Journal articles: 'Schizotypal personality disorder'

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Klembovskaya, E., and G. Fastovtsov. "Clinical Content of Schizotypal Personality Disorder." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71387-2.

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Background and aim:«Schizotypal personality disorder» occupies a special position in the classification of mental disorders. It is not enough investigated, what kind of disorders they are like, their characteristics are, and how they differ from schizoid personality disorder and continuous sluggish schizophrenia. with the aim to define the clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder 58 patients were examined.Results:•Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to deficit states, observed at schizophrenia, clinically limited to personality sphere, without the signs of flow of endogenous process and psychotic disorders.•Schizotypal personality disorder on the clinical content reminds schizoid, but insignificant ideatory disorders are typical. Dymamic of psychopathy - disposition to decompensation - is never observed.•Schizotypal personality disorder can be diagnosed as latent schizophrenia, because the clinical picture is similar. the special value acquires a dynamic aspect typical of the endogenous process.•High quality remission of schizophrenia limited of specific personality changes, as a variant of «acquired psychopathy» can be considered as clinically identical to «schizotypal personality disorder».Conclusion:A content of Schizotypal personality disorder includes a group of disorders of schizophrenia spectrum, different originally, from shizofreniform personality disorders without the signs of dynamics to the different states of development of schizophrenia - initial (latent schizophrenia), and final (high quality remission of schizophrenia as practical completion of schizophrenia process with the formation of certain features of personality). It can explain the special place of «Schizotypal personality disorder» in the classification of psychic disorders.

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Klembovskaya, E., G. Fastovtsov, and O. Pechenkina. "Differencial diagnosing of schizotypal personality disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72490-7.

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Background and aimClinical definitions and differencial diagnosis criteria of «Schizotypal personality disorder» is not enough investigated yet, especially how it differs from schizoid personality disorder and continuous sluggish schizophrenia. It is impossible to consider diagnostic indications (that the symptoms of schizophrenia couldn’t be observed before and during actual examination) sufficient to explain the special place of this mental disorder. Some criteria of diagnosis of schizotypal disorders (for example, suspiciousness and paranoid ideas, episodes of quazi- psychotic disorders) are not applicable.With the aim to define the clinical features of schizotypal personality disorder 58 patients were examined. All patients were characterized by mainly personality disorders.Results-Schizotypal personality disorder is similar to deficit states, observed at schizophrenia, clinically limited to personality sphere, without the signs of flow of endogenous process and psychotic disorders.-Schizotypal personality disorder on the clinical content reminds schizoid, but insignificant ideatory disorders are rather typical. Dymamic of psychopathy - disposition to decompensation - is never observed.-Schizotypal personality disorder can be diagnosed as latent, prodromal schizophrenia, because the clinical picture of these states is very similar. The special value acquires a dynamic aspect, allowing to find the signs of «flow» and dynamics typical of the endogenous process.ConclusionThus, the main differencial diagnosing criteria of schizotypal personality disorder are the dynamic aspects and changing of clinical features.

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Vora, Anvi K., Amanda M. Fisher, Antonia S. New, Erin A. Hazlett, Margaret McNamara, Qiaoping Yuan, Zhifeng Zhou, et al. "Dimensional Traits of Schizotypy Associated With Glycine Receptor GLRA1 Polymorphism: An Exploratory Candidate-Gene Association Study." Journal of Personality Disorders 32, no. 3 (June 2018): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2017_31_303.

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Schizotypy captures the underlying genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. However, the genetic underpinnings of schizotypy remain unexplored. The authors examined the relationship between single nucleotide poly-morphisms (SNPs) and schizotypy. A sample of 137 subjects (43 healthy controls, 34 subjects with schizotypal personality disorder [SPD], 32 with borderline personality disorder, and 25 with other personality disorders) completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Subjects were genotyped using a custom array chip. Principal component analysis was used to cluster SPQ variables. Linear regression tested for associations between dimensional schizotypy and SNPs. Logistic regression tested for associations between SNPs and SPD diagnosis. There were significant associations between the minor alleles of three SNPs within the glycine receptor alpha 1 subunit (GLRA1) and the disorganized schizotypy dimension, even after Bonferroni correction. There were no significant associations between any SNPs and the categorical SPD diagnosis. Glycine receptor pathways may have an impact on dimensional traits of psychosis.

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Chemerinski, Eran, Joseph Triebwasser, Panos Roussos, and Larry J. Siever. "Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Journal of Personality Disorders 27, no. 5 (October 2013): 652–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2012_26_053.

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Minichiello, William E., Lee Baer, and Michael A. Jenike. "Schizotypal personality disorder:." Journal of Anxiety Disorders 1, no. 3 (January 1987): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(87)90032-6.

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McGlashan, Thomas H. "Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Archives of General Psychiatry 43, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800040039006.

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Matsui, Mié, Tomiki Sumiyoshi, Kanade Kato, Eiichi Yoneyama, and Masayoshi Kurachi. "Neuropsychological Profile in Patients with Schizotypal Personality Disorder or Schizophrenia." Psychological Reports 94, no. 2 (April 2004): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.2.387-397.

