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Academic literature on the topic 'Schistosomiasis; Parastic infection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Schistosomiasis; Parastic infection"

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LLOYD-SMITH, JAMES O., MARY POSS, and BRYAN T. GRENFELL. "HIV-1/parasite co-infection and the emergence of new parasite strains." Parasitology 135, no. 7 (March 27, 2008): 795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008000292.

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SUMMARYHIV-1 and parasitic infections co-circulate in many populations, and in a few well-studied examples HIV-1 co-infection is known to amplify parasite transmission. There are indications that HIV-1 interacts significantly with many other parasitic infections within individual hosts, but the population-level impacts of co-infection are not well-characterized. Here we consider how alteration of host immune status due to HIV-1 infection may influence the emergence of novel parasite strains. We review clinical and epidemiological evidence from five parasitic diseases (malaria, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis and strongyloidiasis) with emphasis on how HIV-1 co-infection alters individual susceptibility and infectiousness for the parasites. We then introduce a simple modelling framework that allows us to project how these individual-level properties might influence population-level dynamics. We find that HIV-1 can facilitate invasion by parasite strains in many circumstances and we identify threshold values of HIV-1 prevalence that allow otherwise unsustainable parasite strains to invade successfully. Definitive evidence to test these predicted effects is largely lacking, and we conclude by discussing challenges in interpreting available data and priorities for future studies.

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Cox, ND, and PJ Yates. "Schistosomiasis: a rare cause of acute appendicitis." Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2010, no. 4 (June 1, 2010): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jscr/2010.4.4.

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Abstract Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection in humans, which is prevalent in developing countries. The infection manifests itself as a variety of different pathologies, depending on the location of the parasite and its eggs. A rare manifestation is that of a common surgical presentation, acute appendicitis. We present a case of a young male who underwent appendicectomy for acute appendicitis caused by a schistosomiasis infection, proven on pathological examination of the resected appendix.

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Ravi, Naveen, W. X. Yi, L. Yu, H. J. Ping, and D. Z. Hao. "Cerebral schistosomiasis." South African Journal of Radiology 17, no. 4 (November 8, 2013): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajr.v17i4.8.

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Although schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans, schistosomal infection of the nervous system is rare. This report is of an unusual case of primary cerebral schistosomiasis and describes its magnetic resonance imaging appearance.

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Claude Dejon Agobe, Jean, Yabo J Honkpehedji, Jeannot Fréjus Zinsou, Jean-Ronald Edoa, Bayodé R Adegbite, Mohamed Duali, Fabrice L Mougeni, et al. "PO 8503 EPIDEMIOLOGY, CO-INFECTIONS AND HAEMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN LIVING IN LAMBARÉNÉ, GABON." BMJ Global Health 4, Suppl 3 (April 2019): A47.1—A47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-edc.123.

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BackgroundSchistosomiasis is a highly prevalent parasitic infection in Central Africa, where co-endemicity with other parasitic infections is common, and schistosomiasis outcomes can be affected by those other infections. Therefore, proper schistosomiasis control needs epidemiological data accounting for co-infections, too. In this present study, our objective was to determine the epidemiological situation around schistosomiasis in Lambaréné.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among school-aged children living in Lambaréné. Urine filtration exam was performed for the detection of Schistosoma eggs. Kato-Katz and stool culture (Coproculture and Harada-Mori) techniques were used for the detection of soil-transmitted helminths. Detection of Plasmodium spp. and blood microfilariae was performed applying light microscopy. Risk factors for schistosomiasis and factors associated with schistosomiasis were investigated; haematology parameters evaluated.ResultsA total of 614 school children with available schistosomiasis status were included in the analysis. Mean age was 10.9 (SD=2.7) years, with a 0.95 boy-to-girl sex ratio. The prevalence of schistosomiasis was 26%. No risk factors except human-water contact were associated with schistosomiasis. Only Trichuris trichiura co-infection was associated with an increased odd (aOR=2.3, p-value=0.048) to be infected with schistosomiasis. Full blood counts showed a decrease of haemoglobin level and increase of WBC and platelet levels among the schistosoma-infected children. Haematuria was found associated with schistosomiasis (aOR=14.5, p-value<0.001) and was suitable to predict the disease.ConclusionThe prevalence of schistosomiasis is moderate in Lambaréné where human-water contact remains the main risk factor and praziquantel is available for treatment. Trichuriasis is associated with increased risk to be infected. Children with schistosomiasis exhibit a distinct full blood count profile and haematuria is found to be more suitable to predict infection. However, it is desirable to implement comprehensive approaches beyond chemotherapy for schistosomiasis control in this area as recommended by WHO.

