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LLOYD-SMITH, JAMES O., MARY POSS, and BRYAN T. GRENFELL. "HIV-1/parasite co-infection and the emergence of new parasite strains." Parasitology 135, no. 7 (March 27, 2008): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000292.
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SUMMARYHIV-1 and parasitic infections co-circulate in many populations, and in a few well-studied examples HIV-1 co-infection is known to amplify parasite transmission. There are indications that HIV-1 interacts significantly with many other parasitic infections within individual hosts, but the population-level impacts of co-infection are not well-characterized. Here we consider how alteration of host immune status due to HIV-1 infection may influence the emergence of novel parasite strains. We review clinical and epidemiological evidence from five parasitic diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and strongyloidiasis) with emphasis on how HIV-1 co-infection alters individual susceptibility and infectiousness for the parasites. We then introduce a simple modelling framework that allows us to project how these individual-level properties might influence population-level dynamics. We find that HIV-1 can facilitate invasion by parasite strains in many circumstances and we identify threshold values of HIV-1 prevalence that allow otherwise unsustainable parasite strains to invade successfully. Definitive evidence to test these predicted effects is largely lacking, and we conclude by discussing challenges in interpreting available data and priorities for future studies.
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Cox, ND, and PJ Yates. "Schistosomiasis: a rare cause of acute appendicitis." Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2010, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/2010.4.4.
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Abstract Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection in humans, which is prevalent in developing countries. The infection manifests itself as a variety of different pathologies, depending on the location of the parasite and its eggs. A rare manifestation is that of a common surgical presentation, acute appendicitis. We present a case of a young male who underwent appendicectomy for acute appendicitis caused by a schistosomiasis infection, proven on pathological examination of the resected appendix.
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Ravi, Naveen, W. X. Yi, L. Yu, H. J. Ping, and D. Z. Hao. "Cerebral schistosomiasis." South African Journal of Radiology 17, no. 4 (November 8, 2013): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v17i4.8.
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Although schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans, schistosomal infection of the nervous system is rare. This report is of an unusual case of primary cerebral schistosomiasis and describes its magnetic resonance imaging appearance.
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Claude Dejon Agobe, Jean, Yabo J Honkpehedji, Jeannot Fréjus Zinsou, Jean-Ronald Edoa, Bayodé R Adegbite, Mohamed Duali, Fabrice L Mougeni, et al. "PO 8503 EPIDEMIOLOGY, CO-INFECTIONS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN LIVING IN LAMBARÉNÉ, GABON." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A47.1—A47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.123.
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BackgroundSchistosomiasis is a highly prevalent parasitic infection in Central Africa, where co-endemicity with other parasitic infections is common, and schistosomiasis outcomes can be affected by those other infections. Therefore, proper schistosomiasis control needs epidemiological data accounting for co-infections, too. In this present study, our objective was to determine the epidemiological situation around schistosomiasis in Lambaréné.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children living in Lambaréné. Urine filtration exam was performed for the detection of Schistosoma eggs. Kato-Katz and stool culture (Coproculture and Harada-Mori) techniques were used for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths. Detection of Plasmodium spp. and blood microfilariae was performed applying light microscopy. Risk factors for schistosomiasis and factors associated with schistosomiasis were investigated; haematology parameters evaluated.ResultsA total of 614 school children with available schistosomiasis status were included in the analysis. Mean age was 10.9 (SD=2.7) years, with a 0.95 boy-to-girl sex ratio. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was 26%. No risk factors except human-water contact were associated with schistosomiasis. Only Trichuris trichiura co-infection was associated with an increased odd (aOR=2.3, p-value=0.048) to be infected with schistosomiasis. Full blood counts showed a decrease of haemoglobin level and increase of WBC and platelet levels among the schistosoma-infected children. Haematuria was found associated with schistosomiasis (aOR=14.5, p-value<0.001) and was suitable to predict the disease.ConclusionThe prevalence of schistosomiasis is moderate in Lambaréné where human-water contact remains the main risk factor and praziquantel is available for treatment. Trichuriasis is associated with increased risk to be infected. Children with schistosomiasis exhibit a distinct full blood count profile and haematuria is found to be more suitable to predict infection. However, it is desirable to implement comprehensive approaches beyond chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control in this area as recommended by WHO.
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Santos, Lúcio Lara, Júlio Santos, Maria João Gouveia, Carina Bernardo, Carlos Lopes, Gabriel Rinaldi, Paul J. Brindley, and José M. Correia da Costa. "Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020205.
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Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host–parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.
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Santos, Lúcio Lara, Júlio Santos, Maria João Gouveia, Carina Bernardo, Carlos Lopes, Gabriel Rinaldi, Paul J. Brindley, and José M. Correia da Costa. "Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020205.
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Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host–parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.
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Miranda, G. S., B. S. Miranda, J. G. M. Rodrigues, M. G. S. Lira, R. A. Nogueira, D. Viegas-Melo, and N. Silva-Souza. "Research Note. The wild water-rats and their relevance in the context of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil: what we know and recommendations for further research." Helminthologia 54, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0013.
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Summary Schistosomiasis is a parasitic and endemic disease in several parts of the world. Its mortality rate reaches alarming proportions, which makes emergency the control of this disease. In Brazil, only the species Schistosoma mansoni was adapted to the climatic conditions and to the presence of appropriate hosts. This species shows a life cycle involving mollusks Biomphalaria spp. and humans. However, it has been shown that wild rodents with semi-aquatic habits are capable to establish a productive infection of this parasite. In addition, they are likely also to be capable to spread the disease in endemic areas. Due to the selective pressure exerted by the successive infections in these animals, we may be watching the development of a new strain of the parasite, which is not yet fully defined and understood. With the intention of directing new studies to this problem, we tried to establish main lines of research to demonstrate the real importance of these wild rodents in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil.
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Butrous, Ghazwan. "Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Secondary to Schistosomiasis." Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension 15, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21693/1933-088x-15.3.144.
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Schistosomiasis is the most common parasitic disease associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It induces remodeling via complex inflammatory processes produced by the parasite eggs. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature after Schistosoma infection are common, but may not always be associated with a clinical manifestation of PAH. Those patients who presented with PAH show clinical signs and symptoms that are not distinguishable from other forms of PAH.
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Ramos, Eduardo Antonio Gonçalves, and Zilton A. Andrade. "Chronic glomerulonephritis associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 3 (June 1987): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000300008.
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In a series of 36 cases of renal disease associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis the following morphologic types of glomerulonephritis were found: mesangio-capillary (33.2%), mesangial proliferative (25.0%), focal glomerular sclerosis (16.7%) and sclerosing glomerulonephritis (8.3%). No significant statistical differences were found when these results were compared with those from 36 cases of glomerulonephritis not associated with hepatosplenic disease. On the other hand, endocapillary glomerulonephritis was found to be predominant in the latter group of cases. These results did not substantiate the assumption that mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis is specifically related to hepatosplenic schistosomiais. However, if the types of glomerulonephritis that predominantly involve the me-sangium are considered together, they are significantly associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Mesangial involvement is known to occur in other parasitic diseases and that may be related to a common immunopathogenesis.
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Standley, C. J., L. Mugisha, A. P. Dobson, and J. R. Stothard. "Zoonotic schistosomiasis in non-human primates: past, present and future activities at the human–wildlife interface in Africa." Journal of Helminthology 86, no. 2 (January 24, 2012): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000028.
