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Journal articles on the topic 'Schematism (Philosophy)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 March 2023

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1

Matherne, Samantha. "Kant and the Art of Schematism." Kantian Review 19, no. 2 (May 29, 2014): 181–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415414000016.

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AbstractIn theCritique of Pure Reason, Kant describes schematism as a ‘hidden art in the depths of the human soul’ (A141/B180–1). While most commentators treat this as Kant's metaphorical way of saying schematism is something too obscure to explain, I argue that we should follow up Kant's clue and treat schematism literally asKunst. By letting our interpretation of schematism be guided by Kant's theoretically exact ways of using the termKunstin theCritique of Judgmentwe gain valuable insight into the nature of schematism, as well as its connection to Kant's concerns in the thirdCritique.

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2

Voltolini, Alberto. "Consequences of schematism." Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 8, no. 1 (July 9, 2008): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11097-008-9108-0.

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3

Leavitt, Frank J. "Kant's schematism and his philosophy of geometry." Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 22, no. 4 (December 1991): 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-3681(91)90037-s.

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4

Filieri, Luigi. "Concept-less Schemata: The Reciprocity of Imagination and Understanding in Kant’s Aesthetics." Kantian Review 26, no. 4 (December 2021): 511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415421000480.

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Abstract In this paper, I discuss Kant’s concept-less schematism (KU, 5: 287) in the third Critique1 and make three claims: 1) concept-less schematism is entirely consistent with the schematism in the first Critique; 2) concept-less schematism is schematism with no empirical concept as an outcome; and 3) in accordance with 1) and 2), the imagination is free to synthesize the given manifold and leads to judgements of taste without this meaning either that the categories play no role at all or that these judgements are full-fledged cognitive determining judgements. While most commentators read the freedom of the imagination as its independence from the understanding, I argue that the freedom of the imagination is based on a non-determining employment of the pure concepts of the understanding. The freedom of the aesthetic imagination consists in the temporal schematization of the categories without any complementary determination of the empirical concept.

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Pendlebury, Michael. "Making Sense of Kant's Schematism." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 55, no. 4 (December 1995): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2108332.

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6

Alavi, Farhad. "Reading Kant’s doctrine of schematism algebraically." Philosophical Forum 51, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/phil.12261.

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7

Krijnen, Christian. "The Problem of Schematism in Kant and its Transformation in Southwest Neo-Kantianism." Kant Yearbook 12, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 81–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kantyb-2020-0004.

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AbstractThe meaning and validity of Kant’s Kant’s doctrine of schematism remains contested until today. In neo-Kantianism and post-War transcendental philosophy, Kant’s schematism of the pure concepts of understanding is transformed drastically. Kant’s thesis of heterogeneity is overcome by taking it back into the internal relationships of the structure of cognition. The spontaneity of thought, performing schematizations, is retained, but Kant’s project of conceiving of the foundations of knowledge in the fashion of a theory of apperception of the I as well as the externality of the given and the determination of the given that goes along with it is sublated by an objective order of validity-noematic constitution and regulation. Kant’s doctrine of schematism, then, shows to be methodology.

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Van Tuinen, Sjoerd. "Transparency and its Schematism." Krisis | Journal for Contemporary Philosophy 41, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/krisis.41.2.38258.

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9

Seigfried, Hans. "Professor Kisiel's Drawing of Heidegger's Schematism of Existence." Philosophy Today 30, no. 1 (1986): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtoday19863017.

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Svoboda, Toby J. "A Place for Kant's Schematism in Glauben und Wissen." Idealistic Studies 48, no. 3 (2018): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/idstudies20197296.

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In Glauben und Wissen, Hegel criticizes Kant for drawing a deep division between sensibility and understanding. Hegel suggests that Kant’s faculty of productive imagination is a step toward uniting intuition and concept in an original unity out of which the two arise, but this requires him to treat the productive imagination in ways Kant would not approve. I argue that Kant’s doctrine of the schematism offers an advance on the productive imagination when it comes to solving the intuition/concept dualism Hegel critiques, although there remain serious problems with which Hegel would take issue. Although the schematism might answer some of the criticisms Hegel aims at the intuition/concept dualism, it does not solve the related problem Hegel finds in Kant, namely the dualism of cognition and thing-in-itself.

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11

Winterbourne, A. T. "Construction and the role of Schematism in Kant's philosophy of mathematics." Trans/Form/Ação 13 (January 1990): 107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-31731990000100008.

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12

Matherne, Samantha. "Kantian Themes in Merleau-Ponty’s Theory of Perception." Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 98, no. 2 (June 28, 2016): 193–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agph-2016-0009.