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Santos, Lúcio Lara, Júlio Santos, Maria João Gouveia, Carina Bernardo, Carlos Lopes, Gabriel Rinaldi, Paul J. Brindley, and José M. Correia da Costa. "Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020205.

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Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host–parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.

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Santos, Lúcio Lara, Júlio Santos, Maria João Gouveia, Carina Bernardo, Carlos Lopes, Gabriel Rinaldi, Paul J. Brindley, and José M. Correia da Costa. "Urogenital Schistosomiasis—History, Pathogenesis, and Bladder Cancer." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10020205.

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Schistosomiasis is the most important helminthiasis worldwide in terms of morbidity and mortality. Most of the infections occurs in Africa, which about two thirds are caused by Schistosoma haematobium. The infection with S. haematobium is considered carcinogenic leading to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Additionally, it is responsible for female genital schistosomiasis leading to infertility and higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Remarkably, a recent outbreak in Corsica (France) drew attention to its potential re-mergence in Southern Europe. Thus far, little is known related to host-parasite interactions that trigger carcinogenesis. However, recent studies have opened new avenues to understand mechanisms on how the parasite infection can lead cancer and other associated pathologies. Here, we present a historical perspective of schistosomiasis, and review the infection-associated pathologies and studies on host–parasite interactions that unveil tentative mechanisms underlying schistosomiasis-associated carcinogenesis.

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Miranda, G. S., B. S. Miranda, J. G. M. Rodrigues, M. G. S. Lira, R. A. Nogueira, D. Viegas-Melo, and N. Silva-Souza. "Research Note. The wild water-rats and their relevance in the context of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil: what we know and recommendations for further research." Helminthologia 54, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0013.

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Summary Schistosomiasis is a parasitic and endemic disease in several parts of the world. Its mortality rate reaches alarming proportions, which makes emergency the control of this disease. In Brazil, only the species Schistosoma mansoni was adapted to the climatic conditions and to the presence of appropriate hosts. This species shows a life cycle involving mollusks Biomphalaria spp. and humans. However, it has been shown that wild rodents with semi-aquatic habits are capable to establish a productive infection of this parasite. In addition, they are likely also to be capable to spread the disease in endemic areas. Due to the selective pressure exerted by the successive infections in these animals, we may be watching the development of a new strain of the parasite, which is not yet fully defined and understood. With the intention of directing new studies to this problem, we tried to establish main lines of research to demonstrate the real importance of these wild rodents in the epidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni in Brazil.

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Butrous, Ghazwan. "Pulmonary Vascular Diseases Secondary to Schistosomiasis." Advances in Pulmonary Hypertension 15, no. 3 (January 1, 2017): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21693/1933-088x-15.3.144.

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Schistosomiasis is the most common parasitic disease associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It induces remodeling via complex inflammatory processes produced by the parasite eggs. Changes in the pulmonary vasculature after Schistosoma infection are common, but may not always be associated with a clinical manifestation of PAH. Those patients who presented with PAH show clinical signs and symptoms that are not distinguishable from other forms of PAH.

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Ramos, Eduardo Antonio Gonçalves, and Zilton A. Andrade. "Chronic glomerulonephritis associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 29, no. 3 (June 1987): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46651987000300008.

