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1
Simon, Jordi. "The Portrait Values Questionnaire: A Bibliographic and Bibliometric Review of the Instrument." Aloma: Revista de Psicologia, Ciències de l'Educació i de l'Esport 35, no. 1 (October 13, 2017): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51698/aloma.2017.35.1.39-50.
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This paper contains a bibliographic and a bibliometric review of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, the instrument proposed by Schwartz to assess human values. Schwartz’s theory of human values is one of the most popular of its kind in the social sciences. As the framework of the PVQ, we shall briefly present the theory, followed by the different instruments developed by Schwartz to assess human values. Finally, we have performed a detailed review to analyse how the PVQ has been used in the scholarly literature. A total of 58 articles were reviewed to obtain a picture of how the scientific community uses this instrument and to explore the variables most commonly related to human values. Several conclusions are briefly discussed.
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Tevrüz, Suna, Tülay Turgut, and Murat Çinko. "Integrating Turkish Work and Achievement Goals With Schwartz’s Human Values." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 11, no. 2 (May 29, 2015): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v11i2.825.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the integration of indigenous values developed in Turkey to Schwartz’s universal values. Students (N = 593) from six universities in Istanbul responded the value scale, which consists of 10 etic PVQ items (each item representing one of 10 main Schwartz values) and 23 emic WAG items (representing work-achievement goals). PROXSCAL, a multidimensional scaling method, was used to test whether etic and emic sets of values integrate and form the universal circular structure proposed in Schwartz value theory. The motivational continuum of values as a circular structure was similar to pan-cultural results, but adding another value type to the openness to change pole. While some of the items in this region represent autonomy of thought, remaining items diverge. The principle of conflicting values on opposite poles was not supported in relation to openness to change-conservation dimension. These two poles had similar priorities, contrasting with pan-cultural results, and demonstrating a culture-specific aspect of responding to motivational goals. Insights gained by emic studies will be functional in enriching understanding values, and contributing to the comprehensiveness and universality of Schwartz value theory.
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Raad, Boele De, Marieke E. Timmerman, Fabia Morales-Vives, Walter Renner, Dick P. H. Barelds, and Jan Pieter Van Oudenhoven. "The Psycho-Lexical Approach in Exploring the Field of Values." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117692677.
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We reply to each of the issues raised by Schwartz in a commentary on our article on a comparison of value taxonomies. We discuss two approaches, mentioned in that commentary, the lexical approach and the theory-driven approach, especially with respect to their capacities in covering the domain of values and with respect to the representation of important values in a useful structure. We refute the critique by Schwartz that the lexical approach is superfluous, because his theory “toward universals in values” would already cover all values, and that their mutual relationships are relevant to individuals around the globe. We explain the necessity and strength of the lexical approach in taxonomizing the value domain, both within and across languages. Furthermore, we argue that principal components analysis (PCA) and simultaneous component analysis (SCA) are most adequate in arriving at a satisfactory structuring of the great many values in terms of both underlying constructs and their facets. We point to a misrepresentation in Schwartz’s circular model, and we review some misunderstandings on the side of Schwartz with respect to our results in comparison with those proceeding from his circular model.
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Bubeck, Maike, and Wolfgang Bilsky. "Value structure at an early age." Swiss Journal of Psychology 63, no. 1 (March 2004): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.63.1.31.
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Research with adult subjects has provided evidence for the validity of Schwartz’ (1992) theory on the structure of values. However, information about children and adolescents is scarce. Using the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-29) to test the applicability of Schwartz’ values theory to this population, a sample of 1555 German subjects aged 10 to 17 was investigated. Value structure was analyzed for the whole sample and for different age groups. Results broadly confirm the validity of Schwartz’ theory. They do not show the hypothesized correspondence between age and structural complexity, as operationalized by the number of distinct value types. Rather, the value structure of 10 to 12 year olds is nearly as differentiated as that of 15 to 17 year olds.
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Bilsky, Wolfgang, Anna K. Döring, Franka van Beeck, Isabel Rose, Johanna Schmitz, Katrin Aryus, Lisa Drögekamp, and Jeannette Sindermann. "Assessment of Children’s Value Structures and Value Preferences." Swiss Journal of Psychology 72, no. 3 (January 2013): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000106.
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Contrary to those of adults and adolescents, children’s value structures and value preferences have rarely been investigated. This paper bridges this gap by building on Schwartz’s (1992 ) value theory. We present two studies: one in which children from Germany, Portugal, and Chile, aged 10 to 12 years, completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire ( Schwartz et al., 2001 ); and one in which children from Germany and France, aged 7 to 12 years, completed the Picture-Based Value Survey for Children ( Döring, Blauensteiner, Aryus, Drögekamp, & Bilsky, 2010 ). Theory-based multidimensional scaling analyses revealed differentiated value structures in both studies. Findings on children’s value preferences converged with evidence from adult samples ( Schwartz & Bardi, 2001 ). The results are discussed in light of the present state of knowledge and consequences for future research.
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Burgess, Steven M., Shalom Schwartz, and Roger D. Blackwell. "Do Values Share Universal Content and Structure? A South African Test." South African Journal of Psychology 24, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124639402400101.
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Schwartz recently proposed a new theory concerning the universal content and structure of values, a new value survey for measuring them and reported empirical support from 35 countries for many elements of the theory. In this article the validity of the theory is examined in two studies of diverse groups not previously tested using multiple value measurement instruments. In Study 1, 1364 subjects from the four major racial groupings completed the Rokeach Value Survey, a widely used values scale applicable to the theory, as part of a doctoral research project not previously analysed in this way. Study 2 subjects completed the new Schwartz Value Survey as part of a study of consumption patterns, media use, and leisure preferences of skilled labour, administrative and managerial staff commissioned by the Midrand Town Council. The results of both studies are consistent with the new theory and suggest important implications regarding value meaning in South Africa. The authors close by suggesting directions for future southern African values research.
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Keller, Johannes, and Rebekka Kesberg. "Regulatory focus and human values." Psihologija 50, no. 2 (2017): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi160809004k.
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The present article connects two approaches to the study of human motivation and behavior: The Schwartz model of human values and Higgins? regulatory focus theory. Considering a prominent model of human motivation - the Rubicon Model of Action Phases - reveals that although both approaches refer to goals and standards as crucial constructs, human values are specifically relevant concerning the so-called deliberation and evaluation phases whereas selfregulatory orientations are specifically relevant concerning the volitional phases (i.e., planning and action). It may be due to the selective focus on specific aspects of human motivation that up to date hardly any (empirical) work has tried to connect human values and selfregulatory orientations. The reported studies assessed the relation between the endorsement of values proposed in the Schwartz model of human values and individual differences in the two self-regulatory orientations (promotion and prevention) proposed in regulatory focus theory. Findings reveal that prevention-focused self-regulation is positively related to conservation values (security, conformity) and negatively related to values reflecting openness to change (stimulation, self-direction). Moreover, promotion-focused self-regulation was positively related to self-enhancement values (power, achievement) and negatively related to values reflecting self-transcendence (universalism, benevolence). In addition, the observed relations were found using different instruments to measure human values and self-regulatory orientations. In combination, the observed findings support the proposed two-dimensional structure of the value system as well as fundamental assumptions of regulatory focus theory.