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Abstract: It has become typical to read Kant and Merleau-Ponty as offering competing approaches to perceptual experience. Kant is interpreted as an ‘intellectualist’ who regards perception as conceptual ‘all the way out’, while Merleau-Ponty is seen as Kant’s challenger, who argues that perception involves non-conceptual, embodied ‘coping’. In this paper, however, I argue that a closer examination of their views of perception, especially with respect to the notion of ‘schematism’, reveals a great deal of historical and philosophical continuity between them. By analyzing Kant’s theory of schematism, the interpretation of it by the Neo-Kantian Pierre Lachièze-Rey, and Merleau-Ponty’s theory of the body schema, we find that aspects of Merleau-Ponty’s theory of perception are better understood as a development of Kant’s theory of perception.

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13

Frim, Landon. "Should the State Teach Ethics? A Schematism." Symposion 9, no. 2 (2022): 233–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/symposion20229216.

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Should the state teach ethics? There is widespread disagreement on whether (and how) secular states should be in the business of promoting a particular moral viewpoint. This article attempts to schematize, and evaluate, these stances. It does so by posing three, simple questions: (1) Should the state explicitly promote certain ethical values over others? (2) Should the state have ultimate justifications for the values it promotes? (3) Should the state compel its citizens to accept these ultimate justifications? Logically, each question in this series is a prerequisite for considering those questions further down the list. The result is that responses can be categorized into one of four possible permutations or ‘camps.’ These are: (1) The Libertarian (“No” to all three questions) (2) The Pluralist (“Yes” to question 1; “No” to questions 2 and 3) (3) The Rationalist Republican (“Yes” to questions 1 and 2; “No” to question 3) (4) The Rigorous Republican (“Yes” to all three questions) It will be shown that just one of these positions, the ‘rationalist republican,’ stands out from all the rest. For only the rationalist republican can account for a normative politics while also safeguarding the individual’s freedom of conscience.

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Garibay-Petersen, Cristóbal. "Constitution and Regulation in the Context of the Schematism Doctrine." Kant-Studien 112, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 372–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant-2021-0023.

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Abstract I present and develop a novel account of the schematism by reading it through the distinction between constitution and regulation. I thus show that Kant’s stipulation of only eight schemata for the twelve pure concepts of the understanding is not haphazard but answers, instead, to two distinct processes of synthesis, mathematical and dynamical, that either constitute objects in intuition or regulate objects of experience. Based on this, I offer a detailed reconstruction of each of the schemata specified by Kant, and I provide an explanation of the systematic role each plays in the Analytic.

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Ullmann, Tamás. "Phantasía, affectivité et inconscient." AUC INTERPRETATIONES 10, no. 2 (July 26, 2022): 12–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/24646504.2022.2.

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The aim of the article is to analyse the role that fantasy plays in the philosophy of consciousness. The article distinguishes first 3 conceptual models of the functioning of fantasy: (1) imagination as a weak version of perception; (2) productive imagination as a fundamental faculty; (3) fantasy as an archaic layer of consciousness. After presenting Husserl’s phenomenological theory of imagination and fantasy, the article focuses on three fundamental problems: (1) atmospheric fantasy and day dreaming; (2) fantasy and auto-affection; (3) the origin of phantasma that proves to be the most enigmatic question. The author argues for the possibility of establishing a link between Kantian schematism and Husserlian genetic phenomenology. This link is supposed to explicate the origin of phantasma. That is the way we can work out the concept of schematised affectivity.

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Frangeskou, Adonis. "Levinas, Rosenzweig and the Deformalization of Time: Toward an Ethical Destruction of the Schematism." Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology 46, no. 4 (June 23, 2015): 263–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071773.2015.1053319.

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Loose, Donald. "‘A schematism of analogy with which we cannot dispense’. Kant on indirect representation in politics." International Journal of Philosophy and Theology 74, no. 2 (May 2013): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21692327.2013.786577.

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Ezcurdia, José. "Bergson y la crítica al esquematismo de la representación: la filosofía como máquina de plantear problemas y horizonte del pensar." Theoría. Revista del Colegio de Filosofía, no. 16-17 (June 1, 2005): 63–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ffyl.16656415p.2005.16-17.323.

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Starting from an analysis of the paradox of Zenon and the notions of quantitative and qualitative multiplicity, Bergson establishes, on the one hand, the incapacity of rational knowledge to explain the real and, on the other, he emphasizes the form of intuition as an immediate apprehension that, due to a sympathy phenomenon, can grasp its own form like a duration which is intensity and creative display. In this sense, Bergson releases the philosophical analysis from the rational schematism and creates the horizon for the restatement of the problems that philosophy confronts, making from his doctrine a machine to raise problems and invite the thought to develop itself without the limitations of rational knowledge.

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Belyaeva, Valeria. "Neo-Kantian motifs in the works of A. Bely." Studies in Transcendental Philosophy 2, no. 3 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s271326680016945-9.

