Academic literature on the topic 'School harassment'

Student sex-based harassment has a negative impact on individual students and on the school environment. This review of the literature describes the evolution of sex-based harassment from elementary through high school, clarifies the relationship between bullying and sex-based harassment, and summarizes the research-based system and individual factors that support the development of such harassment in schools. Based on the research, we recommend the adoption of a comprehensive planning process for prevention that addresses the factors that reinforce student sex-based harassment and supports the school’s bullying prevention efforts. School counselors can advocate for and play a leadership role in both developing and implementing a school-wide plan that includes needs assessment and evaluation. We offer suggestions for system-wide and individual interventions for school personnel and Tier 1–3 prevention and problem-solving interventions for students to support a healthy school environment free of sex-based harassment.

Students who allege to be victims of peer-inflicted sexual harassment have increasingly relied on the “special relationship” doctrine to attempt to hold school officials individually liable under federal constitutional law for failing to protect students from peer harassment. Applied to schools, student plaintiffs generally argue that compulsory attendance laws create a “special relationship” between students and school officials, thereby placing on school officials an affirmative duty to protect students from harassment as a violation of students’ due process rights under the federal constitution. Primarily through the review of case law, this doctrine is examined as it applies to school officials’ duty to protect students from peer sexual harassment. This examination determined that the special relationship claim has been and will likely continue to be an ineffective avenue for students to redress peer sexual harassment claims; however, due to other legal developments briefly mentioned, school officials are advised not to disregard peer harassment claims.

Disability harassment of students in special education may have a significant impact on their transition from school to work. Risk factors could include not attending school, not seeking employment, and dropping out of the workforce if they experience harassment again early on in their work history. Background information includes an analogy to sexual harassment and two definitions of disability harassment. Several egregious legal accounts from schools and the workplace, along with research findings on the prevalence of work-related disability harassment of eligible clients of a state vocational rehabilitation agency are presented. Data reports from federal agencies monitoring public schools and places of employment indicate a trend of greater frequency of filed complaints of disability harassment. Important points to remember regarding this issue are discussed. Finally, specific and practical implications for rehabilitation counselors are mentioned to help break the silence on this insidious problem for young people with disabilities in transition.

Sexual harassment has gained global attention and has been recognized as a critical public health concern with significant negative impacts on victims ‘physical and mental health. This study aimed to find out the awareness of sexual harassment among secondary school students in Nawalparasi District, Nepal. The descriptive cross-sectional research design was used to find out the awareness of sexual harassment among secondary-level students in Devchuli Municipality, Nawalparasi. Students studying in grades eight, nine, and ten were identified from two conveniently selected schools out of the 12 private schools in the study area. In total, 150 students took part in the study, and every one of them completed the questionnaire in its entirety. Data entry and analysis were done in Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20. The obtained data we reanalyzed using descriptive statistical methods like frequency, percentage, mean, and chi-square to ascertain the relationship between the level of awareness of sexual harassment and the selected socio-demographic characteristics. The findings showed that, among 150 respondents, most (82.0%) had a good level of awareness regarding sexual harassment. According to respondents ‘suggestions for preventing sexual harassment (SH) can be stopped by enacting strict rules, regulations, and policies against those who engage in the practice (85.3%), running awareness campaigns about the issue (83.3%), and offering training on how to handle sexual harassment (75.3%).There was no statistically significant relationship between the level of awareness of sexual harassment and the selected socio-demographic variables. It can be recommended that schools conduct an ongoing sensitization program or awareness campaign to teach students about sexual harassment periodically.

Sexual harassment behavior by students is an international phenomenon. So that, this article presents and describes the role of school counsellor in handling the phenomenon of student’s sexual harassment behavior in the school environment. This article is expected to provide knowledge and insight to school counsellor to help student’s (client) achieve optimum overall development, especially the result of sexual harassment acts. Sexual harassment behavior can cause (victims) to experience physical and psychological disorders. This pattern of behavior is in the form of verbal, non-verbal and physical. The school counsellor strategy for dealing with this behavior namely collecting information, providing treatment in the form of counseling sevices for victims and choaching for the perpetrators, and conducting evaluation and follow-up. Furthermore, school counsellor strategy to prevent this behavior namely through basic services and create a good relationship with students. Through this article, it is hoped that the understanding of school counsellor on the student’s sexual harassment behavior and the handling efforts can be increased, so it will be able to provide maximum service to the students to achieve optimum development.

