculties of engineering the teaching of mathematical analysis was profound: there were two complex examinations in which the theory was as important as the ability in solving exercises. Now the situation is different. In some universities there is only a proof of mathematical analysis; in others there are two proves, but they are sixth–month and not annual proves. The theoretical requirements have been drastically reduced and the exercises themselves are often far easier than those proposed in the recent past. With some modifications, the situation is similar for the teaching of other modern mathematical disciplines: many operations needing of calculations and mathematical reasoning are developed by the computers or other intelligent machines and hence an engineer needs less theoretical mathematics than in the past. The problem has historical roots. In this research an analysis of the phenomenon of “scientific education” (teaching geometry, arithmetic, mathematics only) with respect the methods used from the late Middle Ages by “maestri d’abaco” to the Renaissance humanists, and with respect to mathematics education nowadays is discussed. Particularly the ways through which mathematical knowledge was spread in Italy between late Middle ages and early Modern age is shown. At that time, the term “scientific education” corresponded to “teaching of mathematics, physics”; hence something different from what nowadays is called science education, NoS, etc. Moreover, the relationships between mathematics education and civilization in Italy between the 12th and the 16th century is also popularized within the Abacus schools and Niccolò Tartaglia. These are significant cases because the events connected to them are strictly interrelated. The knowledge of such significant relationships between society, mathematics education, advanced mathematics and scientific knowledge can be useful for the scholars who are nowadays engaged in mathematics education research. Key words: Abacus schools, mathematics education, science & society, scientific education, Tartaglia
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Kashtanov, Sergey. "The Process of Writing and Promulgation of Acts in the Early Chancellery Practice of the Frankish State and Old Rus." ISTORIYA 12, no. 12-1 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018289-6.
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The paper is dedicated to the early chancellery practices of the Frankish State and Old Rus as well as to the differences and the similarities of the early immunity chaters of those two countries. In medieval Latin sources, the word kancellaria is known from the 12th century. In what concerns Rus and the Russian State, it is used somewhat conventionally up to c. 1700. Institutions comprising some staff of scribes are known in the Russian State not earlier than in the 15th—16th centuries. The offices of dyaks (later transforming into prikazes and chets) emerged only in the first half and the middle of the 16th century. Contrary to the early medieval West, chancellery was not a special institution at the court, but rather a structure within a central state office. Due to this, acts often were composed in scriptoria, and the originals of the earliest of them are written in bookish hands. The practice of composing charters by beneficiaries, known in the early Frankish State, was characteristic to Rus until at least the second half of the 16th century. Although princely scribes are known to compose some kinds of acts from the late 13th and the 14th centuries, many other long continued to be written in monastic scriptoria.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Science and state – Italy – 16th century"
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Murphree, David W. "Giordano Bruno and the history of science." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41699.
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Historians of science express widely divergent interpretations of the significance of the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) to the history of science. An examination of the history of science reveals two basic schools of thought about Bruno. Specifically, historians of science disagree on the reason for Bruno’s execution at the hands of the Roman Inquisition in 1600. One school of thought, the “martyr to science” interpretation, insists that Bruno died as the direct result of his advocacy of Copernicanism. The opposing school rejects this assessment and names a variety of unorthodox religious beliefs as the motivation for Bruno’s execution.
These two positions, the “martyr to science” and the “anti-martyr to science” schools of thought, form the basis of two parallel interpretive schemes about early modern science that have coexisted in the history of science for nearly 150 years. In particular, the “martyr to science” school tends to view religion as innately hostile to science. Moreover, this school also emphasizes the discontinuities between medieval and modern science. In contrast, the “anti-martyr to science” school often rejects the existence of an inherent conflict between science and religion. The “anti-martyr to science” school also tends to highlight the continuities between medieval and modern science.Master of Arts
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Stone, Villani Nicolas. "The dissolution of constitutions : Aristotle in Italian political thought from Niccolò Machiavelli to Giovanni Botero." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:600663d5-b566-46c0-8a7a-418fca1d635b.