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The article is devoted to the work of A. Bely in the development of Russian culture in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. Attention is paid to the motives of the creative path of the philosopher-poet, who created the basis of Russian symbolism. By analyzing the cultural and historical manifestations of the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, reflection in the works of art and science workers, an assessment of the severity of symbolism for the development of Russian philosophy and the field of art in general. In the process of the formation of symbolism in Bely's work, neo-Kantian motives are clearly revealed in the formulation of the problem of the difference between subjective perception and the essence of the object of perception in itself, that is, distinguishing between the symbol and the signified. By comparing Bely's views with the concept of sophiology and anthroposophy, distinct Kantian positions of the philosopher-poet stand out. These include the schematism of space and time, an attempt to apply the categories of natural science to the field of philosophy of art, as well as the demarcation of the immanent and the transcendent. Despite the fact that the ideas of the philosopher-poet in their form have similar positions with the anthroposophy of R. Steiner and with the ideas of V. Solovyov, however, the key content is the neo-Kantian methodology of "critical deepening" of thought and its rationalization. The actualization of Bely's creativity and the issue of his neo-Kantian motives is carried out by attracting research from related branches of knowledge on the principles of interdisciplinary consideration and implementation of an integrated approach.

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Bilevsky, Vlad. "Understanding and Imagination. A Kantian Interpretation of Hegel's “Inverted World”." Balkan Journal of Philosophy 14, no. 2 (2022): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bjp202214219.

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In this article, I discuss an interpretation of Hegel's concept of the “Inverted World” (verkehrte Welt), which is present in the final part of the chapter on Force and Understanding in the Phenomenology of Spirit. Other than my own reading of the chapter, I also summarize the three most important interpretations of the verkehrte Welt from the last century: those of Jean Hyppolite, Hans-Georg Gadamer and Joseph Flay. I have chosen these three due to the typology of interpretation within them: the first one adopts a Christian reading of Hegel, the second a Hellenistic phenomenological interpretation, and the last one, which is closest to the interpretation I also propose, a reading consistent with the thought of Immanuel Kant. The article ends with a possible interpretation of Hegel's verkehrte Welt through Kant's “Schematism of the Pure Concepts of Understanding” from his Critique of Pure Reason, where I argue that Kant's fundamental faculty of imagination and its object, schemata, play the same role in Kant's system that Hegel's verkehrte Welt does in the development of natural consciousness.

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Barusevičius, Dominykas. "M. Bakhtin’s Chronotope: between Epistemology and Socio-Constructivism." Problemos 102 (October 19, 2022): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2022.102.11.

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This paper raises the hypothesis that M. Bakhtin’s creative category of chronotope is within the dynamic of epistemology and socio-constructivism. To this end, two philosophical conceptions are analyzed: Bakhtin’s theory of chronotope as a formally constitutive category of literature and Kant’s transcendental aesthetics and transcendental schematism. This comparative analysis shows that chronotope surpasses its primary field of literary analysis and is interpretable not only as an epistemological category which determines the sense experience of the observer, but also as socio-constructivist category which provides reality with an image of a totality of symbolic social institutes. In this way, it is proposed to understand the concept of reality as the multidimensional image.

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22

Sabolius, Kristupas. "KAIP PABĖGTI IŠ SVETIMO SAPNO?" Problemos 83 (January 1, 2013): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.2013.0.825.

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Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos su vaizdo statuso pokyčiu šiuolaikiniame pasaulyje susijusios problemos. Naujųjų technologijų eroje sapnai ir svajonės gali būti produkuojami, klasifikuojami ir įdiegiami į juos patiriančią sąmonę. Remiantis Deleuze’o, Horkheimerio ir Adorno, Candau bei Žižeko darbais diagnozuojama, kad vizualumo ir kultūros industrijų įsigalėjimas užtvindo sąmonę Kito sapnais, tokiu būdu dubliuojant jau Kanto vaizduotei priskiriamą transcendentalinio schemiškumo funkciją. Šiuos procesus įgyvendinti padeda naujoji vaizdinių veikimo forma – ikonorėja, kuri pasireiškia kaip viešojoje erdvėje cirkuliuojantis ir ritmiškai atsikartojantis perteklinis vaizdų antplūdis. Straipsnyje keliamas retorinis klausimas apie galimybę išsilaisvinti iš šios situacijos – t. y. pabėgti iš Kito sapno.Escaping the Dream of the OtherKristupas Sabolius SummaryDealing with the changing nature of visuality in contemporary world, this article aims to examine the possibility of producing, classifying, and implanting dreams into one’s mind. Based on Deleuze’s, Horkheimer’s, Adorno’s, Candau’s, and Zizek’s views as well as a few Hollywood films, this work diagnoses the crucial role of cultural industries in duplicating the function of transcendental schematism, as new technologies take over Kant’s transcendental imagination. These processes are implemented through a new form of visual existence – iconorrhea, a rhythmical, repetitive and excessive flux of images, circulating on the screens of public sphere. This paper raises the rhetorical question concerning the possibility of deliverance from this situation, i.e. how can one escape the dream of the Other.

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Warnek, Peter. "On the Ground of Images: Sacred Dogs and Monstrous Truth." Research in Phenomenology 49, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341410.