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Bilsky, Wolfgang, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "Values and personality." European Journal of Personality 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080303.
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Personality and differential psychology have paid little attention to values research. Consequently, the constructs used in these subdisciplines have developed independently, and evidence regarding the relations of personality to values is minimal. This study seeks to advance our understanding of these relations and to arrive at a theoretical integration of constructs. Starting from recent developments in values theory (Schwartz, 1992; Schwartz and Bilsky, 1987, 1990) and drawing on Maslow's (1955) distinction between ‘deficiency’ and ‘growth’ needs, we elaborate theoretical links between personality and values with special emphasis on structural relations. A set of hypotheses regarding these relations is generated and tested next, using data from a study with 331 German students. These students completed both the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) and the Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), measuring ten primary and two secondary personality variables, namely extraversion and emotionality. Joint Similarity Structure Analyses (SSAs) of values and personality variables were conducted. The findings reveal both meaningful and systematic associations of value priorities with personality variables, confirming the hypothesized structural relationships. The compatibility of our hypotheses with the complex findings of George (1954) using totally different indexes of both values (Allport–Vernon Study of Values) and personality (drawn from Eysenck and Guilford) further supports the theoretical connections proposed in this study.
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Cieciuch, Jan. "Integration of Schwartz's value theory and Scheler's concept of value in research on the development of the structure of values during adolescence." Polish Psychological Bulletin 42, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10059-011-0027-5.
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Integration of Schwartz's value theory and Scheler's concept of value in research on the development of the structure of values during adolescence A proposal is presented in the article of integrating Schwartz's circular model of values (1992, 1994, 2006) with Scheler's concept of values (Brzozowski, 1995). The main research goals were: 1) empirical verification of the attempt to include the values of Scheler into the circle of Schwartz's values; 2) use of the concept and measurement of Scheler's values to describe the development of the value structure during adolescence. Two studies were conducted in a group of 988 persons aged from 15 to 20 years. The Scheler Value Scale of Brzozowski (1995) was used along with the new version of the Schwartz's Portrait Value Questionnaire (Schwartz et al., 2011). In the first study, multidimensional scaling of multitrait-multimathod (MTMM) matrix was carried out, into which were introduced the indexes of Scheler's values and the indexes of Schwartz's value types. In this way, it was demonstrated that it is possible to include Scheler's values in the four higher order values within Schwartz's circle of values. In the second study, it was shown that by using the Schelerian values to analyse the development of the value structure, similar results were obtained to those that were acquired with the aid of instruments intended to measure values in Schwartz's approach. The structure becomes differentiated with age and takes on the shape of a circle.
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Παυλόπουλος, Βασίλης, and Michele Vecchione. "Ανιχνεύοντας το αξιακό υπόβαθρο της πολιτικής συμπεριφοράς." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 21, no. 1 (October 15, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23257.
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individual differences in politics are usually studied through the bipolar “left/right” or “liberal/conservative” axis. Traditionally, political preferences are examined in relation to socio-demographic factors. More recently, personal values have been shown to constitute a useful framework for understanding political attitudes. This study attempted to explore emotional, cognitive, and behavioral aspects of individual variation in political behavior on the basis of Schwartz’s value theory. The sample consisted of 304 adults (51% male), aged 21-65 years (M = 39,1), residing in various regions across Greece (55% in the Athens metropolitan area). Participants completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (Schwartz et al., 2001); they also responded on items regarding their core political values (Schwartz et al., 2010), political self-placement, political participation, and socio-demographic profile. overall, results are consistent with research hypotheses. Personal values emerged as significant predictors of political values and political self-placement. Specifically, tradition, security and achievement were associated with the political right and universalism with the left, as well as with unconventional forms of political participation. The above findings are being discussed with regard to the existing models of values and political behavior, along with the multi-faceted crisis that the Greek society is undergoing.
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Wetzelhütter, Daniela, Chigozie Nnebedum, Jacques De Wet, and Johann Bacher. "Testing a Modified Version of Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire to Measure Organizational Values in a University Context." Journal of Human Values 26, no. 3 (August 26, 2020): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971685820943398.
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Schwartz developed his Theory of Basic Human Values and corresponding instruments, the portrait values questionnaire (PVQ) and the Schwartz values survey (SVS), in order to measure personal values. He uses these instruments (in a slightly modified form) in conjunction with his Theory of Cultural Value Orientations to measure cultural or societal values. His theoretical work is also used in studying organizational values; however, none of these instruments seem suitable to compare personal and perceived organizational values. If the PVQ is widely used to measure personal values, and we need commensurate measures of the person and organization for comparative analysis, then can we not minimally adjust the PVQ to measure organizational values? In this article we discuss the testing of one such adjusted PVQ used for gauging universities’ organizational values. We developed the PVQ-uni to measure university values as perceived by students. We collected data from sociology departments at two universities, one in Austria ( n = 133) and one Nigeria ( n = 156). We then tested the reliability and the validity of the new instrument. Based on the data collected, we found that the PVQ-uni is a reliable and valid instrument; however, further refinements are needed for the instrument to be used successfully in Africa.
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Schwartz, Shalom H. "Theory-Driven Versus Lexical Approaches to Value Structures." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117690452.
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In a recent article, De Raad and colleagues extended their lexical studies of the value vocabularies of single countries. They sought to attain both optimal coverage of the culturally unique values in three different countries and to find the structuring of the value domain that these countries share. The authors largely frame their lexical approach by contrast with the theory-driven approach of Schwartz. They point to presumed problems with the theory-driven approach that the lexical approach might overcome. I discuss and largely dismiss these problems. Moreover, I point to links between the authors’ findings and the Schwartz theory of possible universals in the content and structure of values. I also assess the authors’ success in reaching some of their own goals and suggest future steps that it would be worthwhile for them to undertake.
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Λαμπρίδης, Ευθύμιος, and Αικατερίνη Δελαβέκουρα. "Κοινωνικές αξίες νέων παραβατών: Διερευνητική μελέτη." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 20, no. 2 (October 15, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23532.
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The present, exploratory, study aims to investigate the social values of juvenile delinquents under the light of the social values theory proposed by S. Schwartz. Its main objectives are: First, to examine the structure of social values of juvenile delinquents. Second, to highlight possible relations between social values priorities and a number of demographic variables such as gender, educational level and type of crime. For this reason juvenile delinquents (N = 130) which are under probation completed a self-reported questionnaire composed of the Social Values Survey (SVS, Schwartz, 1992) and a form of demographic data. Smallest space analysis revealed 10 distinct value types, equivalent to those proposed by Schwartz’s model. Value types of benevolence, hedonism and self-direction were found to be of highest priority, whereas value types such as power and tradition were found to be the less guiding principles in our participants’ lives. Statistically significant differences were detected with respect to gender and not with respect to educational level and type of crime. In every case the prioritization of value types was the same. This particular finding taken together with relative findings regarding social values in Greece pinpoints that juvenile delinquents share common values and value priorities with non delinquents of similar age.
