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GOBERT, G. N., D. J. STENZEL, M. K. JONES, D. E. ALLEN, and D. P. McMANUS. "Schistosoma japonicum: immunolocalization of paramyosin during development." Parasitology 114, no. 1 (January 1997): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182096008001.
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This paper describes the localization of paramyosin immunoreactivity in Schistosoma japonicum and represents the first comparative immunolocalization study among schistosome adult, cercariae and lung schistosomula by electron microscopy. A polyclonal antibody was utilized to immunolabel paramyosin or paramyosin-like proteins. Paramyosin was localized within the muscle layer of all 3 developmental stages. Furthermore, paramyosin was localized within granules of the post-acetabular glands of cercariae, and within the tegument matrix and surface of lung schistosomules. Adults and cercariae did not display any detectable paramyosin on the surface or within the tegument. The possible functions of paramyosin within S. japonicum and the relevance of these findings in relation to the reported protective properties of paramyosin as an anti-schistosome vaccine target molecule are discussed.
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Fernández-Soto, Pedro, Catalina Avendaño, Anna Sala-Vizcaíno, Beatriz Crego-Vicente, Begoña Febrer-Sendra, Juan García-Bernalt Diego, Ana Oleaga, et al. "Molecular Markers for Detecting Schistosoma Species by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification." Disease Markers 2020 (July 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8042705.
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Schistosomiasis is considered a neglected parasitic disease. Around 280,000 people die from it annually, and more than 779 million people are at risk of getting infected. The schistosome species which infect human beings are Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma intercalatum, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma guineensis, and Schistosoma mekongi. This disease is also of veterinary significance; the most important species being Schistosoma bovis since it causes the disease in around 160 million livestock in Africa and Asia. This work was aimed at designing and developing a genus-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method for detecting the most important schistosome species affecting humans and for the species-specific detection of S. bovis. Bioinformatics tools were used for primer design, and the LAMP method was standardised for detecting the ITS-1 region from S. intercalatum, S. haematobium, S. mansoni, S. japonicum, and S. bovis DNA (generic test) and the NADH 1 gene for specifically detecting S. bovis (at different DNA concentrations). Detection limits achieved were 1 pg DNA for S. mansoni, 0.1 pg for S. haematobium, 1 pg for S. intercalatum, and 10 pg for S. bovis. No amplification for S. japonicum DNA was obtained. The LAMP designed for the amplification of S. bovis NADH-1 worked specifically for this species, and no other DNA from other schistosome species included in the study was amplified. Two highly sensitive LAMP methods for detecting different Schistosoma species important for human and veterinary health were standardised. These methods could be very useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of schistosome infections.
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PICA-MATTOCCIA, L., A. RUPPEL, C. M. XIA, and D. CIOLI. "Praziquantel and the benzodiazepine Ro 11-3128 do not compete for the same binding sites in schistosomes." Parasitology 135, no. 1 (September 4, 2007): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003514.
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SUMMARYThe benzodiazepine Ro 11-3128 (methyl-clonazepam) presents several similarities with praziquantel with regard to its anti-schistosomal mode of action, since both drugs cause spastic paralysis, calcium influx and tegumental disruption in the parasites. In order to know whether the two compounds share the same binding sites in the schistosomes, we performed in vivo and in vitro competition experiments. We took advantage of the fact that Ro 11-3128 is active against immature Schistosoma mansoni (whereas praziquantel is inactive), and praziquantel is active against S. japonicum (which is insensitive to Ro 11-3128). An excess of praziquantel did not inhibit the activity of Ro 11-3128 against immature S. mansoni and an excess of Ro 11-3128 did not inhibit the activity of praziquantel against S. japonicum, suggesting that the schistosome binding sites of the two drugs are different. On the other hand, cytochalasin D, an agent known to perturb – among other things – calcium channel function, was capable of inhibiting the schistosomicidal activity of both praziquantel and Ro 11-3128, thus adding another element of similarity between the two anti-schistosomal agents. A similar, albeit partial, inhibition of the schistosomicidal activity of the two drugs was exerted by some of the classical calcium channel blockers. Taken together, these results suggest that praziquantel and Ro 11-3128, although binding to different schistosome receptor sites, may use the same basic anti-schistosomal effector mechanisms.
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Du, Xiaofeng, Malcolm Jones, Sujeevi Nawaratna, Shiwanthi Ranasinghe, Chunrong Xiong, Pengfei Cai, Donald McManus, and Hong You. "Gene Expression in Developmental Stages of Schistosoma japonicum Provides Further Insight into the Importance of the Schistosome Insulin-Like Peptide." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 7 (March 28, 2019): 1565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20071565.
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We showed previously that the Schistosoma japonicum insulin-like peptide (SjILP) binds the worm insulin receptors, thereby, activating the parasite’s insulin pathway and emphasizing its important role in regulating uptake of glucose, a nutrient essential for parasite survival. Here we show that SjILP is differentially expressed in the schistosome life cycle and is especially highly transcribed in eggs, miracidia, and adult female worms. RNA inference was employed to knockdown SjILP in adults in vitro, with suppression confirmed by significantly reduced protein production, declined adenosine diphosphate levels, and reduction in glucose consumption. Immunolocalization showed that SjILP is located to lateral gland cells of mature intra-ovular miracidia in the schistosome egg, and is distributed on the ciliated epithelium and internal cell masses of newly transformed miracidia. In schistosomula, SjILP is present on the tegument in two antero-lateral points, indicating highly polarized expression during cercarial transformation. Analysis of serum from S. japonicum-infected mice by ELISA using a recombinant form of SjILP as an antigen revealed IgG immunoreactivity to this molecule at 7 weeks post-infection indicating it is likely secreted from mature eggs into the host circulation. These findings provide further insights on ILP function in schistosomes and its essential roles in parasite survival and growth in different development stages.
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HOLA-JAMRISKA, L., J. P. DALTON, J. AASKOV, and P. J. BRINDLEY. "Dipeptidyl peptidase I and III activities of adult schistosomes." Parasitology 118, no. 3 (March 1999): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182098003746.
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Soluble extracts of adult Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni were examined for the presence of proteolytic activities ascribable to dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) at a range of pH from 4 to 11 using synthetic peptidyl substrates diagnostic of DPPs I, II, III and IV. Activity capable of cleaving the DPP I-specific substrates H-Gly-Arg-NHMec and H-Gly-Phe-NHMec which exhibited a pH optimum of 5·5 was observed in extracts of schistosomes. Female schistosomes exhibited greater DPP I activity than male schistosomes, while female S. japonicum showed substantially more activity than female S. mansoni. The specific activities against H-Gly-Arg-NHMec were 21·5 and 1·9 nmoles NHMec/min/mg protein for female and male S. japonicum and 8·5 and 1·9 nmoles NHMec/min/mg for female and male S. mansoni. The biochemical properties of schistosome DPP I were similar to mammalian DPP I (=cathepsin C) in that schistosome DPP I was only slowly inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor trans-epoxysuccinyl-1-leucylamido (4-guanidino)- butane, partly inhibited by the blocked diazomethyl ketones Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2 and Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2, but enhanced by halide ions. At pH 8·5, activity against the DPP III-specific substrate H-Arg-Arg-NHMec was evident in schistosome extracts, and this activity appeared to be due to a zinc metallo-exopeptidase because it was inhibited by 1,10-phenathroline and by EDTA. DPP II or DPP IV activity was not detected in the schistosome extracts.
