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Ng, Kwok, and Tatiana Ryba. "The Quantified Athlete: Associations of Wearables for High School Athletes." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6317524.
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The adoption of wearable technology in competitive sports can be an advantage to performance and training. Athletes who use personalised data to quantify their performances with the possibilities of sharing with others may use wearables to reinforce the athletic identity. Despite these changes, few studies have actually examined the associations between wearables and developing athletes in their quest for professional sports. Student athletes (n = 437, age = 17y) still in high schools completed a web-based survey about their professional aspirations, athletic identity, and the association with wearables. Wearables were measured by ownership and usage of apps, fitness trackers, or sports watches. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Most high school athletes had apps (64.3%) or fitness trackers (65.2%) and over half of the athletes (58%) had aspirations for professional sport. Athletic identity was positively associated with ownership and usage of apps and fitness trackers. The OR was greater for professional sport aspiration with fitness trackers owners (OR = 2.60, CI = 1.44-4.73) and users (OR = 4.04, CI = 2.09-7.81) than athletes without fitness trackers. Wearables were common among high school athletes and it was part of their athletic identity. For professional aspiring athletes, wearables have the potential to help provide data to support suitable training and competition schedules at a time when students may be overloaded with academic pressures.
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Christofaro, Diego Giulliano Destro, Rômulo Araújo Fernandes, Catarina Martins, Enio Ricardo Vaz Ronque, Manuel João Coelho-e-Silva, Analiza Mônica Silva, Luis Bettencourt Sardinha, and Edilson Serpeloni Cyrino. "Prevalence of physical activity through the practice of sports among adolescents from Portuguese speaking countries." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 20, no. 4 (April 2015): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015204.00692014.
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This study evaluated the prevalence of physical activity through the practice of sports in adolescents from schools in two Brazilian cities and a Portuguese school, and its association with independent variables, such as gender and age. A cross-sectional study was conducted of schoolchildren from two cities in Brazil and one in Portugal. The total study sample was 3694 subjects (1622 males and 1872 females). Physical activity levels were assessed using Baecke's questionnaire. Body weight was measured on electronic scales and stature was measured with a portable wooden stadiometer. Numerical variables were expressed as mean, categorical variables were expressed as percentages and the chi-square test analyzed associations. The prevalence of no sport was high (39.7%), being higher in the Portuguese school than in the Brazilian schools (p < 0.001). Irrespective of being an adolescent in a Brazilian or Portuguese school, boys showed higher engagement in sports practice than girls (p < 0.001). In both, differences were identified between adolescents aged 13 to 15 (P = 0.001) and 16 to 17 (P = 0.001). The prevalence of physical inactivity among schoolchildren from two cities in Brazil and a school in Portugal was high, with the girls practicing less sport than the boys and with this imbalance likely to be higher in adolescents.
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Demissie, Zewditu, Richard Lowry, Danice K. Eaton, Marci F. Hertz, and Sarah M. Lee. "Associations of School Violence With Physical Activity Among U.S. High School Students." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 11, no. 4 (May 2014): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0191.
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Background:This study investigated associations of violence-related behaviors with physical activity (PA)-related behaviors among U.S. high school students.Methods:Data from the 2009 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of 9th–12th grade students, were analyzed. Sex-stratified, adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for associations between violence-related behaviors and being physically active for ≥ 60 minutes daily, sports participation, TV watching for ≥ 3 hours/day, and video game/computer use for ≥ 3 hours/day.Results:Among male students, at-school bullying victimization was negatively associated with daily PA (aOR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58–0.87) and sports participation; skipping school because of safety concerns was positively associated with video game/computer use (1.42; 1.01–2.00); and physical fighting was positively associated with daily PA. Among female students, atschool bullying victimization and skipping school because of safety concerns were both positively associated with video game/computer use (1.46; 1.19–1.79 and 1.60; 1.09–2.34, respectively), and physical fighting at school was negatively associated with sports participation and positively associated with TV watching.Conclusions:Bullying victimization emerged as a potentially important risk factor for insufficient PA. Schools should consider the role of violence in initiatives designed to promote PA.
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Oldham, Jessie R., David R. Howell, Corey J. Lanois, Paul D. Berkner, Rebekah C. Mannix, and William P. Meehan. "SPORT TYPE AND BASELINE NEUROCOGNITIVE SCORES AMONG HEALTHY HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00121.
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Background: Athletes who participate in collision sports may experience more repetitive head impacts than other sport types. These repetitive head impacts have been theorized as a potential catalyst for cognitive problems later in life. It is unknown, however, if sport type influences neurocognitive performance. Hypothesis/Purpose: Our purpose was to investigate the association between sport type and baseline neurocognitive scores in a high school athletic population. We hypothesized that athletes participating in collision sports would demonstrate worse scores on baseline neurocognitive tests compared to those in contact or non-contact sports. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, observational study using baseline computerized neurocognitive scores of 186,117 high school student-athletes (age: 15.47±2.28 years, height: 168.53±10.77 cm, weight: 63.02±14.83 kg, 45% female) in the state of Massachusetts. The dependent variables were five composite scores (verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor, reaction time, and impulse control) and total symptom score. The independent variables included sport type (collision, contact, non-contact), age, sex, and concussion history. We used univariable one-way ANOVAS to compare composite scores between sport type. We conducted a series of multivariable regression models, controlling for age, sex, and number of previous concussions, to examine the independent association between sport type and composite scores. Results: There was a minimal but statistically significant association between sport type and composite scores, with collision sport athletes performing slightly worse than other athletes on most composite scores. Collision sport athletes had a slightly lower symptom burden. (Tables 1 and 2) Conclusion: While statistically significant, the differences in neurocognitive function and symptom burden between sport type are of questionable clinical significance. In fact, all of them fall within the reliable change index values of each respective score. As participants were in high school at the time of the study, we cannot determine the potential for associations later in life. Tables/Figures: [Table: see text][Table: see text]
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Denham, Bryan E. "Alcohol and Marijuana Use among American High School Seniors: Empirical Associations with Competitive Sports Participation." Sociology of Sport Journal 28, no. 3 (September 2011): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.28.3.362.
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Drawing on data gathered from high-school seniors in the 2008 Monitoring the Future Study of American Youth (N = 2,063), this research examined the explanatory effects of competitive sports participation on alcohol consumption and marijuana use using race and noncompetitive exercise frequency as controls. Among males, competitive sports included baseball, basketball, football, soccer, track and field, and weightlifting, and among females, sports included softball, basketball, soccer, swimming and diving, track and field, and volleyball. White males reported greater alcohol consumption than Black and Hispanic respondents, with competitors in baseball, football and weightlifting consuming alcohol more frequently. The use of marijuana did not depend on race, but baseball players and weightlifters reported significantly more use. Among females, race differences did not emerge in ordinal regression models testing effects on alcohol consumption, but participants in every sport reported drinking alcohol more frequently. White female athletes also appeared to smoke marijuana more frequently. Overall, results suggested comparably strong effects for female sport environments while male behaviors varied by race, noncompetitive exercise frequency, and sports competition. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are offered.
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McCarthy, Nicole, Kirsty Hope, Rachel Sutherland, Elizabeth Campbell, Rebecca Hodder, Luke Wolfenden, and Nicole Nathan. "Australian Primary School Principals’, Teachers’, and Parents’ Attitudes and Barriers to Changing School Uniform Policies From Traditional Uniforms to Sports Uniforms." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 1019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0116.
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Background: To determine Australian primary school principals’, teachers’, and parents’ attitudes to changing school uniform policies to allow students to wear sports uniforms every day and to assess associations between participant characteristics and their attitudes. A secondary aim was to identify principals’ and teachers’ perceived barriers to uniform changes. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys of principals, teachers, and parents of children in grades 2 to 3 (age 7–10 y) from 62 Australian primary schools (Oct 2017–Mar 2018) were undertaken. Mixed logistic regression analyses assessed the associations between participant characteristics and attitudes toward uniform changes. Results: In total, 73% of the principals (38/52) who responded reported that their school only allowed children to wear a sports uniform on sports days. Overall, 38% of the principals (18/47), 63% of the teachers (334/579), and 78% of the parents (965/1231) reported they would support a policy that allowed children to wear daily sports uniforms. The most commonly reported barrier was the perception that sports uniforms were not appropriate for formal occasions. Conclusions: Although the majority of the principals were not supportive of a change to a daily sports uniform, the majority of the teachers and parents were. Strategies to improve principal support may be required if broader adoption of physical activity–supporting uniforms is to be achieved.
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Post, Eric G., David R. Bell, Stephanie M. Trigsted, Adam Y. Pfaller, Scott J. Hetzel, M. Alison Brooks, and Timothy A. McGuine. "Association of Competition Volume, Club Sports, and Sport Specialization With Sex and Lower Extremity Injury History in High School Athletes." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 6 (June 19, 2017): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117714160.