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AbstractSchistosomiasis is one of the world's most widely distributed and prevalent parasitic diseases. Less widely recognized is that some species of Schistosoma, including several that commonly affect humans, also cause disease in other mammalian species; in particular, infections in non-human primates are known. With interest increasing in emerging zoonotic diseases, the status of schistosomiasis as a zoonotic infection is in need of re-appraisal, especially in light of advances in application of molecular screening and epidemiological tools where newly reported infections raise general animal welfare and conservation concerns. Focusing on Africa, this review provides a summary of the occurrence of schistosomiasis in non-human primates and discusses new ways in which surveillance for schistosomiasis should be integrated into more effective conservation management and disease control strategies. Emphasis is on the more common forms of human schistosomiasis, their clinical manifestations and epidemiological significance in terms of infection reservoir potential.
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Lu, Liaoxun, Junjian Hu, Tianzhu Chao, Zhijun Chen, Zhuangzhuang Liu, Xinsong Luo, Yinming Liang, Pei He, and Lichen Zhang. "Loss of natural resistance to schistosome in T cell deficient rat." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): e0008909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008909.
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Schistosomiasis is among the major neglected tropical diseases and effective prevention by boosting the immune system is still not available. T cells are key cellular components governing adaptive immune response to various infections. While common laboratory mice, such as C57BL/6, are highly susceptible to schistosomiasis, the SD rats are extremely resistant. However, whether adaptive immunity is necessary for such natural resistance to schistosomiasis in rats remains to be determined. Therefore, it is necessary to establish genetic model deficient in T cells and adaptive immunity on the resistant SD background, and to characterize liver pathology during schistosomiasis. In this study we compared experimental schistosomiasis in highly susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) mice and in resistant SD rats, using cercariae of Schistosoma japonicum. We observed a marked T cell expansion in the spleen of infected B6 mice, but not resistant SD rats. Interestingly, CD3e−/− B6 mice in which T cells are completely absent, the infectious burden of adult worms was significantly higher than that in WT mice, suggesting an anti-parasitic role for T cells in B6 mice during schistosome infection. In further experiments, we established Lck deficient SD rats by using CRISPR/Cas9 in which T cell development was completely abolished. Strikingly, we found that such Lck deficiency in SD rats severely impaired their natural resistance to schistosome infection, and fostered parasite growth. Together with an additional genetic model deficient in T cells, the CD3e−/− SD rats, we confirmed the absence of T cell resulted in loss of natural resistance to schistosome infection, but also mitigated liver immunopathology. Our further experiments showed that regulatory T cell differentiation in infected SD rats was significantly decreased during schistosomiasis, in contrast to significant increase of regulatory T cells in infected B6 mice. These data suggest that T cell mediated immune tolerance facilitates persistent infection in mice but not in SD rats. The demonstration of an important role for T cells in natural resistance of SD rats to schistosomiasis provides experimental evidences supporting the rationale to boost T cell responses in humans to prevent and treat schistosomiasis.
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Khubchandani, Indru T., and David S. Bub. "Parasitic Infections." Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 32, no. 05 (September 2019): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1687832.
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AbstractParasitic infections of the gastrointestinal tract are a cause of morbidity to millions of individuals worldwide. These parasites are endemic in underdeveloped countries with poor sanitation allowing for spread through contaminated water supplies. While much is known about these parasites, the cutaneous manifestations caused by infection are infrequently reported in the literature. The deposition of the parasites into the perianal region often leads to significant skin irritation. Cutaneous findings vary from a mild pruritus ani to a macular rash to even severe perianal ulceration. This article discusses the perianal cutaneous findings caused by the parasitic illnesses, amebiasis, schistosomiasis, Enterobius vermicularis, strongyloidiasis, and cutaneous larva migrans, as well as their respective management.
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Majmundar, Neil, Purvee D. Patel, Vincent Dodson, Ashley Tran, Ira Goldstein, and Rachid Assina. "Parasitic infections of the spine: case series and review of the literature." Neurosurgical Focus 46, no. 1 (January 2019): E12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2018.10.focus18472.
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OBJECTIVEAlthough parasitic infections are endemic to parts of the developing world and are more common in areas with developing economies and poor sanitary conditions, rare cases may occur in developed regions of the world.METHODSArticles eligible for the authors’ literature review were initially searched using PubMed with the phrases “parasitic infections” and “spine.” After the authors developed a list of parasites associated with spinal cord infections from the initial search, they expanded it to include individual diagnoses, using search terms including “neurocysticercosis,” “schistosomiasis,” “echinococcosis,” and “toxoplasmosis.”RESULTSTwo recent cases of parasitic spinal infections from the authors’ institution are included.CONCLUSIONSKey findings on imaging modalities, laboratory studies suggestive of parasitic infection, and most importantly a thorough patient history are required to correctly diagnose parasitic spinal infections.
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Qian, Chunyan, Yuefeng Zhang, Xinyan Zhang, Chao Yuan, Zhichao Gao, Hong Yuan, and Jiang Zhong. "Effectiveness of the new integrated strategy to control the transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Parasite 25 (2018): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2018058.
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Since 2004, the national schistosomiasis control strategy in China has shifted from the morbidity control strategy (conventional strategy) to an integrated strategy (new strategy). We investigated the effectiveness of the new strategy and compared it against the conventional strategy. We retrieved from electronic databases the literature regarding the new strategy published from 2000 to 2017. The effect of the new or conventional strategy on infection by Schistosoma japonicum of humans and snails (Oncomelania hupensis) was evaluated with pooled log relative risk (logRR). A total of only eight eligible publications were included in the final meta-analysis. The results showed that implementation of the new strategy reduced the infection risk by 3–4 times relative to the conventional strategy. More specifically, the conventional strategy caused a reduction in both human (logRR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.12–0.99) and snail infections (logRR = 0.34, 95% CI: −0.69–1.37), while the new strategy also significantly reduced both human (logRR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.33–2.46) and snail infections (logRR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.06–2.15). In contrast to the conventional strategy, the new strategy appeared more effective to control both human (logRR difference = 1.32, 95% CI: 0.78–1.86) and snail infections (logRR difference = 1.53, 95% CI: 0.76–2.31). Our data demonstrate that the new integrated strategy is highly effective to control the transmission of S. japonicum in China, and this strategy is recommended for schistosomiasis elimination in other affected regions across the world, with adaptation to local conditions.
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Porto, Raquel, Ana C. Mengarda, Rayssa A. Cajas, Maria C. Salvadori, Fernanda S. Teixeira, Daniel D. R. Arcanjo, Abolghasem Siyadatpanah, Maria de Lourdes Pereira, Polrat Wilairatana, and Josué de Moraes. "Antiparasitic Properties of Cardiovascular Agents against Human Intravascular Parasite Schistosoma mansoni." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14070686.
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The intravascular parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni is a causative agent of schistosomiasis, a disease of great global public health significance. Praziquantel is the only drug available to treat schistosomiasis and there is an urgent demand for new anthelmintic agents. Adopting a phenotypic drug screening strategy, here, we evaluated the antiparasitic properties of 46 commercially available cardiovascular drugs against S. mansoni. From these screenings, we found that amiodarone, telmisartan, propafenone, methyldopa, and doxazosin affected the viability of schistosomes in vitro, with effective concentrations of 50% (EC50) and 90% (EC90) values ranging from 8 to 50 µM. These results were further supported by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Subsequently, the most effective drug (amiodarone) was further tested in a murine model of schistosomiasis for both early and chronic S. mansoni infections using a single oral dose of 400 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg daily for five consecutive days. Amiodarone had a low efficacy in chronic infection, with the worm and egg burden reduction ranging from 10 to 30%. In contrast, amiodarone caused a significant reduction in worm and egg burden in early infection (>50%). Comparatively, treatment with amiodarone is more effective in early infection than praziquantel, demonstrating the potential role of this cardiovascular drug as an antischistosomal agent.
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Dejon-Agobé, Jean Claude, Ayôla A. Adegnika, and Martin P. Grobusch. "Haematological changes in Schistosoma haematobium infections in school children in Gabon." Infection 49, no. 4 (January 24, 2021): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-020-01575-5.