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Neuropsychological impairments have been consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia. As little is known whether subjects with schizotypal personality disorder exhibit neurocognitive dysfunction similar to that in schizophrenia, we assessed the neuropsychological profile of 15 subjects with schizotypal personality disorder and compared it with that for 15 patients with schizophrenia and for 15 psychiatrically normal volunteers. All participants were administered a standard neuropsychological battery assessing language ability, spatial ability, visuomotor function, verbal memory, visual memory, auditory attention, visual attention, and executive function. Performance on most of the cognitive domains was impaired in patients with schizotypal personality disorder but less than patients with schizophrenia. Specifically, impairment in verbal memory and visuomotor ability in patients with schizotypal personality disorder and patients with schizophrenia were comparable, while patients with schizophrenia performed worse on the test of executive function than did patients with schizotypal personality disorder. As a whole, cognitive deficits in patients with schizotypal personality disorder were qualitatively similar to, but quantitatively milder than, those for patients with schizophrenia. The results suggest that cognitive abilities related to frontotemporal lobe function are disturbed across these schizophrenia-spectrum disorders.

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Kirrane, Richelle M., and Larry J. Siever. "The biological basis of schizotypal personality disorder." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 17, no. 3 (September 2000): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700005887.

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AbstractSchizotypal personality disorder is the DSM equivalent of the ICD category schizotypal disorder. It may be seen as part of the schizophrenia spectrum of disorders. Patients with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) share many features with schizophrenic patients. These include symptoms of social isolation and cognitive impairment. They also share imaging and biochemical evidence of brain dysfunction, and genetic similarities. SPD patients, however, for some reason do not become chronically psychotic. The study of schizotypal patients is of great importance in attempting to clarify the genetic and biological basis of the schizophrenia spectrum. It is also important in helping to delineate the differences between schizophrenic and schizotypal patients, and to distinguish those factors that protect the schizotypal patient from becoming floridly psychotic. In this article we present recent findings regarding the biological basis of schizotypal personality disorder. We illustrate the contribution of these findings to our understanding of risk and protective factors in the schizophrenia spectrum.

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Tonelli, Hélio Anderson. "How semantic deficits in schizotypy help understand language and thought disorders in schizophrenia: a systematic and integrative review." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 36, no. 2 (April 2014): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2013-0053.

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Introduction: Disorders of thought are psychopathological phenomena commonly present in schizophrenia and seem to result from deficits of semantic processing. Schizotypal personality traits consist of tendencies to think and behave that are qualitatively similar to schizophrenia, with greater vulnerability to such disorder. This study reviewed the literature about semantic processing deficits in samples of individuals with schizotypal traits and discussed the impact of current knowledge upon the comprehension of schizophrenic thought disorders. Studies about the cognitive performance of healthy individuals with schizotypal traits help understand the semantic deficits underlying psychotic thought disorders with the advantage of avoiding confounding factors usually found in samples of individuals with schizophrenia, such as the use of antipsychotics and hospitalizations. Methods: A search for articles published in Portuguese or English within the last 10 years on the databases MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycInfo, LILACS and Biological Abstracts was conducted, using the keywords semantic processing, schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder. Results: The search retrieved 44 manuscripts, out of which 11 were firstly chosen. Seven manuscripts were additionally included after reading these papers. Conclusion: The great majority of the included studies showed that schizotypal subjects might exhibit semantic processing deficits. They help clarify about the interfaces between cognitive, neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms underlying not only thought disorders, but also healthy human mind's creativity.

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Ricci, F., A. Ventriglio, M. Pascucci, and A. Bellomo. "Relationship between affective temperaments, traits of schizotypal Personality and early diagnosis in a sample of Italian healthy subjects." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1336.

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IntroductionAkiskal et al. [1] examined the relationship between affective temperaments and characteristics of schizotypal personality disorder. Schizotypal personality disorder is becoming increasingly important both in itself as a significant personality disorder and as a condition that can provide important insights into the origins of schizophrenia. Perceptual and interpersonal cognitive disorders, behavior and disorganized speech do the schizotypal personality disorder a kind of mild form of schizophrenia, a premorbid or prodromal phase of this serious disorder.AimsTo analyze, in an Italian sample of healthy subjects, the correlation between affective temperaments and schizotypal traits.MethodsWe recruited 173 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 65 years who have completed the following tests:– BIS-11;– SPQ;– SDS;– SAS;– HCL-32;– TEMPS-A.ResultsAt linear regression analysis between TEMPS-A scores and other rating scales are observed highly significant associations between increasing scores of cyclothymic and depressive temperament, subjective anxiety and depression with scores pertaining to the schizotypal personality disorder.ConclusionsClinically, a better understanding of the mechanisms that lead to a schizotypal personality could lead to the development of effective preventive and curative treatments in an early stage of symptoms in addition to the identification of subgroups at risk for the development of schizophrenic pathology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Koch, Jessa, Taylor Modesitt, Melissa Palmer, Sarah Ward, Bobbie Martin, Robby Wyatt, and Christopher Thomas. "Review of pharmacologic treatment in cluster A personality disorders." Mental Health Clinician 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2016.03.75.

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Abstract Introduction: A personality disorder is a pervasive and enduring pattern of behaviors that impacts an individual's social, occupational, and overall functioning. Specifically, the cluster A personality disorders include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Patients with cluster A personality disorders tend to be isolative and avoid relationships. The quality of life may also be reduced in these individuals, which provokes the question of how to treat patients with these personality disorders. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current literature for pharmacologic treatments for the cluster A personality disorders. Methods: A Medline/PubMed and Ovid search was conducted to identify literature on the psychopharmacology of paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. There were no exclusions in terms of time frame from article publication or country of publication, in order to provide a comprehensive analysis; however, only articles that contained information on the cluster A disorders were included. Results: Minimal evidence regarding pharmacotherapy in paranoid and schizoid personality disorders was found. Literature was available for pharmacologic treatment of schizotypal personality disorder. Studies evaluating the use of olanzapine, risperidone, haloperidol, fluoxetine, and thiothixene did yield beneficial results; however, treatment with such agents should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Discussion: Most of the literature analyzed in this review presented theoretical ideas of what may constitute the neurobiologic factors of personality and what treatments may address these aspects. Further research is needed to evaluate specific pharmacologic treatment in the cluster A personality disorders. At this time, treatment with pharmacologic agents is based on theory rather than evidence.

