Journal articles on the topic 'Schemata'
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BOARO, ERIC. "EVIDENCE OF THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF SOLFEGGIO PATTERNS IN THE MANUSCRIPT FOR THE 1707 NEAPOLITAN PERFORMANCE OF LA FEDE TRADITA E VENDICATA BY GASPARINI AND VIGNOLA." Eighteenth Century Music 18, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570620000421.
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The last two decades have seen the opening of several new paths in eighteenth-century musicology, and Robert O. Gjerdingen has opened one of these: schema theory. Schemata are ‘stock musical phrases employed in conventional sequences’ that function as harmonic, melodic and rhythmic frameworks for musical passages. Evidence of such schematic thinking has emerged through related studies on partimento and solfeggio. Solfeggio practice of the time manifests a schematic way of thinking about music, being mostly based on simple hexachordal patterns which, as studies progressed, could be embellished in different ways. Vasili Byros has addressed the ‘archaeology’ of hearing through reception history, and offered strong evidence that eighteenth-century ears did hear schemata. Interweaving corpus studies on music of the long eighteenth century (1720–1840), contemporary music criticism and reception history, as well as didactic documents from that era, Byros sheds new light on the ways in which schemata were perceived at the time. A recent contribution by Gilad Rabinovitch uses a live improvisation in the style of Mozart by Robert Levin to demonstrate the importance of conventional schemata for historical improvisation.
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Halkias, Georgios. "Mental representation of brands: a schema-based approach to consumers’ organization of market knowledge." Journal of Product & Brand Management 24, no. 5 (August 17, 2015): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-02-2015-0818.
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Purpose – This paper aims to review the notion of schemata in consumer behavior, placing particular emphasis on the conceptualization of brand knowledge, and illustrate how schema theory may act as a unifying conceptual framework to study what consumers know about products and brands. Extant research on how consumers conceptualize brands lacks a single, coherent theoretical framework. The literature is fragmented into different approaches that may prevent comparisons across studies and make it difficult to draw conclusive results. Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the central tenets of schema theory and then presents the structure of schematic knowledge and the main typology of consumer schemata. It focuses on the brand schema, delineating its internal properties and drawing analogies with other approaches used to describe consumers’ mental representation of brands. Findings – Schema theory can provide a comprehensive framework to analyze how consumers perceive brand information. A cognitive schema specifies the parameters of knowledge content, discriminates between different types of information and indicates how various pieces of information relate to one another. Importantly, the internal structure of schemata remains stable across conceptual domains, allowing to investigate brand-specific knowledge in different contexts and in conjunction with superordinate and subordinate knowledge structures. Originality/value – This is the first systematic review of the notion of schemata in consumer behavior. It thoroughly describes how schema theory from psychology has been applied in marketing research to describe the organization of market knowledge and illustrates how it may function as an analytical tool.
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Stephens, Chris, and Henri Waelbroeck. "Schemata Evolution and Building Blocks." Evolutionary Computation 7, no. 2 (June 1999): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.1999.7.2.109.
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In the light of a recently derived evolution equation for genetic algorithms we consider the schema theorem and the building block hypothesis. We derive a schema theorem based on the concept of effective fitness showing that schemata of higher than average effective fitness receive an exponentially increasing number of trials over time. The equation makes manifest the content of the building block hypothesis showing how fit schemata are constructed from fit sub-schemata. However, we show that, generically, there is no preference for short, low-order schemata. In the case where schema reconstruction is favored over schema destruction, large schemata tend to be favored. As a corollary of the evolution equation we prove Geiringer's theorem.
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Hou, Ranran. "A Study of Sense and Sensibility from the Perspective of Schema Theory." Scientific and Social Research 3, no. 5 (November 5, 2021): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ssr.v3i5.1248.
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This essay aims to analyze two main characters and the author in Sense and Sensibility by Schema theory. Schema theory refers to the theory of characterization and storage based on the knowledge of a particular subject. Three Schemata, the Marianne Schema and the Elinor Schema, the Austen Schema will be covered. Through the analysis of these three Schemata and their relationships, it will help readers to better understand the characters and the theme of the play by analyzing the relationships between three Schemata. The Schema theory is able to help readers to better understand the images of the characters and the author’s creating intentions and provide a new perspective for the interpretation of literary works.
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Pietrzak, Bartosz. "Cultural Conceptualizations of shame & dishonor in Early Poetic Arabic (EPA)." Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture New Series, no. 14 (2/2021) (November 18, 2021): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24506249pj.21.018.15324.
