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Journal articles on the topic 'Schizophrenics'
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1
Elfaki, Amani Abdelrazag, Abdelrazag Elfaki, Tahir Osman, Bunyamin Sahin, Abdelgani Elsheikh, Amira Mohamed, Anas Hamdoun, and Abdelrahman Mohammed. "STEREOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF BRAIN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS." Image Analysis & Stereology 32, no. 3 (November 12, 2013): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v32.p145-153.
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Advances in neuroimaging have enabled studies of specific neuroanatomical abnormalities with relevance to schizophrenia. This study quantified structural alterations on brain magnetic resonance (MR) images of patients with schizophrenia. MR brain imaging was done on 88 control and 57 schizophrenic subjects and Dicom images were analyzed with ImageJ software. The brain volume was estimated with the planimetric stereological technique. The volume fraction of brain structures was also estimated. The results showed that, the mean volume of right, left, and total hemispheres in controls were 551, 550, and 1101 cm³, respectively. The mean volumes of right, left, and total hemispheres in schizophrenics were 513, 512, and 1026 cm³, respectively. The schizophrenics’ brains were smaller than the controls (p < 0.05). The mean volume of total white matter of controls (516 cm³) was bigger than the schizophrenics’ volume (451 cm³), (p < 0.05). The volume fraction of total white matter was also lower in schizophrenics (p < 0.05). Volume fraction of the lateral ventricles was higher in schizophrenics (p < 0.05). According to the findings, the volumes of schizophrenics’ brain were smaller than the controls and the volume fractional changes in schizophrenics showed sex dependent differences. We conclude that stereological analysis of MR brain images is useful for quantifying schizophrenia related structural changes.
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Vandamme, Michel J., and Jean-Louis Nandrino. "Temperament and Character Inventory in Homicidal, Nonaddicted Paranoid Schizophrenic Patients: A Preliminary Study." Psychological Reports 95, no. 2 (October 2004): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.95.2.393-406.
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This study assessed the personalities of 13 murderer schizophrenics using Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory, controlling different factors such as institution, treatment, detention or loss of liberty, and can discriminate between schizophrenic patients involved in homicide, schizophrenics with no past violent behavior, paranoiac murderers, and imprisoned murderers with no psychiatric history. Results show significantly that murderer schizophrenics had significantly higher scores on the subscale, Self-transcendence, than other groups, which suggests that Self-transcendence as measured may be an aggravating factor for schizophrenia and may be found in the personality of schizophrenic subjects who performed homicidal acts. This dimension constitutes a way and an additional element for diagnosis not available with the DSM–IV criteria. It may help understanding and predicting violent behavior among schizophrenic patients.
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Di Nuovo, Santo, Caterina Laicardi, and Cinzia Tobino. "Rorschach Indices for Discriminating between Two Schizophrenic Syndromes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 67, no. 2 (October 1988): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1988.67.2.399.
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Thinking disturbance and disorder of affects may be different in two subtypes of schizophrenia, the “florid” and the “withdrawal” syndromes. In Exner's approach to the Rorschach system, the diagnostic indicators of disordered thinking may point out large differences not only between schizophrenic and control subjects but also between different types of schizophrenics. The Rorschach protocols of 45 subjects (15 “florid” schizophrenics, 15 “withdrawn” schizophrenics, and 15 controls of the same age and education, matched by sex) were examined on several Exner indices. Compared with the control group, both schizophrenic types confirmed an impairment of perceptual accuracy and of reality testing as well as a reduced emotional control. Compared with the “withdrawn” group, the “florid” schizophrenic subjects showed significantly higher indices of poor perceptual functioning, of an inadequate organizational activity (more Whole and Z responses characterized by negative Form Quality) and greater disordered ideational production.
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Caldwell, Constance B., and Irving I. Gottesman. "Schizophrenia—A High‐Risk Factor for Suicide: Clues to Risk Reduction." Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 22, no. 4 (December 1992): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1943-278x.1992.tb01040.x.
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ABSTRACT: Suicide is the chief cause of premature death among schizophrenic persons. The lifetime incidence of suicide for patients with schizophrenia is 10% to 13% compared to a general population estimate of about 1%, and is quite close to that observed among those with major affective disorder. The magnitude of increased risk for suicide among schizophrenics peaks before middle age and declines thereafter, although schizophrenic persons tend to be at increased risk throughout the life span. Among psychiatric patients, schizophrenics are overrepresented among suicides, and often schizophrenics constitute the majority of inpatient suicides. It is important in evaluating suicide risk among schizophrenic persons to assess depression and suicidal ideation especially during index admission and during acute phases of the illness. It is noteworthy that schizophrenic persons often commit suicide as the overall level of psychopathology decreases during a nonpsychotic phase. Research has yielded salient risk factors for suicide in schizophrenic persons and “types” of especially vulnerable patients, even though statistical prediction of individual suicides has not proven effective.
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Kamardi, Jonas Danny Margan, Monty P. Satiadarma, and Denrich Suryadi. "Penerapan Terapi Musik untuk Menurunkan Gejala Negatif pada Penderita Schizophrenia di Panti Sosial X." Jurnal Muara Ilmu Sosial, Humaniora, dan Seni 1, no. 1 (May 10, 2017): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jmishumsen.v1i1.342.
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As one of the social problems, schizophrenia has been noticed by theIndonesian government through Social Department. The constant increasing number of schizophrenics in Jakarta induces limitation of anti-psychotic drugs use in social institutions related to issues of financial support. Although the positive symptoms of the Schizophrenics can only be handled with pharmacotherapy, schizophrenic’s well-being have the chance to be improved by reducing the negative symptoms. The use of creative therapies such as music therapy as a clinical intervention are potential to reduce negative symptoms in individual or group settings. Music therapy can be applied in a passive way, such as listening to music, and active way, which is singing and playing musical instruments. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used to evaluate the negative symptoms of the participants. Systematic approach on learning to sing was implemented as the therapeutic approach on the participants. The sessions were conducted as many as 8 Sessions. The result indicates that music therapy by the way of singing can reduce the negative symptoms of the schizophrenic patients.Keywords: schizophrenia, negative symptoms, music therapy, positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS).
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Childers, Eva, Elijah F. W. Bowen, C. Harker Rhodes, and Richard Granger. "Immune-Related Genomic Schizophrenic Subtyping Identified in DLPFC Transcriptome." Genes 13, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13071200.