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Klembovskaya, E., and G. Fastovtsov. "Forensic aspects of schizotypal patients." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72489-0.

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Schizotypal disorder comprises a wide spectrum of schizophrenic disorders from personality to sub-psychotic disorders. As a result, psychiatric evaluation of this psychopathology is ambiguous and a challenge to forensic psychiatry. The other important side of the problem is the prevention of social aggression of these patients.For the aim of investigation of these aspects a cohort of 82 patients was studied. All of them committed crimes and had been diagnosed “schizotypal personality disorder”(12), or “schizotypal disorder” (pseudopsychopatic (38), pseudoneurotic schizophrenia (13), schizophrenia with bare symptoms (16), schizophrenic reaction (3).We found that the main criteria for the forensic psychiatric evaluation of schizotypal disorders include personal, social and clinical aspects. The patients with schizoptypal personality disorder can demonstrate mostly integrity of cognitive sphere and singularity of emotions, also rather high level of social adjustment. The patients with mild forms of schizophrenia show pathology in sphere of thinking and emotions, social problems, so the psychiatric forensic conclusion can be different from irresponsibility.The main factors of criminal aggressive behavior of patients were pseudopsychopatic syndrome with disability of critical functions and brutish behavior pathology.

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Bidani, Navneet. "A Case of Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Homœopathic Links 30, no. 02 (June 2017): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602781.

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AbstractPersonality disorders are a group of conditions characterised by an inability to get on with other people and learn from experience. People with a personality disorder may find that their beliefs and attitudes are different from those of most other people. Others may find their behaviour unusual, unexpected or perhaps offensive. In this article, we discuss a case of a 42-year-old man with schizotypal personality disorder with typical delusions of being abused and persecuted and subsequent formication. With a properly selected homeopathic medicine, the patient experienced symptom improvement in self-confidence, somatic complaints, stress and worry, anxiety and delusions, suggesting that homeopathy is quite useful in the treatment of such personality disorders.

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Squires-Wheeler, Elizabeth, Andrew E. Skodol, David Friedman, and L. Erlenmeyer-Kimling. "The specificity of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits." Psychological Medicine 18, no. 3 (August 1988): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700008461.

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SynopsisThe rate of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits was evaluated in three groups of adolescent offspring (ages 15–21), defined by the psychiatric diagnosis of their parents. Parental diagnoses included schizophrenic disorder (40 adolescents), affective disorder (35 adolescents), and ‘no psychiatric disorder’ (normal controls) parents (82 adolescents). The presence of the eight component features of schizotypal personality disorder was assessed from video-taped semi-structured psychiatric interviews, subsequently rated by trained psychiatrists, blind to the parental psychiatric status of the subjects. The effect of age, sex, and social class on the pattern of prevalence results was examined.The expected specificity of DSM-III schizotypal personality traits to schizophrenia was not supported by the prevalence pattern of the traits. Rates of 2 or more, 3 or more, and 4 or more schizotypal personality features were highest in the parental psychiatric groups. The rates of schizotypal personality traits in adolescent offspring of affective disorder parents were as high as those previously reported for relatives of schizophrenic disorder probands.

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Markar, H. R., J. M. G. Williams, J. Wells, and L. Gordon. "Occurrence of schizotypal and borderline symptoms in parasuicide patients: comparison between subjective and objective indices." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 2 (May 1991): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700020493.

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SYNOPSISSeventy-six patients were interviewed within a week of admission following a parasuicide episode. Axis II diagnosis on DSM-III was made for schizotypal, borderline, histrionic, and antisocial personality disorder. In addition patients completed a self-rating questionnaire, the Schizotypy Questionnaire of Claridge & Broks (1984), which assesses schizotypal and borderline personality traits. The objective and subjective indices of schizotypal and borderline symptoms correlated significantly but allocation of patients to a diagnosis missed several patients who nevertheless rated themselves as having a high frequency of these symptoms. There was an asymmetry of symptom pattern reminiscent of Foulds & Bedford's (1975) hierarchy model. The presence of schizotypal symptoms appeared to be higher in the hierarchy: they predicted borderline symptoms, but a high frequency of borderline symptoms did not necessarily predict schizotypy. We suggest that the occurrence of schizotypal symptoms should become a more explicit focus of clinical assessment and treatment of these patients, especially those who repeatedly harm themselves and we suggest ways in which cognitive therapies may be adapted to do this.

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Cicero, David C., Katherine G. Jonas, Kaiqiao Li, Greg Perlman, and Roman Kotov. "Common Taxonomy of Traits and Symptoms: Linking Schizophrenia Symptoms, Schizotypy, and Normal Personality." Schizophrenia Bulletin 45, no. 6 (February 9, 2019): 1336–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz005.

