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Journal articles on the topic 'Schizophrenia Magnetic resonance imaging'

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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., A. R. Sherwood, D. Kinney, and P. F. Renshaw. "Magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia." Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (April 1996): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(96)84151-5.

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2

Pandurangi, AnandK, AnthonyL Pelonero, JayM Otero, and Lyn Nadel. "Magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 2, no. 1-2 (January 1989): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(89)90163-1.

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3

Gur, Raquel E. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 48, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810290019002.

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4

Elfaki, Amani Abdelrazag, Abdelrazag Elfaki, Tahir Osman, Bunyamin Sahin, Abdelgani Elsheikh, Amira Mohamed, Anas Hamdoun, and Abdelrahman Mohammed. "STEREOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF BRAIN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGES OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS." Image Analysis & Stereology 32, no. 3 (November 12, 2013): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v32.p145-153.

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Advances in neuroimaging have enabled studies of specific neuroanatomical abnormalities with relevance to schizophrenia. This study quantified structural alterations on brain magnetic resonance (MR) images of patients with schizophrenia. MR brain imaging was done on 88 control and 57 schizophrenic subjects and Dicom images were analyzed with ImageJ software. The brain volume was estimated with the planimetric stereological technique. The volume fraction of brain structures was also estimated. The results showed that, the mean volume of right, left, and total hemispheres in controls were 551, 550, and 1101 cm³, respectively. The mean volumes of right, left, and total hemispheres in schizophrenics were 513, 512, and 1026 cm³, respectively. The schizophrenics’ brains were smaller than the controls (p < 0.05). The mean volume of total white matter of controls (516 cm³) was bigger than the schizophrenics’ volume (451 cm³), (p < 0.05). The volume fraction of total white matter was also lower in schizophrenics (p < 0.05). Volume fraction of the lateral ventricles was higher in schizophrenics (p < 0.05). According to the findings, the volumes of schizophrenics’ brain were smaller than the controls and the volume fractional changes in schizophrenics showed sex dependent differences. We conclude that stereological analysis of MR brain images is useful for quantifying schizophrenia related structural changes.

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5

Woodruff, P. W. R., G. D. Pearlson, M. J. Geer, P. E. Barta, and H. D. Chilcoat. "A computerized magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum morphology in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 1 (February 1993): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700038836.

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SynopsisThe hypothesis tested was that, in schizophrenia, corpus callosum size would be reduced, particularly in the region responsible for communication between both temporal lobes. This is supported by knowledge of: (a) anatomical homotopicity and functional specialization of fibres within the corpus callosum; (b) evidence linking structural and functional deficits of the corpus callosum and left temporal lobe with schizophrenia; and (c) that temporal lobe neuronal fibres pass through the middle region of the corpus callosum. Brain area and corpus callosum areas, widths and length were measured on mid-sagittal MRI scans using a computer outlining method. Scans from 30 schizophrenics and 44 normal subjects were compared. Mid-sagittal brain area, corpus callosum area, length and anterior widths were reduced in the schizophrenic group compared with controls. A significant area difference between schizophrenics and controls was seen in the mid-corpus callosum which communicates between the temporal lobes, including the superior temporal gyri. In schizophrenics, corpus callosum area reduction was not accounted for by brain area shrinkage alone. Differences between the two groups were accounted for by comparisons between males only. These findings support the hypothesis and the possibility that localized abnormalities of bilaterally connected brain regions might have secondary effects on their homotopically distributed fibres within the corpus callosum.

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6

Young, A. H., D. H. R. Blackwood, H. Roxborough, J. K. McQueen, M. J. Martin, and D. Kean. "A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Schizophrenia: Brain Structure and Clinical Symptoms." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 2 (February 1991): 158–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.2.158.

