Relevant bibliographies by topics / Schizophrenia – Epidemiology

Academic literature on the topic 'Schizophrenia – Epidemiology'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Schizophrenia – Epidemiology"

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Häfner, Heinz, and Wolfram an der Heiden. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 2 (March 1997): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200204.

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Objective: To characterize the epidemiology of schizophrenia. Method: Narrative literature review. Results: Each year 1 in 10 000 adults (12 to 60 years of age) develops schizophrenia. Based on a restrictive and precise definition of the diagnosis and using standardized assessment methods and large, representative populations, the incidence rates appear stable across countries and cultures and over time, at least for the last 50 years. Schizophrenic patients are not born into ecological and social disadvantage. The uneven distribution of prevalence rates is a result of social selection: an early onset leads to social stagnation, a late onset to descent from a higher social status. The main age range of risk for schizophrenia is 20 to 35 years. It is still unclear whether schizophrenia-like late-onset psychoses (for example, late paraphrenia) after age 60 should be classified as schizophrenia either psychopathologically or etiologically. In 75% of cases, first admission is preceded by a prodromal phase with a mean length of 5 years and a psychotic prephase of one year's duration. On average, women fall ill 3 to 4 years later than men and show a second peak of onset around menopause. Consequently, late-onset schizophrenias are more frequent and more severe in women than in men. The sex difference in age of onset is smaller in cases with a high genetic load and greater in cases with a low genetic load. Type of onset and core symptoms do not differ between the sexes. The most pronounced sex difference is the socially negative illness behaviour of young men. Conclusions: Among the factors determining social course and outcome are level of social development at onset, the disorder itself (for example, genetic liability, severity of symptoms, and functional deficits), general biological factors (for example, estrogen), and sex- and age-specific illness behaviour.
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Hare, E. "Aspects of the Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 5 (November 1986): 554–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.5.554.

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Reasons are given why the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia may be accurate enough for the proper study of certain aspects of its epidemiology. Studies in the seasonality of admissions and of births in schizophrenic patients have produced consistent results in different countries and at different times. The results are summarized, and causal hypotheses based on them are discussed. The idea that schizophrenia is a relatively recent disease is compatible with these hypotheses.
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Jablensky, Assen. "Schizophrenia: epidemiology." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 12, no. 1 (January 1999): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199901000-00013.

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Singh, Pragya, Srinath Pandey, Ved Kumar Mishra, Swati Dwivedi, Shubhangi Dixit, and Prashant Ankur Jain. "SCHIZOPHRENIA: UNRAVELING THE LABYRINTH OF ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY." International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ijpbs.2017.7.1.6.

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Häfner, H., K. Maurer, W. Löffler, B. Fätkenheuer, W. An Der Heiden, A. Riecher-Rössler, S. Behrens, and W. F. Gattaz. "The Epidemiology of Early Schizophrenia." British Journal of Psychiatry 164, S23 (April 1994): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000292714.

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For the investigation of the early course of schizophrenia starting from onset, the standardised Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia was developed and validated. In a representative sample of 267 first-admitted German schizophrenics of a broad diagnosis from a population of 1.5 million, the age at which different diagnostic and onset definitions were satisfied, the symptoms at the time of the interview, and the accumulation of positive and negative symptoms until first admission were assessed. Comparison between the two sexes and three age groups yielded hardly any differences in the accumulation of symptoms and their course until first admission, except for a slightly shorter period of negative symptoms in young males and a slightly longer one in older women – which contradicts prevailing opinion. At the time of the interview, no significant sex differences were found with respect to the core symptoms of schizophrenia (negative and first-rank symptoms), but clear and substantial differences emerged in disease behaviour. The significantly higher age at first onset in women is explained, on the basis of animal experiments and a clinical study, by the neuromodulatory effect of oestrogen on D2 receptors and by a higher vulnerability threshold in women.
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Mortensen, P. B. "Epidemiology of schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 17 (May 2002): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80141-9.

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Ineichen, B. "Epidemiology of schizophrenia." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 61, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.61.6.656.

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Wing, J. K. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 80, no. 3 (March 1987): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688708000302.