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Well-documented evidence of the physiologic, genetic, and behavioral heterogeneity of schizophrenia suggests that diagnostic subtyping may clarify the underlying pathobiology of the disorder. Recent studies have demonstrated that increased inflammation may be a prominent feature of a subset of schizophrenics. However, these findings are inconsistent, possibly due to evaluating schizophrenics as a single group. In this study, we segregated schizophrenic patients into two groups (“Type 1”, “Type 2”) by their gene expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and explored biological differences between the subgroups. The study included post-mortem tissue samples that were sequenced in multiple, publicly available gene datasets using different sequencing methods. To evaluate the role of inflammation, the expression of genes in multiple components of neuroinflammation were examined: complement cascade activation, glial cell activation, pro-inflammatory mediator secretion, blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, chemokine production and peripheral immune cell infiltration. The Type 2 schizophrenics showed widespread abnormal gene expression across all the neuroinflammation components that was not observed in Type 1 schizophrenics. Our results demonstrate the importance of separating schizophrenic patients into their molecularly defined subgroups and provide supporting evidence for the involvement of the immune-related pathways in a schizophrenic subset.
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Pulver, Ann E., Kung-Yee Liang, C. Hendricks Brown, Paula Wolyniec, John McGrath, Lawrence Adler, Doreen Tam, William T. Carpenter, and Barton Childs. "Risk Factors in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 1 (January 1992): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.1.65.
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The risk for schizophrenia among first-degree relatives of schizophrenic probands obtained from an epidemiological sample using family history methods was examined to determine whether month of birth of the proband was associated with familial risk. The results of this study of the first-degree relatives of 106 female schizophrenics and 275 male schizophrenics suggested that the relatives of probands born in the months February to May had the highest risk, although the association between month of birth and familial risk among the male probands was present only for those relatives who had onset of schizophrenia before the age of 30.
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Shabat Jassam, Fadheelah, Fekri N. Younis, Mohammed A. Hassan, Emad A. Abdulghani, and Mohammed D. Jassam. "Toxoplasmosis among schizophrenic patients in Al-Rashad Teaching Hospital." AL-QADISIYAH MEDICAL JOURNAL 7, no. 12 (August 6, 2017): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.28922/qmj.2011.7.12.23-32.
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Background;Studies showed that people with schizophrenia and other mental disorders have a higher incidence of exposure to T.gondii. The aim of the present paper is to estimate the rate of toxoplasmosis in schizophrenic patients.Methods;A total of (125) serum samples were studied.(100) patients from AL- Rashad Teaching Hospital compared with (25) healthy person as a control group; during the period from October 1,2009- March31,2010. All were male of age (20-55 years).Serum samples were tested by using ELISA Toxoplasma technique for Ab. detection (IgG and IgM) in addition to the serum testosterone concentration.Results;The results showed that 49% schizophrenics have IgG positive Toxoplasma ,6% have positive IgM and 4% have both IgG and IgM positive Toxoplasma .The risk of having schizophrenia in subjects with positive IgG Ab is 5 times higher than negative IgG Ab persons. The mean IgG Ab. titer was higher (1.1) in schizophrenics. The serum testosterone concentration was significant (6.1)in schizophrenics & was significantly higher in schizophrenics with positive IgG Ab.(7.1). No associations were found between toxoplasmosis and residence, smoking, alcohol consumption, educational level, history of contact with cats, or marital status.Conclusion;Schizophrenics have IgG positive Toxoplasma , high IgG Ab titre & serum testosterone concentration.
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Ozeki, Tomoe, Tetsuya Mouri, Hiroko Sugiura, Yuu Yano, and Kunie Miyosawa. "Impression Survey and Grounded Theory Analysis of the Development of Medication Support Robots for Patients with Schizophrenia." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 33, no. 4 (August 20, 2021): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2021.p0747.
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Medication is a key treatment for patients with schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia tend to easily decrease medication adherence with long-term treatment. However, there is a chronic shortage of specialists who provide medication support, such as visiting nurses. In addition, these patients do not often use smartphones or PCs in their daily lives. Thus, schizophrenic patients need a direct approach in the physical world because they are unfamiliar with cyberspace. This study aims to improve the home treatment environment using robot technology that can approach in the physical world of schizophrenic patients who need medication support. In this study, collaboration between psychiatric nursing specialists and medical engineers investigated the interaction between communication robots and patients. The results showed that the robot was accepted by patients with schizophrenia as a talking partner. The amount of robot talking seemed to affect the impression of the robot on schizophrenics. Utterance process analysis showed that the smoothness of the conversation affected the relationship between robots and schizophrenics.
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Quinlan, Donald M., David Schuldberg, Hal Morgenstern, and William Glazer. "Positive and Negative Symptom Course in Chronic Community-Based Patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 5 (May 1995): 634–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.5.634.
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BackgroundThe long-term symptom profile of chronic out-patients was studied.Method. 242 out-patients receiving neuroleptic medications (109 with schizophrenia and 133 non-schizophrenics), were studied for positive (SAPS) and negative (SANS) symptoms at baseline and at 24 months to investigate whether these symptom groups changed over out-patient maintenance treatment.ResultsOverall and within groups, negative symptoms decreased and positive symptoms increased. While the sums of the SANS scores for the schizophrenic patients were initially higher, their mean SANS score dropped more over time (P< 0.001), to show no difference from non-schizophrenics at follow-up. Positive symptoms increased in both groups, although schizophrenics were higher at both times; sub-scales within the SANS showed different patterns of change.ConclusionSupport is found for a multidimensional view of both positive and negative symptoms and for a reconsideration of the notion of ‘progressive downward course’ in schizophrenia.
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Angermeyer, Matthias C., Jill M. Goldstein, and Ludwig Kuehn. "Gender differences in schizophrenia: rehospitalization and community survival." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 2 (May 1989): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700012411.
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SynopsisThis study tested the hypothesis that schizophrenic men experience a poorer course than schizophrenic women. A representative sample from Hannover, FRG, including 278 first admission DSM-III schizophrenics, were followed for three years. Findings demonstrated that schizophrenic women experience fewer rehospitalizations, shorter lengths of stay, and survive longer in the community than schizophrenic men. Implications of the role of gender for schizophrenia are discussed.
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Espina, Alberto, Asunción Ortego, Iñigo Ochoa de Alda, and Pilar González. "Dyadic adjustment in parents of schizophrenics." European Psychiatry 18, no. 5 (August 2003): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(03)00063-4.
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AbstractObjectiveTo study the dyadic adjustment in couples with a schizophrenic offspring.Method140 married couples, 67 with a children with schizophrenia, and two control groups: 41 couples without pathology and 32 couples with pathology, were assessed with the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale.ResultsThe couples with a schizophrenic offspring evidenced significantly worse dyadic adjustment than did the normal controls, especially low consensus and cohesion in husbands, and low cohesion and satisfaction in wives. Anxiety and depression in mothers of schizophrenics is significantly higher than in mothers of controls.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the poor dyadic adjustment of the parents with a schizophrenic offspring could be an effect of the burden.ConclusionThe treatment on the schizophrenia should be supplemented by interventions aimed at parents’ dyadic adjustment, and mothers’ anxiety and depression, so that they can be in better conditions to help their child.