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Background: High school athletes are increasingly encouraged to participate in 1 sport year-round to increase their sport skills. However, no study has examined the association of competition volume, club sport participation, and sport specialization with sex and lower extremity injury (LEI) in a large sample of high school athletes. Hypothesis: Increased competition volume, participating on a club team outside of school sports, and high levels of specialization will all be associated with a history of LEI. Girls will be more likely to engage in higher competition volume, participate on a club team, and be classified as highly specialized. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: High school athletes completed a questionnaire prior to the start of their competitive season regarding their sport participation and previous injury history. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations of competition volume, club sport participation, and sport specialization with history of LEI, adjusting for sex. Results: A cohort of 1544 high school athletes (780 girls; grades 9-12) from 29 high schools completed the questionnaire. Girls were more likely to participate at high competition volume (23.2% vs 11.0%, χ2 = 84.7, P < 0.001), participate on a club team (61.2% vs 37.2%, χ2 = 88.3, P < 0.001), and be highly specialized (16.4% vs 10.4%, χ2 = 19.7, P < 0.001). Athletes with high competition volume, who participated in a club sport, or who were highly specialized had greater odds of reporting a previous LEI than those with low competition volume (odds ratio [OR], 2.08; 95% CI, 1.55-2.80; P < 0.001), no club sport participation (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.20-1.88; P < 0.001), or low specialization (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.88-3.54; P < 0.001), even after adjusting for sex. Conclusion: Participating in high sport volume, on a club team, or being highly specialized was associated with history of LEI. Girls were more likely to participate at high volumes, be active on club teams, or be highly specialized, potentially placing them at increased risk of injury. Clinical Relevance: Youth athletes, parents, and clinicians should be aware of the potential risks of intense, year-round participation in organized sports.
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Ross, Allison, Eric Legg, and Kevin Wilson. "The influence of peer and coach relationships in after-school sports on perceptions of school climate." Health Education Journal 80, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896920988750.
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Objective: Sport is an important source of physical, social and emotional health and well-being among children. Sports participation at school may provide young people with the opportunity to build interpersonal skills and develop supportive social relationships with peers and adults, which may translate to positive experiences during the school day. School climate represents the relationships, values and beliefs within a school system and is associated with positive social, emotional and psychological health outcomes. This research examines the influence of social relationships developed during an after-school sports programme on indicators of school climate. Method: Students in grades 4–8 ( n = 230) at a school in Phoenix (Arizona) completed an online survey to measure perceptions of peer and coach relationships in after-school sports and indicators of school climate in the form of engagement with students, teachers and the school itself and perceptions of the school environment. Associations between sports relationships and school engagement and environment were examined through structural equation modelling (SEM). Results: Feeling coaches care about players and feeling like part of a team were positively associated with reported levels of school engagement. Feeling like other students shared similar values during sports, feeling a sense of belonging and feeling that coaches cared were associated with positive perceptions of school environment. Conclusion: Participation in an after-school sports programme can provide an opportunity for young people to develop positive social relationships with peers and coaches which may contribute to positive perceptions of the learning environment and student engagement during the school day. Findings support efforts to increase opportunities and accessibility to sports during the school day.
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Eitle, Tamela McNulty, and David J. Eitle. "Just Don’t Do It: High School Sports Participation and Young Female Adult Sexual Behavior." Sociology of Sport Journal 19, no. 4 (December 2002): 403–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.19.4.403.
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Recent research has explored the relationship between sports participation in high school and the sexual and reproductive behavior of females. Evidence has accumulated that playing sports is associated with a lowered risk of pregnancy among adolescents and positively associated with the use of contraceptives, but little evidence has been uncovered as to whether such associations endure into young adulthood. Using data from a representative community sample, we examined whether differences in high school sports participation has an association with the sexual and reproductive activities of young adult women after high school (n = 679). Results of multivariate analyses suggest that high school sports involvement is a predictor of the likelihood of childbirth outside of marriage and lifetime number of sex partners but is not a predictor of condom use during sex.
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Stempel, Carl. "Gender, Social Class, and the Sporting Capital–Economic Capital Nexus." Sociology of Sport Journal 23, no. 3 (September 2006): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.23.3.273.
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In “Do High School Athletes Earn More Pay?” Curtis, McTeer, and White reopened an important line of inquiry about the conversion of sporting capital to economic capital. They found associations between adolescent participation sports and adult income for Canadian men and women with some college education. The present study revises and extends Curtis and colleagues’ understanding of sport as cultural capital and its relation to economic capital, tests the nature of the high school varsity sport–adult income relationship for the United States, and examines gender and class differences in the degree to which adult sporting practices mediate the varsity sport–adult income relationship. The results show that American class and gender patterns of income and participation are similar to those found by Curtis and colleagues and that adult participation in sports more strongly mediates this relationship for men than for women. I conclude by proposing a gendered theory of sports as cultural capital to explain those differences.
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Niazi, Kashan. "Association between screen-time and school performance of secondary school children in Karachi, Pakistan." British Journal of General Practice 70, suppl 1 (June 2020): bjgp20X711689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x711689.
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BackgroundElectronic media are playing a negative role in people’s lives and yet people are unaware of the hazardous effect.AimTo show that screen-time of >1 hour had detrimental associations with school performance.MethodA population-based, cross-sectional survey of 363 students, mean age 14.2 years (grades 5–8), from both government and private-sector schools in Karachi was conducted. A total of 363 students (210 males [57.9%] and 153 females [42.1%]) were included in the study. Of these students, 193 (53.2%) belonged to government schools and 173 (46.8%) to private schools. A questionnaire form was filled in. Weekday, weekend television, and video game screen-time was looked at. The main outcome was self-report of school performance (grades A, B, and C). Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to test the independent effects of each variable, adjusting for demographics, child personality, and parenting style.ResultsTelevision content measurement showed that 69 (19%) students watched sports channels regularly while 30 (8.3%) and 3 (0.8%) watched educational and action programmes, respectively. The viewers of entertainment TV programmes (268 [73.8%]) and news programmes (159 [43.8%]) were in the majority. In terms of school grades, 154 students (42.4%) attained grade A, 180 students (49.6%) scored grade B, and 29 (8%) obtained grade C. Data showed no association between increased screen-time of ≤1 hour (weekdays as well as weekends) with poor school performance (P=0.46 and P=0.58, respectively).ConclusionScreen-time of ≤1 hour does not have any detrimental associations with poor school performance.
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Cohen, Deborah, Molly Scott, Frank Zhen Wang, Thomas L. McKenzie, and Dwayne Porter. "School Design and Physical Activity Among Middle School Girls." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5, no. 5 (September 2008): 719–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.5.719.
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Building design and grounds might contribute to physical activity, and youth spend much of their daylight hours at school. We examined the associations among school building footprints, the size of school grounds, and in-school physical activity of 1566 sixth-grade girls from medium to large middle schools enrolled in the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls (TAAG). The school building footprint and the number of active outdoor amenities were associated with physical activity among adolescent girls. On average, the school footprint size accounted for 4% of all light physical activity and 16% of all MET-weight moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MW-MVPA) during school hours. Active outdoor amenities accounted for 29% of all MW-MVPA during school. School design appears to be associated with physical activity, but it is likely that programming (eg, physical education, intramurals, club sports), social factors, and school siting are more important determinants of total physical activity.
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Guddal, Maren Hjelle, Synne Øien Stensland, Milada Cvancarova Småstuen, Marianne Bakke Johnsen, John-Anker Zwart, and Kjersti Storheim. "Physical activity and sport participation among adolescents: associations with mental health in different age groups. Results from the Young-HUNT study: a cross-sectional survey." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e028555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028555.
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ObjectivesKnowledge of how physical activity (PA) and sport participation are related to mental health throughout adolescence is scarce. Our objective was to describe PA levels and sport participation in a population-based sample of adolescents, and to explore how they relate to mental health in different age groups.DesignA population-based cross-sectional study.Setting and participantsThe adolescent part of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study, a Norwegian population-based health survey, conducted from 2006 to 2008. Of 10 464 invited participants (age 13–19 years), 7619 (73%) participated, of whom 3785 (50%) were boys.Outcome measuresMental health outcomes included psychological distress assessed using a short version of the Hopkins Symptom Check List Five items, self-esteem assessed using a short version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and life satisfaction assessed with a single-item satisfaction with life measure.MethodLogistic regression models were used to estimate the likelihood of psychological distress, low self-esteem and low life satisfaction, according to self-reported PA level and type of sport participation, stratified by gender and school level (junior vs senior high school).ResultsFewer senior high school students participated in team sports compared with junior high school students (p<0.001). Physically active adolescents and participants in team sports had higher self-esteem and life satisfaction. A high PA level, compared with a low PA level, was associated with reduced odds of psychological distress among senior high school students (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.86 for girls and OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.27 to 0.79 for boys). Team sport participation was associated with reduced odds of psychological distress in senior high school girls.ConclusionA high PA level was favourably associated with various dimensions of mental health, especially for adolescents in senior high school. Team sport participation may have a positive impact on mental health and should, therefore, be encouraged.
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Taber, Daniel R., June Stevens, Leslie A. Lytle, Robyn D. Foreman, Jamie Moody, Deborah Parra-Medina, and Charlotte A. Pratt. "Association Between School- and Nonschool-Based Activity Programs and Physical Activity in Adolescent Girls." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 7 (September 2011): 971–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.7.971.
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Background:Some researchers have questioned if activity programs would be more effective if based outside school (eg, community leagues) rather than within schools. This study compared participation in activity programs based within and outside of school, and estimated the associations between participation and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among adolescent girls.Methods:Within the Trial of Activity for Adolescent Girls, independent samples of 1559 6th-grade girls (age 11 to 12) and 3282 8th-grade girls (age 13 to 14) reported program participation using questionnaires. MVPA was measured using accelerometers. Linear mixed models accounted for school and site clustering.Results:Sixth-grade girls reported 5 times as many programs outside school as within school (4.1 vs. 0.8); daily MVPA was 0.29 minutes higher (1.2% of the mean) for each additional program outside school. Compared with 6th-grade girls, 8th-grade girls participated in 1.3 fewer programs outside school, while programs’ association with MVPA was unchanged. Conversely, school programs’ association with MVPA was greater in 8th grade. Daily MVPA was 1.33 minutes higher per school program, and participation declined 0.13.Conclusion:Programs within and outside schools can both increase activity among adolescent girls. Intervention research should focus on increasing participation in school programs, and increasing movement during programs outside school.