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Abstract The associations among normal personality and many mental disorders are well established, but it remains unclear whether and how symptoms of schizophrenia and schizotypal traits align with the personality taxonomy. This study examined the joint factor structure of normal personality, schizotypy, and schizophrenia symptoms in people with psychotic disorders (n = 288) and never-psychotic adults (n = 257) in the Suffolk County Mental Health Project. First, we evaluated the structure of schizotypal (positive schizotypy, negative schizotypy, and mistrust) and normal traits. In both the psychotic-disorder and never-psychotic groups, the best-fitting model had 5 factors: neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and psychoticism. The schizotypy traits were placed on different dimensions: negative schizotypy went on (low) extraversion, whereas positive schizotypy and mistrust went on psychoticism. Next, we added symptoms to the model. Numerous alternatives were compared, and the 5-factor model remained best-fitting. Reality distortion (hallucinations and delusions) and disorganization symptoms were placed on psychoticism, and negative symptoms were placed on extraversion. Models that separated symptom dimensions from trait dimensions did not fit well, arguing that taxonomies of symptoms and traits are aligned. This is the first study to show that symptoms of psychosis, schizotypy, and normal personality reflect the same underlying dimensions. Specifically, (low) extraversion, negative schizotypy, and negative symptoms form one spectrum, whereas psychoticism, positive schizotypy, and positive and disorganized symptoms form another. This framework helps to understand the heterogeneity of psychosis and comorbidity patterns found in psychotic disorders. It also underscores the importance of traits to understanding these disorders.

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McGlashan, Thomas H., and Karen K. Bardenstein. "Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Gender Differences." Journal of Personality Disorders 2, no. 3 (September 1988): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1988.2.3.221.

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Hur, Ji-Won, Taekwan Kim, Kang Ik K. Cho, and Jun Soo Kwon. "Attenuated Resting-State Functional Anticorrelation between Attention and Executive Control Networks in Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020312.

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Exploring the disruptions to intrinsic resting-state networks (RSNs) in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders yields a better understanding of the disease-specific pathophysiology. However, our knowledge of the neurobiological underpinnings of schizotypal personality disorders mostly relies on research on schizotypy or schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the RSN abnormalities of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) and their clinical implications. Using resting-state data, the intra- and inter-network of the higher-order functional networks (default mode network, DMN; frontoparietal network, FPN; dorsal attention network, DAN; salience network, SN) were explored in 22 medication-free, community-dwelling, non-help seeking individuals diagnosed with SPD and 30 control individuals. Consequently, while there were no group differences in intra-network functional connectivity across DMN, FPN, DAN, and SN, the SPD participants exhibited attenuated anticorrelation between the right frontal eye field region of the DAN and the right posterior parietal cortex region of the FPN. The decreases in anticorrelation were correlated with increased cognitive–perceptual deficits and disorganization factors of the schizotypal personality questionnaire, as well as reduced independence–performance of the social functioning scale for all participants together. This study, which links SPD pathology and social functioning deficits, is the first evidence of impaired large-scale intrinsic brain networks in SPD.

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Wang, Ziao. "An Overview of Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Etiology Treatment." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 13, no. 1 (October 26, 2023): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/13/20230847.

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The article summarizes and analyzes some of the previous studies on schizotypal personality disorder to explain the etiology, genetic aspect such as Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT which is situated on chromosome 22q11) and calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C (CACNA1C rs1006737); environmental aspect such as risky factors affecting an unnormal brain development like and psychological trauma, and chronic stress, and the treatment (Metacognitive treatment; RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Medication treatment) of schizotypal personality disorder are also discussed. Both methods, Metacognitive treatment, and RuminationFocused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, in their respective cases, improved symptoms in schizotypal personality disorder patients. However, although research on medication treatment shows that although some medicines, like Risperidone and Haloperidol, can also improve schizotypal personality disorder symptoms, they are also accompanied by the side effects. Moreover, the analysis shows that the present research on managing schizotypal personality disorder encounters issues such as insufficient sample size and absence of repeated experiments. These results of prior studies still need further verification before they can be used in practice.

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Rasmussen, Jessica, Gail Steketee, Michelle Silverman, and Sabine Wilhelm. "The Relationship of Hoarding Symptoms to Schizotypal Personality and Cognitive Schemas in an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Sample." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, no. 4 (2013): 384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.27.4.384.

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This study examined hoarding symptoms and schizotypal personality traits (SPTs) in 38 patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and explored early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as partial mediators between hoarding symptoms and schizotypal traits in OCD. Hoarding and symmetry/ordering symptoms were correlated with total schizotypal score on the Personality Disorder Questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4). Hoarding predicted the total number of schizotypal traits on the PDQ-4 after adjusting for symmetry/ordering symptoms. Schizotypal traits but not hoarding symptoms were significantly correlated with the social isolation and mistrust/abuse schemas. Schizotypal traits and hoarding were both associated with the emotional inhibition and emotional deprivation schemas, but neither of these mediated the relationship between schizotypal traits and hoarding. Clinical implications for understanding and treating hoarding and schizotypal personality in OCD are discussed.

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Giakoumaki, Stella G. "Cognitive and Prepulse Inhibition Deficits in Psychometrically High Schizotypal Subjects in the General Population: Relevance to Schizophrenia Research." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 18, no. 4 (May 22, 2012): 643–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561771200029x.