This lesson plan can be used for compliance with the laws in twenty-nine states (and eleven in preparation) [New York Times, January 28, 2007] requiring that K-12 schools and school districts have plans in place for addressing bullying, teasing, and harassment in educational settings (including school buildings and premises and school buses). The trade book The Bully Blockers Club assists elementary level students in developing positive proactive anti-bullying and anti-harassment strategies.

Sexual harassment is an issue that happens ubiquitously in schools committed verbally or physically with anyone as victim regardless of gender. With the occurrence of such crime, this study assessed the students’ perception on sexual harassment, physical, verbal or mixed, the legal methodologies and policy employed by the concerned schools in implementing the different programs and instructions, and the characterization of the nature of work and the working conditions of different participating institutions. This study utilized descriptive-quantitative research design using a purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using frequency and percentage, and average weighted mean. Results disclosed that students unanimously agree on sexual harassment in various forms but apparently not aware verbal and non-verbal acts. The results further showed that students rarely get educational information about sexual harassment from their parents and institutions but noted the importance of faculty, administration, and student cooperation to prevent it. Hence, there are students who experienced incidents of sexual harassment in school premises but majority of them did not report it due to fear and culture of victim blaming. Similarly, the majority of the respondents confirm there are no programs, regulations, and instrumentalities to prevent sexual harassment in their school. With the alarming results, the study developed a training module to be implemented as an extension project to capacitate students and help institutions draft a mechanism in handling such cases.

AbstractResearch indicates that sexual harassment and assault commonly occur during archaeological field research, and students, trainees, and early career professionals are more frequently subjected to harassing behaviors compared to mid-career and senior scientists. Specific to archaeological education, the undergraduate educational requirement of a field school puts students and trainees in situations where harassment historically has been unchecked. We present the results of a systematic content analysis of 24 sets of field school documents. We analyzed these documents with attention to how field school policies, procedures, and language may impact students’ perceptions of their expected behaviors, logistics and means of reporting, and stated policies surrounding sexual harassment and assault. Coding was conducted using an a priori coding scheme to identify practices that should lead to a safe and supportive field learning environment. Our coding scheme resulted in 11 primary codes that we summarized as three primary themes: (1) field school organization and expected student behavior, (2) logistics of the course, and (3) stated policies surrounding sexual harassment and assault. Based on these themes, we provide recommendations to modify field school documents and practices to create a field school that provides safe opportunities for students to learn.

Degree awarded (2003): EdDC, Counseling, Human and Organizational Studies, George Washington University
This study was designed to examine the perception and incidence of sexual harassment and determine the incidence of sexual harassment in relation to girls participating in high school athletics. The similarities and differences of interpretation of various interactions between high school athletes with their male and female athletic coaches were examined. This study also investigated the actual incidence of sexual harassment by male and female high school athletic coaches as reported by female athletes.

The study population included male and female athletic coaches currently coaching a female high school athletic team and female college students who participated in high school athletics.

This researcher, in order to accommodate the study population and research questions, adapted the Sexual Harassment Survey (1995) by Margery J. Holman, Ph.D. Female student athletes and male and female coaches responded to survey questions on demographics and their perceptions and understanding of described behaviors. The student athletes completed an additional section of the survey pertaining to their experience of sexual harassment.

Descriptive statistics (including frequencies and percentages as well as means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (One-Way Analysis of Variance with a Scheffe test of significance) were used to analyze the data.