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Malmborg, Julia S., M. Charlotte Olsson, Stefan Bergman, and Ann Bremander. "Musculoskeletal pain and its association with maturity and sports performance in 14-year-old sport school students." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 4, no. 1 (July 2018): e000395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000395.
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ObjectivesIn youth sports, musculoskeletal pain is often studied from the standpoint of sports injuries, but little is known about pain conditions in which athletes still participate. The aim was to study the frequency of pain and associations with maturity offset, health status and sports performance in 14-year-old sport school students.MethodsCross-sectional design. One hundred and seventy-eight students (108 boys and 70 girls) completed anthropometric measures for maturity offset (height, weight and sitting height), questionnaires (pain mannequin and EQ-5D for health status) and sports performance tests (sprint, agility, counter-movement jump and grip strength). Differences between groups were analysed with Student’s t-test and analysis of covariance.ResultsThirty-one students (18.6%) reported infrequent pain, 85 (50.9%) frequent pain and 51 (30.5%) constant pain. Students in the constant pain group had worse health status than those in the infrequent pain group. Boys with constant pain (n=27) had a lower mean maturity offset (–0.38 vs 0.07 years; p=0.03) than boys with infrequent pain (n=22), and pain was associated with worse sports performance. There was no difference in maturity or sports performance between girls with constant pain (n=24) and girls with infrequent pain (n=9).ConclusionMusculoskeletal pain is common in sport school students and coincides with worse health status and with a younger biological age in boys. The high prevalence of pain should be acknowledged by coaches and student healthcare workers in order to promote a healthy and sustainable development in young athletes.
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Johnson, Samuel T., Marc F. Norcross, Viktor E. Bovbjerg, Mark A. Hoffman, Eunwook Chang, and Michael C. Koester. "Sports-Related Emergency Preparedness in Oregon High Schools." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 2 (January 27, 2017): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116686782.
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Background: Best practice recommendations for sports-related emergency preparation include implementation of venue-specific emergency action plans (EAPs), access to early defibrillation, and first responders—specifically coaches—trained in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and automated external defibrillator (AED) use. The objective was to determine whether high schools had implemented these 3 recommendations and whether schools with a certified athletic trainer (AT) were more likely to have done so. Hypothesis: Schools with an AT were more likely to have implemented the recommendations. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: All Oregon School Activities Association member school athletic directors were invited to complete a survey on sports-related emergency preparedness and AT availability at their school. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to analyze the associations between emergency preparedness and AT availability. Results: In total, 108 respondents (37% response rate) completed the survey. Exactly half reported having an AT available. Only 11% (95% CI, 6%-19%) of the schools had implemented all 3 recommendations, 29% (95% CI, 21%-39%) had implemented 2, 32% (95% CI, 24%-42%) had implemented 1, and 27% (95% CI, 19%-36%) had not implemented any of the recommendations. AT availability was associated with implementation of the recommendations (χ2 = 10.3, P = 0.02), and the proportion of schools with ATs increased with the number of recommendations implemented (χ2 = 9.3, P < 0.01). Schools with an AT were more likely to implement venue-specific EAPs (52% vs 24%, P < 0.01) and have an AED available for early defibrillation (69% vs 44%, P = 0.02) but not more likely to require coach training (33% vs 28%, P = 0.68). Conclusions: Despite best practice recommendations, most schools were inadequately prepared for sports-related emergencies. Schools with an AT were more likely to implement some, but not all, of the recommendations. Policy changes may be needed to improve implementation. Clinical Relevance: Most Oregon high schools need to do more to prepare for sports-related emergencies. The results provide evidence for sports medicine professionals and administrators to inform policy changes that ensure the safety of athletes.
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van der Horst, Klazine, Anke Oenema, Saskia J. te Velde, and Johannes Brug. "Do individual cognitions mediate the association of socio-cultural and physical environmental factors with adolescent sports participation?" Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 10A (October 2010): 1746–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010002314.
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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the associations of perceived physical environmental factors (availability of physical activity (PA) attributes at home, PA facilities in the neighbourhood, neighbourhood pleasantness and safety) and social environmental factors (parental sports behaviour and parental rule regarding sports participation) with adolescent leisure-time sports participation, and to explore whether the associations found were mediated by individual cognitions as derived from the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingIn schoolyear 2005/2006 adolescents from seventeen schools in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, completed a questionnaire during school hours that included self-reported measures of leisure-time sports participation, perceived physical environmental factors and TPB variables. Information about parental sports behaviour and parental rule was obtained from a questionnaire that was completed by one parent of the adolescents.SubjectsData were collected from 584 adolescent–parent combinations.ResultsData were analysed with multi-level logistic regression analyses. Availability of PA attributes at home (OR = 1·26), parents’ sports behaviour (OR = 2·03) and parental rule (OR = 1·64) were associated with a higher likelihood of adolescents’ leisure-time sports participation. These associations were partly mediated by attitude and intention.ConclusionsAdolescents were more likely to engage in leisure-time sports when PA attributes were available at home, when parents participated in sports activities and had a rule about their offspring participation in sports activities. These associations were partly mediated by attitude and intention. These results suggest that parents can importantly promote sports participation among their offspring by making sports activities accessible and a family routine.
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Gould, Trenton E., Scott G. Piland, Shane V. Caswell, Dennis Ranalli, Stephen Mills, Michael S. Ferrara, and Ron Courson. "National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Preventing and Managing Sport-Related Dental and Oral Injuries." Journal of Athletic Training 51, no. 10 (October 1, 2016): 821–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.8.01.
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Objective: To provide athletic trainers, health care professionals, and all those responsible for the care of athletes with clinical recommendations for preventing and managing sport-related dental and oral injuries. Background: Participation in competitive sports continues to grow at both the interscholastic and intercollegiate levels. Therefore, exposure to, and the incidence of athletic-related injury, including orofacial injury, will also likely increase. At the time of this writing, the leading governing agencies for interscholastic (National Federation of State High School Associations) and intercollegiate (National Collegiate Athletic Association) sports require only protective orofacial equipment (eg, mouthguards) for 5 and 4, respectively, of their sanctioned sports. Although orofacial injuries represent a small percentage of all sport-related injuries, the financial burden associated with these injuries (eg, tooth avulsion) can exceed $15 000 over an adult life. Therefore, effective management of sport-related dental injuries is critical to the long-term financial, physical, and emotional health of people who have experienced dental trauma. Recommendations: Based upon the current evidence regarding sport-related orofacial injury, we provide recommendations related to planning considerations, education, and mouthguard efficacy, material, fabrication, and care considerations. Additionally, suggested best practices for managing sport-related dental injury are also given for athletic trainers and other health care professionals.
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Ng, Kwok W., Gorden Sudeck, Adilson Marques, Alberto Borraccino, Zuzana Boberova, Jana Vasickova, Riki Tesler, Sami Kokko, and Oddrun Samdal. "Associations Between Physical Activity and Perceived School Performance of Young Adolescents in Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Countries." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 17, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 698–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0522.
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Background: Regular physical activity and doing well in school are important for growing adolescents. In this study, the associations between physical activity and perceived school performance (PSP) are examined together. Methods: Young adolescents from 42 countries (n = 193,949) in Europe and Canada were examined for associations between self-reported moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and PSP. Multinominal analyses were conducted with 0 to 2 days of MVPA and below average PSP as reference categories. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were reported for pooled data and individual countries after controlling for family affluence scale. Results: Girls had better PSP than boys, yet more boys participated in daily MVPA than girls. The associations between PSP and MVPA were inverted U shaped. The strongest association for very good PSP was among young adolescents who reported 5 to 6 days MVPA (odds ratios = 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 2.1–2.4) after controlling for family affluence scale. Conclusions: Young adolescents with average or better PSP took part in at least 3 days of MVPA in a week, suggesting that participating in some MVPA was positively associated with PSP. More days of MVPA in a week, especially for young adolescents with below average PSP, would be beneficial for health and school performance.
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Walker, Gregory A., Aubrey Armento, Katherine S. Dahab, Aaron J. Provance, Julie C. Wilson, and David R. Howell. "FAMILY AFFLUENCE RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS SPECIALIZATION IN YOUTH ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00222.
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Background: Specializing in a single sport while excluding others, also known as sports specialization, is increasing in prevalence in the United States. The effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on rates of sports specialization has been previously described in the specialty clinic setting using zip code as a surrogate for SES. Patient-reported family affluence, a validated surrogate for SES, may provide more specific information about how family SES is associated with sport specialization. Purpose/Hypothesis: Our purpose was to examine the association between patient-reported SES and sport specialization level. We hypothesized that athletes who reported higher levels of sports specialization would report greater family affluence. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of youth athletes undergoing a pre-participation evaluation. During the assessment, participants specified their level of sport specialization on a 3-point scale described originally by Jayanthi and colleagues. Participants also completed the Family Affluence Scale, a 6-item scale which is a valid correlate of parental income. We compared family affluence among the sport specialization groups (low/medium/high) using ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc comparisons. We then constructed a multivariable linear regression model to assess the association between family affluence and sport specialization level while controlling for potential confounding variables. Results: A total of 195 youth athletes participated in the study. The majority (52%) reported low levels of sport specialization, 33% reported medium sport specialization, and 15% reported high sport specialization. The sport specialization groups were similar in age, proportion of females, and time spent training in their sport (Table 1). A significantly larger proportion of highly specialized athletes were varsity athletes compared to the low specialization group (Table 1). The high sport specialization group reported significantly greater family affluence than the low sport specialization group (Figure 1). After covariate adjustment, higher levels of sport specialization remained significantly associated with greater reported family affluence (Table 2). Conclusion: In our population of youth athletes, high sports specialization was associated with greater family affluence. Additionally, we found a significantly higher proportion of varsity level athletes in the high sports specialization groups. This study extends previous studies identifying greater sports specialization levels among those with higher SES. By using the Family Affluence Scale and sampling from a large and diverse population during a pre-participation evaluation, our findings reflect accurate patient-level associations. Examining SES and sports specialization affords the sports medicine community an opportunity to better identify and monitor populations who are likely to specialize in a single sport during high school. [Table: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text]
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Post, Eric G., Jill M. Thein-Nissenbaum, Mikel R. Stiffler, M. Alison Brooks, David R. Bell, Jennifer L. Sanfilippo, Stephanie M. Trigsted, Bryan C. Heiderscheit, and Timothy A. McGuine. "High School Sport Specialization Patterns of Current Division I Athletes." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 9, no. 2 (November 3, 2016): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738116675455.