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Wilson, R. Alan. "Schistosomiasis then and now: what has changed in the last 100 years?" Parasitology 147, no. 5 (January 22, 2020): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000049.
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AbstractOnly with the completion of the life cycles of Fasciola hepatica in 1883 and 30 years later those of Schistosoma japonicum (1913), Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni (1915) did research on schistosomiasis really get underway. One of the first papers by Cawston in 1918, describing attempts to establish the means of transmission of S. haematobium in Natal, South Africa, forms the historical perspective against which to judge where we are now. Molecular biology techniques have produced a much better definition of the complexity of the schistosome species and their snail hosts, but also revealed the extent of hybridization between human and animal schistosomes that may impact on parasite adaptability. While diagnostics have greatly improved, the ability to detect single worm pair infections routinely, still falls short of its goal. The introduction of praziquantel ~1982 has revolutionized the treatment of infected individuals and led directly to the mass drug administration programmes. In turn, the severe pathological consequences of high worm burdens have been minimized, and for S. haematobium infections the incidence of associated squamous cell carcinoma has been reduced. In comparison, the development of effective vaccines has yet to come to fruition. The elimination of schistosomiasis japonica from Japan shows what is possible, using multiple lines of approach, but the clear and present danger is that the whole edifice of schistosome control is balanced on the monotherapy of praziquantel, and the development of drug resistance could topple that.
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YOU, HONG, and DONALD P. MCMANUS. "Vaccines and diagnostics for zoonotic schistosomiasis japonica." Parasitology 142, no. 2 (October 31, 2014): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014001310.
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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent, insidious and serious of the tropical parasitic diseases. Although the effective anthelmintic drug, praziquantel, is widely available and cheap, it does not protect against re-infection, drug-resistant schistosome may evolve and mass drug administration programmes based around praziquantel are probably unsustainable long term. Whereas protective anti-schistosome vaccines are not yet available, the zoonotic nature of Schistosoma japonicum provides a novel approach for developing a transmission-blocking veterinary vaccine in domestic animals, especially bovines, which are major reservoir hosts, being responsible for up to 90% of environmental egg contamination in China and the Philippines. However, a greater knowledge of schistosome immunology is required to understand the processes associated with anti-schistosome protective immunity and to reinforce the rationale for vaccine development against schistosomiasis japonica. Importantly as well, improved diagnostic tests, with high specificity and sensitivity, which are simple, rapid and able to diagnose light S. japonicum infections, are required to determine the extent of transmission interruption and the complete elimination of schistosomiasis following control efforts. This article discusses aspects of the host immune response in schistosomiasis, the current status of vaccine development against S. japonicum and reviews approaches for diagnosing and detecting schistosome infections in mammalian hosts.
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Quezada, Landys A. Lopez, and James H. McKerrow. "Schistosome serine protease inhibitors: parasite defense or homeostasis?" Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 83, no. 2 (June 2011): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000200025.
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Serpins are a structurally conserved family of macromolecular inhibitors found in numerous biological systems. The completion and annotation of the genomes of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum has enabled the identification by phylogenetic analysis of two major serpin clades. S. mansoni shows a greater multiplicity of serpin genes, perhaps reflecting adaptation to infection of a human host. Putative targets of schistosome serpins can be predicted from the sequence of the reactive center loop (RCL). Schistosome serpins may play important roles in both post-translational regulation of schistosome-derived proteases, as well as parasite defense mechanisms against the action of host proteases.
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IMASE, A., T. KUMAGAI, H. OHMAE, Y. IRIE, and Y. IWAMURA. "Localization of mouse type 2 Alu sequence in schistosomes." Parasitology 119, no. 3 (September 1999): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099004667.
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Localization of the type 2 Alu sequence (B2), a highly repetitive DNA sequence in the mouse genome, was examined by in situ polymerase chain reaction (in situ PCR) in schistosomes. The signals to the B2 sequence were detected in the cytoplasm of the tegumental membrane and in the nuclei of the mesenchymal, testicular, ovarian and vitelline cells of 8- week Schistosoma japonicum. In contrast, it was difficult to detect any signals of this sequence in 8-week S. mansoni, whereas in 24-week male S. mansoni the signals were observed in the cytoplasm of the tegumental tubercles and in the nuclei of the mesenchymal and testicular cells. On the other hand, in 24-week female S. mansoni the signals were found in the nuclei of the mesenchymal, ovarian and vitelline cells but not found in the tegument. On the contrary, no hybridization band of the B2 sequence was detected in the amplified DNA of 3-week schistosomula of either species. These observations proved that the host DNA sequences existed in restricted schistosome cells and were accumulated in the schistosome body during their development.
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Greer, George J., C. K. Ow-Yang, and Hoi-Sen Yong. "Schistosoma malayensis n. sp.: A Schistosoma japonicum-Complex Schistosome from Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Parasitology 74, no. 3 (June 1988): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282058.
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Chen, Wen-jian, and Xuefeng Xie. "The functionality of cell mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of Schistosoma japonicum." American Journal of BioMedicine 3, no. 4 (December 27, 2015): 350–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18081/2333-5106/015-350-364.
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Schistosomiasis japonica is a serious disease caused by the parasitic worm Schistosoma japonicum. The induction of granulomas that form around the eggs in the liver around which are reported to be positively depends upon cell mediated immunity, and there is evidence that increased production of proinflammatory cytokine is associated with strong tissue destruction observed in Schistosomiasis japonica. We investigate the role of regulatory cytokines and cytokine antagonists in the downregulation of immune response in Schistosoma japonicum infection. Male wild type C57BL/6 mice were used, each mouse was infected with 10 cercariae of S. japonicum through the abdominal skin. Single cell suspensions of splenocytes and lymphocytes were prepared by mincing the mouse spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes. IL-10 and TGF-β downmodulate TNF-α and IL-17 production, Neutralization of TNF-α decreased IFN-γ level and the neutralization of IFN-γ decreased TNF-α level and increased IL-10 production. Our study is report that IL-10 and TGF-β are cytokines that appear to be more involved in modulation of immune response in Schistosomiasis japonica.
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MANN, VICTORIA H., MARIA E. MORALES, GABRIEL RINALDI, and PAUL J. BRINDLEY. "Culture for genetic manipulation of developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni." Parasitology 137, no. 3 (September 21, 2009): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991211.
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SUMMARYGenomes of the major human helminth parasites, and indeed many others of agricultural significance, are now the research focus of intensive genome sequencing and annotation. A draft genome sequence of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi was reported in 2007 and draft genomes of two of the human schistosomes, Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni reported in 2009. These genome data provide the basis for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in schistosome nutrition and metabolism, host-dependent development and maturation, immune evasion and invertebrate evolution. In addition, new potential vaccine candidates and drug targets will likely be predicted. However, testing these predictions is often not straightforward with schistosomes because of the difficulty and expense in maintenance of the developmental cycle. To facilitate this goal, several developmental stages can be maintained in vitro for shorter or longer intervals of time, and these are amenable to manipulation. Our research interests focus on experimental studies of schistosome gene functions, and more recently have focused on development of transgenesis and RNA interference with the longer term aim of heritable gene manipulation. Here we review methods to isolate and culture developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni, including eggs, sporocysts, schistosomules and adults, in particular as these procedures relate to approaches for gene manipulation. We also discuss recent advances in genetic manipulation of schistosomes including the deployment of square wave electroporation to introduce reporter genes into cultured schistosomes.