A comparison of the responses of all three groups (female athletes, male coaches and female coaches) to questions pertaining to perceptions of sexual harassment indicated agreement among the groups in the identification of inappropriate behaviors. However, there was a significant difference in the level of agreement for seven described behaviors. In general, male and female coaches agreed with each other more often than with female athletes when identifying the behaviors associated with sexual harassment. The investigation of incidence indicated that female athletes experienced more behaviors associated with sexual harassment from male coaches than from female coaches. Understanding that the same behaviors were identified by female athletes, male coaches and female coaches, it can be concluded that inappropriate behavior was consistently identified, but the identification of sexual harassment does not necessarily diminish the incidence of sexual harassment.

Advisory Committee: Dr. Lori Lefcourt, Dr. Chris Erickson, Dr. Patricia Sullivan, Dr. Janet C. Heddesheimer, Dr. Donald C. Linkowski (Chair)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2004.
Title from title page screen, viewed May 18, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Matthew S. Hesson-McInnis (chair), John B. Pryor, Eros R. DeSouza, Adena B. Meyers, Kathleen McKinney. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 130-152) and abstract. Also available in print.

Sexual harassments in schools have been identified as one of the factors preventing girls from attending education. Moreover, both female and male students who attend education and witness male teachers harassing female students may perpetuate this behaviour. In Mozambique, research addressing sexual abuse and harassments in school focus on the fact that decrees and policies on zero-tolerance against sexual abuse are not followed up properly. There is little research addressing how students perceive the issue, and even less on male students’ understanding of the phenomenon in relations to female students’ understanding. This study took place at two schools in Maputo, Mozambique, and examines what approach students in secondary school and university, as well as adults working around these students have upon sexual harassments and abuse in school. Furthermore, officials and informants at NGOs addressing gender issues and sexual harassments in schools were interviewed. The purpose was to find out how the informants described the phenomenon, what they believed were the reasons behind it and how they thought it could be prevented. The result has been analysed through a gender and power analysis. The study uses the social constructionist theory of gender, recognising that gender is constructed through interaction and expectations of people (Francis & Skelton 2005:28), and Collen’s (1996) theory of hegemonic masculinity, which explains how the patriarchy is legitimised. Further, in order to analyse the result, Allen’s (1998) theories of power-over, power-to and power-with as well as Lukes’ (2005) theories of different dimensions of power have been used. The informants described sexual harassments as occurring between male teachers and female students at the schools. However, there was a discrepancy between the male and the female students’ perception of whether it is the male teacher or the female student who is the harasser. Despite this, the informants agreed on sexual harassments occurring between female teachers and male students being rare. The explanations to why it occurs range from the patriarchal structures, myths claiming that an older man is given good luck if having sex with a virgin, the female students’ fear of failing in school if not saying yes to the teacher, her interest in getting material benefits and her lack of interest in studying, to the male teacher’s lack of ability to control himself sexually. The different explanations were given depending on how the informant described the phenomenon. This also led to different conclusions to what should be done to come to an end to sexual harassments. An issue brought up was the difficulties to report harassments and the lack of punishment towards the teachers. Further, some believed that the female students should be subjected to awareness raising in order to dress properly and focus on the studies. While the risk of the male students perpetuating the behaviour of male teachers harassing female students is prevalent, the female students interviewed have the power to say no to the teachers, but not the power-to report. There are a number of organisations addressing the issue in different ways and there are regulations on how to report. However, in order to work holistically with the issue, the male students have to be included in the work and the organisations have to co-ordinate their measures in order to find a solution to the problem.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW)
This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of adolescents with regard to sexual harassment within the school environment. It was considered in the light of actual cases reported on the Cape Flats in the Western Cape where adolescent girls sought counselling after being sexually harassed over a period of time, and were eventually sexually assaulted on their school grounds, by their peers. A qualitative methodological approach was utilised, and the sample was made up of nine adolescent females and one adolescent male between the ages of 15 and 17 years, who were asked to participate on a voluntary basis. Their selection followed purposive sampling at two selected high schools on the Cape Flats in the Western Cape. The research instrument used was an unstructured interview with an open-ended question to allow the participant to share openly and freely. Sound ethical considerations were taken into account throughout the study. Phenomenology was used as a theoretical framework and the data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The four key themes, or essence of the adolescents’ lived experiences, that emerged for the study were: (1) boys don’t respect girls’ sexuality, (2) boys demonstrate power over girls, (3) girls who are sexually harassed at school are publicly humiliated, (4) reporting procedures at schools are inadequate. From the themes I concluded that for the girls, key principles relating to human rights within the South African Constitution were being violated; namely, the right to non-discrimination, the right to human dignity and the right to a safe school environment. Recommendations were made that address the role of the national and regional education departments as well as that of social workers.