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Hafil, Achmad Shodiqil, and Laro Iba Arifa Ajie. "Religious Coping For Schizophrenics At Upt Rehabilitasi Sosial Bina Laras Kediri." Spiritual Healing : Jurnal Tasawuf dan Psikoterapi 4, no. 2 (December 6, 2023): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/sh.v4i2.19048.
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Decreased productivity often occurs in people with schizophrenia. As a result, sufferers are more susceptible to stress, difficulties in skills, work and socializing with others. One of the efforts to help restore the mentality of schizophrenics is using spiritual healing. Spiritual methods can have a good impact on people with schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia are more likely to show maladaptive coping, i.e. doing emotionally charged activities. Psychotherapy is carried out as a habituation of religious coping for schizophrenics through worship activities carried out by patients in rehabilitation to divert the focus of the stressor. This study used a type of descriptive qualitative research. Data collection techniques use observation, in-depth interviews, documentation, and measurement scales. Analytical techniques use 2 qualitative and quantitative research methods, namely: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusions. In order to strengthen the results of the study using validity and reliability test analysis techniques. The results of research on religious coping through worship activities of schizophrenics show that there are 2 dimensions of religious coping that dominate from schizophrenic patients, namely: The dimension of searching for meaning and control. Schizophrenics in the search for meaning in accordance with religious beliefs are overcoming problems through religious assistance. Then in controlling control, schizophrenics overcome problems actively, including: praying, telling stories, not bothering others, apologizing, patience, resignation, and istighfar. Despite having limitations, sufferers are able to follow spiritual behavior in the form of worship to God. The style or concept of religious coping with schizophrenics after doing worship activities uses a collaborative style, namely carrying out activities that involve God and individuals, sufferers close to religious leaders, and collaborating between effort (ikhtiyar) and praying
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Lyketsos, G. C., S. C. Richardson, S. K. Aritzi, and C. G. Lyketsos. "Prospects of Rehabilitation for Elderly Schizophrenics." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 4 (October 1989): 451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.451.
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The psychopathology and disabilities of a group of institutionalised elderly schizophrenics were compared with those of a group of non-schizophrenic elderly, and with younger schizophrenics reported in a parallel study and in the literature. Elderly schizophrenics showed significantly more psychopathology and disability than the non-schizophrenic elderly; however, they exhibited less psychopathology than younger schizophrenics. Disability among elderly schizophrenics was not correlated with chronicity of institutionalisation or psychopathology. There was a suggestion that disability among elderly schizophrenics may be due to organic deterioration.
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Kendell, R. E., and I. W. Kemp. "Winter-Born v Summer-Born Schizophrenics." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 4 (October 1987): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.4.499.
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Data from two sources-the Edinburgh Psychiatric Case Register and the psychiatric inpatient records of the Scottish Health Service-were used to compare large populations of first-admission schizophrenics born in winter (January to March) and in summer (June to October). Parallel comparisons were carried out for affective psychoses. Comparison of the months of birth of the Scottish patients with those of the general population indicated that there was a 9% excess of schizophrenic births and a 3% excess of affective births in the first 3 months of the year. In the Edinburgh material, winter-born schizophrenics were more likely than the summer-born to receive a diagnosis of paranoid or schizoaffective schizophrenia and less likely to receive diagnoses other than schizophrenia on readmission, but neither of these differences emerged in the much larger Scottish material. There were no differences between winter-and summer-born schizophrenics in age of onset, sex ratio, or prognosis in either data set, nor were any significant differences found between winter- and summer-born affectives. We have therefore failed to demonstrate any convincing differences between winter-and summer-born schizophrenics.
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Kendell, R. E., and W. Adams. "Unexplained Fluctuations in the Risk for Schizophrenia by Month and Year of Birth." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 6 (June 1991): 758–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.6.758.
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Variation in their year and month of birth was studied in the 13 661 schizophrenics born between 1914 and 1960 known to the Scottish Psychiatric Case Register. Year-to-year fluctuations in the number of schizophrenics per 10 000 live births were outside chance limits. So were month-to-month fluctuations between January 1932 and December 1960, and this was largely due to fluctuations in the numbers of schizophrenics born in February, March, April and May. Time-lagged correlations with mean monthly temperatures suggest that in these same four months the incidence of schizophrenia is influenced by temperature six months previously – the lower the temperature in the autumn the higher the incidence of schizophrenic births the following spring. If these findings can be confirmed in other data sets, they would suggest that some influence which varies consistently with season and temperature is contributing to the aetiology of schizophrenia and may exert its effects as early as the third or fourth month of foetal development.
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Parnas, Josef, and Aage Jørgensen. "Pre-morbid Psychopathology in Schizophrenia Spectrum." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 05 (November 1989): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000018109.
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In a prospective, longitudinal study of high-risk offspring of schizophrenic mothers, of several dimensions of pre-morbid behaviour ‘peculiarity’ predicted subsequent schizophrenia or schizotypy. Peculiarity/eccentricity may represent a subtle marker of the schizophrenic genotype. ‘Pre-schizophrenics', as compared with ‘pre-schizotypes', were characterised by affective dyscontrol, reflected in less introverted and more disturbed behaviour.
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Parnas, Josef, and Aage Jørgensen. "Pre-morbid Psychopathology in Schizophrenia Spectrum." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 5 (November 1989): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.5.623.
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In a prospective, longitudinal study of high-risk offspring of schizophrenic mothers, of several dimensions of pre-morbid behaviour ‘peculiarity’ predicted subsequent schizophrenia or schizotypy. Peculiarity/eccentricity may represent a subtle marker of the schizophrenic genotype. ‘Pre-schizophrenics', as compared with ‘pre-schizotypes', were characterised by affective dyscontrol, reflected in less introverted and more disturbed behaviour.
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Shrikhande, Satish, Steven R. Hirsch, J. C. Coleman, Michael A. Reveley, and R. Dayton. "Cytomegalovirus and Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 5 (May 1985): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.5.503.
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SummaryCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 20 chronically hospitalised male schizophrenics and from 12 patients admitted with acute schizophrenia were examined for antibodies against cytomegalovirus. A sensitive and specific enzyme-immunoassay was used to detect IgG or I g M classes of antibodies in the CSF of the schizophrenic patients and often orthopaedic patients, who served as controls. No significant amounts of I g M antibody were found in the CSF of either group. A significant titre of IgG was found in only one of the 32 schizophrenics, an acute patient, but in four of the orthopaedic patients. The results do not support an association of cytomegalovirus infection with schizophrenia; if such an association occurs, it must be unusual.
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Harvey, I., R. Persaud, M. A. Ron, G. Baker, and R. M. Murray. "Volumetric MRI measurements in bipolars compared with schizophrenics and healthy controls." Psychological Medicine 24, no. 3 (August 1994): 689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700027847.