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Gordon, Catherine, Johanna Kurscheid, Gail Williams, Archie Clements, Yuesheng Li, Xiao-Nong Zhou, Jürg Utzinger, Donald McManus, and Darren Gray. "Asian Schistosomiasis: Current Status and Prospects for Control Leading to Elimination." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010040.
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Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease caused by helminth parasites of the genus Schistosoma. Worldwide, an estimated 250 million people are infected with these parasites with the majority of cases occurring in sub-Saharan Africa. Within Asia, three species of Schistosoma cause disease. Schistosoma japonicum is the most prevalent, followed by S. mekongi and S. malayensis. All three species are zoonotic, which causes concern for their control, as successful elimination not only requires management of the human definitive host, but also the animal reservoir hosts. With regard to Asian schistosomiasis, most of the published research has focused on S. japonicum with comparatively little attention paid to S. mekongi and even less focus on S. malayensis. In this review, we examine the three Asian schistosomes and their current status in their endemic countries: Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Myanmar, and Thailand (S. mekongi); Malaysia (S. malayensis); and Indonesia, People’s Republic of China, and the Philippines (S. japonicum). Prospects for control that could potentially lead to elimination are highlighted as these can inform researchers and disease control managers in other schistosomiasis-endemic areas, particularly in Africa and the Americas.
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Rusjdi, Selfi Renita. "SCHISTOSOMIASIS, Hubungan Respon Imun dan Perubahan Patologi." Majalah Kedokteran Andalas 35, no. 2 (August 29, 2011): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22338/mka.v35.i2.p81-90.2011.
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AbstrakSchistosomiasis merupakan suatu penyakit tropik yang disebabkan oleh cacing genus Schistosoma. Spesies yang dapat menginfeksi manusia antara lain Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi, Schistosoma haematobium dan Schistosoma intercalatum. Penyakit ini telah menyerang 200 juta orang penduduk di negara berkembang. Penularan pada manusia terjadi dengan cara serkaria menembus kulit sewaktu kontak dengan air yang mengandung serkaria.Respon imun pada penderita schistosomiasis terhadap antigen cacing dan telurnya mempengaruhi perjalanan penyakit dan klinis yang ditimbulkan. Status imunitas menentukan perubahan patologi yang akan terjadi seperti pembentukan granuloma, gangguan terhadap organ atau bahkan melindungi penderita terhadap kejadian infeksi berat. Pada keadaan tertentu cacing schistosoma dapat bertahan selama bertahun – tahun meskipun hospes mempunyai respon imun yang kuat.Gejala schistosomiasis akut dapat berupa demam, malaise, mialgia, batuk, sakit kepala dan nyeri abdomen yang dikenal dengan sindroma Katayama. Gejala akut ini sering muncul pada orang yang mengalami infeksi pertama kali. Pada keadaan kronik, schistosomiasis dapat menimbulkan kerusakan organ berupa fibrosis, striktur dan kalsifikasi.Kata Kunci : schistosimiasis, sindroma Katayama, fibrosis, granulomaAbstractSchistosomiasis is a tropical disease which is caused by helminth of genus schistosoma.Species of schistosoma which can infect human are Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mekongi, Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma intercalatum. Schistosoma has infected 200 million people in developing countries. It is transmitted to human when the free living cercariae penetrate the skin in contaminated water.Immune response to somatic and egg antigen determine natural history of disease and clinical symptom. Immunity is responsible for pathological changes which formed granuloma, organ disfunction and even able to protect the body from heavy infection. In certain case, schistosomiasis can persist for years in host with strong immunity.TINJAUAN PUSTAKA82Symptoms of acute schistosomiasis also called Katayama syndrome are fever, malaise, myalgia, cough, headache and abdominal pain. The acute symptome frequently occur in first schistosomal infection. In chronic case, it can cause organ damage such fibrosis, stricture and calsification.Key word: schistosimiasis, sindroma Katayama, fibrosis, granuloma
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Argaet, V. P., and G. F. Mitchell. "Cyclophilin of Schistosoma japonicum." Journal of Parasitology 78, no. 4 (August 1992): 660. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3283541.
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Wang, Enru, Zhengyuan Zhao, Changhong Miao, and Zhongcai Wu. "A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, China." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 30, no. 6 (September 2018): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539518800365.
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Based on annual parasitological data recently collected at county and village levels, this article presents a multiscale spatiotemporal analysis of transmission risk of schistosomiasis japonica in Hunan Province during 2001 to 2015 in a geographic information system environment. The study shows that the incidence and prevalence rate of human Schistosoma japonicum infection in Hunan Province decreased after 2001. A spatial autocorrelation analysis reveals the existence of spatial clusters of human Schistosoma japonicum infection and a growing tendency of spatial clustering over time. The identification of high-risk areas (hot spots) helps find areas of priority for future implementation of control strategies. The research demonstrates the importance of spatial scale in public health studies.
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Ruppel, Andreas, Katerina Chlichlia, and Mahmoud Bahgat. "Invasion by schistosome cercariae: neglected aspects in Schistosoma japonicum." Trends in Parasitology 20, no. 9 (September 2004): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2004.06.006.
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Matsushita, Shu, Shinichi Hamamoto, Ryo Morita, Michinori Shirano, Takeshi Inoue, Tomohisa Okuma, and Takao Manabe. "A case of Schistosoma japonicum retroperitoneal pseudotumor diagnosed by cone-beam CT-guided coaxial biopsy system." Acta Radiologica Open 11, no. 9 (September 2022): 205846012211291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20584601221129153.
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We report a rare case of retroperitoneal pseudotumor caused by Schistosoma japonicum that was diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) guided percutaneous biopsy in a 15-year-old Filipino male. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass lesion, including a mesenteric artery, in the right retroperitoneal space. His mother had a history of S. japonicum infection but his initial stool examination was negative. As schistosomiasis was suspected, cone-beam CT-guided biopsy was performed to enable transcatheter therapeutic arterial embolization to be performed immediately in the event of hemorrhage. Histopathological examination revealed schistosomal eggs. Cone-beam CT-guided technique with a coaxial biopsy system is a safe and accurate diagnostic procedure for S. japonicum retroperitoneal pseudotumor.
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Agrawal, M. C., and V. G. Rao. "Indian Schistosomes: A Need for Further Investigations." Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/250868.
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India is uniquely positioned with regard to schistosomes and schistosomiasis—discovering seven new mammalian species with the existence of three more schistosome species:Orientobilharzia turkestanicum, O. harinasutai, and Schistosoma haematobium(?). An endemic focus of urinary schistosomiasis was reported from Gimvi village of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra with infrequent occurrence of schistosome eggs in human stools. Cercarial dermatitis has been reported to be more abundant in rural population using ponds, tanks, and so forth, for their domestic purposes. Few dermatitis cases were tested positive by CHR. Schistosome antigen was also detected in urine of five cases suggesting existence of active schistosomiasis in India. Nevertheless, human kind does not appear to be the usual host for Indian schistosomes in contrast toS. haematobium, S. mansoni,orS. japonicum. Various reasons for this phenomenon are discussed including evolution of Indian schistosomes, immune mechanisms, and environmental conditions. These and other aspects such as seasonal effect on the prevalence, snail infectivity, heterologous mating, existence of hybrids, and number of schistosomes in heterologous infections need further investigations with application of molecular techniques. Joint efforts by the national as well as international scientific community would be much more rewarding for better understanding of the parasite and the infection.