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Mura, Gioia, Donatella Rita Petretto, Krishna M. Bhat, and Mauro Giovanni Carta. "Schizophrenia: from Epidemiology to Rehabilitation." Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health 8, no. 1 (July 10, 2012): 52–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1745017901208010052.

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Purpose/Objective:We discuss recent evidences about schizophrenia (frequency, onset, course, risk factors and genetics) and their influences to some epidemiological myths about schizophrenia diffuse between psychiatric and psychopathology clinicians. The scope is to evaluate if the new acquisitions may change the rehabilitation approaches to schizophrenia modifying the balance about the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia accepting that the cognitive deficits are produced by errors during the normal development of the brain (neurodevelopmental hypothesis) that remains stable in the course of illness and the neurodegenerative hypothesis according of which they derived from a degenerative process that goes on inexorably.Research Method/Design:A review of the literature about epidemiology of schizophrenia has been performed and the contributions of some of these evidence to neurodevelopmental hypothesis and to rehabilitation has been described.Results:It cannot be definitively concluded for or against the neurodevelopmental or degenerative hypothesis, but efforts in understanding basis of schizophrenia must go on. Until now, rehabilitation programs are based on the vulnerability-stress model: supposing an early deficit that go on stable during the life under favorable circumstances. So, rehabilitation approaches (as neuro-cognitive approaches, social skill training, cognitive-emotional training) are focused on the individual and micro-group coping skills, aiming to help people with schizophrenia to cope with environmental stress factors.Conclusions/Implications:Coping of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may represents the starting-point for further research on schizophrenia, cohort studies and randomized trials are necessary to defined the range of effectiveness and the outcome of the treatments.
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Maier, W. "Genetic Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 12, S2 (1997): 120s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(97)80296-9.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Schizophrenia – Epidemiology"

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McGrath, John Joseph. "The epidemiology of schizophrenia /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17061.pdf.

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Cannon, Mary. "Investigating the developmental epidemiology of schizophrenia." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2002. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/investigating-the-developmental-epidemiology-of-schizophrenia(24204567-5b9d-4cef-8eb7-034d59b7644a).html.

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Castle, David Jonathan. "Schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965-1984." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27660.

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This Thesis describes the epidemiology of schizophrenia and related disorders in the defined catchment area of Camberwell, SE London, UK, over the period 1965 to 1984. Cases were ascertained through the comprehensive Camberwell Cumulative Psychiatric Case Register. All first-contact patients with a Register diagnosis of any non-affective non-organic psychotic illness were included in the study. Diagnostic uniformity was ensured by rediagnosis of all cases (n=531) using the computerised OCCPI system, which facilitates rediagnosis according to a wide range of diagnostic criteria. Trends in the incidence of non-affective functional psychoses over the two decades during which the Camberwell Register was operational, are explored. The findings, of a rising rate of illness in Camberwell, are discussed in terms of changes in the demography of the general population over the years, and suggestions offered for discrepancies with other studies of time trends in schizophrenia, particular emphasis being placed on changes in the ethnic composition of Camberwell over this period. A case-control study design is used to explore whether the rising incidence of the illness in the area is due solely or largely to drift into the area of ill individuals, or whether some of the variance can be explained in terms of a pernicious inner-city effect operating during early development (in utero or in early childhood). The findings of an excess of schizophrenia patients actually having been born in the inner city suggests that something about poor households in the inner city might predispose to the illness in later life. This is discussed in the general framework of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, which proposes that at least some individuals have a form of illness consequent upon subtle damage to the developing brain. A major focus of the analyses is gender differences in schizophrenia, and late onset schizophrenia. Early-onset males were particularly likely to fulfil stringent diagnostic criteria for the illness, and to show premorbid dysfunction. The results are interpreted in the neurodevelopmental framework, and reference made to differences in male and female brains in their vulnerability to neurodevelopmental illnesses in general. Taking this theme forward, a form of factor analysis called latent class analysis is used to further explore the notion of different subtypes of schizophrenia, one of which is an early-onset severe male-predominant form (theoretically consequent upon neurodevelopmental deviance). The analyses resulted in a "best fit" model of three subtypes, one an early-onset male-predominant type associated with premorbid dysfunction ("neurodevelopmental" type); a later-onset "paranoid" type; and an affect-laden type exclusive to females ("schizoaffective" type). There were associations with a number of variables of potential importance in terms of aetiology, namely an association of the "neurodevelopmental" type with a family history of schizophrenia and obstetric complications; an association of the "paranoid" type with winter birth; and of the "affective" type with a family history of psychiatric disorder other than schizophrenia (predominantly affective disorder). This typology does not adequately account for those patients with a late (over 45 years), or very-late onset of illness (over 60). Phenomenological, premorbid, and other differences between early- and late-onset patients are analysed, and the results discussed in the broader framework of the literature on late-onset non-affective psychoses.
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Castle, David J. "Schizophrenia in Camberwell, 1965-1984." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25760.