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In a series of 36 cases of renal disease associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis the following morphologic types of glomerulonephritis were found: mesangio-capillary (33.2%), mesangial proliferative (25.0%), focal glomerular sclerosis (16.7%) and sclerosing glomerulonephritis (8.3%). No significant statistical differences were found when these results were compared with those from 36 cases of glomerulonephritis not associated with hepatosplenic disease. On the other hand, endocapillary glomerulonephritis was found to be predominant in the latter group of cases. These results did not substantiate the assumption that mesangio-capillary glomerulonephritis is specifically related to hepatosplenic schistosomiais. However, if the types of glomerulonephritis that predominantly involve the me-sangium are considered together, they are significantly associated with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. Mesangial involvement is known to occur in other parasitic diseases and that may be related to a common immunopathogenesis.

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Standley, C. J., L. Mugisha, A. P. Dobson, and J. R. Stothard. "Zoonotic schistosomiasis in non-human primates: past, present and future activities at the human–wildlife interface in Africa." Journal of Helminthology 86, no. 2 (January 24, 2012): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000028.

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AbstractSchistosomiasis is one of the world's most widely distributed and prevalent parasitic diseases. Less widely recognized is that some species of Schistosoma, including several that commonly affect humans, also cause disease in other mammalian species; in particular, infections in non-human primates are known. With interest increasing in emerging zoonotic diseases, the status of schistosomiasis as a zoonotic infection is in need of re-appraisal, especially in light of advances in application of molecular screening and epidemiological tools where newly reported infections raise general animal welfare and conservation concerns. Focusing on Africa, this review provides a summary of the occurrence of schistosomiasis in non-human primates and discusses new ways in which surveillance for schistosomiasis should be integrated into more effective conservation management and disease control strategies. Emphasis is on the more common forms of human schistosomiasis, their clinical manifestations and epidemiological significance in terms of infection reservoir potential.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Schistosomiasis; Parastic infection"

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Ye, Xiao-Ping. "Anti-egg immunity of Schistomsoma japonicum in humans." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389042.

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Kermanizadeh, Parviz. "The role of mast cells during experimental schistosomiasis mansoni in mice." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363226.

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Freitas, Andre Ricardo Ribas. "Investigação sobre a ocorrencia de eaquistossomose mansonica medular autoctonse em uma região com baixa endemicidade (Campinas - SP)." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/310589.