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Thirty-one patients with schizophrenia and 33 normal control subjects underwent MRI. The BPRS was used to rate clinical symptoms and the NART to estimate premorbid IQ. All were right handed. The temporal lobe was significantly smaller on the left than the right in both the control and schizophrenic groups. The amygdala was smaller on the left than the right in controls but not in schizophrenics. The parahippocampal gyrus was smaller on the left side in the schizophrenic group but not in controls. In the schizophrenic group, ventricular enlargement and cerebral atrophy were significantly related to severity of symptoms. Patients with marked negative symptoms had a bilateral reduction in the size of the head of caudate and the two measures were significantly correlated. Patients with marked positive symptoms had larger VBRs and again the clinical and morphometric changes were significantly correlated. There were no morphometric differences between patients with short duration (two years or less) and chronic symptoms.

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7

Besson, J. A. O., F. M. Corrigan, G. R. Cherryman, and F. W. Smith. "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Brain Imaging in Chronic Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 2 (February 1987): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.2.161.

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Patients with chronic schizophrenia were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Subgroups of the syndrome with high positive or high negative symptom scores and ventricular dilatation were compared with each other and with normal controls in respect of regional spin lattice relaxation time (T1) changes. Significant differences were not observed between the schizophrenic subgroups and controls but there were significant differences between the subgroups themselves. The presence of tardive dyskinesia was associated with increased T1 of the basal ganglia. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to findings using other techniques.

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8

Young, Trevor, and Peter Williamson. "Brain Imaging in Functional Mental Disorders." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 7 (October 1986): 675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378603100716.

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The application of brain imaging techniques to psychiatry is reviewed with respect to computerized tomography (CT), EEG topography, positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While early computerized tomography studies have suggested structural abnormalities in schizophrenia, more recent studies have shown that most schizophrenics and patients with other disorders have normal CT scans. EEG topography and positron emission tomography have not been evaluated as fully as computerized tomography. However, preliminary studies indicate some functional abnormalities in schizophrenia and affective disorders compared to normal controls. Magnetic resonance imaging shows promise but has had only a limited application to date in psychiatry.

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9

Buckley, P. F., J. S. Lewin, L. Friedman, D. Wu, D. A. Miller, L. A. Thompson, S. K. Klein, et al. "Functional magnetic resonance imaging and schizophrenia." Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (April 1996): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(96)84410-6.

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10

Sauer, Heinrich, and Hans-Peter Volz. "Functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 13, no. 1 (January 2000): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-200001000-00005.

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11

Chu, Wen-Lin, Min-Wei Huang, Bo-Lin Jian, and Kuo-Sheng Cheng. "Brain Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Joint Independent Component Analysis in Schizophrenic Patients." Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews 15, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573405613666171122163759.

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Background: In past magnetic resonance imaging studies, normal participants and schizophrenia patients have usually been compared using imaging processing modes with only one parameter. A more extensive evaluation of significant differences between gray and white matter in Schizophrenic patents was necessary. Methods: Voxel based morphometry was used to separate brain images into gray matter and white matter. Then, the images were mapped to Montreal Neurological Institute space, and DARTEL analytic template was applied for image calibration with statistical parametric mapping. Finally, joint independent component analysis was employed to analyze the gray and white matter of brain images from Schizophrenic patients and normal controls. In this study, joint independent component analysis was used to discriminate clinical differences in magnetic resonance imaging signals between Schizophrenic patients and normal controls. Results: Region of interest analyses has repeatedly shown gray matter reduction in the superior temporal gyrus of Schizophrenic patients. Conclusion: These results strongly support previous studies regarding brain volume in schizophrenic patients. The connection networks in frontal and temporal lobes evidently did not differ between normal participants and schizophrenia patients.

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12

Harvey, I., M. A. Ron, G. Du Boulay, D. Wicks, S. W. Lewis, and R. M. Murray. "Reduction of cortical volume in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 3 (August 1993): 591–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329170002537x.