Most schools are not safe environments for lesbian, gay, and bisexual students or for individuals who are questioning their sexual orientation. Harassment and victimization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) students is pervasive. The harassment and victimization result in these students having higher rates of absenteeism and lower academic achievements than their peers. To date, most research has focused on primarily high school lesbian, gay, and bisexual students. Very few studies have included students questioning their sexual orientation. This quantitative descriptive study utilized an anonymous survey to gather information about middle school LGBQ students' experiences with harassment. The study included 208 middle school students. The results were compiled into three groups (lesbian/gay/bisexual, questioning, and straight) and compared. Findings indicated that LGBQ students experience significantly more harassment than straight students and questioning students are more likely to experience victimization than lesbian, gay, bisexual, and straight students. The findings support the need for middle school administrators and staff members to take steps to create more inclusive school climates for LGBQ students.

Most schools are not safe environments for lesbian, gay, and bisexual students or for individuals who are questioning their sexual orientation. Harassment and victimization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and questioning (LGBQ) students is pervasive. The harassment and victimization result in these students having higher rates of absenteeism and lower academic achievements than their peers. To date, most research has focused on primarily high school lesbian, gay, and bisexual students. Very few studies have included students questioning their sexual orientation. This quantitative descriptive study utilized an anonymous survey to gather information about middle school LGBQ students’ experiences with harassment. The study included 208 middle school students. The results were compiled into three groups (lesbian/gay/bisexual, questioning, and straight) and compared. Findings indicated that LGBQ students experience significantly more harassment than straight students and questioning students are more likely to experience victimization that lesbian, gay, bisexual, and straight students. The findings support the need for middle school administrators and staff members to take steps to create more inclusive school climates for LGBQ students.

The procedural survey on sexual harassment procedures sent to 300 Texas principals had a response rate of 48.3 %. The mean score on the procedural survey for all 300 principals was 69.30 %. Eighteen research questions were addressed in detail in Chapter 4. Only five showed a significant correlation or effect size. Question 5 asked if there was a correlation between gender and the mean score of the survey instrument regarding sexual harassment procedures. The mean score of women was significantly higher than men. Question 6 asked if there was a correlation between the number of students in a school and the mean score of the survey instrument regarding sexual harassment procedures. This revealed that a significant correlation appeared between principals who worked at larger schools. Question 10 asked if there was a correlation between the location of the school, whether rural, urban, or metroplex and the mean score of the survey instrument. Principals of urban and metroplex schools scored significantly higher. Question 13 asked if there was a correlation between the hours of sexual harassment training attended in the last year and the mean score of the survey instrument regarding sexual harassment procedures. The results of this analysis revealed that a correlation approaching a medium effect size of .237 was present. Question 18 asked if there was a correlation between the total number of hours a principal had attended training and the mean score of the survey instrument. Neither the Pearson's correlation or the Spearman's rho was statistically significant. However, due to the large variation in responses on the sum of hours of training about sexual harassment, it was suspected that there might be a covariate accounting for sub-populations within the principals who participated in the survey. For ages 30-43.5, as the number of total training hours increased, the mean score on the survey instrument also increased. There was no significantly statistical significance between the other age groups and the mean score on the survey instrument. The other thirteen research questions did not show a significant correlation to the sexual harassment procedural survey instrument administered to Texas principals.