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Orientador: Luiz Jacintho Silva
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:32:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Freitas_AndreRicardoRibas_M.pdf: 3288382 bytes, checksum: 1e4d10a420b3969b93fb46828328259d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Os programas de controle da esquistossomose têm obtido relativo sucesso ao controlar a morbidade relacionada a altas cargas parasitárias desta doença, sem, no entanto, diminuir a área de transmissão no Brasil. Como a neuroesquistossomose medular á uma forma grave de esquistossomose não relacionada a altas cargas parasitárias existe risco teórico de ocorrer em áreas de baixa endemicidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi estudar a ocorrência da NE (neuroesquistossomose) medular em uma região de baixa endemicidade, região de Campinas, estado de São Paulo. Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo de base hospitalar com busca ativa em múltiplas fontes de informação. Utilizou-se como base os dois maiores hospitais públicos da região de Campinas. Os pacientes com diagnóstico de NE medular tiveram seus diagnósticos ratificados por critérios padronizados e baseados em quadro clínico típico, comprovação da infecção por Schistosoma mansoni e exclusão de outras causas de mielopatia. Os pacientes foram classificados como autóctones, importados, sem informação e indeterminado. Após esta classificação os dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram analisados. Foram identificados 27 pacientes com NE medular dos quais 19 (85,2%) homens e 4 (14,8%) mulheres, as idades no momento do diagnóstico foram de 13 a 57 anos (média=31,2; desvio padrão=12,8 e mediana=29). Os pacientes foram classificados quanto ao local provável de infecção da seguinte forma: 14(51,9%) autóctones, 11(40,7%) importados e 2(7,4%) sem informações, não houve paciente classificado como indeterminado. Todos os pacientes importados se infectaram em municípios de áreas de alta endemicidade. A clínica deste grupo de pacientes não foi diferente do encontrado na literatura, nem foi diferente quando comparados os pacientes autóctones com os importados. Houve uma demora média de 70,6 dias (mediana=19; dp=166,9) entre a primeira consulta e o diagnóstico. A demora foi em média 88,1 dias maior entre os pacientes autóctones (média=112 dias; mediana=26; dp=224,3) do que entre os importados (média=23,9 dias; mediana=9; dp=42,7) e esta diferença foi estatisticamente significativa p=0,0247. A sensibilidade da sorologia foi de 87,5%, da imunologia de LCR 93,8% e dos exames parasitológicos foi de 40,0%. Apenas 4 (14,8%) tiveram evolução com melhora completa, 6 (22,2%) apresentaram melhora sem limitações, 13 (48,1%) apresentaram melhora com limitações e 4 (14,8%) não apresentaram melhora alguma. Apenas 11 pacientes (41%) com NE medular incluídos neste estudo estavam notificados à vigilância epidemiológica e a informação de que estes pacientes tinham quadros neurológicos não constavam no banco de informações do SINAN. Concluiu-se que a NE medular ocorre mesmo em áreas de baixa endemicidade e nestas áreas existe uma demora muito grande no diagnóstico, principalmente entre os pacientes autóctones. O exame de fezes não se mostrou sensível para diagnóstico e rastreamento de pacientes vulneráveis a NE medular por se tratarem de pacientes com baixas cargas parasitárias. Portanto métodos diagnósticos mais sensíveis deveriam ser utilizados pelos programas de controle de esquistossomose
Abstract: Programs for schistosomiasis control have enjoyed relative success in controlling death associated to high parasitary loads for this illness, without, however, decreasing the area of transmission in Brazil. Since spinal neuroschistosomiasis is a grave form of neuroschistosomiasis unrelated to high parasitary loads, there is a theoretical risk of its occurrence even when not in a particularly endemic area. The goal of this study was to study the occurrence of spinal NE (neuroschistosomiasis) in a non-endemic area, the region of Campinas, in the Sate of São Paulo. A retrospective, descriptive, hospital-based study was carried, with information actively sought after from various sources of information. The two largest public hospitals in the region of Campinas were used as bases. The patients diagnosed with spinal NE had their diagnoses ratified according to standard criteria and based on typical clinical status, proof of infection by Schistosoma mansoni and the exclusion of other causes for myelopathy. Patients were classified as autochthonous, imported, without information and undetermined. After this classification, the clinical and epidemiological data were analyzed. A total of 27 patients with spinal NE were identified, of which 19 (85.2%) were men and 4 (14.8%) women. The ages on diagnosis ranged from 13 to 57 (average=31.2; standard deviation=12.8 and median=29). The patients were classified as to their probable location of infection the following way: 14(51.9%) autochthonous, 11(40.7%) imported and 2(7.4%) without information. No patients were deemed undetermined. All imported patients were infected in municipalities located in highly endemic areas. Clinical evaluation of this group of patients was no different from that found in the literature, nor was it different when autochthonous patients were compared to imported patients. There was an average period of 70.6 days (median=19; sd=166.9) between the first consultation and diagnosis. The period was on average 88.1 days longer for autochthonous patients (average=112 days; median=26; sd=224.3) than for imported patients (average=23.9 days; median=9; sd=42.7) and this difference was statistically significant p=0.0247. Sensitivity of the serology was 87.5%, LCR immunology 93.8% and for parasitological exams it was 40.0%. Only 4 (14.8%) had evolution with complete recovery, 6 (22.2%) presented improvement without limitations, 13 (48.1%) presented improvement with limitations and 4 (14.8%) did not present improvement. Only 11 patients (41%) with spinal NE included in the study had been notified to epidemiological surveillance and the information that these patients had neurological patterns of symptoms was not present in the SINAN data base. It can be concluded that spinal NE occurs even in non-endemic areas and that diagnosis in such locations can take excessively long, especially for autochthonous patients. Feces exams were not shown to be sensitive for diagnosis and tracing of patients vulnerable to spinal NE since such patients presented low parasitary loads. Therefore more sensitive means of diagnosis should be utilized by schistosomiasis control programs
Mestrado
Ciencias Biomedicas
Mestre em Clinica Medica

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Books on the topic "Schistosomiasis; Parastic infection"

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Hybrid models of tropical infections. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Barsoum, Rashad S. Schistosomiasis. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0181_update_001.