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Ryabichenko, T. A. "Assimilation or Integration: the role of self-affirmation values." Social Psychology and Society 7, no. 3 (2016): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2016070307.
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This study examines the role of ethnic minorities’ values in preferences for different acculturation strategies. We used Berry’s bidimensional model of acculturation, and Schwartz’s refined theory of 19 basic values. We hypothesized that individual values associate with acculturation preferences of ethnic minorities’. The sample consisted of two groups of adolescents, Russians and Poles, aged from 15 to 21 years old (N = 298). Using k-means clustering we assigned participants in four acculturation clusters: in- tegration, assimilation, marginalization, and separation. Profiles, which correspond to the four Schwartz higher-order values across clusters and groups, were compared through ANOVA measures. The analysis has shown that participants in the assimilation cluster scored significantly higher on Self-Enhancement than participants in the integration cluster. The article was prepared within the framework of the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE) and supported within the framework of a subsidy by the Russian Academic Excellence Project '5-100'.
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Consiglio, Chiara, Roberto Cenciotti, Laura Borgogni, Guido Alessandri, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "The WVal." Journal of Career Assessment 25, no. 3 (March 21, 2016): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069072716639691.
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This study presents a new scale to measure work values. The Work Values questionnaire (WVal) consists of 10 sets of 5 value items that respondents rank for importance. Each item expresses 1 of the 10 basic values of the Schwartz theory in the work context. Seven hundred fifty-nine employees from 94 organizations responded to the WVal. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessment of the 10 work values exhibited adequate factorial distinctiveness as well as high internal reliability. Multidimensional scaling analyses yielded a circular motivational structure of relations among the 10 work values similar to the higher order values in the basic values’ theory. We note and discuss meaningful differences in the importance of work values associated with gender, age, organizational tenure, and professional role. The study supports the applicability of the Schwartz basic value theory to the organizational setting, with some variations traceable to the work context. We discuss research possibilities and practical applications of the WVal.
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Jędrzejewska-Akbaş, Dominika. "Professional Preferences in the Ethnic and Economic Context of Poland and Turkey." Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration 28, no. 1 (November 23, 2022): 111–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/pepsi-2022-0005.
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The main objective of the study is to assess the relationship between the system of student values in the multicultural aspect in relation to professional preferences. For this purpose, Polish and Turkish students were analyzed. The groups were further separated into those studying in the faculties of science and humanities. The social learning theory of Bandura serves as the foundation for the study of occupational preferences (Strelau, 2003). The research includes John Holland’s Theory of Career Choice (RIASEC) (Holland, 1970a, as cited in O’Shea & Harrington, 1972), Schwartz’s theory of basic values and its structure (Schwartz, 2012). Students’ values are expected to be directly related to their choice of studies based on the assumptions of Holland’s Theory of Career Choice (RIASEC) (O’Shea & Harrington, 1972). Also, the research by Berring et al. (2015), Sababa and Benson (2010), and the author’s interviews with the respondents are used to support the hypothesis that the Turkish students’ group has greater preferences for choosing science than the Polish students’ group.
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Nie, Peng, Wencke Gwozdz, Lucia Reisch, and Alfonso Sousa-Poza. "Values, Norms, and Peer Effects on Weight Status." Journal of Obesity 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2849674.
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This study uses data from the European Social Survey in order to test the Prinstein-Dodge hypothesis that posits that peer effects may be larger in collectivistic than in individualistic societies. When defining individualism and collectivism at the country level, our results show that peer effects on obesity are indeed larger in collectivistic than in individualistic societies. However, when defining individualism and collectivism with individual values based on the Shalom Schwartz universal values theory, we find little support for this hypothesis.
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Lee, Julie A., Joanne N. Sneddon, Timothy M. Daly, Shalom H. Schwartz, Geoffrey N. Soutar, and Jordan J. Louviere. "Testing and Extending Schwartz Refined Value Theory Using a Best–Worst Scaling Approach." Assessment 26, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116683799.
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The theory of human values discriminated 10 basic values arrayed in a quasicircular structure. Analyses with several instruments in numerous samples supported this structure. The refined theory of human values discriminates 19 values in the same circle. Its support depends on one instrument, the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire. We introduce a forced choice method, the Best–Worst Refined Values scale (BWVr), to assess the robustness of the refined theory to method of measurement and also assess the distinctiveness and validity of a new animal welfare value. Three studies ( N = 784, 439, and 383) support the theory and the new value. Study 3 also demonstrates the convergent and discriminant validity of the 19 values by comparing the BWVr, the revised Portrait Values Questionnaire, and value-expressive behaviors and confirms the test–retest reliability of BWVr responses. These studies provide further information about the order of values in the value circle.
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Marusic, Milica, and Andreas Oikonomou. "Value hierarchy of future subject teachers in Serbia in the context of Schwartz theory." Zbornik Instituta za pedagoska istrazivanja 45, no. 2 (2013): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zipi1302241m.
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High concordance of value priorities and actual behaviour implies the importance of studying values, especially on teachers as important agents of socialization. The theoretical framework comprises Schwartz theory of individual values, a taxonomy of values which embraces ten value types with different motivational goals. We applied a questionnaire in the form of five-point Likert-scale with a com?prehensive list of values on the sample of 163 students, future teachers. The value hierarchy was defined as the set of the most important and less important values. For data analysis we used: descriptive statistics, paired-samples t-test; frequencies of ranks; and principal component analysis. We compared the value hierarchy of our student sample with the results obtained for the samples of students, teachers and representative samples in the cross-national study conducted by Schwartz and his associates. Generally speaking, our research results are in concordance with the results of the cross-cultural study, suggesting that the most important values can be found among the value types benevolence, universalism and self-direction, while less important values belong to the types stimulation, power and tradition. The main difference from the international study results is found in the treatment of the value type tradition, placed at the bottom of the hierarchy by our sample of students.
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Burgess, Steven M., and Mari Harris. "Values, optimum stimulation levels and brand loyalty: New scales in new populations." South African Journal of Business Management 29, no. 4 (December 31, 1998): 142–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v29i4.779.
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The optimum stimulation level (OSL) and value priorities of 3 493 South Africans were measured in the first administration of Steenkamp and Baumgartner's new shortened Change Seeker Index (CSl) and Schwartz' new Portraits Questionnaire (PQ) in a nationally-representative developing nation sample. Both instruments performed well in a demanding cross-cultural test as part of a syndicated research study. The results indicate that high and low OSL consumers exhibit value differences consistent with Schwartz' theory about the content and structure of values suggesting that the shortened CSI may be tapping value differences. The predicted sinusoid pattern between value priorities and OSL also emerged. The association between values and brand loyalty exhibited three general sinusoid patterns. Comparative sample partitions based on value priorities and OSLs suggest that values may be sensitive to a wider range of motivations that underlie differences in exploratory product acquisition, shopping behaviour and brand loyalty. The results suggest that value priorities and OSL are important influences on brand loyalty behaviour.