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SynopsisTwenty-six patients with RDC bipolar disorder were compared with a previously reported group of 48 RDC schizophrenics and 34 healthy controls, using volumetric MRI measurements of cerebral, cortical and sulcal volumes. The bipolar group appeared no different from the controls, and both of these groups had significantly larger cerebral and cortical volumes than the schizophrenics. Our previous report of a significantly reduced cortical volume in the schizophrenic group, with a corresponding increase in the volume of sulcal fluid is, therefore, not a generalized feature of psychotic illness but may be more specific to schizophrenia.
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Batel, P. "Addiction and schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 15, no. 2 (March 2000): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(00)00203-0.
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SummaryEpidemiologic studies in the general population and those based on the clinical assessment of schizophrenic populations have revealed a high degree of overlap between schizophrenia and addictive disorders. The abuse of psychoactive substances (including alcohol) throughout life is so frequent (50%) that the possibility of a specific link inevitably arises. Various hypotheses have been suggested to explain the high co-morbidity between schizophrenia and addiction: 1) The social-environmental hypothesis has been developed but studies have provided poor evidence to validate it. 2) The possible shared biological vulnerability between schizophrenia and addictions led researchers to explore common genetic determinants and study the involvement of the dopaminergic and opioid systems in the aetiology of both schizophrenia and the abuse of and dependence on psychoactive drugs. 3) Finally, the theory of self-medication suggests that schizophrenics may be attempting to counter the deficit linked to their disorders by using the substances they take or their dependency-type behaviour to cope with their emotional problems. The clinical profile of schizophrenic addicts does seem to display some distinctive features, such as the high level of depressive co-morbidity, very high nicotine and alcohol dependence, with a very poor prognosis. These patients are difficult to manage; the possibility of pharmacologic interactions between the substances they are taking and neuroleptic medication calls for prudence, and their compliance is also poor. Addictive disorders in schizophrenics are currently a topic of active research intended to lead to identifying specific treatments. The early identification of addictive disorders in schizophrenics should make it possible to limit their development and improve the prognosis.
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Hj. Fatmawati and Nurlina. "KARAKTERISTIK PENDERITA SKIZOFRENIA PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DI POLIKLINIK JIWA RSUD H. ANDI SULTHAN DG. RADJA KABUPATEN BULUKUMBA." Jurnal Kesehatan Panrita Husada 3, no. 1 (August 4, 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37362/jkph.v3i1.10.
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Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that affects more than 21 million people worldwide. According to (Ministry of Health, 2013) the prevalence of severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, is 1.7 per 1000 residents or around 400,000 people. Schizophrenia is caused by multifactorial factors that are related to each other. The purpose of this study was to find out the factors associated with the incidence of mental disorders in H.AUD Hospital. Sulthan with Radja Bulukumba in 2018. This study uses Cross sectional design with a population of 554 people and a sample of 84 people. The sample used in this study is non probability sampling with purposive sampling technique. Based on statistical analysis using frequency distribution data The results of this study are based on the age of Schizophrenia sufferers more in adulthood, the sex of Schizophrenic patients is obtained by men as many as 40 people (50%), and women as many as 40 respondents (50%), Job Schizophrenia sufferers are more unemployed (82.5%) and those who work are 17.5%, the education level of Schizophrenics is higher in high school education (33.8%) and junior and PT education is equal to 13, 8%, The marital status of schizophrenics sufferers with mental disorders is more with marital status (61%), there are more conflicts in families with schizophrenia who do not have a family conflict (85%). Farewell events of Schizophrenia sufferers more than no parents (85%), Socio-economic status of schizophrenics in economic status less than 66 people (82.5%, Parenting schizophrenic parents democratic parenting 75 people or 93.8 %. It is expected that the results of this study may be used as scientific reading material in the library and can also be used as reference material that examines similar problems.
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Van Horn, J. D., and I. C. McManus. "Ventricular Enlargement in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 5 (May 1992): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.5.687.
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Multivariate meta-analysis was performed on 39 studies of ventricular size in schizophrenia which used the ventricle:brain ratio (VBR). The size of the VBR was dependent both upon the date when studies were carried out (more recent studies showing a reduction in the difference between schizophrenics and controls), and upon the diagnostic criterion used in the studies. Methodological factors in study design seemed more important than the characteristics of the schizophrenic subjects, in determining the VBR. Our analysis suggests that there is a difference in VBR between schizophrenics and controls which would seem to be an indisputable characteristic of schizophrenia. However, the difference is smaller than has previously been thought, so that, although of undoubted theoretical interest in accounting for the aetiology of schizophrenia, it is probably too small to be of practical significance in diagnosis, or in the differentiation of subtypes.
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Frangou, S., T. Sharma, T. Sigmundsson, P. Barta, G. Pearlson, and R. M. Murray. "The Maudsley Family Study 4. Normal planum temporale asymmetry in familial schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 4 (April 1997): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.4.328.
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BackgroundLoss or reversal of the normal asymmetry of the planum temporale (PT) has been reported in schizophrenia, and may be due to aberrations in the gene(s) controlling the development of brain asymmetries. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of schizophrenics and their relatives from families multiply affected with the disorder.MethodWe compared 32 schizophrenics and 55 of their non-schizophrenic first-degree relatives with 39 matched community controls. Volumetric measurements of the cortical volume beneath the PT were obtained using the Cavalieri method from three-dimensionally reconstructed magnetic resonance imaging images.ResultsPT volume asymmetry coefficients from patients and their relatives did not differ significantly from those of the controls. Gender-specific analysis did not reveal any differences.ConclusionsAbnormalities in PT volume asymmetry are not present in familial schizophrenia, where genetic factors appear to predominate.
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Gureje, O., O. Olley, R. A. Acha, and B. O. Osuntokun. "Do Young Schizophrenics with Recent Onset of Illness Show Evidence of Hypofrontality?" Behavioural Neurology 7, no. 2 (1994): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/292070.
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Young schizophrenic patients (n= 43), manic controls (n= 32), both groups diagnosed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria and on remission from acute illness, and 53 normal subjects were given a battery of neuropsychologic tests selected to assess different functional areas in the brain. Compared with normal controls, patient groups showed evidence of impaired functioning of many cortical areas but with the schizophrenics having the worst performance. In addition, schizophrenic patients performed poorly in tests designed to assess frontotemporal cortical functioning. This pattern of deficits differentiated schizophrenics from both manic and normal subjects. The results suggest that widespread cognitive deficits are a feature of both schizophrenia and mania but that frontal lobe dysfunction may be more specific to the former. It would also appear that these impairments are not artefacts of age, chronicity or of institutionalization, and are present even in schizophrenic patients who may have an illness with putative better outcome than those studied in previous reports.