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Morgan, Vera Anne. "Intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia and other psychiatric illness : epidemiology, risk factors and outcome." University of Western Australia. School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0209.

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(Truncated abstract) The aims of this thesis are: (i) To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric illness among persons with intellectual disability and, conversely, the prevalence of intellectual disability among persons with a psychiatric illness; (ii) To describe the disability and service utilisation profile of persons with conjoint disorder; (iii) To examine, in particular, intellectual disability co-occurring with schizophrenia; and (iv) To explore the role of hereditary and environmental (specifically obstetric) risk factors in the aetiology of (i) intellectual disability and (ii) intellectual disability co-occurring with psychiatric illness. This thesis has a special interest in the relationship between intellectual disability and schizophrenia. Where data and sample sizes permit, it explores that relationship at some depth and has included sections on the putative nature of the link between intellectual disability and schizophrenia in the introductory and discussion chapters. To realise its objectives, the thesis comprises a core study focusing on aims (i) – (iii) and a supplementary study whose focus is aim (iv). It also draws on work from an ancillary study completed prior to the period of candidacy...This thesis found that, overall, 31.7% of persons with an intellectual disability had a psychiatric illness; 1.8% of persons with a psychiatric illness had an intellectual disability. The rate of schizophrenia, but not bipolar disorder or unipolar major depression, was greatly increased among cases of conjoint disorder: depending on birth cohort, 3.7-5.2% of individuals with intellectual disability had co-occurring schizophrenia. Down syndrome was much less prevalent among conjoint disorder cases despite being the most predominant cause of intellectual disability while pervasive developmental disorder was over-represented. Persons with conjoint disorder had a more severe clinical profile including higher mortality rates than those with a single disability. The supplementary study confirmed the findings in the core body of work with respect to the extent of conjoint disorder, its severity, and its relationship with pervasive development disorder and Down syndrome. Moreover, the supplementary study and the ancillary influenza study indicated a role for neurodevelopmental insults including obstetric complications in the adverse neuropsychiatric outcomes, with timing of the insult a potentially critical element in defining the specific outcome. The supplementary study also added new information on familiality in intellectual disability. It found that, in addition to parental intellectual disability status and exposure to labour and delivery complications at birth, parental psychiatric status was an independent predictor of intellectual disability in offspring as well as a predictor of conjoint disorder. In conclusion, the facility to collect and integrate records held by separate State administrative health jurisdictions, and to analyse them within the one database has had a marked impact on the capacity for this thesis to estimate the prevalence of conjoint disorder among intellectually disabled and psychiatric populations, and to understand more about its clinical manifestations and aetiological underpinnings.
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Roberts, Seth. "Season of Birth and Risk for Schizophrenia." VCU Scholars Compass, 2008. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1633.