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SynopsisThe MRI scans of 48 schizophrenic patients, fulfilling RDC criteria, were compared to those of 34 healthy controls matched for age, ethnicity and parental social class. The volume of the frontal and anterior parietal lobes was significantly reduced in the schizophrenic group as a result of a selective decrease in cortical volume, with a corresponding increase in the volume of sulcal fluid. Reduction in the volume of the temporal grey matter was more marked on the right, but was not in excess of the loss of volume observed in other areas of the cortex. MRI abnormalities correlated poorly with clinical parameters, although both unemployment and poor pre-morbid adjustment predicted reduced cerebral volume and increased sulcal volume. These results question whether the medial temporal lobes are the only site of structural pathology in schizophrenia.

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13

Unlu, Ebru, Erman Bagcioglu, Mehtap B. Acay, Emre Kacar, Ozan Turamanlar, Yucel Gonul, Mehmet Cevik, Abdullah Akpinar, and Kerem Senol Coskun. "Magnetic resonance imaging study of corpus callosum abnormalities in patients with different subtypes of schizophrenia." South African Journal of Psychiatry 20, no. 4 (November 30, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v20i4.574.

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<p><strong>Background.</strong> Reductions in the size of the corpus callosum (CC) have been described for schizophrenia patients, but little is known about the possible regional differences in schizophrenia subtypes (paranoid, disorganised, undifferentiated, residual). </p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>We recruited 58 chronically schizophrenic patients with different subtypes, and 31 age-and-gender matched healthy controls. The callosum was extracted from a midsagittal slice from T1 weighted magnetic resonance images, and areas of the total CC, its five subregions, CC length and total brain volume were compared between schizophrenia subtypes and controls. Five subregions were approximately matched to fibre pathways from cortical regions. </p><p><span><strong>Results. </strong>Schizophrenia patients had reduced CC total area and length when compared with controls. Disorganised and undifferentiated schizophrenics had a smaller prefrontal area, while there was no significant difference for the paranoid and residual groups. The premotor/supplementary motor area was smaller in all schizophrenia subtypes. The motor area was smaller only in the disorganised group. A smaller sensory area was found in all subtypes except the residual group. Parietal, temporal and occipital areas were smaller in the paranoid and undifferentiated groups. Total brain volume was smaller in all schizophrenia subtypes compared with controls, but did not reach statistical significance. </span></p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>These findings suggest that the heterogeneity of symptoms may lead to the different CC morphological characteristics in schizophrenia subtypes.</p>

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14

Waddington, John L., Eadbhard O'Callaghan, Conall Larkin, Oonagh Redmond, John Stack, and Joseph T. Ennis. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, S9 (December 1990): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s000712500029185x.

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In this new era of structural and functional neuroimaging technologies, it is the unsurpassed anatomical resolution of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Andreasen, 1989; and Besson, this supplement) that has resulted in a new generation of studies on cerebral morphology in schizophrenia. With the recent development of whole-body magnets of very high (⩾ 1.5T) and uniform field strength, it has become possible to extend the scope of this approach to include measurement of certain fundamental neurochemical processes, via magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS: Hubesch et al, 1989; Lock et al, this supplement). The purpose of this article is to introduce and review critically the existing literature on the application of MRI and MRS to schizophrenia, and to give a preliminary account of some of our own recent studies in these areas.

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15

Conlon, P., and M. R. Trimble. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Psychiatry*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 8 (November 1987): 702–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200815.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a relatively new radiological technique that may be useful in the study of psychiatric illness. MRI gives detailed structural information about the brain and also allows quantification of functional change. Current areas of study relevant to psychiatry include: schizophrenia, dementia, epilepsy and, to a lesser extent, alcohol and affective disorders. The authors review the basic principles of MRI, discuss the recent application to psychiatry, indicate its potential advantages and comment on the current limitations of this imaging modality.

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16

BACHMANN, S., J. PANTEL, A. FLENDER, C. BOTTMER, M. ESSIG, and J. SCHRÖDER. "Corpus callosum in first-episode patients with schizophrenia – a magnetic resonance imaging study." Psychological Medicine 33, no. 6 (July 31, 2003): 1019–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703008043.