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Biber, Pascal, Jörg Hupfeld, and Laurenz L. Meier. "Personal values and relational models." European Journal of Personality 22, no. 7 (November 2008): 609–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.693.
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In this study, the comprehensive value research by Schwartz (e.g. 1992) was linked to Fiske's relational models theory (RMT, e.g. Fiske, 1991). A sample of 297 people answered the personal values questionnaire (PVQ), the modes of relationship questionnaire (MORQ) and the relationship profile scale (RPS) in a web‐based online survey. As hypothesized, the set of 10 values correlated in a systematic manner—according to the circular structure of personal value systems—with both trait‐like construal of and motivational investment in the relational models communal sharing (CS), authority ranking (AR) and market pricing (MP). Further research concerning a person–environment value congruency approach to predict well‐being is suggested combining the two research traditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Ye, Sheng, Julie A. Lee, Joanne N. Sneddon, and Geoffrey N. Soutar. "Personifying Destinations: A Personal Values Approach." Journal of Travel Research 59, no. 7 (October 23, 2019): 1168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519878508.
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In this article, we examine whether tourists ascribe value priorities to destinations in a way that is consistent with the structure of the Schwartz theory of human values. In study 1, we test a new measure of destination values to elicit tourists’ perceptions of the values of a recent memorable holiday destination and whether these values reflect their holiday experiences. In study 2, we use the same measure to elicit tourists’ perceptions of four popular international destinations (London, New York, Paris, and Bangkok) and examine whether person–destination values congruence influences visit intentions. Across both studies we show that tourists’ perceptions of a destination’s values share a common structure consistent with values theory, but they differ widely in the value priorities they ascribe to destinations. We also found that destination values reflect tourist’s value-expressive holiday experiences and that self-congruity was associated with intentions to visit a destination.
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Ahmić, Azra, Aziz Šunje, and Emir Kurtić. "The Influence of Top Managers' Personal Values On Sustainability Of SMEs In Developing Countries." Journal of Corporate Governance, Insurance, and Risk Management 3, s1 (July 25, 2016): 27–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/jcgirm03s103.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a new theoretical insight regarding top managers' personal values in developing countries based on the Schwartz Values Theory (Schwartz, 1992, 1996, 2006; Schwartz and Bilsky, 1990) and to explore the influence of top managers' personal values on sustainability performances of successful businesses. The research describes personal values differences between top managers and their commitment to pro-social and pro-environmental responsibility who were approached through the validated and reliable questionnaire on identifying top managers' personal values (PVQ40) and questionnaire on sustainability indicators observed through the „triple bottom line“ concept which includes three measuring elements: financial, social and environmental performances (Fauzi, Svensson and Rahman, 2010). Given that top managers are very often the owners in SMEs, their values are largely reflected in the organizational values, which means that in small pro-environmentaly oriented firms, the personal values of owners-managers seem to play a much stronger part in motivating pro-environmental behaviors than in other SMEs (Lawrence at al., 2006). With regard to business sustainability, it is still insufficiently known, developed and understood in Southeast Europe and in developing countries. Therefore, this research may be used to encourage companies and local governments to include a sustainability issues in their business activities as a pre-condition for business success and competitiveness. The managers in SMEs can use this research as a guideline on introduction of contemporary principles of sustainability into their companies and to improve and direct their personal values towards sustainability.
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Cieciuch, Jan, Eldad Davidov, Michele Vecchione, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "A Hierarchical Structure of Basic Human Values in a Third-Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis." Swiss Journal of Psychology 73, no. 3 (January 2014): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000134.
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This study investigates the hierarchical structure of Schwartz et al.’s (2012) refined theory of basic human values. Data were collected using a revised version of the Portrait Values Questionnaire, which measures the 19 more narrowly defined values. Respondents from nine countries participated (N = 3,261): Finland, Germany, Israel, Italy, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Turkey. Third-order confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the 19 refined values load on values from the earlier catalog of values. Moreover, these values, together with the two new values introduced in the refined theory, load, in turn, on the theoretically postulated four higher-order values that form the third-order level of analysis. Findings support the proposition that the more narrowly defined values in the refined theory of basic human values are subdimensions of the more broadly defined values in the original theory.
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Wiraszka, Piotr. "Determining the Level of Security Culture of the Entity Using the Midified Shalom Schwartz Value Model." Security Dimensions 39, no. 39 (December 23, 2021): 132–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6535.
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Each consciously existing entity has its own unique, hierarchical set of values, helping to make decisions and set directions for action. This power is a security culture, also defined as a set of universal values, attitudes and beliefs. The foundation upon which the security culture grows is the three pillars of security – the three energy streams of the security culture. The objective is to estimate the level of the entity’s security culture and present its structure. The determination of the empirical size of a security culture is made by adapting Shalom Schwartz’s value theory and his ten types of fundamental values. The values placed on the Schwartz circle model are aggregated to the appropriate energy streams of the security culture, and this move allows for empirical determination of the level of the security culture of an individual. The obtained results show the structure of energy streams and determine the empirical level of the subject’s security culture. The approach taken shows that the level of security culture is computable.
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Aqzzouz, Belmesnaoui, and Hassan M. El Alj. "Holomorphic functions taking values in a quotient of Fréchet-Schwartz spaces." Hiroshima Mathematical Journal 39, no. 2 (July 2009): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32917/hmj/1249046340.
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Vecchione, Michele, Tiziana Casconi, and Claudio Barbaranelli. "Assessing the Circular Structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 25, no. 4 (January 2009): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.25.4.231.
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The current research is an assessment of both the psychometric properties and circumplex structure of the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz, Melech, Lehmann, Burgess, & Harris, 2001 ). First, the hypothesized 10-factor structure was examined within the framework of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Next, we assessed the circular structure postulated by the human values theory through constrained CFA. Data were obtained from 9,847 participants. Findings corroborated the distinctiveness of the 10 basic value types and their quasicircular arrangement: Factors derived from the PVQ scale were arranged in a circle similar to the theorized structure of values, although some differences emerged between empirical and theoretical models.
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Korotayev, Andrey, Elena Slinko, Kira Meshcherina, and Julia Zinkina. "Variation of Human Values and Modernization: Preliminary Results." Cross-Cultural Research 54, no. 2-3 (September 26, 2019): 238–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069397119874781.