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Background: Sport specialization is a strategy to acquire superior sport performance in 1 sport but is associated with increased injury risk. Currently, the degree of high school specialization among Division I athletes is unknown. Hypothesis: College athletes will display increased rates of specialization as they progress through their high school careers. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: Three hundred forty-three athletes (115 female) representing 9 sports from a Midwest Division I University completed a previously utilized sport specialization questionnaire regarding sport participation patterns for each grade of high school. McNemar and chi-square tests were used to investigate associations of grade, sport, and sex with prevalence of sport specialization category (low, moderate, high) (a priori P ≤ 0.05). Results: Specialization increased throughout high school, with 16.9% (n = 58) and 41.1% (n = 141) of athletes highly specialized in 9th and 12th grades, respectively. Football athletes were less likely to be highly specialized than nonfootball athletes for each year of high school ( P < 0.001). There was no difference in degree of specialization between sexes at any grade level ( P > 0.23). Conclusion: The majority of Division I athletes were not classified as highly specialized throughout high school, but the prevalence of high specialization increased as athletes progressed through high school. Nonfootball athletes were more likely to be highly specialized than football athletes at each grade level. Clinical Relevance: Most athletes who are recruited to participate in collegiate athletics will eventually specialize in their sport, but it does not appear that early specialization is necessary to become a Division I athlete. Athletes should be counseled regarding safe participation in sport during high school to minimize injury and maximize performance.
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Ahlquist, Seth, Brian Michael Cash, and Sharon L. Hame. "The Associations of Early Sport Specialization and Training Volume with Injury Rates in NCAA Division I Athletes." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, no. 3_suppl2 (March 1, 2019): 2325967119S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00195.
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Objectives: Sixty million United States youth ages 6-18 participate in organized athletics, with large increases in both sport participation and specialization in the past two decades. This study seeks to determine whether early specialization in a single sport and high training volume is associated with an increased risk of injury and surgery in NCAA Division I athletes. A secondary aim is to assess whether sport specialization and high training volume is associated with elite athletic status (i.e. being recruited and/or receiving athletic scholarships). Methods: All NCAA Division I athletes at a single institution were sent a voluntary survey by email. Athletes were surveyed regarding demographics, scholarship status, reasons for sport specialization, age of specialization, training volume, and injury/surgical history. A total of 232 out of 652 athletes completed some portion of the survey. 30 surveys were excluded due to incomplete or incorrect survey completion, leaving 202 surveys available for analysis. Injuries were defined as those which precluded sport participation for > 1 week. Early sport specialization was defined as narrowing participation to one primary sport prior to age 14. High training volume was defined as greater than 28 hours per week during pre-high school years. Exclusion criteria included incomplete surveys and individuals less than age 18. Chi-square, Fisher’s Exact, and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to establish significant differences. Results: Individuals who specialized in their varsity sport prior to age 14 were more likely to report a history of injury (86.9 vs. 74.0%, X = 4.7, p = .03), multiple injuries (64.6 vs. 49.4%, X = 4.2, p = .04), multiple college injuries (17.2 vs. 6.5%, X = 4.5, p = .03), total injuries (2 vs. 1, U = 3035, p = .02), and total time out for injury (15.2 vs. 7.0 weeks, U = 3150, p = .05). Early specializers were more likely to be recruited (92.9 vs. 83.1%, X = 4.1, p = .04) and receive a scholarship in their varsity sport (82.8 vs. 67.5%, X = 5.6, p =.02). Full scholarship athletes were more likely to report multiple surgical injuries (11.7 vs. 3.5%, X = 5.0, p =.03). Those with a scholarships greater than 50% were more likely to report a surgical injury (34.1 vs. 18.3%, X = 6.5, p = .01). Individuals who trained for greater than 28 hours per week in their varsity sport prior to high school were more likely to report multiple injuries (90.0 vs. 56.7%, X = 4.3, p = .04) multiple college injuries (40.0% vs. 14.0%, p = .05), a surgical injury (60.0 vs. 21.7%, p = .01), multiple surgical injuries (30.0 vs. 4.5%, p = .02), and greater total time out for injury (36.5 vs. 11.0 weeks, U = 424, p = .02). Individuals with a pre-high school training volume greater than 28 hours/week in their varsity sport were not more likely to be recruited (90.0 vs. 89.8%, p = 1.0) or receive a scholarship (80.0 vs. 74.5%, p = 1.0). Those in non-contact varsity sports were more likely to report multiple college injuries than those in limited and full contact sports, respectively (20.4 vs. 6.4 vs. 8.8%, X = 7.0, p = .03). Those in individual sports were more likely to report a college injury (55.3 vs. 38.9%, X = 5.1, p = .02) and multiple college injuries (25.0 vs. 7.1%, X = 12.7, p < .001). Conclusion: NCAA Division I athletes who specialized in their varsity sport prior to age 14 were more likely to be recruited and receive an athletic scholarship. However, these individuals, as well as those with high training volume prior to high school, had increased rates of injury and injuries requiring surgery.
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Cheng, Lan, Qin Li, Antje Hebestreit, Yi Song, Di Wang, Yu Cheng, and Hai-Jun Wang. "The associations of specific school- and individual-level characteristics with obesity among primary school children in Beijing, China." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 10 (April 13, 2020): 1838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019004592.
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AbstractObjective:We aimed to investigate the associations between school-level characteristics and obesity among Chinese primary school children with consideration of individual-level characteristics.Design:This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015/2016. School-level characteristics were assessed using an interviewer-administered school questionnaire, and a ‘school-based obesity prevention index’ was further developed. Individual-level characteristics were collected by self-administered questionnaires. Objectively measured height and weight of students were collected, and obesity status was classified according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria for Asian children. Generalised linear mixed models were used to estimate the associations among the school- and individual-level characteristics and obesity of students.Setting:Thirty-seven primary schools from an urban and a rural district of Beijing, China.Participants:School staffs, 2201 students and their parents.Results:The school-based obesity prevention index involved the number of health professionals, availability of students’ health records, monitoring students’ nutrition status, frequency of health education activities, reporting achievements of obesity prevention activities to parents, duration of physical activity during school time and availability of playground equipment. The prevalence of obesity was lower in schools with the higher index value compared with that in schools with the lower index value (OR 0·56; 95 % CI 0·40, 0·79). Some individual-level characteristics were negatively associated with childhood obesity: liking sports, duration of screen time ≤2 h/d, perceived lower eating speed, parental non-overweight/obesity.Conclusions:Irrespective of individual-level characteristics, the specific school-level characteristics had a cumulative effect on obesity among Chinese primary school children. Further school-based obesity intervention should consider these characteristics simultaneously.
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Fox, Claudia K., Daheia Barr-Anderson, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, and Melanie Wall. "Physical Activity and Sports Team Participation: Associations With Academic Outcomes in Middle School and High School Students." Journal of School Health 80, no. 1 (January 2010): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00454.x.
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Nielsen, Ann Natasja, Åse Brandt, and Karen la Cour. "Exploration of Sensory Processing Difficulties among Children Attending Primary School in Denmark." Occupational Therapy International 2021 (March 24, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893345.
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Current research shows that children with sensory processing (SP) difficulties have limited participation and enjoyment in their daily activities at school. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of SP difficulties among Danish children and to explore possible associated factors. Since SP difficulties can affect children’s prerequisites for participation in school activities and learning possibilities, this study focused on primary school children. Method. The study was designed as a cross-sectional survey. The sample consisted of 1723 children age 5 to 11 years, who were attending Danish public school (45.5% girls, 53.2% boys). The parents or caregivers of the child completed a Short Sensory Profile (SSP) questionnaire and a demographic questionnaire. One-way ANOVA was used to examine differences between girls and boys regarding sports, geographic area, and parental level of education. Chi-square analysis was used to explore the relationship between sex and SPP scores in the different behavioral sections. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate possible associations between SP difficulties and sex and the included demographics. Results. A total of 21.3% of the children had SSP scores suggesting SP difficulties. Boys had a higher probability of having SP difficulties than girls ( odds ratio OR = 1.55 , confidence level (Cl): 1.22, 1.97). An association was found between participating in sports outside of school and SP difficulties ( OR = 0.55 , Cl: 0.47, 0.65 ( p ≤ 0.001 )). Additionally, a slight association between SP difficulties and parental education level ( OR = 0.80 ) was found. No association was found regarding geographic area, i.e., where in Denmark the children attended school ( OR = 1.00 ). Conclusion. The study results suggest that approximately 20% of the children in Danish public schools might have SP difficulties and over 20% might be at risk of having SP difficulties. The results suggest that Danish schools should focus on both identifying children with SP difficulties and implement interventions such as sensory integration through occupational therapy to help children with SP difficulties, in order to improve their ability to participate and learn from school activities.