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Ruppel, A., Y. E. Shi, and N. A. Moloney. "Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum: comparison of levels of ultraviolet irradiation for vaccination of mice with cercariae." Parasitology 101, no. 1 (August 1990): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000079701.
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SUMMARYWhen cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and of S. japonicum were irradiated with various levels of u.v. light at 254 nm, their development to perfusable worms was reduced to below 1% at about 200 μW min cm−2. Cercariae attenuated with about 300 μW min cm−2 induced partial resistance against an homologous challenge infection in mice. No differences were observed between the two schistosome species when the same treatment was given to the cercariae. Thus the same u.v. dose can confer immunizing ability to cercariae of both S. mansoni and S. japonicum.
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CHENG, GUOFENG, and YOUXIN JIN. "MicroRNAs: Potentially important regulators for schistosome development and therapeutic targets against schistosomiasis." Parasitology 139, no. 5 (February 6, 2012): 669–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001855.
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SUMMARYMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally by targeting the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of messenger RNAs. Since the discovery of the first miRNA in Caenorhabditis elegans, important regulatory roles for miRNAs in many key biological processes including development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis of many organisms have been described. Hundreds of miRNAs have been identified in various multicellular organisms and many are evolutionarily conserved. Schistosomes are multi-cellular eukaryotes with a complex life-cycle that require genes to be expressed and regulated precisely. Recently, miRNAs have been identified in two major schistosome species, Schistosoma japonicum and S. mansoni. These miRNAs are likely to play critical roles in schistosome development and gene regulation. Here, we review recent studies on schistosome miRNAs and discuss the potential roles of miRNAs in schistosome development and gene regulation. We also summarize the current status for targeting miRNAs and the potential of this approach for therapy against schistosomiasis.
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Gobert, Geoffrey N., Donald P. McManus, Geoff McMullan, Christopher J. Creevey, Jack Carson, Malcolm K. Jones, Sujeevi S. K. Nawaratna, Kosala G. Weerakoon, and Hong You. "Adult schistosomes have an epithelial bacterial population distinct from the surrounding mammalian host blood." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 27, 2022): e0263188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263188.
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Background Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical parasitic and chronic disease affecting hundreds of millions of people. Adult schistosomes reside in the blood stream of the definitive mammalian host. These helminth parasites possess two epithelial surfaces, the tegument and the gastrodermis, both of which interact with the host during immune evasion and in nutrient uptake. Methods Female ARC Swiss mice (4–6 weeks old) were infected percutaneously with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae freshly shed from Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi snails (Philippines strain). Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) was performed by using fresh adult S. japonicum perfused from those infected mice. Adult S. japonicum worms were processed to isolate the tegument from the carcass containing the gastrodermis; blood and bile were collected individually from infected and uninfected mice. Total DNA extracted from all those samples were used for microbiome profiling. Results FISH and microbiome profiling showed the presence of bacterial populations on two epithelial surfaces of adult worms, suggesting they were distinct not only from the host blood but also from each other. Whereas microbial diversity was reduced overall in the parasite epithelial tissues when compared with that of host blood, specific bacterial taxa, including Anoxybacillus and Escherichia, were elevated on the tegument. Minimal differences were evident in the microbiome of host blood during an active infection, compared with that of control uninfected blood. However, sampling of bile from infected animals identified some differences compared with controls, including elevated levels of Limnohabitans, Clostridium and Curvibacter. Conclusions Using FISH and microbial profiling, we were able to demonstrate, for the first time, that bacteria are presented on the epithelial surfaces of adult schistosomes. These schistosome surface-associated bacteria, which are distinct from the host blood microenvironment, should be considered as a new and important component of the host-schistosome interaction. The importance of individual bacterial species in relation to schistosome parasitism needs further elucidation.
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Cao, Xiaodan, Zhiqiang Fu, Min Zhang, Yanhui Han, Qian Han, Ke Lu, Hao Li, Chuangang Zhu, Yang Hong, and Jiaojiao Lin. "Excretory/secretory proteome of 14-day schistosomula, Schistosoma japonicum." Journal of Proteomics 130 (January 2016): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2015.10.001.
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Jiz, Mario, Hai-Wei Wu, Rui Meng, Sunthorn Pond-Tor, Mindy Reynolds, Jennifer F. Friedman, Remigio Olveda, Luz Acosta, and Jonathan D. Kurtis. "Pilot-Scale Production and Characterization of Paramyosin, a Vaccine Candidate for Schistosomiasis Japonica." Infection and Immunity 76, no. 7 (April 21, 2008): 3164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00409-08.
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ABSTRACT Despite effective chemotherapy, schistosomiasis remains a major public health problem in the developing world, with at least 200 million active infections resulting in significant morbidity. Rapid reinfection after treatment, accompanied by extensive residual morbidity, mandates alternative control strategies, including vaccine development. Paramyosin, a myofibrillar protein found only in invertebrates, has been widely studied as a vaccine candidate for both Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum. Recently, we demonstrated that Th2-biased immune responses to paramyosin are associated with resistance to reinfection with S. japonicum in humans; however, challenges in the pilot-scale production of schistosome paramyosin have hampered further studies of this promising vaccine candidate. Here we report a method for the pilot-scale expression and purification of recombinant S. japonicum paramyosin (rSj97). rSj97 was extracted from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies and purified with sequential anion-exchange, hydroxyapatite, and size exclusion chromatography. The purified rSj97 was >95% pure as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis and was free of significant endotoxin contamination. We demonstrate that, like native paramyosin, rSj97 adopts an alpha-helical coiled-coil tertiary structure and binds immunoglobulin and collagen. Naïve mice infected with S. japonicum produce anti-rSj97 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies as early as 4 weeks postinfection, while sera collected from S. japonicum-infected individuals contain anti-rSj97 IgE antibodies. Our method for pilot-scale production of recombinant full-length paramyosin will facilitate preclinical evaluation of paramyosin as a vaccine for schistosomiasis.
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Ohta, N., T. Edahiro, N. Tohgi, A. Ishii, M. Minai, and Y. Hosaka. "Generation and functional characterization of T cell lines and clones specific for Schistosoma japonicum egg antigen in humans." Journal of Immunology 141, no. 7 (October 1, 1988): 2445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.141.7.2445.
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Abstract T cell lines specific for Schistosoma japonicum egg Ag were established in vitro from patients with chronic schistosomiasis japonica, and investigated their possible immunopathologic roles by testing lymphokines production and in vitro granuloma formation assay. All lines tested had surface phenotypes of CD3+ CD4+ CD8-, and showed S. japonicum soluble egg Ag (SEA)-specific proliferation requiring HLA-DR-restricted Ag presentation. Of these fractions of SEA separated by gel filtration, Fraction II (m.w. 7,000 to 18,000) and III (m.w. 7,000) induced strong proliferation of T cell lines, whereas fraction I (m.w. 18,000+) failed to induce detectable proliferation to any T cell lines tested. One of the T cell lines was cloned by micromanipulation: two of eight clones responded only to fraction II, and six to both fractions II and III. We observed that four of eight clones tested produced IL-2 in response to SEA, and three of them were able to transfer S. japonicum egg-specific granulomatous hypersensitivity in vitro to an HLA haplo-identical individual without previous schistosome infection. These immunopathologic functions of T cell clones seemed to be activated by at least two distinct epitopes of SEA. Our present observations suggest that at least two distinct CD4+ human T cells, both of which recognize epitopes expressed on SEA molecules of less than 18 kDa, might have critical roles in granulomatous hypersensitivity to eggs of S. japonicum in humans.