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Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating mental disorder characterized by positive (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) and negative (e.g., catatonia, flat affect) signs and symptoms. Many studies suggest that individuals born in winter or spring months are at increased risk for schizophrenia. Study Objectives: 1) To determine whether season of birth affects risk for schizophrenia in the Irish Study of High Density Schizophrenia Families (ISHDSF). 2) To examine, by computer simulation, power to detect genetic associations with schizophrenia under a variety of conditions and using different analytic strategies. 3) To test whether specific genes are associated with schizophrenia in the Irish Case Control Schizophrenia Study (ICCSS), using different analytic strategies to account for season of birth. Methods: A case-control design was used to examine the relationship between schizophrenia and season of birth. Cases were individuals from the ISHDSF diagnosed with schizophrenia. Controls were the general population of Ireland, with data provided by Ireland’s Central Statistics Office (CSO). The birth frequencies for each month or quarter were compared in the two groups by a chi square test. Computer simulations were conducted to examine power to detect schizophrenia susceptibility loci using either all cases or only cases born in high-risk months, under different conditions and models for how genetic risk and season of birth interact to influence risk for schizophrenia. Data for six genetic markers from the ICCSS were analyzed for evidence of association, using all cases, and then using only cases born in high-risk months. Setting and Study Participants: ISHDSF families were ascertained through inpatient psychiatric care facilities serving >95% of the Irish population. Diagnoses were established using DSM-III-R criteria, and birthdates were recorded for all individuals. The Irish CSO provided aggregate, population-level data for number of births in Ireland by month for the years 1976-2000 and by quarter for the years 1900-2000. The ICCSS is a sample of schizophrenic and control individuals who have been genotyped at many loci across the genome. Schizophrenics were ascertained through in- and outpatient psychiatric facilities, had diagnoses verified by an expert, and their birthdates recorded. Controls were selected from several sources, e.g. blood donation centers, and denied any lifetime history of schizophrenia. For each subject in the ICCSS, all four grandparents were born in Ireland or the United Kingdom. Results: Number of births in each month was compared for schizophrenics in the ISHDSF and general population controls, resulting in a chi square of 19.44 (p value ~ 0.054, 11 df). Simulations revealed that, in some circumstances, power to detect genetic associations was increased by restricting cases to those born in high-risk months. Analysis of data from the ICCSS revealed that restricting cases to high-risk birth months increased the evidence for association for three of six markers tested, two of which were associated with the gene FBXL21. Conclusions: Birth in the months of March, April, or May appears to be associated with elevated risk for schizophrenia in the ISHDSF. In attempting to find susceptibility loci for schizophrenia, restricting genetic association analyses to schizophrenics born in high-risk months may result in increased power to detect genetic association in some circumstances.
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Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, and Frank Jacobi. "Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe - a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-112617.

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Epidemiological data on a wide range of mental disorders from community studies conducted in European countries are presented to determine the availability and consistency of prevalence, disability and treatment findings for the EU. Using a stepwise multimethod approach, 27 eligible studies with quite variable designs and methods including over 150,000 subjects from 16 European countries were identified. Prevalence: On the basis of meta-analytic techniques as well as on reanalyses of selected data sets, it is estimated that about 27% (equals 82.7 million; 95% CI: 78.5–87.1) of the adult EU population, 18–65 of age, is or has been affected by at least one mental disorder in the past 12 months. Taking into account the considerable degree of comorbidity (about one third had more than one disorder), the most frequent disorders are anxiety disorders, depressive, somatoform and substance dependence disorders. When taking into account design, sampling and other methodological differences between studies, little evidence seems to exist for considerable cultural or country variation. Disability and treatment: despite very divergent and fairly crude assessment strategies, the available data consistently demonstrate (a) an association of all mental disorders with a considerable disability burden in terms of number of work days lost (WLD) and (b) generally low utilization and treatment rates. Only 26% of all cases had any consultation with professional health care services, a finding suggesting a considerable degree of unmet need. The paper highlights considerable future research needs for coordinated EU studies across all disorders and age groups. As prevalence estimates could not simply be equated with defined treatment needs, such studies should determine the degree of met and unmet needs for services by taking into account severity, disability and comorbidity. These needs are most pronounced for the new EU member states as well as more generally for adolescent and older populations.
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Middlebro', Alison Kathleen. "A proposal for surveillance and case registry of schizophrenia in Ontario." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28882.