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Ball, James W., and Matthew R. Bice. "Adult BMI and Physical Activity: Retrospective Evaluation of High School Sport and Recreation Participation." Recreational Sports Journal 39, no. 2 (October 2015): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/rsj.2015-0065.
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Research reports children and adolescents who are physically active (PA) are more likely to be active as adults. Physical Activity (PA) levels and BMI status were examined among adults who participated in sport and recreational activities while attending high school. The current study consists of 1363 adults who completed the questionnaire. Correlations were used to assess associations among variables and a regression analysis was used to describe the combined effect of BMI status on the outcome of interest (PA). The current study revealed participates who participated in sports or recreational activities while in high school reported to have more individuals in the normal (healthy) BMI category and met the American PA recommendations for the number of day and minutes engaged in moderate and vigorous physical activity. Data suggests participation in sport and recreational activities while in high school positively influences levels of adult PA and healthier BMIs.
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Post, Eric G., Kevin M. Biese, Daniel A. Schaefer, Andrew M. Watson, Timothy A. McGuine, M. Alison Brooks, and David R. Bell. "Sport-Specific Associations of Specialization and Sex With Overuse Injury in Youth Athletes." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119886855.
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Background: Significant evidence has emerged that sport specialization is associated with an increased risk of overuse injury in youth athletes. Several recommendations exist to reduce the risk of overuse injury in youth sports, but the risk of overuse injuries may be dependent on specific movements required by a given sport. Hypotheses: Associations between specialized sport participation and overuse injury will exist in volleyball athletes but not soccer or basketball athletes. Female athletes will be more likely to report an overuse injury in the previous year, regardless of sport. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Youth athletes between the ages of 12 and 18 years were recruited in-person at club team tournaments, competitions, and events around the state of Wisconsin during the 2016-2017 school year. Participants were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire that consisted of (1) participant demographics, (2) sport specialization status, (3) monthly and weekly sport volume, and (4) sport-related injury history in the previous year. Results: A total of 716 youth athletes completed the questionnaire (70.8% female; mean age, 14.21 ± 1.50 years; 43.2% basketball, 19.4% soccer, 37.4% volleyball; 41.8% highly specialized; 32.3% reported overuse injury in the previous year). Sex was associated with overuse injury among basketball athletes, with female basketball athletes nearly 4 times more likely to report an overuse injury compared with male basketball athletes (odds ratio, [OR], 3.7; 95% CI, 2.1-6.6; P < 0.001). High specialization (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.9; P = 0.02) and participating in a single sport for more than 8 months per year (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.5; P < 0.05) were associated with overuse injury only among volleyball athletes. Conclusion: Specialization and exceeding 8 months per year in a single sport was associated with overuse injury in volleyball, which is one of the most popular youth sports for female athletes. Specialization was not associated with overuse injury in basketball or soccer athletes. Female basketball athletes were nearly 4 times more likely to report a history of overuse injury compared with male basketball athletes. The sex of a youth athlete and the sport that he or she plays may influence the risk of overuse injury associated with sport specialization. Clinical Relevance: Youth athletes, parents, and clinicians should be aware that the potential risks of specialization might vary based on the athlete’s sport and sex.
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Rauh, Mitchell J., Jeanne F. Nichols, and Michelle T. Barrack. "Relationships Among Injury and Disordered Eating, Menstrual Dysfunction, and Low Bone Mineral Density in High School Athletes: A Prospective Study." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 3 (May 1, 2010): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.3.243.
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Abstract Context: Prior authors have reported associations among increased risk of injury and factors of the female athlete triad, as defined before the 2007 American College of Sports Medicine position stand, in collegiate and adult club sport populations. Little is known about this relationship in an adolescent competitive sports population. Objective: To examine the relationship among disordered eating, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density (BMD) and musculoskeletal injury among girls in high school sports. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: The sample consisted of 163 female athletes competing in 8 interscholastic sports in southern California during the 2003–2004 school year. Each participant was followed throughout her respective sport season for occurrence of musculoskeletal injuries. Main Outcome Measure(s): Data collected included daily injury reports, the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire that assessed disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan that measured BMD and lean tissue mass, anthropometric measurements, and a questionnaire on menstrual history and demographic characteristics. Results: Sixty-one athletes (37.4%) incurred 90 musculoskeletal injuries. In our BMD z score model of ≤−1 SD, a history of oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea during the past year and low BMD (z score ≤−1 SD) were associated with the occurrence of musculoskeletal injury during the interscholastic sport season. In our BMD z score model of ≤−2 SDs, disordered eating (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire score ≥4.0), a history of oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea during the past year, and a low BMD (z score ≤−2 SDs) were associated with musculoskeletal injury occurrence. Conclusions: These findings indicate that disordered eating, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, and low BMD were associated with musculoskeletal injuries in these female high school athletes. Programs designed to identify and prevent disordered eating and menstrual dysfunction and to increase bone mass in athletes may help to reduce musculoskeletal injuries.
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Drenowatz, Clemens, Ronald P. Steiner, Susanne Brandstetter, Jochen Klenk, Martin Wabitsch, and Jürgen M. Steinacker. "Organized Sports, Overweight, and Physical Fitness in Primary School Children in Germany." Journal of Obesity 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/935245.
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Physical inactivity is associated with poor physical fitness and increased body weight. This study examined the relationship between participation in organized sports and overweight as well as physical fitness in primary school children in southern Germany. Height, weight, and various components of physical fitness were measured in 995 children (7.6±0.4years). Sports participation and confounding variables such as migration background, parental education, parental body weight, and parental sports participation were assessed via parent questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression as well as multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to determine associations between physical fitness, participation in organized sports, and body weight. Participation in organized sports less than once a week was prevalent in 29.2%, once or twice in 60.2%, and more often in 10.6% of the children. Overweight was found in 12.4% of the children. Children participating in organized sports more than once per week displayed higher physical fitness and were less likely to be overweight (OR = 0.52,P<0.01). Even though causality cannot be established, the facilitation of participation in organized sports may be a crucial aspect in public health efforts addressing the growing problems associated with overweight and obesity.
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Howell, David R., Michael W. Kirkwood, Scott Laker, and Julie C. Wilson. "Collision and Contact Sport Participation and Quality of Life Among Adolescent Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 1174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0536.19.
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Context Researchers investigating collision and contact sport participation during high school have found mixed results. Understanding the association between current contact and collision sport participation and quality-of-life outcomes can enhance our knowledge about the risks and benefits of sport participation. Objective To examine quality-of-life outcomes among high school athletes who reported participation in collision and contact sports in the year preceding assessment compared with no- or limited-contact sport athletes. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Preparticipation physical examination. Patients or Other Participants High school athletes 13 to 18 years of age. Main Outcome Measure(s) We obtained sport participation and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Pediatric-25 outcomes, which assess self-reported, quality-of-life domains in the preceding 7 days (ie, state assessment). Our grouping variable was collision and contact versus no- or limited-contact sport participation during the year preceding assessment. We used multivariable linear regression models to identify the associations between PROMIS scores and collision and contact sport participation and adjusted for sex; age; history of bone, muscle, ligament, or tendon injury; history of acute fracture or dislocation; and history of concussion. Results A total of 143 (51%) athletes reported collision and contact sport participation (24% female, mean age = 15.1 ± 1.7 years) and 138 (49%) reported no- or limited-contact sport participation (66% female, mean age = 15.4 ± 1.2 years). A higher proportion of collision and contact sport athletes reported a history of time loss for bone, muscle, ligament, and tendon injuries (51% versus 29%, P < .001) and for acute fracture or dislocation (46% versus 26%, P < .001) than did no- or limited-contact athletes. After adjusting for covariates, we found that collision and contact sport participation was significantly associated with lower state anxiety (β = −1.072, 95% confidence interval = −1.834, −0.310, P = .006) and depressive (β = −0.807, 95% confidence interval = −1.484, −0.130, P = .020) symptom scores. Conclusions Collision and contact sport athletes reported fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms in the week preceding evaluation than did no- or limited-contact sport athletes, but they had more extensive orthopaedic injury histories. Potential benefits and risks are associated with collision and contact sport participation. These data reinforce the need to examine the assumption that youth collision and contact sports are associated with negative quality of life.
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Saar, Meeli, and Toivo Jürimäe. "Sports Participation outside School in Total Physical Activity of Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 2 (October 2007): 559–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.2.559-562.
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This study of associations of sports participation with perceived and actual physical fitness, and total physical activity for 525 10- to 17-yr.-old boys and girls in groups of 10–11-yr. (56 boys and 64 girls), 12–13-yr. (68 boys and 68 girls), 14–15-yr. (70 boys and 71 girls), and 16–17-yr. (68 boys and 60 girls) was based on the Physical Activity Index derived from a questionnaire by Telama, Leskinen, and Young, and self-perceived endurance, strength, flexibility, and body composition. Questions about satisfaction with physical activity, participation in organized physical activity and competitions, or watching competitions were asked. Two EUROFIT tests were used, the 20-m endurance shuttle-run and sit-and-reach, plus the sum of 9 skinfold thicknesses. Children who participated in organized physical activity and in competitions had a higher Physical Activity Index. Passive watching of competitions was not related to children's physical activity or their perceived or measured motor abilities.