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AbstractSchistosomes are blood flukes that parasitize humans, apes, cattle, and other animals. In these definitive hosts they are bisexual, and lay eggs which are shed to fresh water where they complete an asexual cycle in different snails, ending in the release of cercariae which infect the definitive hosts to complete the life cycle.Seven of over 100 species of schistosomes are human pathogens, causing disease in different organs depending on the parasite species. Racial and genetic factors are involved in susceptibility, severity, and sequelae of infection.Morbidity is induced by the host’s immune response to schistosomal antigens. The latter include tegument, microsomal, gut, and oval antigens. The former are important in the process of invasion and establishment of infection, oval antigens in formation of granulomata which lead to fibrosis in different sites, and the gut antigens constitute the main circulating antigens in established infection, leading to immune-complex disease, particularly in the kidneys. The host immunological response includes innate and adaptive mechanisms, the former being the front line responsible for removing 90% of the infecting cercarial load. Adaptive immunity includes a Th1 phase, dominated by activation of an acute inflammatory response, followed by a prolonged Th2 phase which is responsible for immunity to re-infection as well as progression of tissue injury. Switching from Th1 to Th2 phases is controlled by functional and morphological change in the antigen-presenting cells, which is achieved by molecules of host as well as parasitic origin.Many cells participate in parasite killing, but also in the induction of tissue injury. The most potent of these is the eosinophil, which by binding antibodies to the parasite, particularly immunoglobulin E, facilitates parasite elimination. However, this process is complex, including agonist as well as antagonist pathways, which provide escape mechanisms for the parasite to survive, thereby achieving a delicate balance that permits schistosomes to live for decades in the infected host.

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Jones, Isabel, Andrea Lund, Gilles Riveau, Nicolas Jouanard, Raphael A. Ndione, Susanne H. Sokolow, and Giulio A. De Leo. Ecological control of schistosomiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: restoration of predator-prey dynamics to reduce transmission. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0015.

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Human modification of the landscape can increase the transmission of schistosomiasis, a snail-borne parasitic infection prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The construction of dams and irrigation schemes increases the habitat available for the freshwater snails that serve as the parasite’s intermediate host. Schistosomiasis is considered both a cause and consequence of poverty. The disease is treatable, but its persistence in the environment makes it difficult to prevent reinfection after treatment. Interventions that address the environmental source of infection are a necessary complement to mass treatment campaigns. We present a promising ecological solution for schistosomiasis control that harnesses predator-prey dynamics to suppress snail populations and parasite transmission. We present data on the ecological and epidemiological impacts of restoring Macrobrachium vollenhovenii, a freshwater prawn native to the Senegal River. Harnessing ecology to control disease transmission may be a viable strategy in other geographic regions and other disease systems.

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Barsoum, Rashad S. Schistosomiasis. Edited by Vivekanand Jha. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0194_update_001.

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The urinary system is the primary target of Schistosoma haematobium infection, which leads to granuloma formation in the lower urinary tract that heals with fibrosis and calcification. While the early lesions may be associated with distressing acute or subacute symptoms, it is the late lesions that constitute the main clinical impact of schistosomiasis. The latter include chronic cystitis, ureteric fibrosis, ureterovesical obstruction or reflux which may lead to chronic pyelonephritis. Secondary bacterial infection and bladder cancer are the main secondary sequelae of urinary schistosomiasis.The kidneys are also a secondary target of S. mansoni infection, attributed to the systemic immune response to the parasite. Specific immune complexes are responsible for early, often asymptomatic, possibly reversible, mesangioproliferative lesions which are categorized as ‘class I’. Subsequent classes (II–VI) display different histopathology, more serious clinical disease, and confounding pathogenic factors. Class II lesions are encountered in patients with concomitant salmonellosis; they are typically exudative and associated with acute-onset nephrotic syndrome. Classes III (mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis) and IV (focal segmental sclerosis) are progressive forms of glomerular disease associated with significant hepatic pathology. They are usually associated with immunoglobulin A deposits which seem to have a significant pathogenic role. Class V (amyloidosis) occurs with long-standing active infection with either S. haematobium or S. mansoni. Class VI is seen in patients with concomitant HCV infection, where the pathology is a mix of schistosomal and cryoglobulinaemic lesions, as well as amyloidosis which seems to be accelerated by the confounded pathogenesis.Early schistosomal lesions, particularly those of the lower urinary tract, respond to antiparasitic treatment. Late urological lesions may need surgery or endoscopic interventions. As a rule, glomerular lesions do not respond to treatment with the exception of class II where dual antiparasitic and antibiotic therapy is usually curative. Patients with end-stage kidney disease may constitute specific, yet not insurmountable technical and logistic problems in dialysis or transplantation. Recurrence after transplantation is rare.