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This thesis studies the reception of Aristotle's political thought in sixteenth-century Italy. It focuses on Aristotle's discussion of the dissolution of constitutions in Book 5 of the Politics and aims to show how Aristotle's political thought remained central to late Renaissance political discourse. No comprehensive study of the topic exists. Modern historiography on Renaissance political thought generally downplays the importance of Aristotle in the history of sixteenth-century Italian political thought and emphasises the Roman tradition over the Greek. This research aims to fill the gap in modern scholarship and revise modern interpretation of Renaissance political theory. This thesis is essentially divided into three parts, each part containing two chapters. Part I is largely introductory. Chapter 1 offers a historiographical review of modern scholarship on the reception of Aristotle in the Renaissance and early-modern political thought. Chapter 2 explores the revival of Greek studies in the fifteenth century and the changing perception of Aristotle's Politics in the Renaissance. Part II focuses on Aristotle and Machiavelli. Chapter 3 examines the similarities between Aristotle's analysis of the means of preserving tyranny and Machiavelli's discussion of how to mantenere lo stato in The Prince. Chapter 4 explores the effects that these similarities between Aristotle and Machiavelli had on the reception of Aristotle in Renaissance political thought. Part III centres on Aristotle in the republican and vernacular traditions. Chapter 5 explains the importance of Aristotle's discussion of the dissolution of constitutions to Renaissance republican political thought. Chapter 6 underlines the continuous relevance of Aristotle's Politics in the second half of the sixteenth century. The conclusion sums up the central argument of each chapter and invites us to explore the influence of Aristotle on reason of state literature.
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Paul, Joanne. "Agency at the crossroads of the 16th century: governance and the state in humanist and contemporary political thought." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2914.
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This thesis seeks to investigate the relationship between the concepts of the State and Governance in political and international relations theory with the hope of recovering a place for agency. Following from the work of Michel Foucault, and drawing on the historical methodology of Quentin Skinner, I locate in the 16th century a „crossroads‟ in the development of the State and Governance, particularly in the work of the Henrician humanists – political writers of the Early Tudor period (1513-1533). I argue that their articulation of a politicized conception of Governance held a central place for the human agent living the vita activa as an ambassador between the rationality of the divine sphere and that of the terrestrial. Reading these findings through the later work of Foucault, I locate in this dynamic a central role for agency as tied to these theories of Governance that have become veiled by the State. Finally, I make two suggestions in regards to the application of these findings. First, that political/international relations theory take seriously the role of the diplomat as agent, and second, that the disciplinary intersection between history and politics be further emphasized and explored.
Books on the topic "Science and state – Italy – 16th century"
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Canales Serrano, Antonio Francisco, 1966-, ed. Science policies and twentieth-century dictatorships: Spain, Italy and Argentina. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate, 2015.
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L, Miglio, and D'Heurle F. M, eds. Silicides: Fundamentals and applications : proceedings of the 16th Course of the International School of Solid State Physics, Erice, Italy, 5-16 June 1999. Singapore: World Scientific, 2000.
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Labour, science, and technology in France, 1500-1620. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
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The politicized muse: Music for Medici festivals, 1512-1537. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1992.
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The divorce of Henry VIII: The untold story from inside the Vatican. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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Fletcher, Catherine. The divorce of Henry VIII: The untold story from inside the Vatican. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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Balmer, Brian, Antonio Francisco Canales Serrano, and Amparo Gómez Rodríguez. Science Policies and Twentieth-Century Dictatorships. Taylor & Francis Group, 2020.
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Labour, Science and Technology in France, 15001620. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
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Redeeming The Prince The Meaning Of Machiavellis Masterpiece. Princeton University Press, 2013.
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Heller, Henry. Labour, Science and Technology in France, 1500-1620. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Science and state – Italy – 16th century"
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Dasgupta, Subrata. "Missing Links." In It Began with Babbage. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199309412.003.0007.
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In Chapter 2, I suggested that Babbage’s place in the history of computing was twofold: first, because his Analytical Engine represented, for the first time, the idea of automatic universal computing and how this idea might be implemented, and second, because some of his design ideas—the store, mill, control, user interface via punched cards—anticipated some fundamental principles of the electronic universal computer that would be created some 75 years after his death. There is a modernity to his idea that makes us pause. Indeed, it led Babbage scholar Allan Bromley to admit that he was “bothered” by the architectural similarity of the Analytical Engine to the modern computer, and he wondered whether there is an inevitability to this architecture: Is this the only way a computer could be organized internally? Thus, Babbage’s creativity lay not only in conceiving a machine that had no antecedent, but also it lay in his envisioning an idea of universal computing that disappeared and then reappeared many decades later, and came to be the dominant architectural principle in computing. This observation is, of course, present-centered; we might be perilously close to what Herbert Butterfield had called the “Whig interpretation of history” (see Prologue, section VII ), for we seem to be extolling Babbage’s achievement because of its resonance with the achievements of our own time. But were there any direct consequences of his idea? What happened after Babbage? Did he have any influence on those who came after? And, if not, what took place in the development of what we have come to call computer science? In fact, there is a view that between Babbage’s mechanical world of computing and the electronic age, nothing really happened—that the time in between represented the Dark Ages in the history of computing. This is, of course, as misguided a view as another held by historians at one time that Europe, between the end of the Roman Empire (circa fifth century) and the Renaissance (the 15th–16th centuries)—the Middle Ages—was in a state of intellectual and creative backwardness.