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The current article investigates the relation between values and modernization applying some elements of the method proposed by Inglehart and Welzel (the authors of the Human Development Sequence Theory) to the data of Shalom Schwartz. The values survey by Schwartz specifies two main value axes, namely, conservation versus openness to change and self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. Our research has revealed that the correlation between these two value axes differs in its direction when estimated for “macro-Europe” (that includes Europe and former settlement colonies of North and South America and Oceania) and “Afroasia” (that includes Asia and Africa). In “macro-Europe,” we deal with a significant positive correlation between openness to change and self-transcendence, whereas in “Afroasia,” this correlation is strong, significant, and negative. We investigate the possible impact of modernization on this difference. To do this, we approximate modernization through such indicators as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and the proportions of the labor force employed in various sectors of economy. We find that, in both megazones, modernization is accompanied by increasing openness to change values. As for the self-transcendence/self-enhancement axis, we propose two possible explanations of the different dynamics observed in Europe and in “the East” (Asia and North Africa), namely, (a) that Eastern and Western societies find themselves at different modernization stages and (b) that this difference is accounted for by different civilizational patterns. Further analysis suggests that the latter explanation might be more plausible.
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Романюк, Людмила. "Interrelationships of Personal Values: A Moderated Mediation Analysis Based on Gender and Age." East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, no. 2 (December 28, 2017): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.2.rom.
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The present study describes ten personal values expressed by men and women from two countries, and it explores the relationships between two opposing values, Achievement and Benevolence, specifying Stimulation as a mediator between them. It is further explored whether such a mediation model could be further qualified by age and Gender as moderators. The 40-item Portraits Values Questionnaire (PVQ), measuring ten basic values, was administered to 1,000 young adults from two countries. Hierarchical regression methods were applied to examine mediation and moderation mechanisms.Minor gender and country differences emerged for some of the ten basic values. An indirect relationship among the three selected values was identified. Stimulation was found to operate as a mediator between achievement and benevolence. A conditional process model was established with Gender moderating the Achievement – Stimulation path (men had a steeper slope than women), whereas age moderated the Stimulation – Benevolence path (younger individuals had a steeper slope than older ones). Gender also moderated the Achievement – Benevolence path (men had a steeper slope than women). For men, the association between achievement and stimulation was stronger than for women. For the younger persons, the association between stimulation and benevolence was stronger than for older ones. For women, the level of benevolence was independent of their achievement level. The present analyses shed new light on indirect and differential associations among personal values, adding a novel perspective to research on cognitive mechanisms involved in the ten basic values’ becoming.
References
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Nosse, Larry J., and Lilach Sagiv. "Theory-Based Study of the Basic Values of 565 Physical Therapists." Physical Therapy 85, no. 9 (September 1, 2005): 834–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ptj/85.9.834.
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Abstract Background and Purpose There is a prevailing belief expressed in the physical therapy literature that values influence behavioral choices. There is, however, meager research on physical therapists' values. A values theory was used to study the organization of physical therapists' basic values and to generate hypotheses about age-related value priority differences. SubjectsParticipants were volunteers from the Wisconsin Physical Therapy Association (N=565). Methods Values importance ratings were gathered using a modified Schwartz Values Survey. Demographic data were obtained with an investigator-developed questionnaire. Analyses included descriptive and nonparametric statistics and nonmetric multidimensional scaling. Results The organizational structure of therapists' values was similar to the theoretical model. Physical therapists rated values associated with benevolence as most important and values associated with power as least important. Three of 7 age-related hypotheses were supported. Discussion and Conclusion The theory adequately explained the organization of physical therapists' values and provided rational explanations for age-based value priority differences. Compared with occupationally heterogeneous samples, the results suggest that physical therapists highly prize values that benefit others and give remarkably little importance to values associated with power.
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Παυλόπουλος, Βασίλης. "Κρίση αξιών ή οι αξίες της κρίσης: Σταθερότητα και μεταβολή προσωπικών και πολιτικών αξιών στην Ελλάδα της ύφεσης." Psychology: the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society 21, no. 3 (October 15, 2020): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/psy_hps.23502.
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This study aimed to explore patterns of stability and change of personal values, political values and ideology in Greece during the economic crisis. Based on the modernization theory (Inglehart, 1971, 2008) and the dual process motivational model for the determinants of political ideology (Duckitt & Sibley, 2010), we hypothesized that the perception of crisis as threatening will lead to a decrease in the importance of anxiety-free values and a shift towards conservatism. We also studied the relations between values and ideology, along with a structural model of these relationships on the basis of the theory across two time points. The sample consisted of 385 subjects (52% women, mean age 41.7 years) in 2009 and 521 subjects (50% women, mean age 38.7 years) in 2014. Participants filled in self-report questionnaires on their basic personal values (Schwarz et al., 2001), core political values (Schwartz et al., 2010) and political self-placement (left/right). Findings provided only partial support to the research hypotheses: a decline was found in self-transcendence values (universalism, equality), but at the same time in conservative values (tradition, conformity, security) as well, although the effect sizes were generally small. Agreement with conservative values led to stronger right political orientation at the secondtime point (2014). The stability of a two-component model of values and ideology was confirmed, consisting of openness vs. resistance to change, on one hand, and acceptance vs. rejection of inequality, on theother.
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Drew, Shiny, Christine Blake, Eva Monterrosa, Krystal Rampalli, Abdullah Nurus Salam Khan, Ligia Reyes, Salome Bukachi, et al. "How Schwartz’ Basic Human Values Influence Food Choices in Kenya and Tanzania." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac059.007.
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Abstract Objectives To identify and describe how values drive food choice of vulnerable consumers in two East African countries, Kenya and Tanzania. Methods Secondary data analysis was conducted on focus group discussions from studies in Kenya and Tanzania. A codebook was developed based on Schwartz's theory of basic human values. A priori coding was conducted in NVivo 12 followed by a narrative comparative analysis, which included review by original principal investigators. Results Values of conservation (security, conformity, tradition), openness to change (self-directed thought and action, stimulation, indulgence), self-enhancement (achievement, power, face), and self-transcendence (benevolence dependability and caring) were prominent drivers of food choice in both settings. While tradition was an important value in food choice, new social situations and food environments rendered reprioritization, especially pertaining to youth and animal source foods. Openness to change values were readily cited, especially in peri-urban Kenya with many new foods and diverse neighborhoods. Values of independent thought and action were drivers of mothers’ food choices for families. Benevolence security and caring were drivers choices for child feeding and selecting trustworthy food vendors. Many participants described how values existed in tension. For example, changes in livelihood led to a reprioritization of values like stimulation or indulgence over tradition. Conclusions Values were important drivers of food choice in both settings, particularly for meat. Future efforts to promote healthy, sustainable diets will require policy and broad consumer support to succeed. Examining the values that drive food choice in different contexts is necessary especially to minimize unintended consequences, controversy, and perhaps opposition in the implementation of policies and programs. Funding Sources UK Government's Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK Government's official policies.
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Ponizovskiy, Vladimir, Murat Ardag, Lusine Grigoryan, Ryan Boyd, Henrik Dobewall, and Peter Holtz. "Development and Validation of the Personal Values Dictionary: A Theory–Driven Tool for Investigating References to Basic Human Values in Text." European Journal of Personality 34, no. 5 (September 2020): 885–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2294.