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Background. Morphometric studies on the corpus callosum (CC) in schizophrenia have yielded contradictory results. The aim of the present study was to investigate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities of the CC in first-episode patients with schizophrenic psychoses.Method. We assessed volumetric MRI in 31 patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizophreniform or schizoaffective disorder (DSM-IV) and a maximum exposure to neuroleptics of 2 weeks. As a control group, 12 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals were included in the study. A whole body scanner at 1.5 Tesla was used to obtain 3D T1- and T2-weighted MR datasets. The data were evaluated semi-automatically (intracranial volume, total brain volume) and manually (CC) with the software NMRwin.Results. Patients had smaller CC and CC subdivisions than controls. Schizophrenic and unaffected women exhibited larger total CC and rostral subdivisions than men in both groups. Handedness did not exert an influence.Conclusions. Our findings are in line with other in vivo morphometric studies on the CC in schizophrenia. The larger CC area in women may reflect general gender-related differences in CC size as described in healthy individuals.

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17

Jurjus, George J., Henry A. Nasrallah, Stephen C. Olson, and Steven B. Schwarzkopf. "Cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia, affective disorder and healthy controls: a magnetic resonance imaging study." Psychological Medicine 23, no. 2 (May 1993): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700028403.

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SynopsisMany structural brain abnormalities have been described in schizophrenia, consistent with a neurodevelopmental model for this disease. We report here a study of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) in schizophrenia compared to control groups, as well as the clinical correlates of this congenital anomaly in schizophrenia. We conducted a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study to compare rates of CSP in schizophrenia (N = 67) v. psychiatric controls (bipolar and schizoaffective, N = 60) and healthy controls (N = 37). Of the controls 18·9 %, and of all psychotic subjects 18·1 % had a CSP of any size and there was no difference in the frequency of large CSP among the groups. Males had higher rates of CSP than females (25% v. 9·7%, P = 0·01) in all groups. Schizophrenics had higher CSP rates than affective patients (25%, v. 10%, P = 0·02). No clinical difference was found between schizophrenics with or without CSP.

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18

Howard, Robert J., Osvaldo Almeida, Raymond Levy, Phillipa Graves, and Martin Graves. "Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volumetry Distinguishes Delusional Disorder from Late-Onset Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 4 (October 1994): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.4.474.

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BackgroundLate paraphrenia is recognised as a heterogeneous disorder. This is reflected by the division of such patients into schizophrenia and delusional disorder in ICD-10. Earlier imaging studies have suggested that major structural abnormalities may be associated with the onset of psychosis in later life.MethodFifty late paraphrenics and 35 age-matched healthy controls underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging of the whole brain in the coronal plane. Measurements were made of intracranial and brain volumes and the volumes of the intracerebral and extracerebral cerebrospinal fluid spaces.ResultsNo differences in intracranial, brain or extracerebral cerebrospinal fluid volumes between patients and controls were found. Late paraphrenic patients had greater lateral and third ventricle volumes than controls and the left lateral ventricle was larger than the right. When the patients were divided into appropriate ICD-10 diagnoses: paranoid schizophrenia (n= 31) and delusional disorder (n= 16), lateral ventricle volumes in the delusional disorder patients were much greater than those of the schizophrenics and almost twice those of controls.ConclusionsStructural brain differences underly diagnostic heterogeneity within late paraphrenia. The brains of late onset schizophrenics are only subtly different from those of healthy elderly individuals.

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19

Frangou, S., T. Sharma, T. Sigmundsson, P. Barta, G. Pearlson, and R. M. Murray. "The Maudsley Family Study 4. Normal planum temporale asymmetry in familial schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 4 (April 1997): 328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.4.328.