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Johnson, Karen E., Martha Y. Kubik, and Barbara J. McMorris. "Prevalence and Social-Environmental Correlates of Sports Team Participation Among Alternative High School Students." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 5 (July 2011): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.5.606.
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Background:Alternative high school (AHS) students have low levels of physical activity (PA) and high rates of overweight/obesity. Sports team participation, a specific form of PA, is associated with increased PA and decreased overweight/obesity in general adolescent populations. However, little is known about the prevalence and correlates of sports team participation among AHS students.Methods:In 2006, students (n = 145; mean age = 17 years; 52% male; 61% minorities; 64% low-income) attending 6 AHS in Minneapolis/St. Paul completed self-administered surveys. Mixed model logistic regression was used to examine cross-sectional associations between sports team participation and school staff support for PA, friend support for PA, and perceived barriers to PA.Results:Among students, 40% participated on ≥ 1 sports teams. Odds of participating on a sports team were positively associated with support for PA from school staff (OR = 1.12, P = .014) and friends (OR = 1.15, P = .005), but inversely associated with perceived barriers to PA (OR = 0.95, P = .014).Conclusion:Results suggest that efforts to increase sports team participation among AHS students should target social-environmental factors. Further study is warranted.
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Burns, Ryan D., Youngwon Kim, Wonwoo Byun, and Timothy A. Brusseau. "Associations of School Day Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity With Gross Motor Skills: Use of Compositional Data Analysis." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 16, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 811–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2018-0549.
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Background: To examine the relationships among school day sedentary times (SED), light physical activity (LPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with gross motor skills in children using Compositional Data Analysis. Methods: Participants were 409 children (mean age = 8.4 [1.8] y) recruited across 5 low-income schools. Gross motor skills were assessed using the test for gross motor development—third edition (TGMD-3), and physical activity was assessed using accelerometers. Isometric log-ratio coordinates were calculated by quantifying the relative proportion of percentage of the school day spent in SED, LPA, and MVPA. The associations of the isometric log-ratio coordinates with the TGMD-3 scores were estimated using general linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, body mass index, estimated aerobic capacity, and school affiliation. Results: A higher proportion of the school day spent in %MVPA relative to %SED and %LPA was significantly associated with higher TGMD-3 total scores (γMVPA = 14.44, P = .01). This relationship was also observed for the ball skills subtest scores (γMVPA = 16.12, P = .003). Conclusions: Replacing %SED and %LPA with %MVPA during school hours may be an effective strategy for improving gross motor skills, specifically ball skills, in low-income elementary school-aged children.
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DeWeese, Robin, and Punam Ohri-Vachaspati. "The Role of Distance in Examining the Association Between Active Commuting to School and Students’ Weight Status." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 12, no. 9 (September 2015): 1280–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0100.
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Background:Active commuting to school (ACS) increases students’ daily physical activity, but associations between student weight and ACS are inconsistent. Few studies examining ACS and weight account for distance commuted. This study examines the association between students’ weight status and ACS, taking into account distance to school.Methods:In 2009–10 a random digit-dial household survey conducted in low-income minority cities collected information about ACS for 1 randomly selected school-going student per household. Parents provided measured heights and weights. Distance commuted was obtained using geocoded home and school addresses. Multivariate regression analyses assessed associations of ACS and distance commuted with weight status.Results:36.6% of students were overweight/obese; 47.2% engaged in ACS. Distance walked/biked to school was associated with 7% lower odds of overweight/obesity (OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.88– 0.99). Without distance commuted in the model, ACS was not associated with students’ weight status. Compared with no ACS, ACS greater than a half-mile was associated with 65% lower odds of a student being overweight/obese (OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.16– 0.78); ACS less than a half-mile was not.Conclusions:ACS is significantly inversely associated with overweight/obesity among students who commute beyond a one-half mile threshold.
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Soltero, Erica G., Alejandra Jáuregui, Edith Hernandez, Simón Barquera, Edtna Jáuregui, Juan Ricardo López-Taylor, Luis Ortiz-Hernández, Lucie Lévesque, and Rebecca E. Lee. "Associations between Screen-Based Activities, Physical Activity, and Dietary Habits in Mexican Schoolchildren." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136788.
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Screen-based activities are associated with increased risk of obesity and contribute to physical inactivity and poor dietary habits. The primary aim of this study was to examine the associations among screen-based activities, physical activity, and dietary habits in school-aged children in Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, and Mexico City, Mexico. The secondary aim was to examine these associations across sex. The School Physical Activity and Nutrition survey was used to assess screen-based activities (TV watching, video game use, computer use), physical activity, and dietary habits. Organized activity/sports participation, unhealthy dietary habits, and household income were correlated with screen-based activities. While TV watching was associated with decreased participation in organized activity/sports participation, computer and video game use was associated with increased organized activity/sports participation. Boys engaged in more TV watching and video game use compared to girls. All screen-based activities were associated with age among boys; whereas video game and computer use were associated with higher income among girls. These findings suggest a need for sex- and age-specific strategies that acknowledge the differential use of screen-based activities across sex and age. Future research should continue to identify underlying correlates linking screen-based activities with health behaviors to inform strategies to reduce screen-time in Mexican children.
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Bjørkelund Børrestad, Line Anita, Lars Østergaard, Lars Bo Andersen, and Elling Bere. "Associations Between Active Commuting to School and Objectively Measured Physical Activity." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 10, no. 6 (August 2013): 826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.6.826.
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Background:To provide more accurate assessment of commuting behavior and potential health effect, it is important to have accurate methods. Therefore, the current study aimed to a) compare questionnaire reported mode of commuting with objectively measured data from accelerometer and cycle computer, b) compare moderate vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among children cycling vs. walking to school, and c) thus calculate possible underestimated MVPA, when using accelerometers to measure commuter cycling.Methods:A total of 78 children, average age 11.4 (SD = 0.5), participated in the study. Physical activity was measured with cycle computers and accelerometers for 4 days. Mode of commuting and demographic information was self-reported in a questionnaire.Results:Children who reported to cycle to school spent significantly more time cycling than those who walked to school, 53.6 (SD = ± 33.9) minutes per day vs. 25.5 (SD = ± 24.6) minutes per day (P = .002) (ie, showing that MVPA, measured by accelerometers, underestimated 28.1 minutes per day among children cycling to school vs. those not cycling to school).Conclusion:To provide more accurate assessment of active commuting in children and adolescents future studies should incorporate multiple methodologies such as global position systems (GPS), accelerometers, cycle computers, and self-reported measurements.
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Tao, Shuman, Xiaoyan Wu, Yukun Zhang, and Fangbiao Tao. "Factors Related to Longitudinal Patterns of Multiple Health Behaviors in Chinese Freshmen." SAGE Open 9, no. 4 (July 2019): 215824401989369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019893694.
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Students with multiple health risk behaviors (HRB) have increased amount of research attention. The study aimed to examine the multiple health behaviors and whether these behaviors differ by demographic characteristics and social factors in a 1-year follow-up study among 1,989 students. All the measures were from the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Associations between demographic characteristics/social factors and multiple HRB were examined by logistic regression models. Binary logistic models indicated that females had generally higher odds of physical inactivity but lower odds of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, suicide attempt, and breakfast skipping. Students more than 18 years had higher odds of cigarette smoking. Physical inactivity was negatively correlated with playing school sports teams and taking extracurricular activities. Students with screen time >2 hr/d were more likely to be with physical inactivity or alcohol drinking. Logistic regression models showed that males showed higher odds of two, three, and four to six HRB at 3T. Not taking part in school sports teams/extracurricular activities and screen time >2 hr/d at baseline were risk factors of multiple HRB. Our results reveal a close association between youth risk behaviors and demographic characteristics/social factors. Health promotion interventions of co-occurred behavior should be conducted at schools.
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Parker, Nathan, Darran Atrooshi, Lucie Lévesque, Edtna Jauregui, Simón Barquera, Juan Lopez y. Taylor, and Rebecca E. Lee. "Physical Activity and Anthropometric Characteristics Among Urban Youth in Mexico: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 13, no. 10 (October 2016): 1063–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2015-0463.
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Background:Obesity is a critical problem among Mexican youth, but few studies have investigated associations among physical activity (PA) modes and anthropometrics in this population. This study examined associations among active commuting to school (ACS), sports or other organized PA, outdoor play, and body mass index (BMI) percentile and waist circumference (WC) among Mexican youth.Methods:Parents of school children (N = 1996, ages 6 to 14 years, 53.1% female) in 3 Mexican cities reported PA participation using the (modified) fourth grade School Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey. Trained assessors measured BMI percentile and WC in person.Results:Parents reported that 52.3% of children engaged in ACS, 57.3% participated in sports or organized PA, and a median of 2 days in the previous week with at least 30 minutes of outdoor play. In complete case analyses (n = 857), ACS was negatively associated with BMI percentile, and outdoor play was negatively associated with WC after adjusting for school, age, sex, and income. In analyses incorporating data from multiple imputation (N = 1996), outdoor play was negatively associated with WC (all Ps < . 05).Conclusions:ACS and outdoor play are favorably associated with anthropometrics and may help prevent childhood obesity in Mexico. ACS and outdoor play should be priorities for increasing youth PA in Mexico.
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Rauh, Mitchell J., Alexandra K. Tutino, Eric G. Post, Kelly Prescher, and Michael D. Rosenthal. "Relationships Between Sport Specialization and Running-Related Injury Among Competitive High School Cross-Country Runners." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 4_suppl3 (April 1, 2020): 2325967120S0019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00199.