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Martinot, J. L., M. L. Paillère-Martinot, C. Loc'h, P. Hardy, M. F. Poirier, B. Mazoyer, B. Beaufils, B. Mazière, J. F. Allilaire, and A. Syrota. "The Estimated Density of D2 Striatal Receptors in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 3 (March 1991): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.3.346.
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The striatal D2 receptors of 19 untreated schizophrenics and 14 normal control subjects were investigated with PET and 76Br-bromolisuride. The ratio of radioactivity in the striatum to that in the cerebellum was taken as an index of the striatal D2 receptor density. There was no significant difference between the control and the schizophrenic groups, nor any difference between subgroups of patients defined by clinical type or course of illness, and no relationship between the striatum:cerebellum activity ratio and SANS or SAPS ratings of symptoms. Unlike in the controls, this ratio was not correlated with age in schizophrenics. This study suggests that there is no quantitative abnormality of striatal D2 dopamine receptors in schizophrenia.
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Berenbaum, Howard, Thomas F. Oltmanns, and Irving I. Gottesman. "Hedonic capacity in schizophrenics and their twins." Psychological Medicine 20, no. 2 (May 1990): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700017682.
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SynopsisAudio-taped interviews recorded in the Gottesman–Shields schizophrenic twin series (17 pairs of identical twins, 14 pairs of fraternal same-sex twins, and 12 unpaired twins) were rated for level of hedonic capacity. Schizophrenics who were not hospitalized at the time of their interview were rated significantly lower (more impaired) on hedonic capacity than their normal co-twins. A significant negative correlation was also found between hedonic capacity and severity of illness. Hedonic capacity was found to be genetically influenced, although it appeared to be less heritable than the global diagnosis of schizophrenia. These results are consistent with Meehl's suggestion that reduced hedonic capacity is a heritable personality trait which potentiates the development of schizophrenia among those who are genetically predisposed to the disorder. The results suggest that anhedonia is not a phenotypic vulnerability marker for schizophrenia.
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Woodruff, P. W. R., G. D. Pearlson, M. J. Geer, P. E. Barta, and H. D. Chilcoat. "A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 1 (February 1993): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700038836.
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SynopsisThe hypothesis tested was that, in schizophrenia, corpus callosum size would be reduced, particularly in the region responsible for communication between both temporal lobes. This is supported by knowledge of: (a) anatomical homotopicity and functional specialization of fibres within the corpus callosum; (b) evidence linking structural and functional deficits of the corpus callosum and left temporal lobe with schizophrenia; and (c) that temporal lobe neuronal fibres pass through the middle region of the corpus callosum. Brain area and corpus callosum areas, widths and length were measured on mid-sagittal MRI scans using a computer outlining method. Scans from 30 schizophrenics and 44 normal subjects were compared. Mid-sagittal brain area, corpus callosum area, length and anterior widths were reduced in the schizophrenic group compared with controls. A significant area difference between schizophrenics and controls was seen in the mid-corpus callosum which communicates between the temporal lobes, including the superior temporal gyri. In schizophrenics, corpus callosum area reduction was not accounted for by brain area shrinkage alone. Differences between the two groups were accounted for by comparisons between males only. These findings support the hypothesis and the possibility that localized abnormalities of bilaterally connected brain regions might have secondary effects on their homotopically distributed fibres within the corpus callosum.
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Awad, A. George. "Drug Therapy in Schizophrenia — Variability of Outcome and Prediction of Response*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 7 (October 1989): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400716.
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In spite of the proven benefits of neuroleptics in reducing acute psychotic symptoms and in preventing relapse in schizophrenic patients, not all schizophrenics benefit equally from neuroleptic therapy. Predictors of response include: demographics, clinical characteristics, neurologic soft signs, neurocognitive functioning, morphologic brain changes, drug blood levels, indices of blockade of the dopamine receptors, subjective response to medications as well as early symptomatic improvement. Methodological difficulties in outcome research in drug therapy are reviewed. No single factor has been identified as a reliable predictor of drug response, and it is unlikely that such a single predictor will prove useful in a heterogeneous illness such as schizophrenia. This paper reviews the factors, which have been suggested as useful in developing better understanding of variability of drug response among schizophrenics.
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Chaleby, Kutaiba, and T. A. Tuma. "Cousin Marriages and Schizophrenia in Saudi Arabia." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (April 1987): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.4.547.
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The rate and degree of consanguinity in the parents of 143 schizophrenics who satisfied the DSM-III diagnostic criteria, was compared in the same number of controls matched for age, sex and socioeconomic class. A family history of disorders suggestive of schizophrenia in the offspring of consanguineous parents who were schizophrenic, was compared with the incidence of a similar history in the schizophrenic offspring of non-consanguineous parents. There was no statistically significant difference in the former, but there was in the latter. This finding supports the theory of a familial tendency towards schizophrenia and the possibility of recessive or a multigene pattern of inheritance.
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ICHIKI, M., H. KUNUGI, N. TAKEI, R. M. MURRAY, H. BABA, H. ARAI, I. OSHIMA, et al. "Intra-uterine physical growth in schizophrenia: evidence confirming excess of premature birth." Psychological Medicine 30, no. 3 (May 2000): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329179900210x.
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Background. Many studies have suggested a possible aetiological role for obstetric complications in the development of schizophrenia. We focused on prenatal physical growth in schizophrenia, a contentious issue in the literature.Methods. We compared gestational age at birth, birth weight (BW) and birth head circumference (BHC) between 312 schizophrenics and 517 controls, and between 187 schizophrenics and their matched healthy siblings. Information on obstetric histories was obtained from the Maternal and Child Health Handbooks (i.e. contemporaneous records).Results. Gestational age at birth was significantly earlier in the schizophrenics than in the controls (P = 0·017). Pre-term birth (gestational age of 36 weeks or less) was more common in schizophrenics than in controls (8·0% v. 3·4%, P = 0·005, odds ratio 2·5). Low BW (2500 g or less) was more frequent in schizophrenics than in controls (9·6% v. 4·6%, P = 0·005, odds ratio 2·2). The schizophrenics had significantly lighter BW (P = 0·0003) and tended to have smaller BHC (P = 0·081) compared with controls. However, multiple regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference in BW or BHC between the schizophrenics and controls when gestational age and maternal weight were controlled. There was no significant difference in BW or BHC between schizophrenics and their siblings, although the schizophrenics tended to be born at earlier gestational age than their siblings.Conclusions. Our results suggest that prematurity at birth is associated with a risk of developing schizophrenia in adulthood. When gestational age and maternal body weight were allowed for, there was no evidence that schizophrenics tend to have lower mean BW or smaller BHC.
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Demily, C., N. Attala, G. Fouldrin, V. Czernecki, J. F. Ménard, S. Lamy, B. Dubois, and F. Thibaut. "The Emotional Stroop task: A comparison between schizophrenic subjects and controls." European Psychiatry 25, no. 2 (March 2010): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.02.003.