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Abstract Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease affecting the blood cell. As a chronic disease, schistosomiasis particularly impacts on the human host’s haematological profile. We assessed here the impact of urogenital schistosomiasis on the full blood counts (FBC) as proxy diagnostic tool for schistosomiasis. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children living in Lambaréné, Gabon. Schistosomiasis status was determined using urine filtration technique. EDTA blood samples were analysed using a Pentra ABX 60® analyzer. Results Compared to their infection-free counterparts, school children infected with Schistosoma haematobium displayed an altered FBC profile, with changes in all three blood cell lines. Adjusted for praziquantel intake, soil-transmitted helminthic infections and Plasmodium falciparum infection status, schistosomiasis was independently associated with a decreasing trend of mean haemoglobin (β = − 0.20 g/dL, p-value = 0.08) and hematocrit (β = − 0.61%, p-value = 0.06) levels, a lower mean MCV (β = − 1.50µm3, p-value = 0.02) and MCH (β = − 0.54 pg, p-value = 0.04), and higher platelet (β = 28.2 103/mm3, p-value = 0.002) and leukocyte (β = 1.13 103/mm3, p-value = 0.0003) counts, respectively. Conclusions Schistosomiasis is associated with a characteristic FBC profile of schoolchildren living in Lambaréné, indicating the necessity to consider schistosomiasis as a single cause of disease, or a co-morbidity, when interpreting FBC in endemic areas.
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Cox, F. E. G. "History of Human Parasitology." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 15, no. 4 (October 2002): 595–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.15.4.595-612.2002.
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SUMMARY Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic worms and over 70 species of protozoa, some derived from our primate ancestors and some acquired from the animals we have domesticated or come in contact with during our relatively short history on Earth. Our knowledge of parasitic infections extends into antiquity, and descriptions of parasites and parasitic infections are found in the earliest writings and have been confirmed by the finding of parasites in archaeological material. The systematic study of parasites began with the rejection of the theory of spontaneous generation and the promulgation of the germ theory. Thereafter, the history of human parasitology proceeded along two lines, the discovery of a parasite and its subsequent association with disease and the recognition of a disease and the subsequent discovery that it was caused by a parasite. This review is concerned with the major helminth and protozoan infections of humans: ascariasis, trichinosis, strongyloidiasis, dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, loasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, cestodiasis, paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, African trypanosomiasis, South American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, and microsporidiosis.
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VAN DIEPEN, ANGELA, NIELS S. J. VAN DER VELDEN, CORNELIS H. SMIT, MONIEK H. J. MEEVISSEN, and CORNELIS H. HOKKE. "Parasite glycans and antibody-mediated immune responses inSchistosomainfection." Parasitology 139, no. 9 (March 12, 2012): 1219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012000273.
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SUMMARYSchistosome infections in humans are characterized by the development of chronic disease and high re-infection rates after treatment due to the slow development of immunity. It appears that anti-schistosome antibodies are at least partially mediating protective mechanisms. Efforts to develop a vaccine based on immunization with surface-exposed or secreted larval or worm proteins are ongoing. Schistosomes also express a large number of glycans as part of their glycoprotein and glycolipid repertoire, and antibody responses to those glycans are mounted by the infected host. This observation raises the question if glycans might also form novel vaccine targets for immune intervention in schistosomiasis. This review summarizes current knowledge of antibody responses and immunity in experimental and natural infections withSchistosoma, the expression profiles of schistosome glycans (the glycome), and antibody responses to individual antigenic glycan motifs. Future directions to study anti-glycan responses in schistosomiasis in more detail in order to address more precisely the possible role of glycans in antibody-mediated immunity are discussed.
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Al-Awadhi, Mohammad, Jamshaid Iqbal, and Suhail Ahmad. "An Update on the Epidemiological Features of Imported Schistosomiasis and Cystic Echinococcosis in Kuwait, 2010–2018." Medical Principles and Practice 30, no. 2 (2021): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514873.
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<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Kuwait is considered a non-endemic country for most parasitic infections. However, ∼70% of 4.7 million residents in Kuwait are expatriates from Asian and African countries, which are endemic for parasitic infections. Results of microbiological investigations for schistosomiasis and cystic echinococcosis (CE) performed in a reference national laboratory were retrospectively collected and analyzed to provide an insight on the epidemiology of these 2 neglected tropical diseases in Kuwait. <b><i>Subjects and Methods:</i></b> <i>Schistosoma</i> infection in fecal and urine specimens from suspected patients was detected by microscopy. <i>Schistosoma</i> and CE infections were also detected by indirect hemagglutination assays (IHAs) using blood specimens. Patients’ epidemiological data were extracted from the laboratory records. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The overall prevalence rates of schistosomiasis and CE were 19.0 and 5.8%, respectively. Almost all schistosomiasis cases were seen among Egyptians, especially among males, and a significantly higher prevalence (<i>p</i> < 0.05) was seen for CE cases among the Syrian residents. A decreasing annual trend was observed for both the parasitic infections over time in Kuwait. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> This study confirmed that schistosomiasis is not autochthonous in Kuwait, as all cases were detected among expatriates from <i>Schistosoma</i>-endemic countries. Our data also showed that CE remains endemic among humans and livestock in Kuwait as is also seen in other Middle Eastern countries.
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Wołyniec, Wojciech, Małgorzata Sulima, Marcin Renke, and Alicja Dębska-Ślizień. "Parasitic Infections Associated with Unfavourable Outcomes in Transplant Recipients." Medicina 54, no. 2 (May 1, 2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina54020027.
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Introduction. The immunosuppression used after transplantation (Tx) is associated with an increased risk of opportunistic infections. In Europe, parasitic infections after Tx are much less common than viral, bacterial and fungal ones. However, diseases caused by parasites are very common in tropical countries. In the last years the number of travellers with immunosuppression visiting tropical countries has increased. Methods. We performed a literature review to evaluate a risk of parasitic infections after Tx in Europe. Results. There is a real risk of parasitic infection in patients after Tx travelling to tropical countries. Malaria, leishmaniasis, strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis are the most dangerous and relatively common. Although the incidence of these tropical infections after Tx has not increased, the course of disease could be fatal. There are also some cosmopolitan parasitic infections dangerous for patients after Tx. The greatest threat in Europe is toxoplasmosis, especially in heart and bone marrow recipients. The most severe manifestations of toxoplasmosis are myocarditis, encephalitis and disseminated disease. Diarrhoea is one of the most common symptoms of parasitic infection. In Europe the most prevalent pathogens causing diarrhoea are Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium. Conclusions. Solid organ and bone marrow transplantations, blood transfusions and immunosuppressive treatment are associated with a small but real risk of parasitic infections in European citizens. In patients with severe parasitic infection, i.e., those with lung or brain involvement or a disseminated disease, the progression is very rapid and the prognosis is bad. Establishing a diagnosis before the patient’s death is challenging.
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Dejon Agobé, Jean Claude, Jean R Edoa, Yabo J Honkpehedji, Jeannot Fréjus Zinsou, Bayodé R Adegbité, Bertrand Lell, Martin P Grobusch, Benjamin Mordmüller, and Ayola Akim Adegnika. "PO 8449 SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM INFECTION INCREASES THE NUMBER OF MALARIA EPISODES IN CHILDREN LIVING IN RURAL AREAS AROUND LAMBARéNé, GABON." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A39.3—A40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.103.