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AbstractSchizophrenia and schizotypal personality disorder share common clinical profiles, neurobiological and genetic substrates along with Prepulse Inhibition and cognitive deficits; among those, executive, attention, and memory dysfunctions are more consistent. Schizotypy is considered to be a non-specific “psychosis-proneness,” and understanding the relationship between schizotypal traits and cognitive function in the general population is a promising approach for endophenotypic research in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In this review, findings for executive function, attention, memory, and Prepulse Inhibition impairments in psychometrically defined schizotypal subjects have been summarized and compared to schizophrenia patients and their unaffected first-degree relatives. Cognitive flexibility, sustained attention, working memory, and Prepulse Inhibition impairments were consistently reported in high schizotypal subjects in accordance to schizophrenia patients. Genetic studies assessing the effects of various candidate gene polymorphisms in schizotypal traits and cognitive function are promising, further supporting a polygenic mode of inheritance. The implications of the findings, methodological issues, and suggestions for future research are discussed. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–14)

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Moreno, L., J. Valero, A. M. Gaviria, A. Hernández, J. A. Gutiérrez-Zotes, and A. Labad. "Study of Pathological Personality as a Modulating Factor of Schizotypy." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71405-1.

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Aims:From a dimensional point of view, the schizotypal features would be continuously distributed in normal population and individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. in the latter, differences have been found in personality traits between the diagnostic categories of the dimension, and also different schizotypy scores between them. in this study our main objective was to specify the domains and traits of pathological personality that can be considered risk factors for schizotypy.Method:SPQ and DAPP-BQ were administered to a sample of 91 subjects that were divided in four groups: psychotic patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, siblings of patients from this spectrum, patients with personality disorders, and healthy controls.Results:Patients with personality disorders presented the highest scores of schizotypy measured with SPQ, followed by psychotic patients, siblings, and finally the healthy controls. both groups of patients obtained higher pathological personality scores compared to siblings and controls. in the psychotic patients and their siblings emotional dysregulation, dissocial behavior and inhibition domains correlated with the SPQ factors, while in the personality disorder patients SPQ correlated only with inhibition. the trait social avoidance appears to be a predictive variable of psychometric schizotypy.Conclusions:Pathological personality underlying the schizotypy of psychotic patients of schizophrenia spectrum and their siblings is different from that of the personality disorder group. Social avoidance is a risk factor for schizotypy measured with SPQ.

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Kwapil, Thomas R., and Neus Barrantes-Vidal. "Schizotypal personality disorder in the alternative model for personality disorders." Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 13, no. 4 (July 2022): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/per0000538.

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Shao, Xu, Chu Wang, Chanchan Shen, Yanli Jia, and Wei Wang. "Nightmare experience and personality disorder functioning styles in healthy volunteers and nightmare disorder patients." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 84, no. 3 (September 2020): 278–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2020.84.3.278.

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Nightmares are prevalent in psychiatric disorders, and personality disorder features might be associated with nightmare experience, especially in nightmare disorder patients. The authors invited 219 healthy volunteers and 118 nightmare disorder patients to undergo tests of the Nightmare Experience Questionnaire (NEQ), the Parker Personality Measure (PERM), and the Plutchik-van Praag Depression Inventory. Compared to healthy volunteers, nightmare disorder patients scored significantly higher on annual nightmare frequency and NEQ Physical Effect, Negative Emotion, Meaning Interpretation, and Horrible Stimulation, and higher on PERM Paranoid, Schizotypal, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Avoidant, and Dependent styles. Borderline, Schizotypal, and Passive-Aggressive styles in healthy volunteers and Dependent, Avoidant, Histrionic, and Paranoid in patients were significant predictors of some NEQ scales. Higher annual nightmare frequency, higher scale scores of nightmare experience and personality disorder styles, and more associations between the two were found in nightmare disorder patients, implying the need for personality-adjustment therapy for nightmare disorder.

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Tantam, Digby. "Lifelong Eccentricity and Social Isolation." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 6 (December 1988): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.6.783.

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Several scales are described for measuring aspects of eccentricity and social isolation; in particular, for assessing schizoid and schizotypal personality and for rating abnormal non-verbal expression. The latter is shown to be reliable, and the former to have a measure of validity. There was an association between schizoid personality traits and abnormalities of speech and non-verbal expression. However, abnormal non-verbal expression, but not schizoid personality traits or DSM–III schizotypal personality disorder, was particularly likely to occur in those subjects who had evidence of neurological deficit, and childhood symptoms indicative of developmental disorder. Abnormal non-verbal expression, but not personality disorder, was also associated with other characteristic features of Asperger's syndrome, such as unusual, 'special’ interests. It is suggested that Asperger's syndrome is a distinct syndrome from either schizoid or schizotypal personality disorder, but may be a risk factor for the development of schizoid personality disorder.

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Jakobsen, Klaus Damgaard, Eva Skyum, Nasseh Hashemi, Ole Schjerning, Anders Fink-Jensen, and Jimmi Nielsen. "Antipsychotic treatment of schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder: a systematic review." Journal of Psychopharmacology 31, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881117695879.

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Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is characterised by thought disorders, experiences of illusions, obsessive ruminations, bizarre or eccentric behaviour, cognitive problems and deficits in social functioning – symptoms that SPD shares with schizophrenia. Efforts have been undertaken to investigate the relationship between these conditions regarding genetics, pathophysiology, and phenomenology. However, treatment of SPD with antipsychotics has received less scientific attention. Embase and PubMed databases were searched using all known generic names of antipsychotics as search terms in combination with the following diagnostic terms: latent schizophrenia, schizotypal disorder, latent type schizophrenia, or SPD. Studies were categorised according to evidence level on the basis of their methodology from A, being the best, to E, being the worst. Five hundred and nine studies were retrieved and scrutinised. Sixteen studies, from the period 1972 to 2012, on antipsychotic treatment of SPD were extracted. Four studies were categorised as evidence level A, two as level B, six as level C and three as level D, with one study level E. Only four randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials, on subjects with well-defined diagnoses, exists. Only amisulpride, risperidone and thiothixene have been studied according to evidence level A. This result warrants further high quality studies of the effects of antipsychotic treatment of SPD.