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BACKGROUND: During the past few decades, the number of participants in high school cross-country has increased. Simultaneously with its popularity has been an increased incidence of running-related injury (RRI). Limited risk factors have been examined in their relationship to RRI in this population. Of these, few studies have reported on the prevalence of sport specialization and its association with RRI among competitive high school cross-country runners. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sport specialization and examine its risk association with RRI in competitive high school cross-country runners. METHODS: We prospectively followed 93 runners (35 females, 15.7±1.1y) who competed in the 2018 interscholastic cross-country season in Southern California. At baseline, all runners were injury-free and completed the study questionnaire, which included questions on whether cross-country was their primary sport, the number of months/year spent running-related training, and if they quit another sport(s) to focus on cross-country/track distance running during the past year. High (all 3 factors), moderate (2 of 3 factors) and low (0 or 1 factors) sport specialization was then determined using a widely-utilized scale. Injury occurrence data for all runners was recorded throughout the cross-country season using a standardized injury reporting system. Odds Ratio (OR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to determine the association between sport specialization and likelihood of RRI. RESULTS: Of the 93 runners, 15 (16.1%) met criteria for high sport specialization, 49 (52.7%) were classified as moderately specialized, and 29 (31.2%) runners were classified as low sport specializers. The prevalence of high sport specialization was similar between female (17.1%) and male (15.5%) runners (p=0.38). Twenty-six runners (28%) experienced a time loss RRI, with a higher percentage among female runners (37.1%) than males (22.4%) (p=0.16). Although the incidence of injury was greater among high sport specializers (40.0%) than low sport specializers (24.1%), the likelihood of RRI was not statistically significant (OR=2.10, 95% CI: 0.6-8.0; p=0.28). Similar risk associations between high sport specialization and RRI were found between female and male runners. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the existing classification method for sport specialization, these findings indicated that high sports specialization was not common among competitive high school cross-country runners in this study sample. As the incidence of RRI was almost twice as great among high sport specializers, studies assessing larger populations of high school cross-country runners are needed to better evaluate this relationship.
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Isgor, Zeynep, and Lisa M. Powell. "Availability of Commercial Physical Activity Facilities and Physical Activity Outside of School Among High School Students." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 5 (July 2011): 707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.5.707.
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Background:Environmental factors may play an important role in the determination of physical activity behaviors.Methods:This study used the Child Development Supplement of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine the association between the availability of objectively measured commercial physical activity-related instruction facilities and weekly physical activity participation among high school students outside of school physical education classes. A Negative Binomial count model was used to examine the number of days of vigorous physical activity (at least 30 minutes/day) per week and a Probit model was used to examine the probability of frequent (4 or more days/week) vigorous physical activity participation.Results:The results indicated that an additional instruction school per 10,000 capita per 10 square miles was associated with an 8-percent increase in the weekly number of days of vigorous physical activity participation and a 4 percentage point increase in the likelihood of frequent physical activity participation for female adolescents only. By income, associations were larger for low- versus high-income female youths.Conclusion:Increased availability of local area physical activity-related instruction facilities may help to increase female high school students’ physical activity levels, particularly among low-income female students.
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Loprinzi, Paul D., Bradley J. Cardinal, Marita K. Cardinal, and Charles B. Corbin. "Physical Education and Sport: Does Participation Relate to Physical Activity Patterns, Observed Fitness, and Personal Attitudes and Beliefs?" American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 3 (March 20, 2017): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117698088.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between physical education (PE) and sports involvement with physical activity (PA), physical fitness, and beliefs about PA among a national sample of adolescents. Setting: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Youth Fitness Survey were used. Participants: A total of 459 adolescents aged 12 to 15 years. Measures: Adolescents self-reported engagement in the above parameters; muscular fitness objectively determined. Analysis: Multivariable linear regression. Results: Adolescents who had PE during school days had a higher enjoyment of participating in PE (β = 0.32; P = .01), engaged in more days of being physically active for ≥60 min/d (β = 1.02; P < .001), and performed the plank fitness test longer (β = 17.2; P = .002). Adolescents who played school sports reported that more PA was needed for good health (β = 0.23; P = .04), had a higher enjoyment of participating in PE (β = 0.31; P = .003), engaged in more days of being physically active for ≥60 min/d (β = 0.70; P = .01), performed more pull-ups (β = 2.33; P = .008), had a stronger grip strength (β = 2.5; P = .01), and performed the plank fitness test longer (β = 11.6; P = .04). Conclusion: Adolescents who had PE during school, who had more frequent and long-lasting PE, and who played school sports generally had more accurate perceptions of the amount of PA needed for good health, had greater enjoyment of PE, were more physically active, and performed better on several muscular fitness-related tests. This underscores the importance of PE integration in the schools and encouragement of school sports participation.
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Nichols, Jeanne F., Mitchell J. Rauh, Michelle T. Barrack, Hava-Shoshana Barkai, and Yael Pernick. "Disordered Eating and Menstrual Irregularity in High School Athletes in Lean-Build and Nonlean-Build Sports." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 17, no. 4 (August 2007): 364–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.4.364.
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The authors’ purpose was to determine the prevalence and compare associations of disordered eating (DE) and menstrual irregularity (MI) among high school athletes. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and a menstrual-history questionnaire were administered to 423 athletes (15.7 ± 1.2 y, 61.2 ± 10.2 kg) categorized as lean build (LB; n = 146) or nonlean build (NLB; n = 277). Among all athletes, 20.0% met the criteria for DE and 20.1% for MI. Although the prevalence of MI was higher in LB (26.7%) than NLB (16.6%) athletes (P = 0.01), no differences were found for DE. For both sport types, oligo/amenorrheic athletes consistently reported higher EDE-Q scores than eumenorrheic athletes (P < 0.05). Athletes with DE were over 2 times as likely (OR = 2.3, 95%CI: 1.3, 4.2) to report oligo/amenorrhea than athletes without DE. These data establish an association between DE and MI among high school athletes and indicate that LB athletes have more MI but not DE than NLB athletes.
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Schmäing, Till, and Norbert Grotjohann. "Students’ Word Associations with Different Terms Related to the Wadden Sea: Does the Place of Residence (Coast or Inland) Have an Influence?" Education Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11060284.
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This paper presents students’ word associations with terms regarding the Wadden Sea. A continuous free word-association method was used in which the students from secondary schools (n = 3119, average age: 13.54 years) reported their associations with the stimulus words Wadden Sea, mudflat hiking tour, and tides in written form. Data were collected from students living close to the Wadden Sea and from students living inland. We performed a quantitative content analysis including the corresponding formation of categories. In addition, students’ school, out-of-school with the class, and private experiences the Wadden Sea ecosystem were recorded. The study shows that not only subject-related concepts should be considered at different levels, but non-subject-related aspects as well. The associations of the inland and non-inland students are statistically significantly different. The Wadden Sea and its biome were found to be completely unknown to some students. Students’ school, out-of-school with the class, and private experiences of the wetlands are also very mixed, regarding their Wadden Sea visitation frequency, and surprisingly cannot be directly derived from their place of residence. This research makes an important contribution towards the design of future biology didactic studies on the Wadden Sea.
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Pruitt, Sandi L., and Andrew E. Springer. "The Association of Employment and Physical Activity Among Black and White 10th and 12th Grade Students in the United States." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 1 (January 2010): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.1.26.
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Background:Evidence of an association between employment and physical activity (PA) in youth has been mixed, with studies suggesting both positive and negative associations. We examined the association between employment and PA among U.S. high school students as measured by self-reported overall PA, vigorous exercise, and participation in school athletic teams.Methods:We employed a secondary analysis using weighted linear regression to a sample of black and white 10th grade (n = 12073) and 12th grade students (n = 5500) drawn from the nationally representative cross-sectional 2004 Monitoring the Future Study.Results:Overall, 36.5% of 10th and 74.6% of 12th grade students were employed. In multivariable analyses, 10th graders working >10 hours a week reported less overall PA and exercise and those working >20 hours a week reported less participation in team sports. Among 12th graders, any level of employment was associated with lower rates of team sports; those working >10 hours a week reported less overall PA; and those working >20 hours reported less exercise.Conclusions:Employment at and above 10 hours per week is negatively associated with PA. Increasing work intensity may shed light on the decline of PA as adolescents grow older and merits further attention in research.
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Kerr, Zachary Y., Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller, Susan W. Yeargin, Andrew J. Grundstein, Douglas J. Casa, Riana R. Pryor, and Johna K. Register-Mihalik. "Exertional Heat-Stroke Preparedness in High School Football by Region and State Mandate Presence." Journal of Athletic Training 54, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-581-18.
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Context Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of sudden death in high school football players. Preparedness strategies can mitigate EHS incidence and severity. Objective To examine EHS preparedness among high school football programs and its association with regional and state preseason heat-acclimatization mandates. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Preseason high school football programs, 2017. Patients or Other Participants A total of 910 athletic trainers (ATs) working with high school football (12.7% completion rate). Main Outcome Measure(s) We acquired data on high school football programs' EHS preparedness strategies in the 2017 preseason via an online questionnaire, looking at (1) whether schools' state high school athletic associations mandated preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines and (2) heat safety region based on warm-season wet-bulb globe temperature, ranging from the milder region 1 to the hotter region 3. Six EHS-preparedness strategies were assessed: EHS recognition and treatment education; policy for initiating emergency medical services response; emergency response plan enactment; immersion tub filled with ice water before practice; wet-bulb globe temperature monitoring; and hydration access. Multivariable binomial regression models estimated the prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies. Results Overall, 27.5% of ATs described their schools as using all 6 EHS-preparedness strategies. The highest prevalence was in region 3 schools with state mandates (52.9%). The multivariable model demonstrated an interaction in which the combination of higher heat safety region and presence of a state mandate was associated with a higher prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies (P = .05). Controlling for AT and high school characteristics, the use of all 6 strategies was higher in region 3 schools with state mandates compared with region 1 schools without state mandates (52.9% versus 17.8%; prevalence ratio = 2.68; 95% confidence interval = 1.81, 3.95). Conclusions Our findings suggest a greater use of EHS-preparedness strategies in environmentally warmer regions with state-level mandates for preseason heat acclimatization. Future researchers should identify factors influencing EHS preparedness, particularly in regions 1 and 2 and in states without mandates.