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BackgroundLoss or reversal of the normal asymmetry of the planum temporale (PT) has been reported in schizophrenia, and may be due to aberrations in the gene(s) controlling the development of brain asymmetries. We tested this hypothesis in a sample of schizophrenics and their relatives from families multiply affected with the disorder.MethodWe compared 32 schizophrenics and 55 of their non-schizophrenic first-degree relatives with 39 matched community controls. Volumetric measurements of the cortical volume beneath the PT were obtained using the Cavalieri method from three-dimensionally reconstructed magnetic resonance imaging images.ResultsPT volume asymmetry coefficients from patients and their relatives did not differ significantly from those of the controls. Gender-specific analysis did not reveal any differences.ConclusionsAbnormalities in PT volume asymmetry are not present in familial schizophrenia, where genetic factors appear to predominate.

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20

Demirci, Oguz, and Vince D. Calhoun. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Implications for Detection of Schizophrenia." European Neurological Review 4, no. 2 (2009): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2009.04.02.103.

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an invaluable non-invasive instrument that has been used to investigate physiological disturbances that lead to manifest psychiatric illnesses. It is hoped that efficient application of fMRI can be utilised to characterise and diagnose mental illnesses such as schizophrenia. Although there are various fMRI research studies presenting very promising diagnosis results for schizophrenia, we believe that there is much to be done to develop effective diagnostic tools for clinical purposes. We present specific examples based mostly on our past and recent work together with various examples from the recent literature. We discuss where we currently stand in the efforts of fMRI being used for diagnosis of schizophrenia, examine common possible biases and offer some solutions with the hope that fMRI can be more efficiently used in diagnostic research.

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21

Lieberman, Seffrey, Ranga Krishnan, and Cecil Charles. "Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia: Morphometric methods." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 143S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87483-5.

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22

Kindermann, Sandra S., Afshin Karimi, Laura Symonds, Gregory G. Brown, and Dilip V. Jeste. "Review of functional magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 27, no. 2-3 (October 1997): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(97)00063-7.

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23

Pfefferbaum, A., K. O. Lim, M. Rosenbloom, and R. B. Zipursky. "Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Approaches for Investigating Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 16, no. 3 (January 1, 1990): 453–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/16.3.453.

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24

Andreasen, Nancy C. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810130037006.

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25

O'Callaghan, E., P. Buckley, O. Redmond, J. Stack, J. T. Ennis, C. Larkin, and J. L. Waddington. "Abnormalities of Cerebral Structure in Schizophrenia on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Interpretation in Relation to the Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 85, no. 4 (April 1992): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689208500416.

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The nature of abnormalities of cerebral structure evident in schizophrenia on magnetic resonance imaging is considered in relation to the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of the disorder. While schizophrenic patients showed increased ventricular volume, the extent of increase with age was comparable with that evident in controls and was unrelated to duration of illness. Conversely, cortical atrophy was evident only in patients, and this increased markedly with age and duration of illness. Such findings could be suggestive of two distinct pathophysiological processes in schizophrenia, but a schema for their reconciliation with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis is elaborated.

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Williamson, Peter. "Hypofrontality in Schizophrenia: A Review of the Evidence*." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (June 1987): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378703200516.

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This paper reviews the possible role of frontal lobe dysfunction in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Pathological, computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenic patients show structural abnormalities in the frontal lobe areas and other parts of the brain. In some cases, these changes can be correlated with negative symptoms. Attempts to study frontal lobe function with neuropsychological tests, topographic EEG, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans have also indicated that a substantial number of schizophrenics show abnormalities compared to normal controls. However, these abnormalities can be seen to some degree in other conditions. As well, patients early in the course of their illness tend not to show frontal lobe functional abnormalities. The implications of these findings for current theories of schizophrenia are discussed.

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27

Maier, M., M. A. Ron, G. J. Barker, and P. S. Tofts. "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy: an in vivo method of estimating hippocampal neuronal depletion in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 6 (November 1995): 1201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700033171.