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BackgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, Plasmodium spp. infection prevalence very often overlaps with helminth infections, particularly with schistosomiasis which is reported to be the second parasitic infection after malaria in terms of prevalence. Interaction between both infections has been reported earlier. Schistosomiasis is typically a chronic disease, whereas malaria occurs in episodes, particularly in children. In this study, we assessed the effect of Schistosoma haematobium infection on clinical malaria among children.MethodsA longitudinal study was conducted from June 2016 to February 2018. Volunteers without any known chronic condition were included. Thick blood smear (TBS) was performed monthly at participants’ homes. For any medical concern including malaria-like symptoms and visible haematuria, participants were invited to come to CERMEL for diagnosis and treatment. Light microscopy was performed to detect malaria parasites and Schistosoma eggs, using TBS and urine filtration technique, respectively. Over the study course, participants found to be infected were treated accordingly. Schistosomiasis status was determined at the end of the follow-up.ResultsAmong the 351 volunteers included in the study, schistosomiasis status was available for 260. Mean age was 12.3 year (SD 4.6) with a 0.96 women-to-men sex ratio. Of those, 112/260 (43.1%) [37.0%–49.3%] participants were positive for S. haematobium, and a total of 132 (51%) children developed 230 malaria attacks. Those with schistosomiasis had a 1.5:1 [1.1–2.0] risk to develop malaria compared to their uninfected counterparts. The mean number of malaria episodes per child over the study course was higher among children with schistosomiasis compared to those without (2.03 vs 1.57, p-value=0.015).ConclusionS. haematobium infection was associated with increased susceptibility to develop malaria (by increasing the risk to develop a malaria episode) and, consequently, a higher malaria incidence.
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Onguru, Daniel, YanMei Liang, Jennifer Elliot, Pauline Mwinzi, and Lisa Ganley-Leal. "CD23b Isoform Expression in Human Schistosomiasis Identifies a Novel Subset of Activated B Cells." Infection and Immunity 79, no. 9 (June 27, 2011): 3770–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.05094-11.
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ABSTRACTResistance to schistosomiasis is associated with increased levels of serum parasite-specific IgE. IgE exerts its functions through its cellular receptors, FcεRI and FcεRII/CD23; however, its functional significance in humans requires further characterization. We previously reported that increased levels of CD23+B cells correlate with resistance to schistosomiasis in hyperexposed populations and sought to define their potential function and relationship with IgE. We found that CD23+B cells are a heterogeneous cell population with functional and phenotypic differences. Circulating CD23+B cells are uniquely activated in schistosomiasis and express the CD23b isoform and CXCR5, the homing receptor for lymphoid follicles. High CXCR5 expression by CD23+B cells was associated with the capacity to home to the cognate ligand CXCL13. CD23-bound IgE cross-linking increased surface expression of CXCR5, suggesting that CD23+B cells home directly into the lymphoid follicles upon antigen capture. As human schistosomiasis is an intravascular parasitic infection associated with a high antigenic burden in the blood, circulating CD23+B cells may play a role in the capture and shuttling of antigens directly to splenic follicles, highlighting a new role for circulating B cells. This function likely plays an important role in the development of protective immunity to infection with schistosomes.
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LAMBERTUCCI, José Roberto, Abdunnabi Ahmed RAYES, José Carlos SERUFO, and Vandack NOBRE. "Pyogenic abscesses and parasitic diseases." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 43, no. 2 (April 2001): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652001000200003.
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Parasitic diseases which during their course in the host switch the immune system from a T helper 1 to a T helper 2 response may be detrimental to the host, contributing to granuloma formation, eosinophilia, hyper-IgE, and increased susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. Patients and animals with acute schistosomiasis and hyper-IgE in their serum develop pyogenic liver abscess in the presence of bacteremia caused by Staphylococcus aureus. The Salmonella-S. mansoni association has also been well documented. The association of tropical pyomyositis (pyogenic muscle abscess) and pyogenic liver abscess with Toxocara infection has recently been described in the same context. In tropical countries that may be an interesting explanation for the great morbidity of bacterial diseases. If the association of parasitic infections and pyogenic abscesses and/or fungal diseases are confirmed, there will be a strong case in favor of universal treatment for parasitic diseases to prevent or decrease the morbidity of superinfection with bacteria and fungi.
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WEERAKOON, KOSALA G., CATHERINE A. GORDON, PENGFEI CAI, GEOFFREY N. GOBERT, MARY DUKE, GAIL M. WILLIAMS, and DONALD P. MCMANUS. "A novel duplex ddPCR assay for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica: proof of concept in an experimental mouse model." Parasitology 144, no. 8 (March 9, 2017): 1005–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201700021x.
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SUMMARYThe current World Health Organization strategic plan targets the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem by 2025 and accurate diagnostics will play a pivotal role in achieving this goal. DNA-based detection methods provide a viable alternative to some of the commonly used tests, notably microscopy and serology, for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis. The detection of parasite cell-free DNA in different clinical samples is a recent valuable advance, which provides significant benefits for accurate disease diagnosis. Here we validated a novel duplex droplet digital PCR assay for the diagnosis of Chinese (SjC) and Philippine (SjP) strains of Schistosoma japonicum infection in a mouse model. The assay proved applicable for both SjC and SjP infections and capable of detecting infection at a very early intra-mammalian stage in conveniently obtainable samples (urine and saliva) as well as in serum and feces. The target DNA copy numbers obtained in the assay showed a positive correlation with the infection burden assessed by direct traditional parasitology. The potential to detect parasite DNA in urine and saliva has important practical implications for large-scale epidemiological screening programmes in the future, particularly in terms of logistical convenience, and the assay has the potential to be a valuable additional tool for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.
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Arnold, Benjamin F., Henry Kanyi, Sammy M. Njenga, Fredrick O. Rawago, Jeffrey W. Priest, W. Evan Secor, Patrick J. Lammie, Kimberly Y. Won, and Maurice R. Odiere. "Fine-scale heterogeneity in Schistosoma mansoni force of infection measured through antibody response." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 37 (August 31, 2020): 23174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008951117.
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Schistosomiasis is among the most common parasitic diseases in the world, with over 142 million people infected in low- and middle-income countries. Measuring population-level transmission is centrally important in guiding schistosomiasis control programs. Traditionally, human Schistosoma mansoni infections have been detected using stool microscopy, which is logistically difficult at program scale and has low sensitivity when people have low infection burdens. We compared serological measures of transmission based on antibody response to S. mansoni soluble egg antigen (SEA) with stool-based measures of infection among 3,663 preschool-age children in an area endemic for S. mansoni in western Kenya. We estimated force of infection among children using the seroconversion rate and examined how it varied geographically and by age. At the community level, serological measures of transmission aligned with stool-based measures of infection (ρ = 0.94), and serological measures provided more resolution for between-community differences at lower levels of infection. Force of infection showed a clear gradient of transmission with distance from Lake Victoria, with 94% of infections and 93% of seropositive children in communities <1.5 km from the lake. Force of infection increased through age 3 y, by which time 65% (95% CI: 53%, 75%) of children were SEA positive in high-transmission communities—2 y before they would be reached by school-based deworming programs. Our results show that serologic surveillance platforms represent an important opportunity to guide and monitor schistosomiasis control programs, and that in high-transmission settings preschool-age children represent a key population missed by school-based deworming programs.
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Rivera, E. R., and J. Jourdane. "Ultrastructure of transplanted schistosome sporocysts in incompatible snails." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100084880.
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The tropical parasitic disease schistosomiasis haematobium requires the snail vector Bulinus truncatus to successfully complete its life cycle. While in the snail, the parasite exists as a cercarial producing sporocyst. The infection of snails by the parasite is very specific, different subpopulations (strains) of parasites are not always compatible with snails from different geographic regions. It is not always known if the incompatibility is due to failure of penetration of snails by parasites or to subsequent destruction of sporocysts by infected snails. In these experiments, sporocysts from compatible sporocyst-snai1 infections were surgically transplanted into snails not compatible with the parasite.Egyptian snails (B. truncatus) which had been infected with the Egyptian strain of Schistosoma haematobium were dissected after five weeks. Sporocysts were removed from the hepatopancreas and surgically implanted into B. truncatus snails from Egypt (compatible), Morocco and Niger (incompatible). After four days, these snails were dissected and the transplanted sporocysts were prepared for electron microscopy. Each sample was also tested for glycogen contents by the Thiery Silver test.