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AbstractThe colour-word Emotional Stroop task (ES task) has been proposed to assess the interferences between emotion and attention. Using this task, first, we examined how attention (using reaction times) can be modified by emotionally relevant words in schizophrenics as compared with controls as a function of the emotional significance of the word; second, we tested the assumption that schizophrenics with the most negative symptoms will show higher impairment in relationship to negative emotional words. In general, schizophrenics were slower to react. In both groups, mean reaction times were slower for emotional as compared with neutral words. No significant differences were observed between negative and positive words either in schizophrenics (n = 21) or in controls (n = 20). Even in the most negative schizophrenic patients, there were no differences between negative and positive words. There were no significant interactions between type of stimulus and any clinical variables (PANSS negative or non negative categorization, etc.). Also, there were no statistically significant correlations between reaction times and neuroleptic dosage or anhedonia scores. In conclusion, schizophrenia patients showed the same degree of interference from emotional words as compared with controls. Moreover, patients with a higher level of negative symptoms did not differently experience positive and negative words.
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Kraus, Alfred. "Phenomenology of the Technical Delusion in Schizophrenics." Journal of Phenomenological Psychology 25, no. 1 (1994): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916294x00115.
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AbstractTechnical delusions are highly significant for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. What can we learn from the content and the formal aspects of this kind of delusion about the primary schizophrenic experiences underlying the technical delusion and about its meaning and purpose for the patient? In a phenomenological investigation of six schizophrenics, comparing their experiences in technical delusion with the normal experience of technical phenomena, I describe the patient's relationship to himself, to his world, and to others and the modalities of his hallucinatory perceptions. Finally, I discuss the effect of the technical delusion on the patient's relationship to reality.
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King, K., W. I. Fraser, P. Thomas, and R. E. Kendell. "Re-examination of the Language of Psychotic Subjects." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 2 (February 1990): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.2.211.
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To investigate whether language in schizophrenia deteriorated progressively, 11 schizophrenic subjects, 9 manic subjects and 9 controls were re-tested after an interval of three years using the computer-assisted syntactical analysis technique of Morice. In 13 of the 16 linguistic variables described as hallmarks of schizophrenic speech decline, deterioration was noted in schizophrenics in the direction predicted and relative to the manic and control groups. The deterioration was most pronounced in complexity and integrity of speech. One variable remained unchanged and two (semantic variables) showed marginal improvement. It was concluded that language, and in particular syntax, does deteriorate in the schizophrenic process.
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Günther-Genta, Flavia, Pierre Bovet, and Patrick Hohlfeld. "Obstetric Complications and Schizophrenia a Case-Control Study." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 2 (February 1994): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.164.2.165.
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Schizophrenics have been repeatedly found to experience more obstetric complications (OCs) at birth. The meaning of such a finding is debated, and the aim of this study is to contribute to the understanding of OCs' aetiological role in schizophrenia. We compared a group of schizophrenic patients with their siblings and controls, on the basis of obstetric files stemming from the same University Hospital Maternity Ward. Schizophrenic patients had more frequent umbilical cord complications and atypical presentations, as well as higher scores on a scale measuring OCs linked to possible neonatal asphyxia.
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Addington, Donald, and Heather L. Holley. "A Comparison of Voluntary with Remanded Schizophrenics." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 2 (March 1989): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400203.
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In this study two groups of schizophrenic patients are compared on a number of clinical and demographic variables. The first group consists of 52 consecutive admissions to a forensic assessment unit of patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. The second is a consectutive series of schizophrenic patients admitted to two open admission units. Significant differences were found between the two groups. Specifically the forensic patients were more often male, single and antisocial as assessed by previous convictions and more often transient or living semi-independently in sheltered accommodation. They were less compliant with treatment. The two groups did not differ with respect to clinical features such as duration of illness and number of hospitalizations. It is concluded that individual patient characteristics may contribute to an outcome of legal involvement among schizophrenics. The implications of this for service delivery and future research on criminalization are discussed.
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Sierra-Honigmann, A. M., K. M. Carbone, and R. H. Yolken. "Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Search for Viral Nucleic Acid Sequences in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 1 (January 1995): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.1.55.
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BackgroundPrevious studies looking for evidence of viral infection in schizophrenics have yielded conflicting results. We searched for viral nucleic acids to test the hypothesis of the viral aetiology of schizophrenia.MethodWe used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to search for cytomegalovirus (CMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A, Borna disease virus (BDV), and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in: hippocampus from three schizophrenic and three non-schizophrenic subjects; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 48 schizophrenic patients; CSF and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from nine sets of identical twins discordant for schizophrenia; and SK-N-SHEP cells co-cultured with schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic brain homogenates. All patients met DSM–III–R criteria.ResultsVirus-specific nucleic acids were not found in any of the samples tested.ConclusionsThe absence of viral nucleic acids in the samples tested suggest that, in these patients, schizophrenia is not associated with a persistent or latent infection due to these viruses.
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Bernstein, A. S., D. B. Schnur, P. Bernstein, A. Yeager, J. Wrable, and S. Smith. "Differing patterns of electrodermal and finger pulse responsivity in schizophrenia and depression." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028087.
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SynopsisNon-response of the autonomic orienting response (OR), as indexed jointly by deficient skin conductance (SCR) and finger pulse amplitude responding (FPAR), has been shown to occur with excessive frequency in the schizophrenic population. The present study is an attempt to replicate earlier evidence that SCR-OR and FPAR-OR, when measured in concert, could distinguish schizophrenic from depressed patients (Bernstein et al. 1988). This issue is critical of the question of diagnostic specificity of OR non-responding, since reduced SCR has been found repeatedly in depression as well as in schizophrenia. We examined SCR and FPAR concurrently in 69 schizophrenic, 45 depressed, and 67 normal subjects. SCR non-responding was more frequent in both schizophrenics and depressives than in normal controls, while only the schizophrenics displayed excessive FPAR non-responding. Moreover, among SCR non-responders, concordant OR non-responding — defined as non-responding indexed simultaneously in both the SCR and FPAR components — was most common in the schizophrenic sample. These findings support our previous conclusion that OR non-responding in depression, may have distinct peripheral origins. Our results also suggest that measuring multiple biochemically distinct components of the OR may be more sound methodologically than obtaining a single channel recording.
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Crawford, T. J., B. Haeger, C. Kennard, M. A. Reveley, and L. Henderson. "Saccadic abnormalities in psychotic patients. I. Neuroleptic-free psychotic patients." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 3 (May 1995): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033389.