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SynopsisDiffuse loss of cortical volume and ventricular enlargement have been demonstrated in schizophrenia using imaging. In addition, histological studies have provided evidence that the number of neurons in the medial temporal lobe structures is reduced and that the cytoarchitecture is abnormal. In an attempt to correlate these histological findings with in vivo estimates of neuronal integrity we have studied the concentration of the neuronal marker N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) in the hippocampi of schizophrenics using in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). Compared with a group of healthy volunteers schizophrenics showed a 22% loss of NAA in the left hippocampus. Two other metabolites, choline and creatine showed bilateral reduction in schizophrenics and these achieved significance in the left hippocampus. These results indicate a significant depletion of NAA in schizophrenia and are in close agreement with the reported neuronal loss in the hippocampus detected histologically. We propose that in vivo MRS is a valid measure of integrity of neuronal populations in schizophrenia.

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Burns, J., D. Job, M. E. Bastin, H. Whalley, T. Macgillivray, E. C. Johnstone, and S. M. Lawrie. "Structural disconnectivity in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging study." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 5 (May 2003): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.5.439.

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BackgroundThere is growing evidence that schizophrenia is a disorder of cortical connectivity Specifically, frontotemporal and frontoparietal connections are thought to be functionally impaired. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT–MRI) is a technique that has the potential to demonstrate structural disconnectivity in schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate the structural integrity of frontotemporal and frontoparietal white matter tracts in schizophrenia.MethodThirty patients with DSM–IV schizophrenia and thirty matched control subjects underwent DT–MRI and structural MRI. Fractional anisotropy – an index of the integrity of white matter tracts – was determined in the uncinate fasciculus, the anterior cingulum and the arcuate fasciculus and analysed using voxel-based morphometry.ResultsThere was reduced fractional anisotropy in the left uncinate fasciculus and left arcuate fasciculus in patients with schizophrenia compared with controls.ConclusionsThe findings of reduced white matter tract integrity in the left uncinate fasciculus and left arcuate fasciculus suggest that there is frontotemporal and frontoparietal structural disconnectivity in schizophrenia.

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Bertolino, Alessandro, and Daniel R. Weinberger. "Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia." European Journal of Radiology 30, no. 2 (May 1999): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(99)00052-2.

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Karch, Susanne, Oliver Pogarell, and Christoph Mulert. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Treatment Strategies in Schizophrenia." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 13, no. 8 (May 1, 2012): 1622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920112800784853.

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Rossi, Alessandro, Paolo Stratta, Massimo Gallucci, Roberto Passariello, and Massimo Casacchia. "Brain morphology in schizophrenia by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 77, no. 6 (June 1988): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05197.x.

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Shergill, Sukhi S., Derek K. Tracy, Kiran Sanghera, Owen O'Daly, James Gilleen, Maria Dominguez, Lydia Krabbendam, and Claudia Simons. "FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF INNER SPEECH IN SCHIZOPHRENIA." Schizophrenia Research 117, no. 2-3 (April 2010): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.883.

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Simons, Claudia J. P., Derek K. Tracy, Kirandeep K. Sanghera, Owen O'Daly, James Gilleen, Maria-de-Gracia Dominguez, Lydia Krabbendam, and Sukhwinder S. Shergill. "Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Inner Speech in Schizophrenia." Biological Psychiatry 67, no. 3 (February 2010): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.007.

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Hayashi, T., N. Hotta, T. Andoh, M. Mori, N. Fukatsu, and H. Suga. "Magnetic resonance imaging findings in schizophrenia and atypical psychoses." Journal of Neural Transmission 108, no. 6 (June 13, 2001): 695–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007020170046.

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David Mozley, P., Raquel E. Gur, Susan M. Resnick, Derri L. Shtasel, Jeffrey Richards, Mark Kohn, Robert Grossman, Gabor Herman, and Ruben C. Gur. "Magnetic resonance imaging in schizophrenia: relationship with clinical measures." Schizophrenia Research 12, no. 3 (June 1994): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(94)90029-9.

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Frazier, Jean A. "Brain Anatomic Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 53, no. 7 (July 1, 1996): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070065010.

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Gur, Raquel E., Patricia Cowell, Bruce I. Turetsky, Fiona Gallacher, Tyrone Cannon, Warren Bilker, and Ruben C. Gur. "A Follow-up Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 55, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.2.145.