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Persisting in a binary relationship with honor, shame was an important element of the pre-Islamic Arabic social evaluation system. In my study, I analyzed the two most important EPA concepts parallel to English shame – ˁayb and ˁār – applying the Cultural Linguistic approach. Based on the analyses on corpus of Early Arabic poetry and Classical Arabic dictionaries, I represented cultural schemata encoding the knowledge shared by pre-Islamic Arabs about those phenomena. The paper presents also metaphoric, metonymic, and image-schematic models, which account for the specifics of associated linguistic frames. Moreover, I posit a hypothesis on the existence of a schema subsuming the honor- and shame-dishonor-related schemata in form of social evaluation of usefulness, which seems to correspond to the historical and linguistic data.
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Pietrzak, Bartosz. "Cultural Conceptualizations of shame & dishonor in Early Poetic Arabic (EPA)." Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture New Series, no. 14 (2/2021) (November 18, 2021): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24506249pj.21.018.15324.
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Persisting in a binary relationship with honor, shame was an important element of the pre-Islamic Arabic social evaluation system. In my study, I analyzed the two most important EPA concepts parallel to English shame – ˁayb and ˁār – applying the Cultural Linguistic approach. Based on the analyses on corpus of Early Arabic poetry and Classical Arabic dictionaries, I represented cultural schemata encoding the knowledge shared by pre-Islamic Arabs about those phenomena. The paper presents also metaphoric, metonymic, and image-schematic models, which account for the specifics of associated linguistic frames. Moreover, I posit a hypothesis on the existence of a schema subsuming the honor- and shame-dishonor-related schemata in form of social evaluation of usefulness, which seems to correspond to the historical and linguistic data.
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Hanajima, Naohiko, Mitsuhisa Yamashita, and Hiromitsu Hikita. "Set Representation Using Schemata and its Constructing Method from Population in GA." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 10, no. 4 (August 20, 1998): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1998.p0315.
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When we invoke genetic algorithms (GAs), we retrieve enormous numbers of individuals. If we can construct, simply, a set having some sense from individuals, it would make engineering applications easier. Schemata in GAs is a simple forms representing such a set. We define modified schemata where instances of a schema represent a continuous region assuming that the GA phenotype is real vector space. We induce expected and maximum numbers of schemata required to represent any continuous region. We show ways to construct a schema set from individuals in GA, constructing a Pareto optimum set on multiobjective optimization theory.
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Bourgeois, Patrick L., and Sandra B. Rosenthal. "Schemata." International Philosophical Quarterly 27, no. 2 (1987): 135–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ipq198727210.
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Winiarska, Justyna. "Czy idąc prosto przed siebie, nie można zajść daleko?" LingVaria 16, no. 2(32) (November 18, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/lv.16.2021.32.07.
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Is It True that “If You Run Ahead of Yourself, You Cannot Go Very Far”? Image Schemata and Aphorisms
The author uses a cognitive tool called image schemata to analyse aphorisms. The schemata originate from early bodily experience and are enable to ground the phenomenon of linguistic meaning there. The aphorism is defined not only as a linguistic fact but as a conceptual structure based on an axiological clash. The clash results from profiling opposite values in the used schemata. Considering the language-values relationship, the article adopts a cognitive linguistics approach which claims that valuation is an immanent part of symbolic language units and it mustn’t be relegated to the area of pragmatics. Following Krzeszowski’s concept, the author assumes that preconceptual schemata interact with the SCALE schema. The hearer/reader of the self-contradictory expression must reinterpret it using metaphorical meanings. These are easily available thanks to conceptual metaphors which include image schemata in their source domains.
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Corcoran, John. "Schemata: The Concept of Schema in the History of Logic." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 12, no. 2 (June 2006): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/bsl/1146620060.