Our research team has developed the project Keeping youth safe from Cyberbullying under Erasmus+, that aims to deeper understand the dynamics of cyberbullying in online environments among youth, to develop educational resources for professionals involved in youth activities in order to prevent these type behaviours, to develop youth skills to protect themselves from cyberbullying and to disseminate findings among educational professionals. A 7 section online questionnaire was designed, aiming to gather descriptive data, general perception about the frequency and typology of cyberbullying type incidents, perceptions about the safety of the educational environment and parental support and an auto evaluation scale centred on self-efficacy perceptions. Data was collected from 92 participants. Present’s study interest is in analysing the relationship between perceived school safety and just-for-fun online harassment. In order to test our hypothesis that assumes that between perceived school safety and just-for-fun online harassment there is a dynamic relationship, we have used a confirmatory factor analysis, based on multiple regression analysis for curvilinear effects. Results confirm the dynamic relationship between perceived school safety and just-for-fun online harassment, meaning that the poorer and as well as the stronger school safety is perceived, just-for-fun online harassment is present in educational contexts; a fair school safety perception intrigues an almost non-existent just-for-fun online harassment among pupils/students. Qualitative results and cyberbullying prevention strategies are discussed.

" GLSEN Kansas, as a part of a national network works to ensure that LGBTQ students are able to learn and grow in a school environment free from bullying and harassment. GLSEN believes that every student has the right to a safe, supportive, and LGBTQ-inclusive K-12 education. Our research and experience has shown that there are four major ways that schools can cultivate a safe and supportive environment for all of their students, regardless of sexual orientation, gender identity or expression: developing supportive educators, advocating for comprehensive inclusive policies, providing inclusive curriculum and supporting student led GSAs. The GLSEN Rainbow Library was started as a chapter project of GLSEN Connecticut, and has grown into a nationwide program in just a few years. <a href=""http://www.glsen.org/"" target=""_blank"">GLSEN</a>'s Rainbow Library is a program that sends LGBTQ+ affirming K-12 text sets to schools across select states - for free! GLSEN also provides a number of supports for Rainbow Library recipients to help recipients fight book bans and censorship. This session will share the details of the program and provide details on supports available to librarians and school staff."

Education disruptions caused by poverty, insecurity and negative traditional practices in rural communities in Kenya were escalated by the Covid-19 pandemic when Narok county was reported to be leading in teenage pregnancy. Such a trend would delay achievement of the international Sustainable Development Goal 4 .1 by 2030. The purpose of this study was to investigate the strategies which some students employed to continue learning amidst education disruptions. It was guided by the research questions: What were their experiences in education during Covid-19 pandemic school closure? What made some of them continue learning amidst disruptions while many did not? What do they propose as useful solutions which builds education resilience? Using interview schedules and guided by interpretivist paradigm, voices were captured where 29 girls, 44 boys; later 21 girls and 2 teachers were interviewed to express their perspectives on their experiences during Covid-19 disruptions. Some of the experiences were harassment and lack of learning resources; some suggestions which could build education resilience for inclusive learning were provision of innovative, learning technology tools, libraries, and socio-emotional support groups.