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Zheng, JinChi, XiaoLan Wei, JinYi Wang, HuaSong Lin, HongRun Pan, and YuQing Shi. "Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Based on Deep Learning Using fMRI." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (November 9, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8437260.

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Schizophrenia is a brain disease that frequently occurs in young people. Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce family burdens and reduce social costs. There is no objective evaluation index for schizophrenia. In order to improve the classification effect of traditional classification methods on magnetic resonance data, a method of classification of functional magnetic resonance imaging data is proposed in conjunction with the convolutional neural network algorithm. We take functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data for schizophrenia as an example, to extract effective time series from preprocessed fMRI data, and perform correlation analysis on regions of interest, using transfer learning and VGG16 net, and the functional connection between schizophrenia and healthy controls is classified. Experimental results show that the classification accuracy of fMRI based on VGG16 is up to 84.3%. On the one hand, it can improve the early diagnosis of schizophrenia, and on the other hand, it can solve the classification problem of small samples and high-dimensional data and effectively improve the generalization ability of deep learning models.

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Osimo, Emanuele F., Stefan P. Brugger, Antonio de Marvao, Toby Pillinger, Thomas Whitehurst, Ben Statton, Marina Quinlan, et al. "Cardiac structure and function in schizophrenia: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study." British Journal of Psychiatry 217, no. 2 (January 9, 2020): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.268.

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BackgroundHeart disease is the leading cause of death in schizophrenia. However, there has been little research directly examining cardiac function in schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate cardiac structure and function in individuals with schizophrenia using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) after excluding medical and metabolic comorbidity.MethodIn total, 80 participants underwent CMR to determine biventricular volumes and function and measures of blood pressure, physical activity and glycated haemoglobin levels. Individuals with schizophrenia (‘patients’) and controls were matched for age, gender, ethnicity and body surface area.ResultsPatients had significantly smaller indexed left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (effect size d = −0.82, P = 0.001), LV end-systolic volume (d = −0.58, P = 0.02), LV stroke volume (d = −0.85, P = 0.001), right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume (d = −0.79, P = 0.002), RV end-systolic volume (d = −0.58, P = 0.02), and RV stroke volume (d = −0.87, P = 0.001) but unaltered ejection fractions relative to controls. LV concentricity (d = 0.73, P = 0.003) and septal thickness (d = 1.13, P < 0.001) were significantly larger in the patients. Mean concentricity in patients was above the reference range. The findings were largely unchanged after adjusting for smoking and/or exercise levels and were independent of medication dose and duration.ConclusionsIndividuals with schizophrenia show evidence of concentric cardiac remodelling compared with healthy controls of a similar age, gender, ethnicity, body surface area and blood pressure, and independent of smoking and activity levels. This could be contributing to the excess cardiovascular mortality observed in schizophrenia. Future studies should investigate the contribution of antipsychotic medication to these changes.

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Fahim, C., E. Stip, A. Mancini-Marı̈e, M. Boualem, D. Malaspina, and M. Beauregard. "Negative socio-emotional resonance in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging hypothesis." Medical Hypotheses 63, no. 3 (January 2004): 467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2004.01.035.

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Schröder, J., F. Wenz, L. R. Schad, K. Baudendistel, and M. V. Knopp. "Sensorimotor Cortex and Supplementary Motor Area Changes in Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 2 (August 1995): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.2.197.

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BackgroundNeurological soft signs (NSS) such as a disturbed finger-to-thumb opposition are frequently found in schizophrenia. To identify the underlying cerebral changes we investigated sensorimotor cortex and supplementary motor area (SMA) activation during finger-to-thumb opposition using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).MethodTen DSM–III–R schizophrenics and seven healthy controls were included. All subjects were right-handed. fMRI was carried out in a resting condition followed by an activation state (finger-to-thumb opposition) and the activities in the sensorimotor cortices and SMA recorded.ResultsAll subjects showed a significant activation of the SMA and both ipsilateral and contralateral sensorimotor cortices. In the controls, ipsilateral finger-to-thumb opposition was associated with a greater left than right hemispheric sensorimotor cortex coactivation. When compared with the healthy controls, the schizophrenic patients showed a decreased activation of both sensorimotor cortices and SMA, as well as a reversed lateralisation effect.ConclusionSensorimotor cortex and SMA dysfunction are associated with motor disturbances in schizophrenia.