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Abstract The article takes up the question of the “truth” of images by means of a somewhat playful reflection upon our human kinship with canine life and by considering the (perhaps surprisingly) recurrent images of dogs of all shapes and sizes within the philosophical tradition. Here there is occasion to consider both Socrates and Confucius, who had a special fondness for dogs and who were at times compared to dogs themselves. The paper begins with a reading of Kant’s schematism in the First Critique, as an operation that would establish a mediating relation between the concepts of the understanding and sensible intuitions, and ends with a meditation upon the dog-themed painting, “Dark Room,” by the contemporary artist, Alan Loehle. Kant accounts for our ability to grasp that we see a dog (his example!) by introducing a mysterious distortional skewing or Verzeichnung, which as a power of the imagination is able to freely sketch what appears for it within the sensible. The sense of this Kantian skewing or sketching thereby anticipates what Heidegger names the essential Verunstaltung belonging originally to the event of truth. The last half of the paper turns to Jean-Luc Nancy’s difficult but provocative work on the abysmal ground of images and attempts to show in this way how our human kinship with canine life exposes us to what Nancy would think, following Heidegger, as the elemental strife between earth and sky.

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Aquila, Richard E. "Unity of Apperception and the Division of Labour in the Transcendental Analytic." Kantian Review 1 (March 1997): 17–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415400000054.

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In theCritique of Fure ReasonKant distinguishes two sorts of conditions of knowledge. First, there are the space and time of pure intuition, introduced in the Transcendental Aesthetic. They are grounded in our dependence on a special sort of perceptual (or imaginative) field for the location of objects. Second, there are pure concepts of the understanding, or categories, introduced in the Analytic. In one respect these are grounded in the logical function of the understanding in judgements, introduced in the first chapter of the analytic of concepts: Clue to the Discovery of All Pure Concepts of the Understanding; in another respect, they are grounded in transcendental unity of apperception, which is introduced in the second chapter: Deduction of the Pure Concepts of the Understanding, or Transcendental Deduction. I shall be concerned with the latter and its contribution to the overall strategy of argument in the analytic. Within the Analytic, Kant distinguishes between an Analytic of Concepts and an Analytic of Principles (also called ‘transcendental doctrine of judgement’ [A137/B176]). This corresponds to a traditional distinction between a doctrine of concepts (or understanding) and judgement. It is arguable that Kant's theory of concepts undermines this distinction. However, I shall not deal with that general issue, but with a more specific issue related to the first two chapters of the Analytic of Principles: the Schematism and the System of Principles. (The third chapter, on phenomena and noumena, is basically an appendix.)

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Kossler, Matthias. "The ‘Perfected System of Criticism’: Schopenhauer's Initial Disagreements with Kant." Kantian Review 17, no. 3 (October 16, 2012): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1369415412000179.

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AbstractI would like to know who of mycontemporaries should be more competent inKantian philosophy than me.(Schopenhauer in a letter to Rosenkranz and Schubert, 18371)In this paper the attempt is made to show how Schopenhauer's critique of Kant leads from initial disagreements to a fundamental modification, even a new formation, of the Kantian concepts of understanding, reason, imagination, perception, idea and thing-in-itself. The starting point and the core of his critique is the demand for the appreciation of intuitive knowledge which is apart from and independent of reason. The intuitive knowledge goes back to images and its highest form is aesthetic contemplation. Without a participation of concepts it is sufficient to explain objective reality. Particularly on the basis of Schopenhauer's critical examination of Kant's schematism it can be shown that his alternative conception of an image-based objectivity of experience is to be taken seriously, even if the way he presents it sometimes gives the impression of a mere misunderstanding of Kant's theory of cognition.

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Seel, Gerhard. "The ‘I think’. What it is all about." ProtoSociology 36 (2019): 101–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/protosociology2019364.

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Kant distinguishes two kinds of knowledge of one-self: empirical self-knowledge due to inner sense and a priori self-knowledge achieved by transcendental apperception. This conception encounters a host of problems. I try to solve these problems from the perspective of today’s phenomenology and analytical philosophy. I first introduce a new conception of inner sense and time-consciousness and argue that empirical self-knowledge must be based on the category of person, a category Kant did not list in his table of categories. I explain how the schematism of this category works. Then I introduce the a priori notion of the subject which corresponds to Kant’s ‘I think’. However, unlike Kant I hold that the notion of the subject is the notion of a being which has certain a priori capacities. Kant did not see that the term ‘I’ must be conceived of as an indexical. I argue that this indexical refers to both, the subject who does the thinking and the person who is thought. On this basis I give an answer to the question how genuine de-se knowledge is possible. I further defend—against Wittgenstein and others—the use of a private thought language. Finally, I show that what I have developed is—notwithstanding the refutation of important elements of Kant’s theory—still essentially a Kantian approach.