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Kassa, Biruk, Michael H. Lee, Rahul Kumar, Claudia Mickael, Linda Sanders, Rubin M. Tuder, Margaret Mentink-Kane, and Brian B. Graham. "Experimental Schistosoma japonicum-induced pulmonary hypertension." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 4 (April 13, 2022): e0010343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010343.
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Background Schistosomiasis, a major cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) worldwide, is most clearly described complicating infection by one species, Schistosoma mansoni. Controlled exposure of mice can be used to induce Type 2 inflammation-dependent S. mansoni pulmonary hypertension (PH). We sought to determine if another common species, S. japonicum, can also cause experimental PH. Methods Schistosome eggs were obtained from infected mice, and administered by intraperitoneal sensitization followed by intravenous challenge to experimental mice, which underwent right heart catheterization and tissue analysis. Results S. japonicum sensitized and challenged mice developed PH, which was milder than that following S. mansoni sensitization and challenge. The degree of pulmonary vascular remodeling and Type 2 inflammation in the lungs was similarly proportionate. Cross-sensitization revealed that antigens from either species are sufficient to sensitize for intravenous challenge with either egg, and the degree of PH severity depended on primarily the species used for intravenous challenge. Compared to a relatively uniform distribution of S. mansoni eggs, S. japonicum eggs were observed in clusters in the lungs. Conclusions S. japonicum can induce experimental PH, which is milder than that resulting from comparable S. mansoni exposure. This difference may result from the distribution of eggs in the lungs, and is independent of which species is used for sensitization. This result is consistent with the clearer association between S. mansoni infection and the development of schistosomiasis-associated PAH in humans.
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SHIMADA, M., M. KIRINOKI, K. SHIMIZU, N. KATO-HAYASHI, Y. CHIGUSA, V. KITIKOON, P. PONGSASAKULCHOTI, and H. MATSUDA. "Characteristics of granuloma formation and liver fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis mekongi: a morphological comparison between Schistosoma mekongi and S. japonicum infection." Parasitology 137, no. 12 (June 21, 2010): 1781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010000806.
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SUMMARYA histopathological study was performed to clarify the characteristics of granuloma formation and liver fibrosis in Schistosoma mekongi infection in comparison with S. japonicum infection. Mice were exposed to S. mekongi (Laotian strain) and S. japonicum (Japanese strain) cercariae, and were dissected at 6, 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks post-exposure. In the liver, granulomas in S. mekongi infection were cellular, initially organized with foam cells, and continuously appeared in the intralobular area, while granulomas in S. japonicum infection were fibrous and did not continuously appear in the intralobular area. Portal fibrosis was not seen in S. mekongi infection, but was commonly seen in S. japonicum infection in the later weeks. Granulomas in the small intestine were seen mainly in the submucosa with foam cells in S. mekongi infection and without foam cells in S. japonicum infection. The lung granulomas contained mainly histiocytes in both S. mekongi and S. japonicum infection. The absence of portal fibrosis in S. mekongi infection allows schistosome eggs to infiltrate into the intralobular area continuously, which can be what lies behind the ultrasonographic differences; the echogenic network pattern as was seen in S. japonicum infection, has not been noted in S. mekongi infection.
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Yasri, Sora, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Schistosoma Japonicum and Colon Polyps." American Journal of Medicine 131, no. 4 (April 2018): e163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.020.
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VAN HERWERDEN, L., D. BLAIR, and T. AGATSUMA. "Intra- and inter-specific variation in nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 of the Schistosoma japonicum species complex." Parasitology 116, no. 4 (April 1998): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118209800242x.
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The first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat was sequenced for members of the Schistosoma japonicum species complex (S. malayensis, S. mekongi and 2 geographical isolates of S. japonicum). The ITS1 is composed of 3 distinct regions: the 5′ end (23 nucleotides); a tract of approximately 90–140 nucleotides, which occurs up to 7 times in tandem, the number varying even within an individual in all species investigated in this study; the 3′ region (378 nucleotides), which lacks repeats. There is size and sequence variation among copies of the ITS1 repeat within a single individual. The relative abundances of size variants of ITS1 in S. japonicum have been ascertained by hybridizing genomic digests with an ITS1 probe. Multiple repeats and intra-individual variation in numbers and abundance of these is a feature of the Asian schistosomes, but not generally of African schistosomes. Possible reasons for this difference in ITS1 between African and Asian schistosomes are discussed. The ITS1 repeat sequences described for African schistosomes are different to, and cannot be aligned with, those from the Asian species described here, whereas the remainder of the ITS1 can be aligned quite easily.
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Loukas, Alex, Malcolm K. Jones, Lynette T. King, Paul J. Brindley, and Donald P. McManus. "Receptor for Fc on the Surfaces of Schistosomes." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 3646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.6.3646-3651.2001.
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ABSTRACT Schistosoma mansoni masks its surface with adsorbed host proteins including erythrocyte antigens, immunoglobulins, major histocompatibility complex class I, and β2-microglobulin (β2m), presumably as a means of avoiding host immune responses. How this is accomplished has not been explained. To identify surface receptors for host proteins, we biotinylated the tegument of live S. mansoni adults and mechanically transformed schistosomula and then removed the parasite surface with detergent. Incubation of biotinylated schistosome surface extracts with human immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc-Sepharose resulted in purification of a 97-kDa protein that was subsequently identified as paramyosin (Pmy), using antiserum specific for recombinant Pmy. Fc also bound recombinantS. mansoni Pmy and native S. japonicum Pmy. Antiserum to Pmy decreased the binding of Pmy to Fc-Sepharose, and no proteins bound after removal of Pmy from extracts. Fluoresceinated human Fc bound to the surface, vestigial penetration glands, and nascent oral cavity of mechanically transformed schistosomula, and rabbit anti-Pmy Fab fragments ablated the binding of Fc to the schistosome surface. Pmy coprecipitated with host IgG from parasite surface extracts, indicating that complexes formed on the parasite surface as well as in vitro. Binding of Pmy to Fc was not inhibited by soluble protein A, suggesting that Pmy does not bind to the region between the CH2 and CH3 domains used by many other Fc-binding proteins. β2m did not bind to the schistosome Fc receptor (Pmy), a finding that contradicts reports from earlier workers but did bind to a heteromultimer of labeled schistosomula surface proteins. This is the first report of the molecular identity of a schistosome Fc receptor; moreover it demonstrates an additional aspect of the unusual and multifunctional properties of Pmy from schistosomes and other parasitic flatworms.
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Iwamura, Y., H. Yonekawa, and Y. Irie. "Detection of host DNA sequences including the H-2 locus of the major histocompatibility complex in schistosomes." Parasitology 110, no. 2 (February 1995): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000063927.
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SUMMARYThe mouse type 2 Alu (B2) sequence was detected in both DNAs of Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum except for the cercarial stage by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using several kinds of mouse STMS (sequence tagged microsatellite site) primer sets, PCR products related to the host were found in the DNAs of S. mansoni as well as of S. japonicum. Products could be detected only in the DNA of S. japonicum using certain STMS primer sets. The fact that no products could be amplified from the DNAs of both parasites when other kinds of STMS primer sets were used suggests unequal incorporation of the host DNA into the schistosomes. Furthermore, the sequence of the N-terminal domain of H-2, the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC), was detected in the DNAs from S. mansoni miracidium, male adult and S. japonicum adults, whereas the sequence of the C2 domain of H-2 was found only in the DNAs of S. japonicum adults. This evidence that host DNA sequences, including the class I MHC, exist heterogeneously in the DNAs of schistosomes might provide an important insight for further understanding of host-parasite immune interactions.