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Schulz, S. Charles, Patricia M. Schulz, and William H. Wilson. "Medication Treatment of Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Journal of Personality Disorders 2, no. 1 (March 1988): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1988.2.1.1.

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Berenbaum, Howard, Renee J. Thompson, Melissa E. Milanak, M. Tyler Boden, and Keith Bredemeier. "Psychological trauma and schizotypal personality disorder." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, no. 3 (2008): 502–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.117.3.502.

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Dickey, Chandlee C., Mai-Anh T. Vu, Martina M. Voglmaier, Margaret A. Niznikiewicz, Robert W. McCarley, and Lawrence P. Panych. "Prosodic abnormalities in schizotypal personality disorder." Schizophrenia Research 142, no. 1-3 (December 2012): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.006.

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Cadenhead, Kristin S., William Perry, Kathy Shafer, and David L. Braff. "Cognitive functions in schizotypal personality disorder." Schizophrenia Research 37, no. 2 (May 1999): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00147-9.

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Neumann, C. S., and E. F. Walker. "Motor dysfunction in schizotypal personality disorder." Schizophrenia Research 38, no. 2-3 (August 1999): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00011-0.

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Bergman, A., S. L. Roitman, G. Osgood, B. Cornblatt, and L. Siever. "Attentional dysfunction in schizotypal personality disorder." Biological Psychiatry 37, no. 9 (May 1995): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)94600-2.

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Trestman, R. L., M. B. Buchsbaum, B. V. Siegel, D. Stein, C. Shaefer, C. Luu, and L. J. Siever. "Functional neuroimaging in schizotypal personality disorder." Schizophrenia Research 15, no. 1-2 (April 1995): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(95)95315-z.

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Raine, A., D. Benishay, T. Lencz, and A. Scarpa. "Abnormal Orienting in Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Schizophrenia Bulletin 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/23.1.75.

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Siever, L. J. "Biological Markers in Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Schizophrenia Bulletin 11, no. 4 (January 1, 1985): 564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/11.4.564.

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Kirrane, Richelle M., and Larry J. Siever. "New perspectives on schizotypal personality disorder." Current Psychiatry Reports 2, no. 1 (February 2000): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-000-0044-0.

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Tallis, Frank, and Roz Shafran. "Schizotypal personality and obsessive compulsive disorder." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 4, no. 3 (September 1997): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199709)4:3<172::aid-cpp122>3.0.co;2-#.

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Zheng, Junyu. "A Review on Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 22 (November 26, 2023): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v22i.12290.

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Schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) is a severe mental disease that brings about serious difficulties and impairments in the lives of those affected by it. Those with SPD might be described as strange or unusual by other people. They are highly likely to have few intimate or close relationships. The purpose of this paper is to examine and discuss the etiology, individual and social impact, prognosis, and treatments for SPD. These details are important to study because SPD has been reported to be linked to violent behavior. A review of pertinent literature, mostly peer-reviewed journal articles, is carried out. The findings show that SPD has no known specific cause(s), results in severe physical, psychological, and social disabilities, and does not have any specific treatment. Further research on psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments is needed to improve prognosis for SPD, especially as regards its connection to violent behavior. Additional studies are also needed to conclusively identify SPD in all ages, which would help more effectively tailor psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions to the specific symptoms being presented.

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Huang, Leyao. "Cluster B Personality Disorder, Treatment, Comorbidity and Stigma." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 7, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/7/2022912.

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Schizoid, paranoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are examples of unusual or eccentrictraits shared by Cluster A. Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders all fall under the category of cluster B personality disorders. Cluster B personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and performance personality disorder, will be the focus of this paper. The problems encountered in treating the disorders are investigated by comparing the similarities and co-morbidity of Cluster B personality disorders in parallel. Highlighted how people with personality disorders can be stigmatized in their lives and therapy. Elaborated on the negative impact of stigma on treating Cluster B personality disorder and how to counteract stigma. Through discussing this kind of personality disorders, we can put forward a scientific basis for how to prevent personality disorders in the future.

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Kaplan, Alexander M., and Colin M. Smith. "Schizotypal personality disorder disguised as dissociative identity disorder." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 7 (July 2021): e243454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-243454.

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A 20-year-old man was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit for self-professed dissociative identity disorder. His presentation of multiple personalities without amnesia, dissociation or depersonalisation led to further examination of personality and cultural factors that may contribute to this uncommon presentation. Careful clinical investigation supported a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder with elements of fantastical thinking influenced by media presentations of dissociative identity disorder.

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Rodríguez-Ferreiro, Javier, Mari Aguilera, and Rob Davies. "Semantic priming and schizotypal personality: reassessing the link between thought disorder and enhanced spreading of semantic activation." PeerJ 8 (July 30, 2020): e9511. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9511.