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Karlsgodt, Katherine H., Daqiang Sun, Amy M. Jimenez, Evan S. Lutkenhoff, Rachael Willhite, Theo G. M. van Erp, and Tyrone D. Cannon. "Developmental disruptions in neural connectivity in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia." Development and Psychopathology 20, no. 4 (2008): 1297–327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457940800062x.

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AbstractSchizophrenia has been thought of as a disorder of reduced functional and structural connectivity. Recent advances in neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, structural magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and small animal imaging have advanced our ability to investigate this hypothesis. Moreover, the power of longitudinal designs possible with these noninvasive techniques enable the study of not just how connectivity is disrupted in schizophrenia, but when this disruption emerges during development. This article reviews genetic and neurodevelopmental influences on structural and functional connectivity in human populations with or at risk for schizophrenia and in animal models of the disorder. We conclude that the weight of evidence across these diverse lines of inquiry points to a developmental disruption of neural connectivity in schizophrenia and that this disrupted connectivity likely involves susceptibility genes that affect processes involved in establishing intra- and interregional connectivity.

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Bellani, Marcella, Stefania Cerruti, and Paolo Brambilla. "Orbitofrontal cortex abnormalities in schizophrenia." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001561.

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AbstractThe magnetic resonance imaging studies investigating the volumes of the orbitofrontal cortex in patients suffering from schizophrenia are here presented, trying to elucidate its role for the pathophysiology and for the cognition of the disease.

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Kumari, Veena, Emmanuelle Peters, Ashley Guinn, Dominic Fannon, Tamara Russell, Alexander Sumich, Elizabeth Kuipers, Steven C. R. Williams, and Dominic H. ffytche. "Mapping Depression in Schizophrenia: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study." Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, no. 3 (December 27, 2015): 802–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv186.

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Kalus, Peter, Johannes Slotboom, Jürgen Gallinat, Roland Wiest, Christoph Ozdoba, Andrea Federspiel, Werner K. Strik, Caroline Buri, Gerhard Schroth, and Claus Kiefer. "The amygdala in schizophrenia: a trimodal magnetic resonance imaging study." Neuroscience Letters 375, no. 3 (March 2005): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.004.

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Zedkova, Lenka, Neil D. Woodward, Ian Harding, Phil G. Tibbo, and Scot E. Purdon. "Procedural learning in schizophrenia investigated with functional magnetic resonance imaging." Schizophrenia Research 88, no. 1-3 (December 2006): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.039.

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Kumari, Veena, Jeffrey A. Gray, Garry D. Honey, William Soni, Edward T. Bullmore, Steven C. R. Williams, Virginia Wk Ng, et al. "Procedural learning in schizophrenia: a functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation." Schizophrenia Research 57, no. 1 (September 2002): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00270-5.

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Kegeles, Lawrence S., Dikoma C. Shungu, Satish Anjilvel, Stephen Chan, Steven P. Ellis, Eric Xanthopoulos, Dolores Malaspina, et al. "Hippocampal pathology in schizophrenia: magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy studies." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 98, no. 3 (May 2000): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4927(00)00044-5.

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Frodl, T., J. Holder, J. Greiner, A. Marcuse, U. Hegerl, H. J. Möller, E. M. Meisenzahl, G. Leinsinger, and D. Heiss. "Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the corpus callosum in schizophrenia." European Neuropsychopharmacology 10 (September 2000): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(00)80389-2.

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Van den Noort, M., and P. Bosch. "Schizophrenia: What do we know from functional magnetic resonance imaging?" European Psychiatry 23 (April 2008): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.201.

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