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Barsoum, Rashad S. Schistosomiasis. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0182_update_001.

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AbstractSchistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects millions of people in 78 countries, where it is held responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality. It is caused by a blood fluke, which provokes an immunological response to hundreds of its antigens. This induces multi-organ pathology through the formation of tissue granulomata or circulating immune complexes. In addition, it is amyloidogenic and carcinogenic, through the interaction of immunological perturbation with confounding metabolic and genetic factors. The primary targets of schistosomiasis are urinary and hepatointestinal.The lower urinary tract is mainly affected in S. haematobium infection, and may lead to chronic pyelonephritis and/or obstructive nephropathy. The colon and liver are the targets of S. mansoni and S. japonicum infection, leading to hepatic fibrosis, portal hypertension, and liver failure. S. mansoni may also lead to immune complex glomerulonephritis, which is discussed elsewhere. Both S. haematobium and S. mansoni ova may be carried with the venous circulation to the lungs, where they provoke granulomatous and immune-mediated endothelial injury leading to cor-pulmonale. Ova may be subsequently carried with the arterial circulation to form ‘metastatic’ granulomas in other tissues, notably the brain (S. japonicum), spinal cord (S. haematobium), skin, conjunctiva, and genital organs.Schistosomiasis is preventable. World Health Organization programmes have successfully eradicated or reduced the incidence of infection in many countries, particularly Egypt and China. Prevention strategies include health education, raising hygiene standards, and interruption of the parasite’s life cycle by snail control and mass treatment. The search for a vaccine continues. Effective antiparasitic treatment is now possible with high elimination rates. Available agents include praziquantel and artemether for all species, metrifonate for S. haematobium, and oxamniquine for S. mansoni. Successful outcome correlates with early intervention, before fibrosis has occurred.

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Heyns, Chris. Tuberculosis and parasitic infestations involving the urogenital system. Edited by Rob Pickard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0006.

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Urogenital tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which evokes a granulomatous tissue reaction leading to caseous necrosis, fibrosis, and eventual calcification. It most commonly presents as cystitis with sterile pyuria but can show many other symptoms and signs requiring a high index of suspicion to make the diagnosis. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) affecting the urinary tract is caused by the flatworm Schistosoma haematobium. Humans are infested by contact with fresh water harbouring the intermediate snail host. Echinococcosis (hydatid disease), is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosis or multilocularis. Human infection results from close contact with the parasite host (usually dogs and sheep). Filariasis, caused by the roundworm Wuchereria bancrofti, is transmitted by mosquito bite

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Book chapters on the topic "Schistosomiasis; Parastic infection"

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Lamps, Laura W. "Schistosomiasis." In Surgical Pathology of the Gastrointestinal System: Bacterial, Fungal, Viral, and Parasitic Infections, 215–18. New York, NY: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0861-2_35.

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James, S. L., and A. Sher. "Cell-Mediated Immune Response to Schistosomiasis." In T-Cell Paradigms in Parasitic and Bacterial Infections, 21–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74983-4_2.