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Kim, Young-Rye. "The Schematics and Languages in Kant’s Philosophy." Journal of the New Korean Philosophical Association 99 (January 31, 2020): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20433/jnkpa.2020.01.99.41.

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Dokuchaev, I. I. "Plato's Gestalt. About the only book by Heinrich Friedemann translated into Russian." Voprosy kul'turologii (Issues of Cultural Studies), no. 5 (April 20, 2021): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/nik-01-2105-09.

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The paper contains a review of the book by Heinrich Friedemann “Plato. His gestalt”, published in Russian translation by the publishing house “Vladimir Dal”. The only book by Friedemann, who was part of the circle of the German poet Stefan Gheorghe, is devoted to identifying the essence of the philosophical path — gestalt, which consists in overcoming the crisis of philosophical knowledge through the acquisition of its true subject — the world of ideas. Gestalt is a living knowledge of the essence of being, opposed to empirical observation and schematic abstraction carried out on the basis of such observations. The Gestalt of philosophy is concrete and living knowledge, because it represents the action and path of a philosopher. This path, once implemented by Plato, is interpreted by Friedemann as the path of humanity to perfection, associated with the unity of truth, goodness and beauty. Plato's Gestalt, recreated by Friedemann, is not only the task of philosophy, but also the goal of European and world culture.

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MacKenzie, Nollaig. "The Schematics of Continuant Identity." Dialogue 25, no. 2 (1986): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0012217300048782.

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A natural, and popular, way to approach the identity of a continuant under a sortal F is to suppose there to be:(a) A synchronic F-unity relation, binding bits of a world-slice into discrete F-stages.(b) A diachronic F-unity relation, binding series of F-stages into F's.In a Minkowskian world, of course, the synchronic and diachronic relations must reveal themselves as simply aspects of a single unity relation for F. But since the proper time of the continuant itself is the most natural generator of space and time axes, the decomposition of the unity-relation into (a) and (b) will normally be effortless.

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McInerny, Greg J., and Rampal S. Etienne. "Stitch the niche - a practical philosophy and visual schematic for the niche concept." Journal of Biogeography 39, no. 12 (November 20, 2012): 2103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12032.

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Halloun, Ibrahim. "Schematic concepts for schematic models of the real world: The Newtonian concept of force." Science Education 82, no. 2 (April 1998): 239–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-237x(199804)82:2<239::aid-sce7>3.0.co;2-f.

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Siitonen, Arto. "Zu Bolzanos Kritik der Kantischen Antinomien." KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy 1, no. 21 (January 1, 2007): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/krt-2007-012106.

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Abstract Bernard Bolzano criticised Kant's philosophy so vehemently that his pupil Franz Prihonsky called him "Anti-Kant". One of his criticisms concerns Kant's cosmological antinomies. The context of this critique is the problem of limits of knowledge. Kant wanted to prove that there are such boundaries, and to show where these are located. In this paper we will (i) schematize Kant's antinomies (to see what Bolzano really criticised on them) and (ii) summarize Bolzano's criticism, which is distributed over his and his student's work. At the beginning we will work out the (more fundamental) theoretical differences between Kant's and Bolzano's philosophy to see what roles these play in the construction of the antinomies.

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Netz, Reviel. "Why Were Greek Mathematical Diagrams Schematic?" Nuncius 35, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 506–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03503017.

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Abstract This article presents the case for the claim that Greek mathematical diagrams were schematic. Following a deep dive into the practices and the process of transmission of those diagrams, the article situates Greek diagrammatic practices within the broader context of Greek scribal and readerly practices. The literary papyrus bookroll was produced and read as a tool for the projection of an imagined performance; so was the specialized type of bookroll containing mathematical proofs.

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Schäfer, Rainer. "Die Zeit der Einbildungskraft - Die Rolle des Schematismus in Kants Erkenntnistheorie." Kant-Studien 110, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 437–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kant-2019-3005.

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Abstract In this paper, I focus on Kant’s doctrine of figurative synthesis. Figurative synthesis is the result of the activity of productive transcendental imagination. This is the chief problem of the so-called “second proof step” in Kant’s deduction of the categories according to the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason. The pure original synthetic apperception forms in the inner and outer sense - i. e. in time and space - by self-affection structures of order that make it possible to cognize empirical objects. The order of space and time through figurative syntheses (formal intuitions) must be distinguished on the one hand from space and time as forms of intuition and on the other hand from the order of the manifold given in space and time (intuition of particular contents). This clarifies the differences and relations between the constitutive noetic faculties of our knowledge apparatus.

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Frolov, Dmitriy E., Aleksandr A. Somkin, Alla N. Somkina, and Aleksey V. Stafeev. "Philosophy as Modern Systematically Rationalized Worldview." Humanitarian: actual problems of the humanities and education 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2078-9823.047.019.201903.295-305.