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The term schizotypy refers to a group of stable personality traits with attributes similar to symptoms of schizophrenia, usually classified in terms of positive, negative or cognitive disorganization symptoms. The observation of increased spreading of semantic activation in individuals with schizotypal traits has led to the hypothesis that thought disorder, one of the characteristics of cognitive disorganization, stems from semantic disturbances. Nevertheless, it is still not clear under which specific circumstances (i.e., automatic or controlled processing, direct or indirect semantic relation) schizotypy affects semantic priming or whether it does affect it at all. We conducted two semantic priming studies with volunteers varying in schizotypy, one with directly related prime-target pairs and another with indirectly related pairs. Our participants completed a lexical decision task with related and unrelated pairs presented at short (250 ms) and long (750 ms) stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs). Then, they responded to the brief versions of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences, both of which include measures of cognitive disorganization. Bayesian mixed-effects models indicated expected effects of SOA and semantic relatedness, as well as an interaction between relatedness and directness (greater priming effects for directly related pairs). Even though our analyses demonstrated good sensitivity, we observed no influence of cognitive disorganization over semantic priming. Our study provides no compelling evidence that schizotypal symptoms, specifically those associated with the cognitive disorganization dimension, are rooted in an increased spreading of semantic activation in priming tasks.

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Voglmaier, M. M., M. E. Shenton, R. W. McCarley, L. J. Seidman, D. Salisbury, and J. Sollinger. "Thought disorder index (TDI) in schizotypal personality disorder." Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (April 1996): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(96)84115-1.

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Panikratova, Y., E. Abdullina, E. Pechenkova, and I. Lebedeva. "Schizotypal Traits are Associated with Decreased Functional Connectivity between Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Cerebellum in a Non-clinical Sample." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.558.

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Introduction Schizotypy is associated with increased vulnerability to schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Therefore, investigation of its brain correlates seems prominent for better understanding of schizophrenia-spectrum continuum as well as for development of biological treatments for schizotypal personality disorder. Functional alterations of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and their associations with clinical symptoms are well-known to exist in schizophrenia. However, their relevance to schizotypy remains unclear. Objectives The aim of the study was to check for associations between schizotypal traits in a non-clinical sample and whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) of lateral as well as medial PFC (lPFC and mPFC, respectively). Methods Eighty-two healthy individuals (52 females, mean age 24.8±5.48) filled out the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ-74) and underwent resting-state fMRI (3T). Seeds in lPFC and mPFC were taken from frontoparietal and default mode networks (atlas by Yeo et al., 2011). We analyzed correlations between four schizotypal factors (cognitive/perceptual, paranoid, negative, and disorganization; Stefanis et al., 2004) and whole-brain FC of the seeds (statistical threshold: p<.001 voxelwise; p[FDR]<.05 clusterwise). Results Cognitive/perceptual factor (‘Odd beliefs/magical thinking’ and ‘Unusual perceptual experiences’ SPQ-74 subscales) is negatively correlated to FC of bilateral mPFC with a cluster in the right cerebellum (Crus 1, 2). Conclusions Prefrontal-cerebellar dysconnectivity may be one of the neurobiological factors underlying positive-symptoms-like schizotypal traits in non-clinical subjects. To some extent, it coincides with the data on associations between functional features of these brain structures and positive symptoms in schizophrenia (Pinheiro et al., 2021; Goghari et al., 2010). Disclosure The study was supported by RFBR Grant 20-013-00748.

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Zhang, Bingren, Bing Pan, Jueying Chen, Junjie Wang, Zhenyu Zhu, Timo Juhani Lajunen, and Wei Wang. "Hypnotizability and Disordered Personality Styles in Cluster A Personality Disorders." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020182.

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Aim: Interpersonal sensitivity and mistrust are the main characteristics of cluster A personality disorders (CAPD) which might be due to the high accessibility to negative suggestions from environments. Yet the exact associations between hypnotic suggestibility and their personality disorder functioning styles remain unclear. Methods: We invited 36 patients with CAPD and 115 healthy volunteers to undergo the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale: Form C (SHSS:C) and Parker Personality Measure (PERM). Results: Compared to controls; patients scored higher on PERM paranoid; schizoid; schizotypal; borderline; avoidant; and dependent styles; on the SHSS:C total and “challenge suggestions”, and the passing rates of “hand lowering”, “arm rigidity”, “dream”, and “arm immobilization”. In patients, “dream” negatively predicted the schizoid; “hallucinated voice” negatively the schizotypal; “mosquito hallucination” positively the histrionic and dependent; and “arm immobilization” negatively the avoidant style. Conclusions: Our results suggested that the insusceptibility to perceptual suggestions from others and the high control over body contribute to the paranoid attitude and interpersonal avoidance in CAPD. These findings help to understand the cause of interpersonal problems in these patients and suggest the trial of hypnotherapy for them.

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KENDLER, KENNETH S., NIKOLAI CZAJKOWSKI, KRISTIAN TAMBS, SVENN TORGERSEN, STEVEN H. AGGEN, MICHAEL C. NEALE, and TED REICHBORN-KJENNERUD. "Dimensional representations of DSM-IV Cluster A personality disorders in a population-based sample of Norwegian twins: a multivariate study." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (August 8, 2006): 1583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008609.