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Schizophrenia is an illness causing impairment in thinking and functioning in many realms of everyday life. It is considered one of the most disabling of mental illnesses. This thesis considers the impact of schizophrenia in Ontario, including elevated mortality, degree of disability, economic impact. Some known risk factors for schizophrenia are increasingly common in Ontario, such as urban exposure, and a history of immigration. The impact of the illness in Ontario makes schizophrenia a good candidate for surveillance and case registry in this province. This thesis reviews the required elements of a surveillance system, including case definition and potential data sources and applies them to surveillance of schizophrenia in Ontario. The thesis then proposes a surveillance system and linked case registry based on combined OHIP, discharge abstract and mental health care administrative data, and outlines the necessary steps in implementation and evaluation of the system.
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Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, and Frank Jacobi. "Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe - a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies." Technische Universität Dresden, 2005. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A25813.

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Epidemiological data on a wide range of mental disorders from community studies conducted in European countries are presented to determine the availability and consistency of prevalence, disability and treatment findings for the EU. Using a stepwise multimethod approach, 27 eligible studies with quite variable designs and methods including over 150,000 subjects from 16 European countries were identified. Prevalence: On the basis of meta-analytic techniques as well as on reanalyses of selected data sets, it is estimated that about 27% (equals 82.7 million; 95% CI: 78.5–87.1) of the adult EU population, 18–65 of age, is or has been affected by at least one mental disorder in the past 12 months. Taking into account the considerable degree of comorbidity (about one third had more than one disorder), the most frequent disorders are anxiety disorders, depressive, somatoform and substance dependence disorders. When taking into account design, sampling and other methodological differences between studies, little evidence seems to exist for considerable cultural or country variation. Disability and treatment: despite very divergent and fairly crude assessment strategies, the available data consistently demonstrate (a) an association of all mental disorders with a considerable disability burden in terms of number of work days lost (WLD) and (b) generally low utilization and treatment rates. Only 26% of all cases had any consultation with professional health care services, a finding suggesting a considerable degree of unmet need. The paper highlights considerable future research needs for coordinated EU studies across all disorders and age groups. As prevalence estimates could not simply be equated with defined treatment needs, such studies should determine the degree of met and unmet needs for services by taking into account severity, disability and comorbidity. These needs are most pronounced for the new EU member states as well as more generally for adolescent and older populations.
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Widerlöv, Birgitta. "Long-Term Functional Psychosis : Epidemiology in Two Different Counties in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7466.

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This thesis is based on two independent studies, the first in Stockholm County (index year 1984; n=302), and the second, a replication and validation study, in Uppsala County (index year 1991; n=455).

The general aim was to study all individuals with Long-term Functional Psychosis (LFP) within the two counties of Sweden from an epidemiological perspective and to perform specific studies on a subgroup of individuals with schizophrenia. In the Stockholm study, the total one-year LFP prevalence was 5.3/1 000; in the the rural, suburban and urban areas it was 3.4, 5.6 and 6.6/1 000, respectively. The total one-year prevalence of LFP in Uppsala was 7.3/1 000; in the rural, peripheral city and central city areas it was 6.0, 7.0, and 8.7/1 000, respectively.

Within the non-schizophrenic subpopulation, a pronounced difference was demonstrated between the two studies with substantially higher prevalence rates in the Uppsala study. The schizophrenic subgroup in Uppsala was re-diagnosed using parallel diagnostic systems (DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10), and reasonably comparable prevalence estimates were obtained.

In both studies antipsychotic drugs were most frequently prescribed for the patients with schizophrenia, and the doses were considered as low to moderate. In the Uppsala study the doses of antipsychotic drugs decreased with a longer duration of illness, while the opposite was found in the Stockholm study.

The increased mortality rate among patients with schizophrenia was mainly due to unnatural causes of death and cardiovascular diseases, particularly among males.

The main methodological differences between the two studies were in the sampling procedures. In the Uppsala study, a larger number of care facilities were screened, and a broader set of diagnostic criteria were used for identifying cases from different registers.

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Books on the topic "Schizophrenia – Epidemiology"

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Giovanni, De Girolamo, and World Health Organization, eds. Schizophrenia. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1995.

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Piccinelli, Marco. Gender differences in the epidemiology of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Geneva: WHO Division of Mental Health, 1997.

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Culture and common mental disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd., 1998.

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Brar, Jaspreet S. Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199331505.003.0003.