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Introduction. The article criticizes the traditional (outdated) definition of philosophy, which was generally accepted in the philosophy of the Soviet period. Methods. The study is based on logical, historical, system-integrative methods. Results. Criticism of understanding philosophy as a science of the most general laws of the development of nature, society and thought is given. There are three methodological mistakes in this definition: the first mistake is that philosophy does not always act as science alone, and sometimes as art or ideology, and always as a worldview; the second one, philosophy studies not only the laws of development, but the laws governing the functioning of integrated systems; the third, in the absence of concretization of the types of thinking existing in the forms of: 1) the thinking of a concrete person (individual) and 2) collective thinking (i.e., the form of public consciousness). A new, authors’ definition is proposed: philosophy is a system-rationalized worldview, expressed in the form of the most general concepts about the structure, functioning and development of nature, society and human thinking. Discussion and Conclusion. In conclusion, the main philosophical functions of philosophy are distinguished: 1) informative; 2) humanistic; 3) cultural and educational; 4) axiological. The main methodological functions: 1) heuristic; 2) coordinating; 3) sub-coordinating; 4) integrating; 5) logical and epistemological. In addition, auxiliary functions include: 1) transcending; 2) aesthetic; 3) ideological and others. A detailed schematic overview of the main sections and fields of modern philosophical knowledge is given.

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Reynolds, Joel Michael. "The Question of Ability." Heidegger Circle Proceedings 49 (2015): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/heideggercircle20154919.

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While Heidegger decried ethics as a distinct area of philosophical inquiry, a steady stream of secondary literature over the last three decades has mined his corpus for ethical insights. This literature tends to draw on his early or middle work and contrast his views with canonical normative theories. I bring Heidegger into conversation with philosophy of disability and feminist philosophy by focusing on the role of relationality and ability expectations. In section one, I provide a schematic of the dominant concept of ability in modernity: ability as personal power. Through the Bremen lectures, I then develop a Heideggerian concept of ability: ability as access. I conclude by discussing the stakes—ethical, philosophical, and political—of interpreting the question of the meaning of being as a question of ability as access to meaning.

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BELITZ, HANS DIETER, HARTMUT ROHSE, WOLFGANG STEMPFL, HERBERT WIESER, JOHANN GASTEIGER, and CHRISTIAN HILLER. "Schematic Sweet and Bitter Receptors." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 510, no. 1 Olfaction and (November 1987): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb43493.x.

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Fernández Martínez, Dolores. "An Approach to the Schematic Structure of thePreface to the Pastoral Care." Studia Neophilologica 82, no. 1 (June 9, 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393270903388647.

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Kai Shun, Mr Lam. "Teaching and Learning Mathematical Philosophy Through Infinity." Academic Journal of Applied Mathematical Sciences, no. 72 (February 17, 2021): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajams.72.94.105.

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Lam [1], explained how mathematics is not only a technical subject but also a cultural one. As such, mathematical proofs and definitions, instead of simply numerical calculations, are essential for students when learning the subject. Hence, there must be a change in Hong Kong’s local teachers’ pedagogies. This author suggests three alternative way to teach mathematical philosophy through infinity. These alternatives are as follows: 1. Teach the concept of a limit in formalism through story telling, 2. Use geometry to intuitively learn infinity through constructivism, and 3. Implement schematic stages for proof by contradiction. Simultaneously, teachers should also be aware of the difficulties among students in understanding different abstract concepts. These challenges include the following: 1. Struggles with the concept of a limit, 2.Mistakes in intuitively computing infinity, and 3. Challenges in handling the method of proof by contradiction. Adopting these alternative approaches, can provide the necessary support to pupils trying to comprehend the above mentioned difficult mathematical ideas and ultimately transform students’ beliefs [2]. One can analyze these changed beliefs against the background of con-ceptual change. According to Davis [3], “this change implies conceiving of teaching as facili-tating, rather than managing learning and changing roles from the sage on the stage to a guide on the side”. As a result, Hong Kong’s academic results in mathematics should hopefully improve.

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Walden, Daniel K. S. "CHARTING BOETHIUS: MUSIC AND THE DIAGRAMMATIC TREE IN THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY’S DE INSTITUTIONE ARITHMETICA, MS II.3.12." Early Music History 34 (September 23, 2015): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127915000017.

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AbstractThis article discusses a full-page schematic diagram contained in a twelfth-century manuscript of Boethius’ De institutione arithmetica and De institutione musica from Christ Church Cathedral, Canterbury (Cambridge University Library MS Ii.3.12), which has not yet been the subject of any significant musicological study despite its remarkable scope and comprehensiveness. This diagrammatic tree, or arbor, maps the precepts of the first book of De institutione arithmetica into a unified whole, depicting the ways music and arithmetic are interrelated as sub-branches of the quadrivium. I suggest that this schematic diagram served not only as a conceptual and interpretative device for the scribe working through Boethius’ complex theoretical material, but also as a mnemonic guide to assist the medieval pedagogue wishing to instruct students in the mathematics of musica speculativa. The diagram constitutes a fully developed theoretical exercise in its own right, while also demonstrating the roles Boethian philosophy and mathematics played in twelfth-century musical scholarship.