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Reinking, Mark F., Tricia M. Austin, and Ann M. Hayes. "Risk Factors for Self-Reported Exercise-Related Leg Pain in High School Cross-Country Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 45, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-45.1.51.
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Abstract Context: Prevention of exercise-related leg pain (ERLP) has not been successful because ERLP risk factors are not well known. Objective: To determine the percentage of high school cross-country (XC) athletes who reported a history of ERLP in their running careers, to identify the percentage of athletes who reported an occurrence of ERLP during 1 XC season, and to investigate the association of selected factors (age, high school year, years of high school running, sex, ERLP history, body mass index [BMI], foot type, and training distance) and the occurrence of ERLP. Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Six local high schools. Patients or Other Participants: One hundred twenty-five high school XC athletes (62 females, 63 males). Main Outcome Measure(s): All athletes completed an initial ERLP questionnaire, and foot type was visually assessed. After the season, athletes were asked to complete a Web-based questionnaire regarding the seasonal occurrence of ERLP. Statistical analyses of differences (t tests) and associations (χ2, relative risk) were conducted. Results: A total of 103 of the 125 athletes (82.4%) reported a history of ERLP, with 81 athletes reporting ERLP occurrence within the month preceding completion of the initial questionnaire. Bilateral medial leg pain was the most common ERLP presentation. More than half of the athletes (58.4%) with an ERLP history reported that the pain had interfered with XC participation. Ninety-three athletes responded to the postseason questionnaire, and 45 (48.0%) reported ERLP seasonal occurrence. Most athletes (97.8%) who experienced the seasonal occurrence of ERLP had a history of ERLP. No associations were noted between ERLP history or seasonal occurrence and age, high school year, years of high school running, sex, BMI, foot type, or training distance. Conclusions: Both a history of ERLP and the seasonal occurrence of ERLP were common among these XC athletes. The only risk factor identified for ERLP season occurrence was ERLP history.
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Panfil, Taylor E., and Kelly R. Laurson. "Associations Between Physical Activity And Weight Status With Grade-school Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 47 (May 2015): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000477745.16183.1e.
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Brigstocke, Sophie, Catherine E. McGuinn, and James B. Bussel. "Sports Participation in Children with ITP: A Case for Liberalization?" Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 3339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.3339.3339.
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Abstract Abstract 3339 Background: Children with ITP are at risk for bleeding. ITP is one of many conditions for which the American Academy of Pediatrics advises a pre-sports participation evaluation to assess the risk of injury (Rice 2008). However, restrictions in sports participation might deny the many evidence-based benefits of such physical activity usually accessible for US school-aged youth, thereby presenting significant health and quality of life issues. Aims: To better assess the frequency of sports participation and sports-related injury outcomes relative to contact level by gathering data via questionnaire from a convenience sample of children with persistent and chronic ITP. Methods: Fourteen different types of sports activities were included in this IRB-approved questionnaire and were classified as contact, limited contact, or non-contact as determined by the American Academy of Pediatrics Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness (Rice 2008). Questions were aimed at the frequency of sports participation, types of sports played, sports-related injuries (including bleeding), medical care required for injuries, and comfort regarding continued participation in a sport after sustaining an injury. For each sport not played, questions assessed reasons for the subject's decision to refrain from participation. Patients were categorized according to their platelet levels: counts ≤ 50, 50–150, >150; counts ≤ or >50; counts ≤ or >30 (×109/L). Proportions of data involving 2 groups were compared in a contingency table using Fisher's exact test with trends ≤ 0.01 and significance ≤ 0.025. Results: Twelve subjects (19%) did not participate in any sports. Thirty-six (56%), including patients across all platelet counts, participated in at least one contact sport. There was no statistically significant association (p > 0.1) between the subject's platelet count and the contact level of sport chosen to play. However, a significant association was found between higher frequency of sports participation and higher platelet count (analyzed by groups ≤ or >50 and counts ≤ or >30 (×109/L)) when the highest frequency of participation in any sport (regardless of contact level) was assessed (p < 0.025). When only the sport with the highest contact rating was considered, patients with higher counts played their highest contact sport more frequently than did those patients with lower counts. In particular, subjects with counts ≤ 30 ×109/L played their highest contact sport less frequently, eg more commonly < 1x/month, compared to subjects with platelet counts > 30 ×109/L who played more commonly > 1x/month (p=0.025) [figure]. Twenty injuries were recorded across 10 different sports and 17 patients, but no serious bleeding injuries were reported. There was a statistically significant association (p = 0.002) between higher contact levels and greater incidence of injury. However, there was no statistically significant association (p > 0.1) between estimated platelet count at time of injury and the contact level of sport. As recorded by the patients and/or the patients' parents, 26% of general concerns came from physicians, 53% from parents and 21% from patients themselves. Data collected on the participants' personal concerns showed that higher platelet counts were associated with fewer personal concerns being expressed (p < 0.025). However, when each personal concern was analyzed there were no statistically significant trends or associations (p > 0.1) found between any specific concern and platelet count. Across all contact and limited-contact sports, the most frequently expressed concern was that the sport was too dangerous. The most frequently expressed concern for non-contact sports was that the patient was too tired to play. Conclusions: There was a significant association between higher frequency of sports participation, but not higher contact level, with higher platelet counts. Higher incidences of injury were associated with higher contact levels, but not with lower platelet counts, suggesting that children with ITP can participate in non-contact sports and many contact and limited-contact sports with low risk of injury. Therefore, we believe that sports participation for children with ITP is generally too restricted and greater encouragement for children to be athletic in the sport of their choice is warranted. Disclosures: Bussel: Sysmex: Research Funding; Shionogi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Eisai: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Ligand: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Immunomedics: Research Funding; IgG of America: Research Funding; Genzyme: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Family owns GSK stock, Family owns GSK stock Other, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Cangene: Research Funding; Amgen: Family owns Amgen stock Other, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Portola: Consultancy.
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Thein-Nissenbaum, Jill M., Mitchell J. Rauh, Kathleen E. Carr, Keith J. Loud, and Timothy A. McGuine. "Menstrual Irregularity and Musculoskeletal Injury in Female High School Athletes." Journal of Athletic Training 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.1.74.
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Context: The female athlete triad describes the interrelatedness of energy availability, menstrual function, and bone density. Although associations between triad components and musculoskeletal injury (INJ) have been reported in collegiate athletes, limited information exists about menstrual irregularity (MI) and INJ in the high school population. Objective: To determine the prevalence of and relationship between MI and INJ in high school athletes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: High schools. Patients or Other Participants: The sample consisted of 249 female athletes from 3 high schools who competed in 33 interscholastic, school-sponsored sport teams, dance teams, and cheerleading or pom-pon squad during the 2006–2007 school year. Each athlete remained on the roster throughout the season. Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants completed a survey regarding injury type, number of days of sport participation missed, and menstrual history in the past year. Results: The prevalences of MI and INJ were 19.7% and 63.1%, respectively. Athletes who reported MI sustained a higher percentage of severe injuries (missing ≥22 days of practice or competition) than did athletes who reported normal menses. Although the trend was not significant, athletes with MI were almost 3 times more likely to sustain an injury resulting in 7 or more days of time lost from sport (odds ratio = 2.7, 95% confidence interval = 0.8, 8.8) than those who sustained an injury resulting in 7 or fewer days of time lost. Conclusions: The incidences of MI and INJ in this high school population during the study period were high. Athletes who reported MI sustained a higher percentage of severe injuries than did athletes who reported normal menses. Education programs to increase knowledge and improve management of MI and its potential effects on injury in female high school athletes are warranted.
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Nichol, Marianne, Ian Janssen, and William Pickett. "Associations Between Neighborhood Safety, Availability of Recreational Facilities, and Adolescent Physical Activity Among Canadian Youth." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 7, no. 4 (July 2010): 442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.4.442.
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Background:The safety of neighborhoods and availability of parks and facilities may influence adolescent physical activity independently or interactively.Methods:9114 Canadians in grades 6 to 10 completed the 2006 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children Survey. The outcome of interest was students’ self-reported participation in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity outside of school. A composite scale based on questions measuring student perceptions of safety was used to capture individual perceptions of safety. In addition, schools were grouped into quintiles based on the mean of the perceived safety scale, used as a proxy for peer perceptions. The number of parks and recreational facilities within 5 km of schools was abstracted from a geographical information system.Results:Moderate gradients in physical activity were observed according to individual and group perceptions of safety. Boys and girls with the highest perceptions of safety were 1.31 (95% CI: 1.17−1.45) and 1.45 (1.26−1.65) times more likely to be physically active, respectively, than those with the lowest perceptions. Compared with those who perceived the neighborhood as least safe, elementary students in higher quintiles were 1.31, 1.39, 1.37, and 1.56 times more likely to be physically active (Ptrend = 0.012). Increased numbers of recreational features were not related to physical activity irrespective of neighborhood safety.Conclusions:Individual and group perceptions of neighborhood safety were modestly associated with adolescents’ physical activity.