Aim/Purpose: This paper provides the results of the preliminary analysis of the findings of an ongoing study that seeks to examine the social media use, cultural and political awareness, civic engagement, issue prioritization, and social activism of Gen Z students enrolled at four different institutional types located in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The aim of this study is to look at the group as a whole as well as compare findings across populations. The institutional types under consideration include a mid-sized majority serving or otherwise referred to as a traditionally white institution (TWI) located in a small coastal city on the Atlantic Ocean, a small Historically Black University (HBCU) located in a rural area, a large community college located in a county that is a mixture of rural and suburban and which sits on the border of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and graduating high school students enrolled in career and technical education (CTE) programs in a large urban area. This exploration is purposed to examine the behaviors and expectations of Gen Z students within a representative American region during a time of tremendous turmoil and civil unrest in the United States. Background: Over 74 million strong, Gen Z makes up almost one-quarter of the U.S. population. They already outnumber any current living generation and are the first true digital natives. Born after 1996 and through 2012, they are known for their short attention spans and heightened ability to multi-task. Raised in the age of the smart phone, they have been tethered to digital devices from a young age with most having the preponderance of their childhood milestones commemorated online. Often called Zoomers, they are more racially and ethnically diverse than any previous generation and are on track to be the most well-educated generation in history. Gen Zers in the United States have been found in the research to be progressive and pro-government and viewing increasing racial and ethnic diversity as positive change. Finally, they are less likely to hold xenophobic beliefs such as the notion of American exceptionalism and superiority that have been popular with by prior generations. The United States has been in a period of social and civil unrest in recent years with concerns over systematic racism, rampant inequalities, political polarization, xenophobia, police violence, sexual assault and harassment, and the growing epidemic of gun violence. Anxieties stirred by the COVID-19 pandemic further compounded these issues resulting in a powder keg explosion occurring throughout the summer of 2020 and leading well into 2021. As a result, the United States has deteriorated significantly in the Civil Unrest Index falling from 91st to 34th. The vitriol, polarization, protests, murders, and shootings have all occurred during Gen Z’s formative years, and the limited research available indicates that it has shaped their values and political views. Methodology: The Mid-Atlantic region is a portion of the United States that exists as the overlap between the northeastern and southeastern portions of the country. It includes the nation’s capital, as well as large urban centers, small cities, suburbs, and rural enclaves. It is one of the most socially, economically, racially, and culturally diverse parts of the United States and is often referred to as the “typically American region.” An electronic survey was administered to students from 2019 through 2021 attending a high school dual enrollment program, a minority serving institution, a majority serving institution, and a community college all located within the larger mid-Atlantic region. The survey included a combination of multiple response, Likert scaled, dichotomous, open ended, and ordinal questions. It was developed in the Survey Monkey system and reviewed by several content and methodological experts in order to examine bias, vagueness, or potential semantic problems. Finally, the survey was pilot tested prior to implementation in order to explore the efficacy of the research methodology. It was then modified accordingly prior to widespread distribution to potential participants. The surveys were administered to students enrolled in classes taught by the authors all of whom are educators. Participation was voluntary, optional, and anonymous. Over 800 individuals completed the survey with just over 700 usable results, after partial completes and the responses of individuals outside of the 18-24 age range were removed. Findings: Participants in this study overwhelmingly were users of social media. In descending order, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, Facebook, Pinterest, WhatsApp, LinkedIn and Tik Tok were the most popular social media services reported as being used. When volume of use was considered, Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube and Twitter were the most cited with most participants reporting using Instagram and Snapchat multiple times a day. When asked to select which social media service they would use if forced to choose just one, the number one choice was YouTube followed by Instagram and Snapchat. Additionally, more than half of participants responded that they have uploaded a video to a video sharing site such as YouTube or Tik Tok. When asked about their familiarity with different technologies, participants overwhelmingly responded that they are “very familiar” with smart phones, searching the Web, social media, and email. About half the respondents said that they were “very familiar” with common computer applications such as the Microsoft Office Suite or Google Suite with another third saying that they were “somewhat familiar.” When asked about Learning Management Systems (LMS) like Blackboard, Course Compass, Canvas, Edmodo, Moodle, Course Sites, Google Classroom, Mindtap, Schoology, Absorb, D2L, itslearning, Otus, PowerSchool, or WizIQ, only 43% said they were “very familiar” with 31% responding that they were “somewhat familiar.” Finally, about half the students were either “very” or “somewhat” familiar with operating systems such as Windows. A few preferences with respect to technology in the teaching and learning process were explored in the survey. Most students (85%) responded that they want course announcements and reminders sent to their phones, 76% expect their courses to incorporate the use of technology, 71% want their courses to have course websites, and 71% said that they would rather watch a video than read a book chapter. When asked to consider the future, over 81% or respondents reported that technology will play a major role in their future career. Most participants considered themselves “informed” or “well informed” about current events although few considered themselves “very informed” or “well informed” about politics. When asked how they get their news, the most common forum reported for getting news and information about current events and politics was social media with 81% of respondents reporting. Gen Z is known to be an engaged generation and the participants in this study were not an exception. As such, it came as no surprise to discover that, in the past year more than 78% of respondents had educated friends or family about an important social or political issue, about half (48%) had donated to a cause of importance to them, more than a quarter (26%) had participated in a march or rally, and a quarter (26%) had actively boycotted a product or company. Further, about 37% consider themselves to be a social activist with another 41% responding that aren’t sure if they would consider themselves an activist and only 22% saying that they would not consider themselves an activist. When asked what issues were important to them, the most frequently cited were Black Lives Matter (75%), human trafficking (68%), sexual assault/harassment/Me Too (66.49%), gun violence (65.82%), women’s rights (65.15%), climate change (55.4%), immigration reform/deferred action for childhood arrivals (DACA) (48.8%), and LGBTQ+ rights (47.39%). When the schools were compared, there were only minor differences in social media use with the high school students indicating slightly more use of Tik Tok than the other participants. All groups were virtually equal when it came to how informed they perceived themselves about current events and politics. Consensus among groups existed with respect to how they get their news, and the community college and high school students were slightly more likely to have participated in a march, protest, or rally in the last 12 months than the university students. The community college and high school students were also slightly more likely to consider themselves social activists than the participants from either of the universities. When the importance of the issues was considered, significant differences based on institutional type were noted. Black Lives Matter (BLM) was identified as important by the largest portion of students attending the HBCU followed by the community college students and high school students. Less than half of the students attending the TWI considered BLM an important issue. Human trafficking was cited as important by a higher percentage of students attending the HBCU and urban high school than at the suburban and rural community college or the TWI. Sexual assault was considered important by the majority of students at all the schools with the percentage a bit smaller from the majority serving institution. About two thirds of the students at the high school, community college, and HBCU considered gun violence important versus about half the students at the majority serving institution. Women’s rights were reported as being important by more of the high school and HBCU participants than the community college or TWI. Climate change was considered important by about half the students at all schools with a slightly smaller portion reporting out the HBCU. Immigration reform/DACA was reported as important by half the high school, community college, and HBCU participants with only a third of the students from the majority serving institution citing it as an important issue. With respect to LGBTQ rights approximately half of the high school and community college participants cited it as important, 44.53% of the HBCU students, and only about a quarter of the students attending the majority serving institution. Contribution and Conclusion: This paper provides a timely investigation into the mindset of generation Z students living in the United States during a period of heightened civic unrest. This insight is useful to educators who should be informed about the generation of students that is currently populating higher education. The findings of this study are consistent with public opinion polls by Pew Research Center. According to the findings, the Gen Z students participating in this study are heavy users of multiple social media, expect technology to be integrated into teaching and learning, anticipate a future career where technology will play an important role, informed about current and political events, use social media as their main source for getting news and information, and fairly engaged in social activism. When institutional type was compared the students from the university with the more affluent and less diverse population were less likely to find social justice issues important than the other groups. Recommendations for Practitioners: During disruptive and contentious times, it is negligent to think that the abounding issues plaguing society are not important to our students. Gauging the issues of importance and levels of civic engagement provides us crucial information towards understanding the attitudes of students. Further, knowing how our students gain information, their social media usage, as well as how informed they are about current events and political issues can be used to more effectively communicate and educate. Recommendations for Researchers: As social media continues to proliferate daily life and become a vital means of news and information gathering, additional studies such as the one presented here are needed. Additionally, in other countries facing similarly turbulent times, measuring student interest, awareness, and engagement is highly informative. Impact on Society: During a highly contentious period replete with a large volume of civil unrest and compounded by a global pandemic, understanding the behaviors and attitudes of students can help us as higher education faculty be more attuned when it comes to the design and delivery of curriculum. Future Research This presentation presents preliminary findings. Data is still being collected and much more extensive statistical analyses will be performed.