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Halkic, Abdelmoumene, Gintzburger, and Mosimann. "Schistosomal Appendicitis in Pregnancy." Swiss Surgery 8, no. 3 (June 1, 2002): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1023-9332.8.3.121.
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Acute appendicitis is the most common acute surgical infection during pregnancy. Although usually pyogenic in origin, parasitic infections account for a small percentage of cases. Despite the relatively high prevalence of acute appendicitis in our environment, it is not commonly associated with schistosomiasis. We report here the association of pregnancy and appendicitis caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Schistosomiasis is very common complication of pregnancy in hyperendemic areas. Schistosome egg masses can lodge throughout the body and cause acute inflammation of the appendix, liver and spleen. Congestion of pelvic vessels during pregnancy facilitates passage of eggs into the villi and intervillous spaces, causing an inflammatory reaction. Tourism and immigration make this disease a potential challenge for practitioners everywhere.
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Chan, M. S., H. L. Guyatt, D. A. P. Bundy, M. Booth, A. J. C. Fulford, and G. F. Medley. "The development of an age structured model for schistosomiasis transmission dynamics and control and its validation for Schistosoma mansoni." Epidemiology and Infection 115, no. 2 (October 1995): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800058453.
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SummaryMathematical models are potentially useful tools to aid in the design of control programmes for parasitic diseases. In this paper, a fully age structured epidemiological model of human schistosomiasis is developed and parameterized, and used to predict trends in infection prevalence, intensity and prevalence of heavy infections over age and time during several rounds of mass and age targeted treatment. The model is validated against data from a Schistosoma mansoni control programme in Kenya.
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Angeli, Andrea, Mariana Pinteala, Stelian S. Maier, Bogdan C. Simionescu, Akram A. Da’dara, Patrick J. Skelly, and Claudiu T. Supuran. "Sulfonamide Inhibition Studies of an α-Carbonic Anhydrase from Schistosoma mansoni, a Platyhelminth Parasite Responsible for Schistosomiasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 7, 2020): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051842.
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Schistosomiasis is a debilitating infection provoked by parasitic flatworms called schistosomes. The species Schistosoma mansoni is endemic in Africa, where it causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Recently, an α-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned and characterized from this organism and designated as SmCA. The protein is expressed in the tegument (skin) of S. mansoni at the host–parasite interface. Recombinant SmCA possesses high catalytic activity in the CO2 hydration reaction, similar to that of human CA isoform II with a kcat of 1.2 × 106 s−1 and a kcat/KM of 1.3 × 108 M−1·s−1. It has been found that schistosomes whose SmCA gene is suppressed using RNA interference are unable to establish a robust infection in mice, suggesting that the chemicals that inhibit SmCA function should have the same debilitating effect on the parasites. In this study, a collection of aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides were investigated as possible SmCA inhibitors. Several sulfonamides inhibited SmCA with medium to weak potency (KI values of 737.2 nM−9.25 μM), whereas some heterocyclic compounds inhibited the enzyme with KI values in the range of 124−325 nM. The α-CA from S. mansoni, SmCA, is proposed as a new anti-schistosomiasis drug target.
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Metrogos, Vanessa, Nuno Ramos, Celso Marialva, and João Bastos. "Rare Association between Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Schistosomiasis: A Case Report." Acta Urológica Portuguesa 34, no. 3-4 (December 17, 2017): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24915/aup.34.3-4.45.
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Human schistosomiasis, the second most devastating parasitic disease, is common in developing countries, but rare in Europe. Urogenital tract involvement is mainly due to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Schistosomiasis has long been associated with malignant neoplasia. Some authors have hypothesized a causal relationship between schistosomiasis and carcinoma of the bowel, kidney, bladder and prostate. To data only 17 cases of concomitant prostatic adenocarcinoma and gland schistosomiasis have been described. As an uncommon example of a potential complication of an untreated schistosomiasis, we report a case of an incidentally diagnosed urinary schistosomiasis after a radical prostatectomy for prostate adenocarcinoma in a 62-year-old African man living in a non-endemic area.
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Chiyaka, Edward T., Gesham Magombedze, and Lawrence Mutimbu. "Modelling within Host Parasite Dynamics of Schistosomiasis." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 11, no. 3 (2010): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486701003614336.
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Schistosomiasis infection is characterized by the presence of adult worms in the portal and mesenteric veins of humans as part of a complex migratory cycle initiated by cutaneous penetration of the cercariae shed by infected freshwater snails. The drug praziquantel is not always effective in the treatment against schistosomiasis at larvae stage. However, our simulations show that it is effective against mature worms and eggs. As a result, the study and understanding of immunological responses is key in understanding parasite dynamics. We therefore introduce quantitative interpretations of human immunological responses of the disease to formulate mathematical models for the within-host dynamics of schistosomiasis. We also use numerical simulations to demonstrate that it is the level of T cells that differentiates between either an effective immune response or some degree of infection. These cells are responsible for the differentiation and recruitment of eosinophils that are instrumental in clearing the parasite. From the model analysis, we conclude that control of infection is much attributed to the value of a functionf, a measure of the average number of larvae penetrating a susceptible individual having hatched from an egg released by an infected individual. This agrees with evidence that there is a close association between the ecology, the distribution of infection and the disease.
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Costiniuk, Cecilia T., Curtis L. Cooper, Steve Doucette, and Colin M. Kovacs. "Parasitic Disease Screening among HIV Patients from Endemic Countries in a Toronto Clinic." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 23, no. 1 (2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/154696.
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BACKGROUND: Many North American-based HIV patients originate from parasitic disease-endemic regions. Strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis and filariasis are important due to their wide distribution and potential for severe morbidity.OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence, as determined by serological screening, of strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis and filariasis among patients in an HIV-focused, primary care practice in Toronto, Ontario. A secondary objective was to determine factors associated with positive serological screens.METHODS: A retrospective review of electronic patient records was conducted. Results of serological screens for parasites and relevant laboratory data were collected.RESULTS: Ninety-seven patients were identified. The patients’ mean CD4+count was 0.45×109/L, median viral load was undetectable and 68% were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Most originated from Africa (37%) and South America (35%). Of the 97 patients, 10.4% and 8.3% had positive or equivocal screening results for strongyloidiasis, respectively, 7.4% and 4.2% had positive or equivocal screening results for schistosomiasis and 5.5% and 6.8% had positive or equivocal screens for filariasis. Persons with positive parasitic serologies were more often female (28% versus 9%, P=0.03), younger in age (36 versus 43 years of age, P<0.01), had been in Canada for a shorter duration (5 versus 12 years, P<0.0001) and had a higher viral load (10,990 copies/mL versus <50 copies/mL, P <0.001). All patients were asymptomatic. Eosinophilia was not associated with positive screening results.CONCLUSIONS: Using symptoms and eosinophilia to identify parasitic infection was not reliable. Screening for strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis among patients with HIV from parasite-endemic countries is simple and benign, and may prevent future complications. The clinical benefits of screening for filariasis require further elucidation, but this practice appears to be the least warranted.
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Dennis, R. D., S. Baumeister, G. Lauer, R. Richter, and E. Geyer. "Neutral glycolipids ofSchistosoma mansonias feasible antigens in the detection of schistosomiasis." Parasitology 112, no. 3 (March 1996): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000065811.