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JACINTO, DANIELE S., HELOISA DOS SANTOS MUNIZ, THIAGO M. VENANCIO, R. ALAN WILSON, SERGIO VERJOVSKI-ALMEIDA, and RICARDO DEMARCO. "Curupira-1 and Curupira-2, two novel Mutator-like DNA transposons from the genomes of human parasites Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum." Parasitology 138, no. 9 (July 15, 2011): 1124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011000886.
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SUMMARYTransposons of the Mutator superfamily have been widely described in plants, but only recently have metazoan organisms been shown to harbour them. In this work we describe novel Mutator superfamily transposons from the genomes of the human parasites Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum, which we name Curupira-1 and Curupira-2. Curupira elements do not have Terminal Inverted Repeats (TIRs) at their extremities and generate Target Site Duplications (TSDs) of 9 base pairs. Curupira-2 transposons code for a conserved transposase and SWIM zinc finger domains, while Curupira-1 elements comprise these same domains plus a WRKY zinc finger. Alignment of transcript sequences from both elements back to the genomes indicates that they are subject to splicing to produce mature transcripts. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that these transposons represent a new lineage of metazoan Mutator-like elements with characteristics that are distinct from the recently described Phantom elements. Description of these novel schistosome transposons provides new insights in the evolution of transposable elements in schistosomes.
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DALTON, J. P., S. R. DAY, A. C. DREW, and P. J. BRINDLEY. "A method for the isolation of schistosome eggs and miracidia free of contaminating host tissues." Parasitology 115, no. 1 (July 1997): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182097001091.
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A novel method for the isolation of schistosome eggs and miracidia from livers of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum or S. mansoni is described. The method employed collagenase B to degrade the interstitial matrix of mouse liver tissue, after which the schistosome eggs were separated from the liver cells by 2 single-step density centrifugations through Percoll. Using this procedure sufficient quantities of miracidia were obtained to generate a cDNA library. Southern blot analysis demonstrated that miracidia isolated by this method were free from contaminating host DNA.
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Rivadeneira, Daniela Jaqueline, and Hesheng Luo. "Jejunal Ulcer Caused by Schistosoma japonicum." Case Reports in Gastrointestinal Medicine 2019 (March 31, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8356438.
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Intestinal schistosomiasis can be caused by the trematodes Schistosoma japonicum that mainly exists in East Asia or the S. mansoni in Africa and South America. The adult worms of S. japonicum live in the mesenteric veins and excrete eggs that circulate to the liver and colon; the eggs migrate through the intestinal wall and pass out with the stool. Here, we report a case of jejunal ulcer caused by the infection of Schistosoma japonicum. A 63-year-old woman from Wuhan, China, was admitted with left quadrant abdominal pain and weight loss for more than 6 months. The patient’s computerized tomography reported cirrhotic liver changes, jejunal wall edema, and narrowed lumen; the upper enteroscopy corroborated these findings with the presence of several jejunal ulcers and edema. The pathology report showed chronic inflammation with ulcerative changes and S. japonicum eggs deposition. Schistosomiasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases that affect the poorest. Although a great improvement has been made to control it, there is a lot of work that remains to be fulfilled.
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Su, Zhiming, Xuyang Tian, Huanjun Li, Zhiming Wei, Lifan Chen, Songqing Wang, Haixia Ren, et al. "Structural and functional insights into macrophage migration inhibitory factor from Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum." Biochemical Journal 477, no. 12 (June 22, 2020): 2133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20200068.
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Oncomelania hupensis is the unique intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum. As an irreplaceable prerequisite in the transmission and prevalence of schistosomiasis japonica, an in-depth study of this obligate host–parasite interaction can provide glimpse into the molecular events in the competition between schistosome infectivity and snail immune resistance. In previous studies, we identified a macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) from O. hupensis (OhMIF), and showed that it was involved in the snail host immune response to the parasite S. japonicum. Here, we determined the crystal structure of OhMIF and revealed that there were distinct structural differences between the mammalian and O. hupensis MIFs. Noticeably, there was a projecting and structured C-terminus in OhMIF, which not only regulated the MIF's thermostability but was also critical in the activation of its tautomerase activity. Comparative studies between OhMIF and human MIF (hMIF) by analyzing the tautomerase activity, oxidoreductase activity, thermostability, interaction with the receptor CD74 and activation of the ERK signaling pathway demonstrated the functional differences between hMIF and OhMIF. Our data shed a species-specific light on structural, functional, and immunological characteristics of OhMIF and enrich the knowledge on the MIF family.
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Irie, Yuji, Seiichi Maeda, and Kazuo Yasuraoka. "Schistosoma japonicum: In vitro killing of schistosomula by mouse neutrophils." Zeitschrift f�r Parasitenkunde Parasitology Research 71, no. 6 (1985): 821–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00926807.
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Charles Umoke, Ifeanyi, Olabode Oluwole, Nnenna Henrietta Umoke, and Stephe E. Garba. "Mucinous Rectal Adenocarcinoma in a Background of Chronic Schistosomiasis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Journal of Surgical Case Reports and Images 2, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1897/006.
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Reports have revealed the existence of colonic cancer with chronic bowel schistosomiasis. The specie most frequently involved is Schistosoma japonicum. Few cases have, however, shown Schistosoma mansoni as the involved specie. There seems to be an association between rectal cancer and Schistosoma mansoni infestation. Despite earlier studies that refuted any association between schistosomiasis and colonic cancer, more reports are lending credence to the claim that chronic colonic schistosomiasis, especially with S. Japonicum, may induce colonic cancer and the case with are reporting also point to the fact that S. Mansoni may also be implicated. We report a case of a 35-year-old man with a rectal cancer (pT3N0M0) associated with Schistosoma mansoni. He presented with intestinal obstruction and operation revealed a cirrhotic liver with hepatic schistosomiasis.
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Umoke, Ifeanyi. "Mucinous Rectal Adenocarcinoma in a Background of Chronic Schistosomiasis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature." Journal of Surgical Case Reports and Images 1, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/jscr/2019/002.
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Reports have revealed the existence of colonic cancer with chronic bowel schistosomiasis. The specie most frequently involved is Schistosoma japonicum. Few cases have, however, shown Schistosoma mansoni as the involved specie. There seems to be an association between rectal cancer and Schistosoma mansoni infestation. Despite earlier studies that refuted any association between schistosomiasis and colonic cancer, more reports are lending credence to the claim that chronic colonic schistosomiasis, especially with S. Japonicum, may induce colonic cancer and the case with are reporting also point to the fact that S. Mansoni may also be implicated. We report a case of a 35-year-old man with a rectal cancer (pT3N0M0) associated with Schistosoma mansoni. He presented with intestinal obstruction and operation revealed a cirrhotic liver with hepatic schistosomiasis.
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Hariyanto, M. Edy. "Pemanfaatan Air Sungai dan Infeksi Schistosoma Japonicum di Napu Poso Sulawesi Tengah Tahun 2006." Kesmas: National Public Health Journal 1, no. 5 (April 1, 2007): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v1i5.294.