The artіcle hіghlіghts the humanіtarіan polemіcs іn the Western Ukraіnіan press іn the іnterwar (1920-30s) perіod іn three aspects: the polemіcs of Ukraіnіan-language magazіnes among themselves, the polemіcs of the Ukraіnіan-language press wіth the Polіsh and Russіan press, the place of the Ukraіnіan press іnvolved іn the polemіcs іn the colonіal and global cultural – іnformatіonal contexts, іts representatіve relatіons wіth the judіcіal, executіve and legіslatіve authorіtіes іn the process of changes іn the socіal and polіtіcal atmosphere іn thіs tіme-space. The purpose of thіs artіcle іs to hіghlіght the humanіtarіan polemіcs іn the Western Ukraіnіan press іn the іnterwar (1920-30s) perіod іn three aspects: the polemіcs of Ukraіnіan magazіnes among themselves, the polemіcs of the Ukraіnіan press wіth the Polіsh and Russіan press, the Ukraіnіan press іn the global cultural and іnformatіonal context; dіfferentіatіon of polemіcal publіcatіons accordіng to genre-thematіc affіlіatіon to the socіo-polіtіcal dіscourse of the struggle of іdeas, symbols, sіgns, іmages, the struggle of relіgіous doctrіnes through the medіatіon of Ukraіnіan-centrіc іnformatіon (press) flows, whіch іn turn were fought by the then colonіal, іn partіcular Polіsh, polіtіcal power, subjectіng theіr censorshіp, confіscatіon, closure, harassment of edіtors and journalіsts. The basіc feature of іnter-magazіne relatіons of varіous Ukraіnіan and Ukraіnіan-language magazіnes of the іnterwar perіod was polemіcs, the topіcs of whіch were: polіtіcs (antі-Polіsh, pro-Polіsh, respectіvely – antі-Russіan, pro-Russіan); relіgіon (language of worshіp, hіerarchіcal subordіnatіon of the church); culture (problems of language, theatrіcal productіons, etc.); school busіness; cooperatіon; the sіtuatіon of the peasantry. That іs, all spheres of socіal lіfe, the representatіves of whіch were the mіrrors of magazіnes, patented by us for research іn thіs (spherіcal) structure: cooperatіve press, relіgіous press, etc. At the same tіme, the magazіnes that were publіshed іn the tіme-space determіned by us dіd not only “quarrel” wіth each other, but also often supported each other, prіntіng letters of support, advertіsіng each other durіng subscrіptіon campaіgns, takіng joіnt partіcіpatіon іn court hearіngs, etc. Keywords: controversy; press; colonіal dіscourse; confіscate; censorshіp.