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Estimating psychological constructs from natural language has the potential to expand the reach and applicability of personality science. Research on the Big Five has produced methods to reliably assess personality traits from text, but the development of comparable tools for personal values is still in the early stages. Based on the Schwartz theory of basic human values, we developed a dictionary for the automatic assessment of references to personal values in text. To refine and validate the dictionary, we used Facebook updates, blog posts, essays, and book chapters authored by over 180 000 individuals. The results show high reliability for the dictionary and a pattern of correlations between the value types in line with the circumplex structure. We found small to moderate ( rs = .1–.4) but consistent correlations between dictionary scores and self–reported scores for 7 out of 10 values. Correlations between the dictionary scores and age, gender, and political orientation of the author and scores for other established dictionaries mostly followed theoretical predictions. The Personal Values Dictionary can be used to assess references to value orientations in textual data, such as tweets, blog posts, or status updates, and will stimulate further research in methods to assess human basic values from text.
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Sousa, Juliana Moraes de, and Juliana Barreiros Porto. "Happiness at Work: Organizational Values and Person-Organization Fit Impact." Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 25, no. 61 (August 2015): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272561201509.
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Despite the large quantity of research on person-organization (PO) fit, there is a lack of empirical research using axiological theories applicable to the value structure at the individual and organizational levels. In this study, we incorporated the PO fit literature, Schwartz’ values theory and Warr’s vitamin analogy to evaluate the effect of values’ PO fit on happiness at work. Using a sample of 145 questionnaires collected in a military organization, data analyses were performed using hierarchical quadratic regressions and surface analysis of polynomial regressions, conducted at an individual level. Individual values moderated the curvilinear relationship between organizational values and happiness at work (R2 = .25; p < .01). Additionally, agreement between higher levels of values promoted higher levels of happiness at work (.07 ≥ R2 ≤ .18; p < .05). We concluded that axiological PO fit affects happiness at work and provide empirical support for Warr’s vitamin analogy.
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Sawagvudcharee, Ousanee, Maurice Yolles, Chanchai Bunchapattanasakda, and Buncha Limpabandhu. "Understanding Culture through Knowledge Cybernetics." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 9, no. 1 (April 19, 2018): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v9i1.2167.
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These days, countries around the world continue with their process of globalization in the digital business and marketing. However, they find themselves straddling different national cultures, which lead to problems of cross-cultural communication management resulting in, for instance, miscommunication and misunderstanding. Consequently, an understanding of the characterisation or mapping of culture is significant, and while there are not many theories of cultural mapping, most stem from the base work of Hofstede. Basically, most people begin with a categorisation of culture through the creation of an ontology that differentiates relatable levels of reality, as a theory of levels allows culture to be broken down into parts that can be analysed more easily. It also helps them to facilitate the creation of a set of generic or universal dimensions of culture which can be used to map different cultures. However, a problem with this theoretical approach is that it does not offer a very dynamic representation of culture, and it has manifestations that impoverish the way that phenomenal manifestations of culture can be explained. On the other hand, there is an alternative approach was adopted by Schwartz. This approach does not discuss ontology but it creates a value inventory in which respondents assess ‘comprehensive’ cultural values. Consequently, there is some relationship between outcome of Hofstede’s and Schwartz’s results. Yolles has developed a theory of Knowledge Cybernetics that delivers a new ontology and a dynamic modelling approach. Schwartz’s results have been merged into this, resulting in a new theory dynamic theory of culture quite distinct from Hofstede’s level theory.
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Gouveia, Valdiney V., Taciano L. Milfont, and Valeschka M. Guerra. "The functional theory of human values: From intentional overlook to first acknowledgement—A reply to Schwartz (2014)." Personality and Individual Differences 68 (October 2014): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.025.
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Yolles, Maurice, and Gerhard Fink. "Personality, pathology and mindsets: part 2 – cultural traits and enantiomers." Kybernetes 43, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-12-2013-0259.
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Purpose – Based on the cybernetic agency theory of part 1, the paper creates a parallel theory to Maruyama's Mindscape theory called mindset theory, relying on the three-trait organisational value system of Sagiv and Schwartz that arises from extensive theoretical and empirical work on cultural values originally undertaken by Shalom Schwartz. The derived normative personality types are embedded into a cultural system and interacting with a social system. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – First, the paper deals with Sorokin's theory of the immanent cultural dynamics arising from swings between more sensate or more ideational culture. For characterisation of interaction with the social environment, the paper relies on the dramatist/patterner trait from empirical work by Shotwell et al., which acts as an attractor of agency behaviour. Thus, the paper designs a five trait agency model, with one trait that serves as an attractor of agency behaviour, three formative normative personality traits, and one social trait that directs the how of behaviour. Findings – The Sagiv-Schwartz mindset types reveal the missing four types of the Maruyama-universe, as sought by Boje. Sagiv-Schwartz mindset types create generic transparency and a theoretical and empirical base for the selection of mindset meta-types. Through its perfect match with Mindset Agency Theory as developed in part 1, this research creates a structural model that has the potential to distinguish between normal and pathological personalities within the same framework. Research limitations/implications – The modelling approach can be applied to social, economic and political situations, with the likelihood of anticipating the likely behaviour of social collectives like durable organisation and/or nation states. Analytical and empirical application in different contexts is yet to be provided. Practical implications – The paper sets up a means by which patterns of behaviour can be analysed in different organisational or national contexts. Empirical analysis based on this theory has the potential to identify normal states and shifts away from normal states of social systems, which may shift into stages of tension and crises, and/or mobilise forces directed towards paradigm changes in social systems. Originality/value – The paper draws on earlier work undertaken in the last few years by the same authors, who in a new way are pursuing new directions and extensions of that earlier research.
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Habibah, Fiza Asri Fauziah, and Fadilah Fadilah. "ANALYSIS OF MANUK DADALI FOLKSONG IN TERMS OF VALUES." Pujangga 6, no. 2 (December 7, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/pujangga.v6i2.993.
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<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai-nilai dasar di dalam lagu rakyat Manuk Dadali dan menganalisis<br />hubungan antara nilai-nilai dasar tersebut. Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan teori Schwartz tentang<br />sepuluh nilai dasar motivasi. Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif.<br />Metode kualitatif merupakan prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis dari<br />masyarakat maupun buku. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tujuh nilai dasar dalam lirik lagu rakyat<br />Manuk Dadali yaitu kekuasaan, prestasi, tradisi, kepatuhan, universalisme, kebajikan, dan keamanan. Dari masingmasing</p><p>nilai, terdapat hubungan yang saling berkaitan satu dengan lainnya. Kekuasaan dengan prestasi, tradisi<br />dengan kepatuhan, universalisme dengan kebajikan, dan keamanan dengan kepatuhan.</p><p>Kata Kunci: nilai dasar, lagu rakyat manuk dadali</p><p> </p><p>The study aimed to investigate the basic values in Manuk Dadali folksong. This study was planned also to analyze the<br />interrelation of each values in Manuk Dadali folksong. In analyzing the data, the researchers used the theory of<br />Schwartz about ten motivational basic values. In conducting this research, the researchers used descriptive qualitative<br />method. The qualitative method was a research procedure which results in descriptive data whether it is from society<br />or books. The result of the data analysis showed that there are seven basic values in the lyrics of Manuk Dadali<br />folksong. They are power, achievement, tradition, conformity, universalism, benevolence, and security. Every values<br />is interrelated each other. Power and achievement, tradition and conformity, universalism and benevolence, and<br />security and conformity.</p><p>Keywords: basic values, manuk dadali folksong</p><p> </p>
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Murashcenkova, N. V. "Interrelation of Values and Emigration Intentions of Student’s Youth of Smolensk." Social Psychology and Society 12, no. 1 (2021): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2021120106.