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Background. The ‘odd’ or ‘Cluster A’ personality disorders (PDs) – paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PDs – were created in DSM-III with little empirical foundation. We have examined the relationship between the genetic and environmental risk factors for dimensional representations of these three personality disorders.Method. These personality disorders were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality (SIDP-IV) in 1386 young adult twin pairs from the Norwegian Institute of Public Health Twin Panel. Using Mx, a single-factor independent pathway twin model was fitted to the number of endorsed criteria for the three disorders.Results. The best-fit model included genetic and unique environmental common factors and genetic and unique environmental effects specific to each personality disorder. Total heritability was modest for these personality disorders and ranged from 21% to 28%. Loadings on the common genetic and unique environmental factors were substantially higher for schizotypal than for paranoid or schizoid PD. The proportion of genetic liability shared with all Cluster A disorders was estimated at 100, 43 and 26% respectively for schizotypal, paranoid and schizoid PDs.Conclusion. In support of the validity of the Cluster A construct, dimensional representations of schizotypal, paranoid and schizoid PD are all modestly heritable and share a portion of their genetic and environmental risk factors. No evidence was found for shared environmental or sex effects for these PDs. Schizotypal PD most closely reflects the genetic and environmental liability common to all three Cluster A disorders. These results should be interpreted in the context of the limited power of this sample.

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Reddy, Rakesh Byra, and Surabhi Hullumane. "Schizotypal Disorder With Borderline Personality Traits: A Case Report." BJPsych Open 9, S1 (July 2023): S119—S120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2023.338.

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AimsSchizotypal disorder is characterized by pervasive patterns of odd behavior, appearance, or thinking. There is also a high degree of overlap in symptoms between schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. The following case describes a case of schizotypal disorder with borderline traits.Methods25-year-old female presented with history of mood fluctuations with recent low mood, anxiety and an ability to read other people's thoughts. She was admitted to hospital 4 years ago and was diagnosed with emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) and mixed anxiety and depression.She reported anxiety to leave the house due to referential and persecutory ideas, odd beliefs of being able to read people's minds and predict future. She lacked friends and also had fear of abandonment. There was intermittent impulsive self-harm behavior and reportedly harmed herself indirectly through casual sex in the past and also had two failed relationships. She denied illicit drug use. Childhood was uneventful, except that schooling was difficult due to anxiety. She was treated on Quetiapine, Fluoxetine and Promethazine. Further assessments confirmed added features of unusual perceptions, smelling things, superstitious ideas regarding colours and magical thinking. Dissociative episodes of her being a devil, expressing thoughts of slitting her throat were present.As there was minimal improvement, Aripiprazole was tried. She had poor compliance with Aripiprazole due to the belief that it was poison. She herself requested depot injection, which was started. There has since been mild improvement in her paranoia, but social anxiety is persistent. Psychoeducation about the diagnosis was challenging, after which she accepted referral for psychotherapy.ResultsThe initial diagnosis of EUPD was inconsistent with other features like ideas of reference, strange beliefs, magical thinking, abnormal perceptions and social anxiety. On further assessments, a diagnostic clarification of schizotypal disorder was considered. This poses challenge in diagnosis and therapeutic approach due to the overlap of symptoms. Cognitive-perceptual distortions and affective symptoms of EUPD appear to overlap with disorganized and cognitive-perceptual symptoms of schizotypal disorder. Historically, borderline was separated from schizotypal personality disorder from an entity called borderline schizophrenia.ConclusionSchizotypal disorder is rarely seen as the primary reason for treatment in a clinical setting and can be misdiagnosed. The presence of co-morbid personality disorder traits can be challenging for the management decisions. It also has an impact on the individual and family for acceptance of the diagnosis and compliance to treatment.

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Pirkalani, K. K., and Z. Talaee Rad. "Reciprocal interaction between sexuality and personality: parallel assessment of patients with QSAF- 2009 and MCMI-III." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73256-4.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate mutual interaction between sexuality and personality we tried to study 111 patients with QSAF 2009 and MCMI-III.MethodsHundred and eleven consecutive patients with sexual problems (76) or personality disorders (35) were examined with two tests. Only volunteer personality disorder patients were enrolled to this trial. The results were compared with 325 examinees evaluated with QSAF and 1600 patients evaluated with MCMI-III.ResultsAll patients with sexual problems showed at least two scores higher than 72 in their MCMI-III. This was more prominent in sexual deviations than dysfunctions. Homosexuals had higher scores in schizoid and schizotypal, pedophiles in schizoid and antisocial, voyeurs in schizoid and avoidant, masochists in dependent and self defeating personality scales …. Sexually deviated persons remain clinically latent and show themselves as alien, aloof and eccentric. Almost all deviated persons show high scores in personality disorder scales. On the contrary, only a minority of personality disorder patients show prominent sexual problems in the form of deviation. They predominantly have disturbed sexual self image, show inhibited sexual desire problems (dependent, schizoid and avoidant) personality, dyspareunia and vaginism (avoidant and schizotypal personality), spouse abuse (borderline and antisocial personality) postcoital disorders (borderline, dependent and narcissistic personality) and extramarital relationship in a series of disorders including histrionic personality …. as studied by the QSAF 2009 which evaluates 64 sexual scales.ConclusionEvaluation of personality disordered patients in regard to sexuality and vice versa is essential for better understanding the pathogenesis of each disease and helps in smoother treatments.

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Brenner, Colleen A., Jennifer E. McDowell, Kristin S. Cadenhead, and Brett A. Clementz. "Saccadic inhibition among schizotypal personality disorder subjects." Psychophysiology 38, no. 3 (May 2001): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3830399.

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Arehart-Treichel, Joan. "Schizotypal Personality Disorder Linked to Brain Changes." Psychiatric News 48, no. 7 (April 5, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2013.4a1.

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CAPLAN, ROCHELLE, and DONALD GUTHRIE. "Communication Deficits in Childhood Schizotypal Personality Disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 31, no. 5 (September 1992): 961–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199209000-00026.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Schizotypal personality disorder'

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