In Pakistan, where gender-based discrimination is already rampant, women and girls belonging to religious minority or belief communities face multiple and intersecting forms of discrimination over and above those faced by an average Pakistani woman and girl. This policy briefing shares findings from a study on the situation of socioeconomically excluded Christian women and girls in Pakistan. During the research, they discussed their experiences of different forms of discrimination, which predominantly took place within their workplace (largely sanitary, domestic and factory work) and educational institutes, particularly in government schools. They described being restricted in their mobility by their families and communities who are fearful of the threats of forced conversion, and both poor and affluent women relayed experiences of harassment at healthcare and education facilities once their religious identity is revealed.

This CREID Policy Briefing provides recommendations to address the marginalisation, discrimination and exclusion faced by displaced Yazidi women in Iraq. Throughout the history of their presence in Iraq, the Yazidis have experienced harassment, persecution, killing and displacement. Most recently, they have been exposed to genocide from the Islamic State (ISIS) group after they took control of Sinjar district and the cities of Bahzani and Bashiqa in the Nineveh Plain in 2014, destroying Yazidi homes, schools, businesses and places of worship. Yazidi people were killed or forced to convert to Islam. Over 6,000 were kidnapped, including over 3,500 women and girls, many of whom were forced into sexual slavery. Men and boys were murdered or forced to become soldiers. Any remaining citizens were displaced. Seven years later, more than 2,000 Yazidi women and children were still missing or in captivity, more than 100,000 Yazidis had migrated abroad, and over 200,000 Yazidi people were still displaced, living in camps.