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SUMMARYThe neutral glycolipid fraction from mouse-propagated,Schistosoma mansoniadult worms has been investigated as to its chromatographic and antigenic properties, and whether it fulfills the serodiagnostic antigen requirements of sensitivity and specificity in the detection of schistosomiasis. Serological analyses were performed by thin-layer chromatography immunostaining and ELISA. In the acute-phase form of mouse schistosomiasis, the kinetics of development of neutral glycolipid-specific antibody levels was correlated with the intensity of the initial infection and the response was dominated by IgG, as represented by the subclass IgG1. With the experimental animal helminthiases screened, glycolipid antigenicity fulfilled the fundamental traits for a serodiagnostic reagent. In the chronic-phase form of human schistosomiasis mansoni, neutral glycolipid-specific antibody levels were not correlated with the intensity of infection, as estimated from the faecal content of parasite eggs, whilst the isotypic response was dominated by IgM and IgG, the latter represented primarily by IgG1 and secondarily by IgG3. With other human helminthiases, glycolipid antigenicity was incomplete, in that, the specificity was only partially fulfilled. The reason for this incomplete specificity has been clarified, in part, by the detection of cryptic schistosomiasis infections in the cohorts of African patient sera examined.
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Crosnier, Cecile, Cordelia Brandt, Gabriel Rinaldi, Catherine McCarthy, Colin Barker, Simon Clare, Matt Berriman, and Gavin J. Wright. "Systematic screening of 96 Schistosoma mansoni cell-surface and secreted antigens does not identify any strongly protective vaccine candidates in a mouse model of infection." Wellcome Open Research 4 (October 16, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15487.1.
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Background: Schistosomiasis is a major parasitic disease affecting people living in tropical and sup-tropical areas. Transmission of the parasite has been reported in 78 countries, causing significant morbidity and around 200,000 deaths per year in endemic regions. The disease is currently managed by the mass-administration of praziquantel to populations at risk of infection; however, the reliance on a single drug raises the prospect of parasite resistance to the only treatment widely available. The development of an effective vaccine would be a more powerful method of control, but none currently exists and the identification of new immunogens that can elicit protective immune responses therefore remains a priority. Because of the complex nature of the parasite life cycle, identification of new vaccine candidates has mostly relied on the use of animal models and on a limited set of recombinant proteins. Methods: In this study, we have established an infrastructure for testing a large number of vaccine candidates in mice and used it to screen 96 cell-surface and secreted recombinant proteins from Schistosoma mansoni. This approach, using standardised immunisation and percutaneous infection protocols, allowed us to compare an extensive set of antigens in a systematic manner. Results: Although some vaccine candidates were associated with a statistically significant reduction in the number of eggs in the initial screens, these observations could not be repeated in subsequent challenges and none of the proteins studied were associated with a strongly protective effect against infection. Conclusions: Although no antigens individually induced reproducible and strongly protective effects using our vaccination regime, we have established the experimental infrastructures to facilitate large-scale systematic subunit vaccine testing for schistosomiasis in a murine infection model.
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Olayinka, P., P. Ajide, H. O. Awobode, A. J. Osundiran, O. S. Onile, A. S. Adebayo, R. Isokpehi, and C. I. Anumudu. "Co-infection of schistosomiasis, malaria, HBV and HIV among adults living in Eggua Community, Ogun State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 41, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v41i1.13.
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Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the blood fluke that continues to plague many developing countries in the tropics. The goal of this study was to determine the occurrence of schistosomiasis, malaria, HBV and HIV co-infection among adults in some villages of Eggua Community, Nigeria (Tata, Imoto, Orile and Ebute Igbooro). In cross-sectional surveys, 240 participants were recruited from Orile and Ebute Igbooro and 207 from Tata and Imoto. Urine samples were collected and tested for urinary schistosomiasis by conventional microscopy; blood samples were tested for HBV, HIV and malaria using standard RDTs and microscopy respectively. Prevalence and co-infection of the diseases was analyzed by chi-squared (x2) test. The prevalence of schistosomiasis and malaria was 21.3% and 11.1% in Tata and Imoto respectively; and 14.5% and 19.1% in Orile and Ebute Igbooro, respectively. The overall prevalence of co-infection of urinary schistosomiasis with malaria was 2.5% and 0.4% each with HIV and HBV in the study areas. Schistosoma haematobium and Plasmodium falciparum are prevalent in the study-area, and an integrated control approach directed against the two parasites should be carried out.
Keywords: Schistosomiasis; malaria; co-infection; HBV and HIV.
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Feldmeier, H., I. Krantz, and G. Poggensee. "Female Genital Schistosomiasis as a Risk-Factor for the Transmission of HIV." International Journal of STD & AIDS 5, no. 5 (September 1994): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646249400500517.
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Sexually transmitted diseases increase the probability for HIV transmission, presumably through lesions in the genital mucosa. Female genital schistosomiasis, a special form of urinary schistosomiasis due to infection with Schistosoma haematobium, may be another risk-factor for transmission of HIV. From published data there seem to be pathophysiological, immunological and epidemiological evidence for an association between genital ulcer disease due to S. haematobium and HIV-infection in women. Female genital schistosomiasis could be seen as an example of how an interaction between a parasitic disease and HIV facilitates the propagation of the latter. As long as the prevalence of HIV is low in the general population, interventions targeted to high risk groups will significantly delay, or even prevent, widespread dissemination of the HIV infection in the rest of the population. If female genital schistosomiasis is a risk factor for the spread of HIV like other genital ulcer diseases, there should be interesting ways to intervene from the public health point of view.
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Aytac, Berna, and Ibrahim Sehitoglu. "A rare parasitic infection in turkey: schistosomiasis. case report." Turkish Journal of Pathology 28, no. 2 (2012): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5146/tjpath.2012.01120.
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Abdalkareem, Eshtiyag Abdalla, and Khoo Boon Yin. "A Current Perspective of Schistosomiasis in Association with Colorectal Carcinogenesis." Open Infectious Diseases Journal 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874279301911010007.
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Background: Schistosomiasis is one of the parasitic infections that are often found in humans. More than approximately 200 million people are infected with Schistosomiasis in tropical and subtropical areas of Africa, South America and Asian countries. Literature has long been suggesting the correlation between Schistosomiasis and colorectal malignancy. There is a considerable directory supporting the etiological relation between Schistosoma japonicum infection and colorectal cancer in the Far East, however, the available data about the role of Schistosoma mansoni that can initiate the carcinogenesis of colorectal remain insignificant. Objective: As such, more studies of this disease should be conducted comprehensively for corporate social responsibility internationally. Methods: The present study reviewed the available data about the role of Schistosoma, including S. mansoni in association with the carcinogenesis of colorectal. Results: The study shows the possible evidence of epidemiology, pathology, molecules and immunopathology associated with Schistosomal infections and colorectal cancer. The infections are apparently getting little attention nor support worldwide due to the geographical barriers and some political issues because it mainly occurs in the people living in the bottom billion and happens in the endemic regions only. Conclusion: The in-depth study of this infectious disease will tailor early diagnosis, novel prescription drugs and cost-effective strategies for the treatment of infectious disease colorectal cancer, and hence eradicate the disease in the endemic regions.
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Akufongwe, P. F., C. O. E. Onwuliri, V. P. K. Titanji, and V. N. Okwuosa. "Prevalence of schistosomiasis and other intestinal helminth infection among senior primary school children in Makenene Sub-Division, Cameroon." Journal of Helminthology 69, no. 2 (June 1995): 103–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00013973.
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AbstractA study was carried out in four vifiages of Makenene Sub-Division some 85 km north-west of Yaounde, between November 1993 and March 1994 to assess the prevalence and intensity of schistosomes and other helminth infections among senior primary school pupils aged 9–16. An extensive questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic information and information on water-related activities.The overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 228 (23.6%) while S. haematobium infection was practically non-existent 03 (<1%). Infection rates with intestinal nematodes were very high, up to 98% in some villages. Prevalence rates of schistosomiasis varied significantly (P<0.05) between vifiages with the highest (36.2%) recorded in Makenene. Infections with other parasite species encountered were significantly different (P<0.01) while a marked association was observed between water contact activities and the distribution of S. mansoni infections. However, S. mansoni infection intensities were not significantly different (P>0.05) between those with a history of previous infection and treatment and those without.