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Penyakit schistosomiasis menempati rengking ke dua setelah malaria sebagai masalah sosial ekonomi dan kesehatan masyarakat di daerah tropis dan sub tropis. Prevalensi Schistosomiasis di Napu pada tahun 2004 (1,71%) masih tinggi dan cenderung meningkat. Hal tersebut didiukung oleh infection rate pada keong sebagai host intermediet yang tinggi (16.3%) yang menunjukkan bahwa penularan masih terus terjadi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan pemanfaatan air sungai/ parit dengan infeksi Schistosoma japonicum di Napu Poso Sulawesi Tengah. Penelitian dengan disain studi kasus kontrol ini menggunakan sumber data sekunder hasil survey tinja dan pengamatan dengan metode Katto Katz di Napu tahun 2006. Kasus adalah responden dengan tinja yang mengandung telur cacing Schistosoma menurut, sedangkan control adalah responden dengan tinja yang tidak ditemukan telur cacing Schistosoma. Metoda analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik ganda dengan ukuran asosiasi Odd Rasio dan uji Kai Kuadrat. Penelitian ini menemukan Hubungan antara perilaku pemanfaatan air sungai/parit dengan infeksi Schistosoma japonicum setelah disesuaikan terhadap perancu yaitu penggunaan sepatu boot dan pemanfaatan jamban OR=2,31 (95%CI : 1,22-4,36).Kata kunci: Perilaku, air sungai, schistosomiasisAbstractSchistosomiasis occupies second rank after malaria as soacial-economic and public health problem in tropical and sub-tropical areas. In 2004, Schistosomiasis prevalence in Napu is considered high at 1.71% and tends to increase. This is supported by high infection rate at snail as intermediate host (16.3%). In general, one who infected by Schistosoma is those with habit related to the use of river water. The objective of this research is to know the relationship between risk factor of the use of river water/ditch with infection of Schistosoma japonicum in Napu, Poso, Central Sulawesi province. The source of data used in this study is survey of Schistosoma using Katto Katz method in Napu in the year 2006. Cases are respondents whose faeces contained Schistosoma egg while controls are those whose faeces did not contain Schistosoma egg. The result shows positive correlation between behavior of using river water/ditch with infection of Schistosoma japonicum after confounder control with OR=2,31 (95%CI : 1,22-4,36).Key words: Behavior, river water, and schistosomiasis.
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Lv, Chao, Wangping Deng, Liping Wang, Zhiqiang Qin, Xiaonong Zhou, and Jing Xu. "Molecular Techniques as Alternatives of Diagnostic Tools in China as Schistosomiasis Moving towards Elimination." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030287.
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Schistosomiasis japonica caused by the trematode flukes of Schistosoma japonicum was one of the most grievous infectious diseases in China in the mid-20th century, while its elimination has been placed on the agenda of the national strategic plan of healthy China 2030 after 70 years of continuous control campaigns. Diagnostic tools play a pivotal role in warfare against schistosomiasis but must adapt to the endemic status and objectives of activities. With the decrease of prevalence and infection intensity of schistosomiasis in human beings and livestock, optimal methodologies with high sensitivity and absolute specificity are needed for the detection of asymptomatic cases or light infections, as well as disease surveillance to verify elimination. In comparison with the parasitological methods with relatively low sensitivity and serological techniques lacking specificity, which both had been widely used in previous control stages, the molecular detection methods based on the amplification of promising genes of the schistosome genome may pick up the baton to assist the eventual aim of elimination. In this article, we reviewed the developed molecular methods for detecting S. japonicum infection and their application in schistosomiasis japonica diagnosis. Concurrently, we also analyzed the chances and challenges of molecular tools to the field application process in China.
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Liang, Le, Yujuan Shen, Yuan Hu, Haipeng Liu, and Jianping Cao. "cGAS exacerbates Schistosoma japonicum infection in a STING-type I IFN-dependent and independent manner." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): e1010233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010233.
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Schistosomiasis, which is caused by infection with Schistosoma spp., is characterized by granuloma and fibrosis in response to egg deposition. Pattern recognition receptors are important to sense invading Schistosoma, triggering an innate immune response, and subsequently shaping adaptive immunity. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) was identified as a major cytosolic DNA sensor, which catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a critical second messenger for the activation of the adaptor protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING). The engagement of STING by cGAMP leads to the activation of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and the subsequent type I interferon (IFN) response. cGAS is suggested to regulate infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. However, the function of cGAS in helminth infection is unclear. In this study, we found that Cgas deficiency enhanced the survival of mice infected with S. japonicum markedly, without affecting the egg load in the liver. Consistently, Cgas deletion alleviated liver pathological impairment, reduced egg granuloma formation, and decreased fibrosis severity. In contrast, Sting deletion reduced the formation of egg granulomas markedly, but not liver fibrosis. Notably, Cgas or Sting deficiency reduced the production of IFNβ drastically in mice infected with S. japonicum. Intriguingly, intravenous administration of recombinant IFNβ exacerbated liver damage and promoted egg granuloma formation, without affecting liver fibrosis. Clodronate liposome-mediated depletion of macrophages indicated that macrophages are the major type of cells contributing to the induction of the type I IFN response during schistosome infection. Moreover, cGAS is important for type I IFN production and phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 in response to stimulation with S. japonicum egg- or adult worm-derived DNA in macrophages. Our results clarified the immunomodulatory effect of cGAS in the regulation of liver granuloma formation during S. japonicum infection, involving sensing schistosome-derived DNA and producing type I IFN. Additionally, we showed that cGAS regulates liver fibrosis in a STING-type I–IFN-independent manner.
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Deng, Wangping, Shenglin Wang, Liping Wang, Chao Lv, Yinlong Li, Ting Feng, Zhiqiang Qin, and Jing Xu. "Laboratory Evaluation of a Basic Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) Assay for Early Detection of Schistosoma japonicum." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030319.
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Early detection of Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) within its intermediate and definitive hosts is crucial for case finding and disease surveillance, especially in low-endemic areas. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has many advantages over traditional methods of DNA-amplification, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including high sensitivity and specificity whilst being deployable in resource-poor schistosomiasis-endemic areas. Here, we evaluated the performance of a basic RPA assay targeting the 28srDNA gene fragment of S. japonicum (Sj28srDNA) using schistosome-infected Oncomelania hupensis (O. hupensis) and mouse models, compared to the traditional pathological method and a PCR assay. Overall S. japonicum infection prevalence within O. hupensis hosts by microscopic dissection, PCR and RPA was 9.29% (13/140), 32.14% (45/140) and 51.43% (72/140), respectively, presenting significant differences statistically (χ2 = 58.31, p < 0.001). It was noteworthy that infection prevalence by PCR and RPA performed was 34.44% (31/90) and 53.33% (48/90) in snails within 6 weeks post-infection, while the dissection method detected all samples as negatives. In addition, the basic RPA assay presented positive results from the fourth week post-infection and third day post-infection when detecting fecal DNA and serum DNA, respectively, which were extracted from a pooled sample from mice infected with 20 S. japonicum cercariae. This study suggests that the RPA assay has high potential for early detection of S. japonicum infection within its intermediate and definitive hosts.
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Budiono, Novericko Ginger, Sri Murtini, Fadjar Satrija, Yusuf Ridwan, and Ekowati Handharyani. "Humoral responses to Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigens in domestic animals in Lindu Subdistrict, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia." July-December 6, no. 2 (2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/ijoh.2020.99-108.