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Objectives. Define the relationship between values and emigration intentions of student youth. Background. In the current conditions of growing emigration sentiment and real emigration behavior of Russian youth, the problem of identifying psychological predictors of emigration intentions of students as a group characterized by expressed cognitive motivation, high educational level, social activity and mobility is particularly significant. Study design. The author draws on the provisions of A. Aisen’s theory of planned behavior and S. Schwartz’s theory of basic individual values. A face-to-face anonymous questionnaire was conducted on the basis of the four largest universities in the city of Smolensk. The choice of the region is due to its border situation and low indicators of economic development. Participants. 255 students aged 17 to 24 (47% young man and 53% young girls). Measurements. The main empirical method was poll. The questionnaire included “Portrait Value Questionnaire” (PVQ-RR) by S. Schwartz, closed questions to identify emigration intentions and open and closed questions to identify socio-demographics data of respondents. Data processing methods were used. These were frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, α-Chronbach, structural equation modeling (SEM). Results. The desire to emigrate from Russia is expressed in more than half of respondents. Statistically significant connections of emigration intentions of respondents and meta-values “Conservation” (negative interrelation), “Self-Transcendence” and “Self-Enhancement” (positive interrelations) have been found. Conclusions. The emigration sentiment of most student youth is passive and not linked to active activity. The relationships between meta-values and emigration intentions confirm the presence of two different types of emigration motivation in modern students. On the one hand, tolerance, understanding, care, justice and their implementation in the future in the country of planned stay are significant for them. Emigration, on the other hand, is an opportunity to gain wealth and power. Denying the value of the “Conservation” meta-value is more the value basis of emigration readiness than the manifestation of a particular emigration motive.
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Maj, Przemysław. "The circular and linear structure of political values and the three stereotypes about the left, center and right." Przegląd Politologiczny, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pp.2020.25.2.4.
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The aim of the article is to give arguments against the presence of three stereotypes in political science concerning leftism, centrism and rightism. The first one involves the classification of political entities by indicating their place on the left-centre-right axis. The second is based on the belief that leftism, centrism and rightism can be narrowed down to specific levels of competition (e.g. views on the economy or religion). The third stereotype is “dogma” that the conflict over political values was initiated during the French Revolution. The author explains his position with reference to the psychological theory of Shalom H. Schwartz and the circular matrix of meta-value.
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Spencer-Oatey, Helen, and Dániel Z. Kádár. "bases of (im)politeness evaluations." East Asian Pragmatics 1, no. 1 (April 13, 2016): 73–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eap.v1i1.29084.
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Evaluation is an important aspect of (im)politeness, and this article explores it from an interdisciplinary perspective. It starts by considering the East–West debate in politeness theory and argues that both emic and etic approaches to research can contribute usefully to the deliberations. It then maintains that, if we are to understand the impact of culture on people’s (im)politeness evaluations, we need to unpack the concept more thoroughly. It proposes that useful insights can be obtained from Haidt’s (e.g. Haidt & Kesebir, 2010) work on moral foundations and Schwartz’s (e.g. Schwartz et al., 2012) work on basic values. The article ends by revisiting the East–West debate, discussing the potential impact of other factors such as beliefs and ideologies, and noting the ongoing uncertainties over levels and links between the various concepts explored. It urges pragmaticists and psychologists to engage more fully with each other to help address these challenges.
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Pastore, Alberto, and Camilla Barbarossa. "Green consumer behaviour: an exploration of values held by "subjectivist" consumers." MERCATI & COMPETITIVITÀ, no. 1 (June 2012): 155–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mc2012-001010.
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Despite the last decades have seen a progressive increase in environmental consciousness worldwide, market shares of green products are still rather low and a deep understanding of eco-friendly purchasing behaviour seems still a long way off. Adopting the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Schwartz Value Survey as theoretical framework, the aim of this study is, first, to explore which "positive" values guide environmentally minded consumers towards the purchasing of eco-friendly products. Secondly, to explore which "negative" beliefs prevent these consumers from purchasing green goods and, finally, to deepen which is the role played by such antecedents within the purchase decision process. A better knowledge of green purchase decision process may help firms selling green products to tailor marketing strategies and, thus, reduce the intention-behaviour gap faced by green consumers. Due to a distinct lack of research on this topic, an exploratory, qualitative research was conducted using focus groups and data analysed with Cognitive Maps technique.
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Heim, E., S. Scholten, A. Maercker, D. Xiu, D. Cai, Z. H. Gao, S. Lu, et al. "Students’ Value Orientations in Contemporary China: Analysis of Measurement Invariance and Latent Mean Differences in Comparison With Students From Germany and Russia." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48, no. 4 (March 9, 2017): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022117696800.
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The present study examined Chinese students’ personal value orientations according to the Schwartz value theory in comparison with students from Germany and Russia. The theory postulates 10 value orientations grouped into four higher-order factors: conservation versus openness to change and self-transcendence versus self-enhancement. Schwartz’ value orientations have been extensively investigated in Europe but less in East Asian countries such as China. We hypothesized that Chinese students would score higher on conservation and self-enhancement than German and Russian students, but lower on self-transcendence. Regarding openness to change, a null hypothesis was formulated. Students from China ( n = 9,601), Germany ( n = 1,118), and Russia ( n = 3,890) completed the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). To ensure methodological preconditions for cross-cultural comparison, measurement invariance of the PVQ-21 was tested. In a first step, confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was conducted separately for each country. Due to the high correlation between the 10 values, the four higher-order dimensions were studied separately. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance models were tested using multigroup CFA. Full metric and partial scalar invariance models held for all higher-order factors. Thereafter, latent means of values were compared across samples. As a result, Chinese students scored highest on the four higher-order dimensions when compared with Russian and German samples, thus the hypotheses were only partly confirmed. Results of this study could reflect the value conflicts emerging from various cultural influences in contemporary China: Young people are confronted with daily negotiation between Confucian tradition and the rapid economic development.
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Marusic-Jablanovic, Milica. "Value priorities of future preschool and class teachers in Serbia in terms of the Schwartz refined value theory." Psihologija 51, no. 2 (2018): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi160902013m.