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Auriault, C., I. Wolowczuk, M. Damonneville, F. Velge-Roussel, V. Pancré, H. Gras-Masse, A. Tartar, and A. Capron. "T-Cell Antigens and Epitopes in Schistosomiasis." In T-Cell Paradigms in Parasitic and Bacterial Infections, 3–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74983-4_1.

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Chapman, Stephen J., Grace V. Robinson, Rahul Shrimanker, Chris D. Turnbull, and John M. Wrightson. "Respiratory infection—parasitic." In Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine, edited by Stephen J. Chapman, Grace V. Robinson, Rahul Shrimanker, Chris D. Turnbull, and John M. Wrightson, 623–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198837114.003.0044.

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Includes: Pulmonary hydatid disease, amoebic pulmonary disease, pulmonary ascariasis, strongyloidiasis, toxocariasis, dirofilariasis, schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, tropical (filarial) pulmonary eosinophilia.

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Pearce, Edward J., and Andrew J. G. Simpson. "Schistosomiasis." In Parasitic Infections and the Immune System, 203–23. Elsevier, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-092405-2.50011-4.

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Jose, Maria, and Jose Rodrigues. "Study on Schistosomiasis mansoni and Comorbidity with Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection." In Parasitic Diseases - Schistosomiasis. InTech, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55510.

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"Infectious diseases and tropical medicine." In Oxford Handbook for Medical School, edited by Kapil Sugand, Miriam Berry, Imran Yusuf, Aisha Janjua, Chris Bird, David Metcalfe, Harveer Dev, et al., 399–412. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199681907.003.0020.

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This chapter covers the approach to fever in the returning traveller, including how to take a detailed travel history and the importance of taking a sexual history from the patient. The chapter discusses common causes of infectious disease in returning travellers, including typhoid and malaria. The lifecycle of the Plasmodium parasite is explained, signs and symptoms of malaria are discussed, along with diagnostic tests and treatment for both uncomplicated and complicated falciparum malaria. Viral haemorrhagic fevers such as Ebola are discussed and disease control and public health measures are emphasized. Parasitic infections are covered, including amoebiasis, soil-transmitted helminths (which affect an estimated 1.5 billion people worldwide), and schistosomiasis. Dengue, another mosquito-borne disease, is discussed. The chapter also outlines the differing presentations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Influenza, traveller’s diarrhoea, measles, polio, tetanus, Epstein–Barr virus and rabies are also covered.

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"The Immunobiology of Urogenital Schistosomiasis." In Immune Response to Parasitic Infections, edited by Luke F. Pennington and Michael H. Hsieh, 93–124. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781608059850114020008.

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Woodhouse, Andrew. "Case 25." In Oxford Case Histories in Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, edited by Maheshi Ramasamy, 163–70. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198846482.003.0025.

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Schistosomiasis is a parasitic trematode infection. Depending on the species of fluke, gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract disease develops with occasional involvement of other organs including the central nervous system. The great burden of chronic disease is in endemic countries but travellers can become infected through exposure to contaminated water in lakes and rivers. An acute symptomatic infection is sometimes seen and needs to be considered in the appropriate clinical context in travellers returning from the tropics.

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Reynard, John, Simon F. Brewster, Suzanne Biers, and Naomi Laura Neal. "Infections and inflammatory conditions." In Oxford Handbook of Urology, 193–251. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198783480.003.0006.

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This chapter covers all topics relating to genitourinary tract infections, including basic science and relevant microbiology. The commonest clinical problem of urinary tract infection (UTI) or cystitis is covered in depth, including investigation and management of recurrent UTI. The role of antibiotics both for treatment of active UTI and as prophylaxis is reviewed, along with alternative preventative therapies such methenamine and intravesical drugs. Common acute and chronic infections such as pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis, and acute urological emergencies including urosepsis, urethral abscess, sepsis, and Fournier’s gangrene are described. Important chronic conditions including bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis, ketamine bladder, phimosis, and inflammatory conditions of the penis are explained. Less common, but important, exam topics such as tuberculosis and parasite infections (schistosomiasis) of the urinary tract are covered, along with their adverse sequelae. The chapter also explores the essential and highly topical subjects of`antibiotic stewardship and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms.

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