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AbstractSchemata have played important roles in logic since Aristotle's Prior Analytics. The syllogistic figures and moods can be taken to be argument schemata as can the rules of the Stoic propositional logic. Sentence schemata have been used in axiomatizations of logic only since the landmark 1927 von Neumann paper [31]. Modern philosophers know the role of schemata in explications of the semantic conception of truth through Tarski's 1933 Convention T [42]. Mathematical logicians recognize the role of schemata in first-order number theory where Peano's second-order Induction Axiom is approximated by Herbrand's Induction-Axiom Schema [23]. Similarly, in first-order set theory, Zermelo's second-order Separation Axiom is approximated by Fraenkel's first-order Separation Schema [17]. In some of several closely related senses, a schema is a complex system having multiple components one of which is a template-text or scheme-template, a syntactic string composed of one or more “blanks” and also possibly significant words and/or symbols. In accordance with a side condition the template-text of a schema is used as a “template” to specify a multitude, often infinite, of linguistic expressions such as phrases, sentences, or argument-texts, called instances of the schema. The side condition is a second component. The collection of instances may but need not be regarded as a third component. The instances are almost always considered to come from a previously identified language (whether formal or natural), which is often considered to be another component. This article reviews the often-conflicting uses of the expressions ‘schema’ and ‘scheme’ in the literature of logic. It discusses the different definitions presupposed by those uses. And it examines the ontological and epistemic presuppositions circumvented or mooted by the use of schemata, as well as the ontological and epistemic presuppositions engendered by their use. In short, this paper is an introduction to the history and philosophy of schemata.
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Tickoo, Asha. "The challenge of unstated meaning." ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics 133-134 (January 1, 2001): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.133-134.02tic.
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Abstract This paper uses a schemata-theoretic conception of reading in an assessment of ESL reader recall of unstated levels of meaning in narrative prose. Schemata theory suggests that the skilled reader selects one of a finite number of text schemata to use in the decoding, retention and recall of a particular text, and it has been demonstrated that better knowledge of the schematic structure makes possible better recall. Here, reader recall of two types of unstated meaning in narrative prose is assessed for a group of advanced learners of ESL, who use Chinese as L1. Evidence is presented of poor recall of unstated meaning, concomitant with a lack of knowledge of the requisite schematic structure. It is therefore suggested that formal instruction on the requisite structure will enhance learner recall of unstated meaning.
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Kaiser, Wolfgang. "Schemata zur agnatischen und kognatischen Verwandtschaft nach römischem Recht in Handschriften mit westgotisch-römischem Recht, II: Das Schema zu den cognati." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Romanistische Abteilung 136, no. 1 (June 26, 2019): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgr-2019-0008.
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Abstract Schemata of agnatic and cognatic kinship according to Roman law in manuscripts of Visigothic-Roman law II: The schema of the cognati. Following ZRG RA 134 (2017) 353–408, the subject of this article is the schema of cognatic kinship. The schema has been transmitted by several manuscripts of the Lex Romana Visigothorum alongside an excerpt from Aelius Gallus' De verborum, quae ad ius pertinent, significatione, two schemata of agnatic kinship, and a schema of succession according to ius civile. The article offers a critical edition of the schema.
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ROBINSON, AMANDA L. "The Effect of a Domestic Violence Policy Change on Police Officers' Schemata." Criminal Justice and Behavior 27, no. 5 (October 2000): 600–624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854800027005004.
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Schemata are used to organize knowledge, helping people interpret their environment and decide on courses of action. The current study examined the schemata of police officers socialized before and after the department changed its domestic violence policy to mandate arrests when probable cause exists in domestic disturbances. It was hypothesized that officers socialized before the policy change would have schemata that discouraged them from making arrests and rating victims cooperative and likely to prosecute their cases, whereas the opposite was predicted for officers socialized during the pro-arrest era. The relationship of officers' schemata to their arrest decisions at domestic calls and their attitudes toward the victims at these calls were analyzed using logistic regression. Results indicated more similarity than difference between the two groups of officers, although the schema variable did predict officers' belief in the likelihood of victims prosecuting their cases, pointing to the utility of schema theory for understanding police attitudes.
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Hu, Jingyi. "The Influence of Content Schema on L2 Learners’ Reading Comprehension: Evidence from Chinese Learners of English." English Literature and Language Review, no. 53 (March 20, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ellr.53.31.36.
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Reading plays a significant role in language learning and information communication. This study investigated the influence of content schema on Chinese English learners’ reading comprehension. Participants were 20 freshmen with the same English proficiency. Schema theory was adopted as the theoretical foundation. The results showed that: (1) Content schemata enhanced L2 learners’ reading comprehension performance; (2) Content schemata had a positive impact on the comprehension of expository passages and little effect on that of narrative passages; (3) Proficiency level correlated positively with reading comprehension performance. But the insufficiency of language knowledge could be supplemented by relevant schemata. Based on the above, some suggestions are provided for the teaching and learning of English.
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Köpcke, Klaus-Michael, Sarah Schimke, and Verena Wecker. "Processing of German noun plurals: Evidence for first- and second-order schemata." Word Structure 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2021.0173.