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To understand an individual?s behavior, attitudes, and decisions, it is necessary to learn his/her value priorities. In order to explore the structure and hierarchy of values of future preschool and class teachers we conducted a survey (N = 232). It relies on the famous Schwartz value theory in its refined version, applying his PVQ-57 (Portrait Value Questionnaire). The analysis encompassed reliability analysis, goodness of fit, multidimensional scaling, mean rating and ranking, and t-test. The obtained data fits the theoretical model well, and the location of empirical value types can be predicted by the proposed circumplex, except for universalism and benevolence values, which are located in reverse. Several values adjacent in the model appear combined in the data. The value hierarchy starts with Benevolence (Care and Dependability), Self-direction?Action, Security?Personal, Universalism?Concern, and finishes with Humility, Power?Resources and Dominance.
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Fellner, Bernhard, Marianne Holler, Erich Kirchler, and Alfred Schabmann. "Regulatory Focus Scale (RFS): Development of a Scale to Record Dispositional Regulatory Focus." Swiss Journal of Psychology 66, no. 2 (June 2007): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.66.2.109.
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This article presents the Regulatory Focus Scale (RFS), an instrument comprising 10 items to record promotion orientation and prevention orientation, in accordance with regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997, 1998). In Study 1 (n = 130), 33 newly-constructed items were specified to record dispositional regulatory focus. They were administered along with the Regulatory Strength Measure (RSM) and items of various dimensions of the Schwartz values questionnaire (Schwartz Portrait Questionnaire, SPQ). Using distribution and factor analyses (exploratory und confirmatory), 10 new items were put together to create the RFS. Promotion orientation factors were named Openness to New Things and Autonomy, whereas prevention orientation factors were termed Orientation to the Expectations of Others and Sense of Obligation. There were only low correlations between the RFS and the results of the RSM, but very clear correlations between the RFS and the SPQ. In Study 2, using an independent sample (n = 200), it was possible to confirm the factor structure of the RFS found in Study 1.
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Hopman, Marit, Micha de Winter, and Willem Koops. "Analyzing the Hidden Curriculum." Methodology 10, no. 1 (May 1, 2014): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000063.
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Values play an important part in the childrearing practices of parents, but are hardly a subject of debate in discussions about the youth care system. Also, a reliable research instrument for an investigation of values in this specific field is not readily available. In this article we will present our research design, which will make such an investigation possible. The framework we use is based on an existing theory and model of universal values ( Schwartz, 1992 ). Our adapted framework consists of 39 universal values and can be used for the content analysis of documents. It offers the opportunity for an objective, empirical analysis of values. Next to an elaborate description of this framework, a case study will be presented as an example of how this method can be used.
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Sebbar, Abdellah, and Hicham Saber. "Automorphic Schwarzian equations." Forum Mathematicum 32, no. 6 (November 1, 2020): 1621–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forum-2020-0025.
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AbstractThis paper concerns the study of the Schwartz differential equation {\{h,\tau\}=s\operatorname{E}_{4}(\tau)}, where {\operatorname{E}_{4}} is the weight 4 Eisenstein series and s is a complex parameter. In particular, we determine all the values of s for which the solutions h are modular functions for a finite index subgroup of {\operatorname{SL}_{2}({\mathbb{Z}})}. We do so using the theory of equivariant functions on the complex upper-half plane as well as an analysis of the representation theory of {\operatorname{SL}_{2}({\mathbb{Z}})}. This also leads to the solutions to the Fuchsian differential equation {y^{\prime\prime}+s\operatorname{E}_{4}y=0}.
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Rudnev, Maksim, Vladimir Magun, and Shalom Schwartz. "Relations Among Higher Order Values Around the World." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 49, no. 8 (June 22, 2018): 1165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022118782644.
Full textAbstract:
The circular structure of basic human values is the core element of the Schwartz value theory. The structure demonstrated high robustness across cultures. However, the specific correlations between values and the differences in these correlations across countries have received little attention. The current research investigated the within-country correlations between the four higher order values. We estimated the correlations with meta-analytical mixed-effects models based on 10 surveys, on different value instruments, and on data from 104 countries. Analyses revealed theoretically expected negative relations between openness to change and conservation values and between self-transcendence and self-enhancement values. More interestingly, openness to change and self-transcendence values related negatively with each other, as did conservation and self-enhancement. Openness to change and self-enhancement values related predominantly positively, as did conservation and self-transcendence values. Correlations between the adjacent values were weaker in more economically developed countries, revealing higher value complexity of these societies. These findings were consistent across multiple surveys and after controlling for levels of education and income inequality. We concluded that, across most countries, values tend to be organized predominantly in line with the Social versus Person Focus opposition, whereas the Growth versus Self-Protection opposition is pronounced only in more economically developed countries.
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Arciniega, Luis M., Luis González, Vítor Soares, Stefania Ciulli, and Marco Giannini. "Cross-Cultural Validation of the Work Values Scale EVAT Using Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Multidimensional Scaling." Spanish journal of psychology 12, no. 2 (November 2009): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002134.
Full textAbstract:
The Work Values Scale EVAT (based on its initials in Spanish: Escala de Valores hacia el Trabajo) was created in 2000 to measure values in the work context. The instrument operationalizes the four higher-order-values of the Schwartz Theory (1992) through sixteen items focused on work scenarios. The questionnaire has been used among large samples of Mexican and Spanish individuals reporting adequate psychometric properties. The instrument has recently been translated into Portuguese and Italian, and subsequently used in a large-scale study with nurses in Portugal and in a sample of various occupations in Italy. The purpose of this research was to demonstrate the cross-cultural validity of the Work Values Scale EVAT in Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian. Our results suggest that the original Spanish version of the EVAT scale and the new Portuguese and Italian versions are equivalent.
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Skibins, Jeffrey C., Betty Weiler, Kevin Markwell, and Lian Wilson. "The Devil Made Me Do It: Influence of Values on Interpretation and Behaviors for Tasmanian Devils." Journal of Interpretation Research 24, no. 1 (April 2019): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109258721902400105.
Full textAbstract:
Zoos are becoming more intentional about embedding messaging in their interpretation to promote pro-conservation behaviors, essentially acting as agents of social change. Values theory suggests that, be effective, interpretation including these pro-conservation messages needs to broadly align with visitors’ values. Using the Schwartz value system, this study modeled the relationships between visitors’ values, perceptions of interpretation, emotional connectivity to Tasmanian Devils, and behavioral intent, including a comparison of different types of on-site and post-visit pro-conservation behaviors. Most visitors held moderate to strong conservation values, which were predictive of positive perceptions of interpretation, emotional connectivity, and pro-conservation behaviors. However, the results suggest that while visitors’ values align with their perceptions of interpretation, they are only weak predictors of behavioral intent. Visitors’ perceptions of interpretation and behavioral intent aligned more strongly with emotional connectivity than with their values. Overall, behavioral intentions were low for all pro-conservation behaviors. Liking a Facebook post about the conservation of Tasmanian Devils was the behavior most likely to be performed.