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SYNOPSISMost of the previous research reporting abnormalities of rapid re-fixation eye movements (saccades) in patients with schizophrenia has used patients receiving neuroleptic medication. In this study non-neuroleptically medicated schizophrenics were compared with other psychiatric patients using a variety of saccadic paradigms to determine the specificity of saccadic dysfunction. The patient groups consisted of schizophrenics (N = 18), bipolar affectives (N = 18), anxiety neurotics (N = 10) and normal controls (N = 31), none of whom had received neuroleptic medication for the preceding 6 months. Four behavioural paradigms, reflexive, predictive, remembered and ANTI were used to elicit saccades. The primary abnormality in the schizophrenic group was a significantly increased rate of distractibility in the ANTI (saccades made towards the target rather than in an opposite direction) and REM (saccades made prior to the imperative cue) paradigms. The major neuropsychological variable predictive of these errors was Wisconsin card sort perseverative errors. These data, in conjunction with findings from previous neurological research, would seem to provide converging evidence towards dysfunction of prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia.
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Chaves, Monica, Natália Mota, Sidarta Ribeiro, Mario Copelli, and Cilene Rodrigues. "M190. USE OF NULL PRONOUNS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.502.
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Abstract Background Schizophrenic speech show consistent disturbances in referentiality, which, from a communicative standpoint, manifest as incoherent speech. Referential failures are especially detected in the usage of pronouns. Literature reports that schizophrenics either use more pronouns without clear reference or more semantically rich anaphors than pronouns. Additionally, it is reported that psychosis language in the context of schizophrenia, schizo-affective disorder and bipolar disorder present more first-person pronouns; within individuals at high genetic risk of schizophrenia those who subsequently developed schizophrenia produced significantly more second-person pronouns than those who did not manifest the illness; and individuals with diagnosis of primary psychotic disorder increased their usage of pronouns, including first-person and second-person pronouns during the period prior to a relapse hospitalization. The abnormalities observed in the use pronouns suggest that schizophrenic patients have semantic-pragmatic issues. There are not many experimental studies devoted to pronouns in schizophrenia, and, according to our current knowledge, none of the existent ones focuses on pronouns without phonological content (null pronouns). In order to fulfill this gap, we present here an investigation of null pronouns in dream narratives produced by Brazilian schizophrenia patients. Methods Dream narratives from 20 schizophrenics and 20 control subjects, all native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese, were screened for null subject pronouns. Participants were prompt to talk by the command: “please report a recent dream”. Each narrative sample was then transcribed, and the occurrence of subject null pronouns were annotated, together with its morphosyntactic features (person & number) and referential status (referential vs. non-referential/expletives). The number of overt and null (with and without phonological content respectively) pronouns in subject position were converted into ratios by dividing the number of occurrences of each pronoun type (overt and null) by the total number of words in the narrative. Next, overt and null pronouns were compared within and between groups. Results T-test comparison showed that the schizophrenia group produced significantly more null pronouns than control group (t(25.126) = 3.919; p = .001); and, that null pronouns were significantly more produced than overt pronouns in the schizophrenia group (t(38) = 3.242; p = .002). Multiple regression showed that total of null pronouns differentiate schizophrenia from control group (F(1,38) = 15.357, p = .001, R2 = .288). In addition, analysis of null pronoun differences between groups based on morphosyntactic features and referential status, showed that schizophrenics used significantly more null pronouns with third-person singular features (t(27.523) =2.699; p =.012) and non-referential pronouns (expletives) (t(23.608) = 2.808; p = 0,010) than control group. Discussion A closer look at third-person null pronouns in the schizophrenic narratives showed that these pronouns are quite often loose in terms of reference: of the total occurrences of third-person null pronouns in schizophrenia approximately 30% are without clear referent. In accordance, null expletives, which are empty of reference, are overused to the point of explaining group differences. This corroborates that schizophrenic speech has a reduced semantic-pragmatic load, with a general difficulty in using pronouns within a contextually framed discourse.
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Maβ, R., C. Haasen, and M. Krausz. "Dimensional structure and diagnostic specificity of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire." European Psychiatry 12, no. 3 (1997): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80199-x.
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SummaryThe Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire (FCQ) is a widely used method to investigate non-psychotic subjective experiences of schizophrenics. Less is known about its dimensional structure. Therefore, principal components analyses (PCA) were conducted with the FCQ data of 505 schizophrenics and 187 alcoholics. Furthermore, results of a former analysis using item-to-item comparisons between schizophrenics and alcoholics were examined. PCA yielded two factors called ‘dysphoric concomitants of severe illness particularly impairing concentration’ and ‘subjective experiences of perceptual uncertainties’. Neither of the factors was specific to schizophrenia. The item comparisons suggest that only a group of eight FCQ items (subscale ‘FCQ-S’) is specific to schizophrenia while ten items (‘FCQ-A’) are related more to alcoholism. The validity of FCQ-S and FCQ-A was confirmed: schizophrenics reached high scores in FCQ-S and low scores in FCQ-A; alcoholics scored high in FCQ-A and low in FCQ-S; schizophrenics with an additional alcohol disorder scored high in both of the subscales. It is concluded that direct group comparisons seem to be promising for the identification of non-psychotic subjective phenomena which are characteristic for schizophrenia.
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Bersani, G., A. Garavini, I. Taddei, G. Tanfani, M. Nordio, and P. Pancheri. "Computed tomography study of pineal calcification in schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 14, no. 3 (June 1999): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80735-4.
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SummaryComputed tomography studies concerning pineal calcification (PC) in schizophrenia have been conducted mainly by one author who correlated this calcification with several aspects of the illness. On the basis of these findings the aim of the present study was to analyze size and incidence of pineal gland calcification by CT in schizophrenics and healthy controls, and to verify the relationship between pineal calcification and age, and the possible correlation with psychopathologic variables. Pineal calcification was measured on CT scans of 87 schizophrenics and 46 controls divided into seven age subgroups of five years each. No significant differences in PC incidence and mean size between patients and controls were observed as far as the entire group was considered. PC size correlated with age both in schizophrenics and controls. We found a higher incidence of PC in schizophrenics in the age subgroup of 21–25 years, and a negative correlation with positive symptoms of schizophrenia in the overall group. These findings could suggest a premature calcific process in schizophrenics and a probable association with `non-paranoid' aspects of the illness. Nevertheless the potential role of this process possibly related to some aspects of the altered neurodevelopment in schizophrenia is still unclear.
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Karaman, Taha, Sibel Özkaynak, Korkut Yaltkaya, and Çetin Büyükberker. "Bereitschaftpotential in schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 171, no. 1 (July 1997): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.171.1.31.
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BackgroundSeveral reports have documented the presence of motor abnormalities in schizophrenic patients.MethodThirty schizophrenics and 28 healthy controls were included in the study. Scalp-recorded bereitschaftpotentials (BPs) generated prior to voluntary movements were recorded in all subjects.ResultsThe early (NSI) and late components of BP and peak negativity were reduced in all schizophrenic patients. In particular, the NSI was reduced in patients with positive symptoms, and the late component in patients with negative symptoms.ConclusionsThese findings provide further support for the involvement of frontal cortex, subcortical structures and their connections in schizophrenia, and highlight some differences between positive and negative symptom clusters.