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Background and Aim: Schistosomiasis japonica, a disease caused by Schistosoma japonicum, is a public health problem in the Philippines, the Republic of Indonesia, and the People's Republic of China. The disease is known as zoonotic, meaning other than humans, animals are involved as the reservoirs. In Indonesia, schistosomiasis surveillance in animals is not continuous. Thus, the study to determine the prevalence of the disease in animals is needed. The study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of S. japonicum infection among four species of domestic animals in the Lindu Sub-district, Central Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Blood samples of domestic animals were collected and analyzed for the presence of anti-S. japonicum immunoglobulin G antibodies against S. japonicum soluble egg antigens using the indirect hemagglutination assay. Animal stool samples were collected, and the miracidia-hatching assay was used for the detection of S. japonicum infection. Additional data concerning the animal identity and the management practices were obtained through a questionnaire used in surveys and interviews. Results: A total of 146 sera from 13 cattle, 24 buffaloes, 54 pigs, and 55 dogs were collected. The overall schistosomiasis seroprevalence was 64.4%. The serology prevalence in cattle, buffalo, pig, and dog was 100.0%, 41.7%, 74.1%, and 56.4%, respectively. Domestic animals in all of five villages have previous exposure with S. japonicum as seropositive animals detected in every village. A total of 104 animal stool samples from 146 animals sampled were obtained. The overall schistosomiasis prevalence determined by the miracidia hatching assay was 16.35%. The sensitivity and specificity of indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) in the current study were 88.24% and 41.37%, respectively, with miracidia hatching assay as the gold-standard method. Conclusion: This study has shown a high seroprevalence of schistosomiasis japonica among domestic animals in the Lindu Subdistrict. IHA can be used as the screening method for the detection of S. japonicum infection in domestic animals. Chemotherapy and animal livestock grazing management programs to reduce the parasite burden and Schistosoma egg contamination in the environment must be implemented as part of one health approaches, in addition to other control measures.
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Ferbeyre, Gerardo, James M. Smith, and Robert Cedergren. "Schistosome Satellite DNA Encodes Active Hammerhead Ribozymes." Molecular and Cellular Biology 18, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 3880–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.18.7.3880.
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ABSTRACT Using a computer program designed to search for RNA structural motifs in sequence databases, we have found a hammerhead ribozyme domain encoded in the Smα repetitive DNA of Schistosoma mansoni. Transcripts of these repeats are expressed as long multimeric precursor RNAs that cleave in vitro and in vivo into unit-length fragments. This RNA domain is able to engage in bothcis and trans cleavage typical of the hammerhead ribozyme. Further computer analysis of S. mansoni DNA identified a potential trans cleavage site in the gene coding for a synaptobrevin-like protein, and RNA transcribed from this gene was efficiently cleaved by the Smα ribozyme in vitro. Similar families of repeats containing the hammerhead domain were found in the closely related Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosomatium douthitti species but were not present in Schistosoma japonicum orHeterobilharzia americana, suggesting that the hammerhead domain was not acquired from a common schistosome ancestor.
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Cai, Pengfei, Yi Mu, Remigio M. Olveda, Allen G. Ross, David U. Olveda, and Donald P. McManus. "Serum Exosomal miRNAs for Grading Hepatic Fibrosis Due to Schistosomiasis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 18, 2020): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103560.
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Chronic infection with Schistosoma japonicum or Schistosoma mansoni results in hepatic fibrosis of the human host. The staging of fibrosis is crucial for prognosis and to determine the need for treatment of patients with schistosomiasis. This study aimed to determine whether there is a correlation between the levels of serum exosomal micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) (exomiRs) and fibrosis progression in schistosomiasis. Reference gene (RG) validation was initially carried out for the analysis of serum exomiRs expression in staging liver fibrosis caused by schistosome infection. The expression levels of liver fibrosis-associated exomiRs in serum were determined in a murine schistosomiasis model and in a cohort of Filipino schistosomiasis japonica patients (n = 104) with different liver fibrosis grades. Of twelve RG candidates validated, miR-103a-3p and miR-425-5p were determined to be the most stable genes in the murine schistosomiasis model and subjects from the schistosomiasis-endemic area, respectively. The temporal expression profiles of nine fibrosis-associated serum exomiRs, as well as their correlations with the liver pathologies, were determined in C57BL/6 mice during S. japonicum infection. The serum levels of three exomiRs (miR-92a-3p, miR-146a-5p and miR-532-5p) were able to distinguish subjects with fibrosis grades I-III from those with no fibrosis, but only the serum level of exosomal miR-146a-5p showed potential for distinguishing patients with mild (grades 0–I) versus severe fibrosis (grades II–III). The current data imply that serum exomiRs can be a supplementary tool for grading liver fibrosis in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with moderate accuracy.
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VERITY, C. K., A. LOUKAS, D. P. McMANUS, and P. J. BRINDLEY. "Schistosoma japonicum cathepsin D aspartic protease cleaves human IgG and other serum components." Parasitology 122, no. 4 (April 2001): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001007521.
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Recombinant cathepsin D aspartic protease of Schistosoma japonicum cleaved human IgG in vitro in a time and dose-dependent manner. Optimal cleavage was seen at pH 3·6–4·5; modest cleavage remained at pH 5·0, and no cleavage was detected above pH 5·0. Amino terminal sequencing of the major cleavage fragments of human IgG identified a Fab fragment from the VH1 domain, and 2 cleavage sites in the CH2 domain below the hinge region. The P1 and P1′ residues at the 2 CH2 cleavage sites were Phe254–Leu255 and Leu325–Thr326, indicating a preference by the schistosome protease for bulky hydrophobic residues flanking the scissile bond. No cleavage of the immunoglobulin light chain was detected. In addition, the recombinant schistosome protease indiscriminately degraded the human serum proteins complement C3 and serum albumin into numerous small fragments. These results demonstrate specific cleavage of human IgG by the recombinant schistosome aspartic protease, and highlight the broad range digestive specificity of the enzyme which may play a role in the degradation of host serum proteins ingested as part of the schistosome bloodmeal.
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Wu, Yongquan, Guanjie Zeng, Nannan Lvyue, Weihua Wu, Tianyu Jiang, Rongle Wu, Wei Guo, Xun Li, and Xiaolin Fan. "Triethylene glycol-modified iridium(iii) complexes for fluorescence imaging of Schistosoma japonicum." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 25 (2017): 4973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00662d.
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Bendixen, M., M. V. Johansen, J. Andreassen, and P. Nansen. "Schistosoma japonicum infection in pregnant mice." Journal of Helminthology 73, no. 3 (March 1999): 277–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x9900044x.
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Ten 1-week and ten 2-weeks pregnant female NMRI mice were experimentally exposed to 70 Schistosoma japonicum cercariae. Ten littermice from each group were examined for worms by perfusion 4, 6 and 8 weeks post infection. Although the mothers (n = 15) were found infected with 15.5 ± 13.4 worms at perfusion 6 and 7 weeks post infection, no worms were found in any of the examined littermice, as well as no detection of faecal or tissue eggs. Litter sizes did not differ from control groups and all littermice were healthy. The present study therefore suggests that congenital infection with S. japonicum does not occur in percutaneously infected mice and that infection of the mother during pregnancy does not seem to affect the offspring.
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Almoghrabi, Anas, Obaie Mzaik, and Bashar Attar. "Schistosoma japonicum Associated With Colorectal Cancer." ACG Case Reports Journal 8, no. 5 (May 2021): e00572. http://dx.doi.org/10.14309/crj.0000000000000572.
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Haas, Wilfried, Monika Granzer, and Edito G. Garcia. "Host Identification by Schistosoma japonicum Cercariae." Journal of Parasitology 73, no. 3 (June 1987): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3282138.
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