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YOU, HONG, and DONALD P. MCMANUS. "Vaccines and diagnostics for zoonotic schistosomiasis japonica." Parasitology 142, no. 2 (October 31, 2014): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001310.
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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent, insidious and serious of the tropical parasitic diseases. Although the effective anthelmintic drug, praziquantel, is widely available and cheap, it does not protect against re-infection, drug-resistant schistosome may evolve and mass drug administration programmes based around praziquantel are probably unsustainable long term. Whereas protective anti-schistosome vaccines are not yet available, the zoonotic nature of Schistosoma japonicum provides a novel approach for developing a transmission-blocking veterinary vaccine in domestic animals, especially bovines, which are major reservoir hosts, being responsible for up to 90% of environmental egg contamination in China and the Philippines. However, a greater knowledge of schistosome immunology is required to understand the processes associated with anti-schistosome protective immunity and to reinforce the rationale for vaccine development against schistosomiasis japonica. Importantly as well, improved diagnostic tests, with high specificity and sensitivity, which are simple, rapid and able to diagnose light S. japonicum infections, are required to determine the extent of transmission interruption and the complete elimination of schistosomiasis following control efforts. This article discusses aspects of the host immune response in schistosomiasis, the current status of vaccine development against S. japonicum and reviews approaches for diagnosing and detecting schistosome infections in mammalian hosts.
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Sivaram, M., A. White, and K. W. Radcliffe. "Eosinophilia: clinical significance in HIV-infected individuals." International Journal of STD & AIDS 23, no. 9 (September 2012): 635–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2012.011409.
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This study was conducted to determine the relationship between eosinophilia and parasitic infection in HIV-infected individuals. HIV-positive patients attending an HIV clinic in Birmingham were recruited and classified as either eosinophilic (>400 eosinophils/mm3) or non-eosinophilic. A demographic and parasitic risk history was taken and clinical examination was performed. Urine and stool were examined for parasites, and blood samples taken for parasite serology. A total of 266 patients (96 eosinophilic and 170 non-eosinophilic) were recruited. Of 64 eosinophilic patients who had a stool examination, one (1.6%) was positive for both Strongyloides larvae and schistosomal eggs. Urine microscopy was negative in the 245 patients (88 eosinophilic, 157 non-eosinophilic) from whom a sample was available. Two hundred and sixty-three patients underwent serological investigation (96 eosinophilic and 167 non-eosinophilic): 13 (4.9%) were positive for schistosomiasis and three (1.1%) positive for Strongyloides. A significant association between eosinophilia and positive schistosomal serology was found ( P = 0.003): 11 (10.5%) were eosinophilic patients, while only four (2.3%) were non-eosinophilic patients. Eosinophilia was associated with a low nadir CD4 count ( P = 0.021) and prior AIDS-defining illness ( P = 0.041). In all, 7.8% of patients from a developing country and 5.3% of patients from a developed country with a travel history had positive parasitic serology. Eosinophilia in HIV-infected patients was significantly associated with positive serology for schistosomiasis, low nadir CD4 count and prior AIDS-defining illness. Geographical exposure is also an important determinant of positive parasitic serology.
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Tedla, Bemnet A., Darren Pickering, Luke Becker, Alex Loukas, and Mark S. Pearson. "Vaccination with Schistosoma mansoni Cholinesterases Reduces the Parasite Burden and Egg Viability in a Mouse Model of Schistosomiasis." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (April 3, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020162.
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Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, which kills 300,000 people every year in developing countries, and there is no vaccine. Recently, we have shown that cholinesterases (ChEs)—enzymes that regulate neurotransmission—from Schistosoma mansoni are expressed on the outer tegument surface and present in the excretory/secretory products of larval schistosomula and adult worms, and are essential for parasite survival in the definitive host, highlighting their utility as potential schistosomiasis vaccine targets. When treated in vitro with anti-schistosome cholinesterase (SmChE) IgG, both schistosomula and adult worms displayed significantly decreased ChE activity, which eventually resulted in parasite death. Vaccination with individual SmChEs, or a combination of all three SmChEs, significantly reduced worm burdens in two independent trials compared to controls. Average adult worm numbers and liver egg burdens were significantly decreased for all vaccinated mice across both trials, with values of 29–39% and 13–46%, respectively, except for those vaccinated with SmAChE1 in trial 1. Egg viability, as determined by egg hatching from liver homogenates, was significantly reduced in the groups vaccinated with the SmChE cocktail (40%) and SmAChE2 (46%). Furthermore, surviving worms from each vaccinated group were significantly stunted and depleted of glycogen stores, compared to controls. These results suggest that SmChEs could be incorporated into a vaccine against schistosomiasis to reduce the pathology and transmission of this debilitating disease.
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MUTAPI, FRANCISCA. "Getting a GRiPP on everyday schistosomiasis: experience from Zimbabwe." Parasitology 144, no. 12 (October 12, 2016): 1624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001724.
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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis, commonly known as bilharzia, is a parasitic disease prevalent in Africa, Asia and South America. The majority of the cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa where schistosomiasis is a major public health problem impacting on child health and development as well as adult health when infections become chronic. Control of schistosomiasis is by treatment of infected people with the antihelminthic drug praziquantel. Current schistosome control programmes advocated by the World Health Assembly in 2001 are aimed at regular school-based integrated deworming strategies in order to reduce development of severe morbidity, promote school health and to improve cognitive potential of children. Several countries in Africa have now embarked on national scale deworming programmes treating millions of children exposed to schistosomiasis in endemic areas without prior diagnosis of infection through mass drug administration programmes. Implementing such control programmes requires a concerted effort between scientists, policy makers, health practitioners and several other stake holders and of course a receptive community. This paper considers the contributions to global schistosome control efforts made by research conducted in Zimbabwe and the historical context and developments leading to the national schistosomiasis control programme in Zimbabwe giving an example of Getting Research into Policy and Practice.
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Da Silva Santos, Lilian, Hans Wolff, François Chappuis, Pedro Albajar-Viñas, Marco Vitoria, Nguyen-Toan Tran, Stéphanie Baggio, et al. "Coinfections between Persistent Parasitic Neglected Tropical Diseases and Viral Infections among Prisoners from Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (November 6, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7218534.
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In Swiss prisons, more than 70% of detained people are foreigners and over one-third originate from sub-Saharan Africa or Latin America. These two regions are endemic for various tropical diseases and viral infections, which persist after migration to nonendemic countries. Parasitic infections (schistosomiasis; strongyloidiasis) and cooccurrent viral infections (HIV, hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV)) are especially of concern for clinical care but have been neglected in empirical research. These diseases often remain silent for years before causing complications, especially if they occur concomitantly. Our research aimed to study the prevalence rates and coinfections of two neglected tropical diseases, namely, Strongyloides stercoralis and Schistosoma sp. and viral infections among sub-Saharan Africans (SSA) and Latin Americans (LA) in Switzerland’s largest pretrial prison. We carried out a cross-sectional prevalence study using a standardized questionnaire and serological testing. Among the 201 participants, 85.6% were SSA and 14.4% LA. We found the following prevalence ratios: 3.5% of HIV (4.1% in SSA, 0% in LA), 12.4% of chronic HBV (14.5% in SSA, 0% in LA), 2.0% of viraemic HCV (1.7% in SSA, 3.4% in LA), and 8.0% of strongyloidiasis (8.1% in SSA, 6.9% in LA). The serological prevalence of schistosomiasis among SSA was 20.3% (not endemic in Latin America). Two infections were simultaneously detected in SSA: 4.7% were coinfected with schistosomiasis and chronic HBV. Four other coinfections were detected among SSA: schistosomiasis-HIV, HIV-chronic HBV, HIV-HCV, and schistosomiasis-strongyloidiasis. To conclude, the high prevalence rates of persistent viral and parasitic infections and their potential coinfections among SSA and LA detained migrants highlight the need to implement control strategies and programs that reach people in detention centers in nonendemic countries.