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Munschauer, Carol A., and Ira S. Cohen. "Patterns of Thought Disorder: Overinclusion and Overexclusion in Schizophrenics, Manics, and other Psychopathological Groups." Psychological Reports 57, no. 2 (October 1985): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.2.515.
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This study investigated overinclusive and overexclusive thinking in chronic and acute schizophrenics, manics and schizoaffective schizophrenics. Comparison groups were comprised of depressives, character disorders, and borderline patients. A concept formation task was developed which allowed for a separate analysis of association and accuracy errors. The major findings were: (a) acute and chronic schizophrenics did not differ from each other but did differ from comparison-control groups; (b) the manic pattern differed from all other groups showing severe overinclusion and minimal overexclusion; (c) schizoaffective schizophrenics shared qualities of both the schizophrenic and manic groups but were equivalent to neither.
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Ambekar, Prakash. "Perspective study of disorders of thought, language and communication in schizophrenic patients of Maharashtra." Panacea Journal of Medical Sciences 13, no. 1 (April 15, 2023): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.pjms.2023.004.
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Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterised by paranoid, hallucination and delirium. The person with such disorder cannot lead a normal life in the society due to his abnormal communication and thought disorder. Hence such disorders are helpful to diagnose the type and severity of disease. Out of 1000 (one thousand) patients 500 were acute schizophrenia and 500 were chronic schizophrenics. Among 1000, 330 were paranoid and 670 were non-paranoid. The disorder of FTD, language, communication disorders in acute, chronic non-paranoid and paranoid schizophrenia were noted. In the comparison of acute and chronic schizophrenic patients – Negative FTD scores positive negative FTD scores, language disorders score was highly significant (p<0.001). In the schizophrenic negative FTD score Negative positive FTD scores, thought disorder score, language disorder scores were highly significant (p<0.001). This study will be helpful to psychiatrist to differentiate acute and chronic schizophrenic patients and treat them efficiently with proper medication so that such patients can lead normal social and family life.
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Folnegović, Z., V. Folnegović-Šmalc, and Ž. Kulčar. "Characteristics of Male and Female Schizophrenics at First Admission." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 3 (March 1990): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.3.365.
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Based on information from a case register, patient age and diagnosis at first admission are analysed in a Croatian cohort of schizophrenics first admitted in 1972 and followed up through the register for 12 years. Diagnosis was analysed on the same basis and over the same period. Although the male and female differences in incidence rates for schizophrenia were not large, hospital incidence rates in younger age groups were higher in males. Males were also more commonly diagnosed as schizophrenic at first admission, females more frequently receiving diagnoses of affective psychosis and other organic psychosis, except for alcohol-induced psychosis.
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O'Carroll, R. E., A. Rogers, S. M. Lawrie, C. Murray, M. Van Beck, K. P. Ebmeier, M. Walker, D. Blackwood, E. C. Johnstone, and G. M. Goodwin. "Laterality of visuo-spatial attention in acute and chronic schizophrenia, major depression and in healthy controls." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 5 (September 1995): 1091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700037582.
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SYNOPSISPrevious studies have suggested that schizophrenia is characterized by an asymmetry of visuo-spatial attention, in particular that acute unmedicated schizophrenics demonstrate relative inattention to right hemispace, whereas chronically medicated patients demonstrate the opposite pattern. In the present study, 30 unmedicated schizophrenic patients, 32 chronically medicated schizophrenic patients, 30 patients suffering from major depression and 60 healthy controls were assessed using two measures of hemispatial attentional neglect, namely letter and star cancellation. The results demonstrated that the chronic schizophrenic group made more total omissions for star cancellation (in both right and left hemispace), but that there was no difference between the groups in terms of omission asymmetry for either letter or star cancellation.
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Simpson, Jane, and D. John Done. "Analogical reasoning in schizophrenic delusions." European Psychiatry 19, no. 6 (September 2004): 344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.05.009.
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AbstractPurposeReasoning ability has often been argued to be impaired in people with schizophrenic delusions, although evidence for this is far from convincing. This experiment examined the analogical reasoning abilities of several groups of patients, including non-deluded and deluded schizophrenics, to test the hypothesis that performance by the deluded schizophrenic group would be impaired.Subjects/materialsEleven deluded schizophrenics, 10 depressed subjects, seven non-deluded schizophrenics and 16 matched non-psychiatric controls, who were matched on a number of key variables, were asked to solve an analogical reasoning task.ResultsPerformance by the deluded schizophrenic group was certainly impaired when compared with the depressed and non-psychiatric control groups though less convincingly so when compared with the non-deluded schizophrenic group. The impairment shown by the deluded schizophrenic group seemed to occur at the initial stage of the reasoning task.DiscussionThe particular type of impairment shown by the deluded subjects was assessed in relation to other cognitive problems already researched and the implications of these problems on reasoning tasks and theories of delusions was discussed.
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Stöber, G., E. Franzek, and H. Beckmann. "The role of maternal infectious diseases during pregnancy in the etiology of schizophrenia in offspring." European Psychiatry 7, no. 4 (1992): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924933800005241.
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SummaryIn 55 chronic schizophrenics, the occurrence of infectious diseases during their mothers’ pregnancies was investigated. Different psychiatric diagnostic systems were compared. Infections were reported by the mothers of familial and sporadic DSM III-R schizophrenics in equal proportion. However, applying Leonhard's classification, the frequency of infections was found to be significantly increased in ‘systematic’ schizophrenia (mainly exogenously induced in the view of Leonhard) compared to ‘unsystematic’ schizophrenia (mainly genetically determined according to Leonhard's findings). Most of the infections occurred during the second trimester (nine out of 13). Thus, in the ‘systematic’ forms of schizophrenia (low genetic loading), maternal infections in this crucial period of neurodevelopmenl would appear to be important causative factors in the cytoarchitectural deviance delected in the central nervous system of schizophrenics.
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Assadollahi, G. A., G. R. Ghassemi, and T. Mehrabi. "Training families to better manage schizophrenics’ behaviour." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2000): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.1.118.
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The influential role of family in the outcome of chronic schizophrenia is well documented. Because families have become the primary caretakers, this study was designed to train parents of chronic schizophrenics to better manage their offspring. The sample comprised 40 parents whose offspring were admitted to a psychiatric ward from April to June 1996. A self-developed index [Patient Management Skills] was used to measure changes in the parents’ expertise in handling their children before and after a 1-month training programme. After training, more parents had the necessary skills to manage the verbal and non-verbal behaviours of their children. Our results bear out the importance of the family’s supportive role in producing a better outcome for schizophrenic patients