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Goldschmidt, Nils, and Hermann Rauchenschwandtner. "The Philosophy of Social Market Economy: Michel Foucault’s Analysis of Ordoliberalism." Journal of Contextual Economics – Schmollers Jahrbuch 138, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/schm.138.2.157.

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Abstract Michel Foucault’s lectures at the Collège de France in 1978–1979 centered on the analysis of power with regard to liberalism. Foucault especially focused on German ordoliberalism and its specific governmentality. Although Foucault’s review of the ordoliberal texts, programs, and books is very accurate there are some occasional “schematic” simplifications. Our article evaluates Foucault’s constitution of an ordoliberal “archive,” though more emphasis is placed on the general importance of the phenomenological orientation in Walter Eucken’s work. Hence, three tasks guide our paper: first, an analysis of Foucault’s position; second, the phenomenological foundation of ordoliberal discourse compared to 18th century liberal discourse, i.e. the way in which Walter Eucken received Husserl. Third, our article raises the subject of the mutual historical-epistemological complementation of philosophy and economics by taking Foucault’s analysis as the starting point. Furthermore, the consequences of a phenomenological, i.e. “eidetic” order of the economy, is discussed, focusing mainly on the expansion of competition in social domains. JEL Codes: B20, B29, B40

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O'Neill, Onora. "The Power of Example." Philosophy 61, no. 235 (January 1986): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100019537.

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The examples of which he complained were trivial in either or both of two ways. Some were examples of the minor perplexities of life, such as returning library books or annoying the neighbours with one's music; some were examples described only in outline rather than in depth; and some examples were both minor and schematic.

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Rusakova, Olga F., and Vasiliy M. Rusakov. "Soviet Power Plus Rationalization of the Whole Country: Creating the Kingdom of Reason." RUDN Journal of Russian History 21, no. 4 (December 5, 2022): 452–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2022-21-4-452-468.

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The correlation between the categories of rational and irrational in the philosophy of the Enlightenment and classical Marxism, which found its embodiment in Russia in the form of Bolshevism (Leninism), is studied. The authors identify that rationalism as a kind of "mythology of Reason" arose in the Enlightenment era and reached its apogee in the Great French Revolution and German classical philosophy. Despite the fact that in a number of works of classical Marxism heuristically valuable ideas were put forward to reformulate the problem of the essence and correlation of the categories of ration-al and irrational, rationalism prevailed in the understanding of reality and practices of the first years of the October Revolution. This found expression in the works of V.I. Lenin, in the socio-political and spiritual atmosphere of revolutionary Russia, which had far-reaching consequences for Soviet society. This phenomenon paved the way for the state-political mythology of Reason and its fetishization, the mystification of science (which, like magic, "can do anything"). These rationalist schematisms penetrated deeply into all forms of mass consciousness and gave rise to the cult of Reason, on the basis of which all spheres of life of Soviet society were supposed to be transformed.

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Watson, Stephen H. "To Sketch an Essence: Schematic Thoughts on Paul Klee and the Image of the Daemonic." Research in Phenomenology 41, no. 2 (2011): 253–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156916411x580986.

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AbstractThis paper examines the ambiguity that attends Paul Klee’s characterization of the daemonic element in his work. It does so by analyzing the history of this concept in classical German thought from Wincklemann to Goethe. I note transformations of the concept in writings contemporaneous to Klee in literary theory and theology. These include Lukács, for whom the modern novel articulates the daemonic as an ironic world devoid of transcendental immanence, homeland, or essence; and Otto, for whom the world remained in some sense still not devoid of the numinous. I further consider these issues in brief discussion of Klee’s account of the polyphonic construction of the artwork. Finally, attention is given to proximate philosophical treatments of the topic in writers influenced by Klee’s work.

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Yuengling, D. J., and T. J. Pakula. "Designing for Productivity: A Standardized Coal-Fired Propulsion Plant." Journal of Ship Production 1, no. 02 (May 1, 1985): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/jsp.1985.1.2.88.

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A design for a 26 000-shp standardized coal-fired steam turbine propulsion plant using product work breakdown structure (PWBS) or group technology techniques was developed for the Maritime Administration. The purpose of the design was to provide a design package for a production approach which could reduce machinery outfitting cost and time by one third. Emphasis was placed on piping within the main machinery space. In the concept and preliminary design phases, the machinery box was developed to fit within the hull lines of an 80 000, 144 000, and 180 000-dwt collier. Propeller size, shaft line, and rpm were defined; the steam cycle was selected; and initial machinery arrangements were developed for both a dual boiler and a single boiler plant. During contract design, machinery specifications, schematic diagrams, arrangements, and procurement specifications were developed. In production design, standards were developed, schematic diagrams were revised, and piping diagrammatic arrangements, composites, material lists, and purchase orders for components were prepared. A production philosophy and build strategy also were developed. This effort made use of the PWBS approach presented in the MarAd National Shipbuilding Research Program reports[1–5]3

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BELLA, Stefano Di. "KANT’S REEVALUATION OF MONADOLOGY: A HISTORICAL - PHILOSOPHICAL PUZZLE." Estudos Kantianos [EK] 4, no. 02 (January 25, 2017): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36311/2318-0501.2016.v4n2.05.p47.