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Martins, Vicente P., Carina S. Pinheiro, Barbara C. P. Figueiredo, Natan R. G. Assis, Suellen B. Morais, Marcelo V. Caliari, Vasco Azevedo, William Castro-Borges, R. Alan Wilson, and Sergio C. Oliveira. "Vaccination with Enzymatically Cleaved GPI-Anchored Proteins fromSchistosoma mansoniInduces Protection against Challenge Infection." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/962538.
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The flatwormSchistosoma mansoniis a blood fluke parasite that causes schistosomiasis, a debilitating disease that occurs throughout the developing world. Current schistosomiasis control strategies are mainly based on chemotherapy, but many researchers believe that the best long-term strategy to control schistosomiasis is through immunization with an antischistosomiasis vaccine combined with drug treatment. In the search for potential vaccine candidates, numerous tegument antigens have been assessed. As the major interface between parasite and mammalian host, the tegument plays crucial roles in the establishment and further course of schistosomiasis. Herein, we evaluated the potential of a GPI fraction, containing representative molecules located on the outer surface of adult worms, as vaccine candidate. Immunization of mice with GPI-anchored proteins induced a mixed Th1/Th2 type of immune response with production of IFN-γand TNF-α, and low levels of IL-5 into the supernatant of splenocyte cultures. The protection engendered by this vaccination protocol was confirmed by 42% reduction in worm burden, 45% reduction in eggs per gram of hepatic tissue, 29% reduction in the number of granulomas per area, and 53% reduction in the granuloma fibrosis. Taken together, the data herein support the potential of surface-exposed GPI-anchored antigens from theS. mansonitegument as vaccine candidate.
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Vale, Nuno, Maria João Gouveia, and Fátima Gärtner. "Current and Novel Therapies Against Helminthic Infections: The Potential of Antioxidants Combined with Drugs." Biomolecules 10, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10030350.
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Infections caused by Schistosoma haematobium and Opisthorchis viverrini are classified as Group 1 biological carcinogen and it has been postulated that parasites produce oxysterol and estrogen-like metabolites that might be considered as initiators of infection-associated carcinogenesis. Chemotherapy for these helminthic infections relies on a single drug, praziquantel, (PZQ) that mainly targets the parasite. Additionally, PZQ has some major drawbacks as inefficacy against juvenile form and alone it is not capable to counteract pathologies associated to infections or prevent carcinogenesis. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutic approaches that not only target the parasite but also improve the pathologies associated to infection, and ultimately, counteract or/and prevent the carcinogenesis processes. Repurposing the drug in combination of compounds with different modes of action is a promising strategy to find novel therapeutics approaches against these helminthic infections and its pathologies. Here, we emphasized that using antioxidants either alone or combined with anthelmintic drugs could ameliorate tissue damage, infection-associated complications, moreover, could prevent the development of cancer associated to infections. Hence, antioxidants represent a potential adjuvant approach during treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. Despite the success of some strategies, there is a long way to go to implement novel therapies for schistosomiasis.
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Borsa, R., G. Aimé, G. Ambruoso, G. Cordara, and G. Fontana. "Urinary schistosomiasis: Description of a ciinical case." Urologia Journal 62, no. 1_suppl (January 1995): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039506201s46.
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— The Authors report a case of bladder schistosomiasis successfully treated with Pranziquantel. They discuss the etiopathogenesis, followed by the diagnostic routine used, pointing out the importance of urinary investigations, and the therapeutic possibilities for this serious parasitic infection of the bladder.
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Guiguet Leal, Diego Averaldo, Regina Maura Bueno Franco, Maria Francisca Neves, Luciana Franceschi Simões, Letícia Aparecida Duart Bastos, Silmara Marques Allegretti, Eliana Maria Zanotti-Magalhães, and Luiz Augusto Magalhães. "Acute Schistosomiasis in Brazilian Traveler: The Importance of Tourism in The Epidemiology of Neglected Parasitic Diseases." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/650929.
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Parasitic infectious diseases acquired in tourist areas may pose a challenge to physicians and to travel medicine practitioners. Acute schistosomiasis may be seen in returning travelers and migrants after primary infection. This form of schistosomiasis is frequently misdiagnosed due to its temporal delay and its nonspecific presentation and might occur even in countries where the disease is endemic, such as in Brazil. The patient developed the acute phase of schistosomiasis with severe clinical manifestations. The quantitative analysis revealed the presence of 240 eggs per gram of stool. The treatment was administered with oxamniquine, and the control of cure of the patient was monitored and was favorable. The present paper aims to emphasize the importance of a detailed clinical history including information regarding travel history.
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Portet, Anaïs, Eve Toulza, Ana Lokmer, Camille Huot, David Duval, Richard Galinier, and Benjamin Gourbal. "Experimental Infection of the Biomphalaria glabrata Vector Snail by Schistosoma mansoni Parasites Drives Snail Microbiota Dysbiosis." Microorganisms 9, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051084.
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Host-parasite interaction can result in a strong alteration of the host-associated microbiota. This dysbiosis can affect the fitness of the host; can modify pathogen interaction and the outcome of diseases. Biomphalaria glabrata is the snail intermediate host of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human schistosomiasis, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Here, we present the first study of the snail bacterial microbiota in response to Schistosoma infection. We examined the interplay between B. glabrata, S. mansoni and host microbiota. Snails were infected and the microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach. We demonstrated that the microbial composition of water did not affect the microbiota composition. Then, we characterised the Biomphalaria bacterial microbiota at the individual scale in both naive and infected snails. Sympatric and allopatric strains of parasites were used for infections and re-infections to analyse the modification or dysbiosis of snail microbiota in different host-parasite co-evolutionary contexts. Concomitantly, using RNAseq, we investigated the link between bacterial microbiota dysbiosis and snail anti-microbial peptide immune response. This work paves the way for a better understanding of snail/schistosome interaction and should have critical consequences in terms of snail control strategies for fighting schistosomiasis disease in the field.
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Gamde, S. M., P. J. Tongvwam, K. Hauwa, A. M. Ganau, J. A. Abdullahi, D. S. Gamde, and T. P. P. Choji. "Prevalence of Urinary Schistosomiasis among Almajiri Children in Silame, Sokoto State, North-western Nigeria." UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research (UJMR) 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.47430/ujmr.2161.013.
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Urinary schistosomiasis is a severe threat to global health with uncountable morbidities in Africa including Nigeria where control interventions focused on children in public and private schools neglecting Almajiri children. This undermined control interventions as those infected contaminate the environments with infective stages of the parasite. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis amongst Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, North-western Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study, socio-demographic data was collected in April 2020 on 206 consented Almajiri children in Silame and their urine samples were examined using the sedimentation method. The study showed a prevalence of 35.4% among the Almajiri children in Silame, Sokoto State, North-western Nigeria. The highest prevalence was found among children within the age range 16-20 years (63.6%) while the lowest prevalence was among those in the age range 6-10 years (24.4%). There was a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of urinary schistosomiasis between the age groups (χ 2 = 11.637a , df =3, p=0.002). Urinary schistosomiasis was prevalent among Almajiri children in the study area and parasite infection was associated with the participant's socio-demographic factors such as age, level of education, and water contact activities. Hence, the National Schistosomiasis Control Programs should incorporate the Almajiri children in the control interventions Keywords: Schistosoma hematobium infection; Makarantarallo;Almajiri;Silame