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Epidemiology can help us understand who is at risk for developing a disorder, what may happen to them, and perhaps even why people get the disorder to begin with. In this chapter, we will review the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders, as well as factors affecting such rates. Risk factors for psychosis include socio-demographics (e.g., gender, age, migrant status, class), predisposing factors (e.g., season of birth, perinatal trauma), and precipitating factors (e.g., substance use, psychosocial stress). We will highlight controversial issues such as traumatic life events, prenatal infection, and cannabis use, considering how epidemiological factors can shed light on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and related illnesses.
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(Editor), Robin M. Murray, Peter B. Jones (Editor), Ezra Susser (Editor), Jim Van Os (Editor), and Mary Cannon (Editor), eds. The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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Murray, Robin M., Peter B. Jones, Ezra Susser, Jim Van Os, and Mary Cannon, eds. The Epidemiology of Schizophrenia. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511544118.

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The epidemiology of schizophrenia. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

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1931-, Tsuang Ming T., and Simpson John C, eds. Nosology, epidemiology, and genetics of schizophrenia. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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Lally, John, and James H. MacCabe. Epidemiology, impact, and predictors of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0004.

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Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is a disabling psychotic disorder that affects approximately 30% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia. In a significant proportion (about 70%) of patients with TRS, their illness is treatment-resistant from onset (early or primary treatment resistance), whilst, in the remainder, treatment resistance develops during the course of illness (late or secondary treatment resistance). TRS is associated with reduced quality of life and increased social and economic burden. Multiple sociodemographic, clinical, and biological risk factors have been assessed in relation to TRS, but their interpretation remains limited owing to methodological variation, lack of replicability, and a paucity of longitudinal studies. This chapter will review the epidemiology, societal and economic burden, and risk factors associated with TRS.
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Meyer, Emma, Julie Walsh-Messinger, and Dolores Malaspina. Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Psychotic Disorders. Edited by Dennis S. Charney, Eric J. Nestler, Pamela Sklar, and Joseph D. Buxbaum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190681425.003.0012.

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Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective psychoses are jointly considered in this chapter in light of the ongoing controversy concerning the diagnostic boundary between these conditions. Emil Kraepelin first separated schizophrenia (which he named dementia praecox) from manic-depressive insanity based on the deteriorating course of illness in schizophrenia, and the convention is still upheld in the DSM-5. A wealth of evidence suggests that this dichotomy does not mirror clinical reality. This chapter reviews the history of the diagnostic concepts underlying the grouping and separation of “the psychoses,” focusing on schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder.
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Book chapters on the topic "Schizophrenia – Epidemiology"

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Häfner, H. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." In Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia, 47–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71765-9_6.

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Eaton, William W., Chuan-Yu Chen, and Evelyn J. Bromet. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." In Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology, 263–87. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470976739.ch16.

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Dohrenwend, B. P. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Discussion." In Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia, 81–88. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47076-9_5.

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Angst, J. "Epidemiology of Schizophrenia: Discussion." In Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia, 48–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74881-3_5.

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Perrin, Mary, Karine Kleinhaus, Mark Opler, Julie Messinger, and Dolores Malaspina. "Epidemiology Research and Epigenetics: Translational Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." In Brain, Behavior and Epigenetics, 71–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17426-1_5.

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Eaton, William W. "Discussion: Epidemiology and environment." In Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia, 79–87. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7985-1953-4_5.

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Zubin, J. "Epidemiology and Course of Schizophrenia: Discussion." In Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia, 114–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71765-9_11.

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Saugstad, L., and Ø. Ødegård. "Inbreeding and the Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." In Human Genetics, 466–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71635-5_62.

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Jablensky, A. "The 100-Year Epidemiology of Schizophrenia." In Search for the Causes of Schizophrenia, 3–19. Heidelberg: Steinkopff, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-47076-9_1.

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Salokangas, R. K. R., M. Heinimaa, T. Ilonen, T. Suomela, J. Korkeila, M. Plathin, T. Ristkari, et al. "Epidemiology of Prodrome in Familial Schizophrenia." In Early Intervention in Psychotic Disorders, 47–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0892-1_3.

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