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In the Critique of pure reason (1781), as is well known, Kant offers a schematic presentation of Leibniz’s philosophy, interpreted as a paradigmatic case of conceptual “amphiboly”, where the fundamental distinction between the conditions of sense knowledge and intellectual knowledge is missed: accordingly, Leibniz’s mistake would consist in handling phenomena, i.e. the objects of sense, as if they were ‘things in themselves’, modeled on pure intellectual cognition. Among other theses, the monadological view would directly arise from this mistake: more precisely, from the idea that simple beings would be prior to composite ones, and their intrinsic properties would be basic with respect to their external, i.e. spatial, relations (KrV A 260/B 316).

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Elliott, Gregory. "Further Adventures of the Dialectic: Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, Althusser." Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 21 (March 1987): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246100003568.

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This essay is not about contemporary French philosophy, strictly speaking, but something which concerns it—an important episode in its modern history. Its intention is to deal, in very schematic terms, with the nature and evolution of French Marxism from the mid-1950s to the end of the 70s, focusing on two of its best-known and most influential representatives, Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and relating the internal history of their ambitious reconstructions of Marxism to the wider, non-theoretical history of which they were a part— and for whose comprehension they sought to supply the conceptual instruments. Maurice Merleau-Ponty's balance-sheet of a century of Marxism, Adventures of the Dialectic, published in 1955, provides my starting point and explains my title.

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Elliott, Gregory. "Further Adventures of the Dialectic: Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, Althusser." Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series 21 (March 1987): 195–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957042x00003564.

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This essay is not about contemporary French philosophy, strictly speaking, but something which concerns it—an important episode in its modern history. Its intention is to deal, in very schematic terms, with the nature and evolution of French Marxism from the mid-1950s to the end of the 70s, focusing on two of its best-known and most influential representatives, Jean-Paul Sartre and Louis Althusser, and relating the internal history of their ambitious reconstructions of Marxism to the wider, non-theoretical history of which they were a part— and for whose comprehension they sought to supply the conceptual instruments. Maurice Merleau-Ponty's balance-sheet of a century of Marxism, Adventures of the Dialectic, published in 1955, provides my starting point and explains my title.

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Feferman, Solomon. "Reflecting on incompleteness." Journal of Symbolic Logic 56, no. 1 (March 1991): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274902.

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To what extent can mathematical thought be analyzed in formal terms? Gödel's theorems show the inadequacy of single formal systems for this purpose, except in relatively restricted parts of mathematics. However at the same time they point to the possibility of systematically generating larger and larger systems whose acceptability is implicit in acceptance of the starting theory. The engines for that purpose are what have come to be called reflection principles. These may be iterated into the constructive transfinite, leading to what are called recursive progressions of theories. A number of informative technical results have been obtained about such progressions (cf. Feferman [1962], [1964], [1968] and Kreisel [1958], [1970]). However, for some years I had hoped to give a more realistic and perspicuous finite generation procedure. This was first done in a rather special way in Feferman [1979] for the characterization of predicativity, which may be regarded as that part of mathematical thought implicit in our acceptance of elementary number theory. What is presented here is a new and simple notion of the reflective closure of a schematic theory which can be applied quite generally.Two examples of schematic theories in the sense used here are versions of Peano arithmetic and Zermelo set theory.

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FEFERMAN, SOLOMON, and THOMAS STRAHM. "UNFOLDING FINITIST ARITHMETIC." Review of Symbolic Logic 3, no. 4 (August 11, 2010): 665–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020310000183.

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The concept of the (full) unfolding $\user1{{\cal U}}(S)$ of a schematic system $S$ is used to answer the following question: Which operations and predicates, and which principles concerning them, ought to be accepted if one has accepted $S$? The program to determine $\user1{{\cal U}}(S)$ for various systems $S$ of foundational significance was previously carried out for a system of nonfinitist arithmetic, $NFA$; it was shown that $\user1{{\cal U}}(NFA)$ is proof-theoretically equivalent to predicative analysis. In the present paper we work out the unfolding notions for a basic schematic system of finitist arithmetic, $FA$, and for an extension of that by a form $BR$ of the so-called Bar Rule. It is shown that $\user1{{\cal U}}(FA)$ and $\user1{{\cal U}}(FA + BR)$ are proof-theoretically equivalent, respectively, to Primitive Recursive Arithmetic, $PRA$, and to Peano Arithmetic, $PA$.

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