Conference papers on the topic "Science and state – Italy – 16th century"
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Fratini, Fabio, Silvia Rescic, Mara Camaiti, and Manuela Mattone. "Traditional buildings for tobacco processing in Val Tiberina (Tuscany-Italy)." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14373.
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This paper focuses on the analysis of buildings used for tobacco processing, built in the first half of the 20th century in Tuscany (province of Arezzo), by studying construction techniques, materials, and preservation issues. Since the 16th century, in Tuscany, the sites involved in the cultivation of tobacco are both the upper Val Tiberina and Val di Chiana (in particular Arezzo and Siena areas). At first, tobacco was used either for medical purposes or as snuff and pipe powder. It soon became the most renowned cultivation throughout the Tiberina Valley, due to the excellent quality of the tobacco produced. The first significant crops date back to the early 17thcentury. The drying process took place in specific buildings named "tabaccaie", where tobacco leaves were placed over an oak wood fire to dry. This process was adopted until the 1970s. Subsequently, a profound crisis in the agricultural sector determined the falling into disuse and abandonment of numerous "tabaccaie". In some cases, these buildings have been reused as luxury hotels for tourism purposes, but many of them have been demolished or are in a state of ruin. They represent the testimony of agro-industrial vernacular architectures nowadays at great risk. Indeed, most of the recovery interventions have often completely obliterated the original structure to make the former “tabaccaie” able to satisfy housing and comfort requirements. The study aims to deepen the knowledge of these buildings to preserve cultural identities and transfer inherited values.
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Karpova, M., and Y. Stepanova. "Historical and geographical study of the Toropetsky uezd of 16th century using geographic information technologies." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1821.978-5-317-06529-4/278-284.
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The article presents the results of a historical and geographical study of the Toropetsky uezd of the 16th century using GIS technologies. The volosts and specific territorial units of the uezd – perevara, associated with the development of wild-hive beekeeping were localized according to the scribe book of 1540. The settlement of the territories was estimated. The "nests" of rural settlements were recorded inside perevara. The wild-hive beekeeping in Toropetsky uezd during the period of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the part of the Grand Duke's household, and gradually fell into decline in the Moscow State. Here the estates were formed, which were recorded by the scribe book
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Doyle Prestwich, Barbara. "Learning beyond the classroom - Importance of residential fieldcourses in teaching plant biology." In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.28.
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The establishment of physic gardens (gardens particularly focused on plants with medicinal properties) dates back to the middle of the 16th century and generally had strong links with university medical schools (Bennett, 2014). Wyse Jackson in 1999 described botanic gardens as ‘institutions holding documented collections of living plants for the purposes of scientific research, conservation, display and education’. In 2014, Bennet described the role of botanic gardens in university education as akin to learning in Paradise. By 2050 it is predicted that almost two thirds of the world’s population will live in an urban environment. This may have a huge impact on our ability to both experience and understand the natural world. Plants have a massive impact on the earth’s environment. This paper focuses on learning beyond the classroom in botanic & physic gardens and in industry settings using the annual Applied Plant Biology fieldcourse in UCC as a case study. The Applied Plant Biology residential fieldcourse has been running for the past five years (started in 2014) and takes place around Easter each year. I am the coordinator. It is a 5 day residential course for 3rd year Plant Science students. The learning outcomes of the fieldtrip state that; students should be able to discuss recent developments in industrial plant science research (facilitated in part by visits to a multinational (Syngenta) and smaller family owned companies (Tozers)); be able to explain worldwide plant conservation approaches and plant biodiversity in the context of different plant ecosystems and anthropogenic environmental impacts through engagement with such centers of excellence as Kew Botanic Gardens in London, Kew’s Millenium Seedbank Wakehurst in Sussex and the Chelsea Physic Garden in central London.