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This article addresses the question of how morphologically complex words are represented in the mental grammar of monolingual adult speakers of German. We contend that in perception, speakers assign a plural or singular meaning according to the degree of reliability to which a given shape is associated with the function singular or plural. In this article, we present the results of two lexical decision experiments with nonce words. In experiment 1, the nonce words presented are preceded by the article form die, and, in experiment 2, the same nonce words are presented as bare nouns. It turns out that the results for experiment 1 and 2 differ. Nevertheless, we argue that the results for both experiments can straightforwardly be explained by a schema account. More precisely, we distinguish between first- and second-order schemata. First-order schemata rely on the pure word form onto which a specific function is mapped. But, recent developments of the schema approach argue that in the speaker's representation of word forms not only single schemata are stored and mapped onto specific functions, but rather schema-pairs, e.g. a singular and its most likely plural partner, referred to as ‘second-order schema’. The results of our experiments support the assumption of first- and second-order schemata and their interaction.
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Nguyen, Khai, and Ryutaro Ichise. "Automatic Schema-Independent Linked Data Instance Matching System." International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 13, no. 1 (January 2017): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2017010106.
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The goal of linked data instance matching is to detect all instances that co-refer to the same objects in two linked data repositories, the source and the target. Since the amount of linked data is rapidly growing, it is important to automate this task. However, the difference between the schemata of source and target repositories remains a challenging barrier. This barrier reduces the portability, accuracy, and scalability of many proposed approaches. The authors present automatic schema-independent interlinking (ASL), which is a schema-independent system that performs instance matching on repositories with different schemata, without prior knowledge about the schemata. The key improvements of ASL compared to previous systems are the detection of useful attribute pairs for comparing instances, an attribute-driven token-based blocking scheme, and an effective modification of existing string similarities. To verify the performance of ASL, the authors conducted experiments on a large dataset containing 246 subsets with different schemata. The results show that ASL obtains high accuracy and significantly improves the quality of discovered coreferences against recently proposed complex systems.
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Poli, Riccardo, and William B. Langdon. "Schema Theory for Genetic Programming with One-Point Crossover and Point Mutation." Evolutionary Computation 6, no. 3 (September 1998): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco.1998.6.3.231.
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We review the main results obtained in the theory of schemata in genetic programming (GP), emphasizing their strengths and weaknesses. Then we propose a new, simpler definition of the concept of schema for GP, which is closer to the original concept of schema in genetic algorithms (GAs). Along with a new form of crossover, one-point crossover, and point mutation, this concept of schema has been used to derive an improved schema theorem for GP that describes the propagation of schemata from one generation to the next. We discuss this result and show that our schema theorem is the natural counterpart for GP of the schema theorem for GAs, to which it asymptotically converges.
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Wei, Ziheng, and Sebastian Link. "Embedded Functional Dependencies and Data-completeness Tailored Database Design." ACM Transactions on Database Systems 46, no. 2 (June 2021): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3450518.
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We establish a principled schema design framework for data with missing values. The framework is based on the new notion of an embedded functional dependency, which is independent of the interpretation of missing values, able to express completeness and integrity requirements on application data, and capable of capturing redundant data value occurrences that may cause problems with processing data that meets the requirements. We establish axiomatic, algorithmic, and logical foundations for reasoning about embedded functional dependencies. These foundations enable us to introduce generalizations of Boyce-Codd and Third normal forms that avoid processing difficulties of any application data, or minimize these difficulties across dependency-preserving decompositions, respectively. We show how to transform any given schema into application schemata that meet given completeness and integrity requirements, and the conditions of the generalized normal forms. Data over those application schemata are therefore fit for purpose by design. Extensive experiments with benchmark schemata and data illustrate the effectiveness of our framework for the acquisition of the constraints, the schema design process, and the performance of the schema designs in terms of updates and join queries.
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Williams, Lawrence H. "Thinking through death and employment: The automatic yet temporary use of schemata in everyday reasoning." European Journal of Cultural Studies 22, no. 1 (August 10, 2017): 110–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367549417719061.
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Over the past two decades, the word schema has become increasingly used by scholars studying culture. Viewed largely as a kind of mental shortcut that individuals internalize by means of their various experiences, the concept enables researchers to study how societal-level factors such as norms and values impact individual action by way of shaping individuals’ cognitive structures. However, little attention is given to how and why particular schemata are used in particular situations. Through comparative analysis of two sets of in-depth interviews on the topics of dying and careers, I find that individuals alternate through various schemata as they attempt to answer questions posed to them. I argue that the presence of this alternation weakens assumptions regarding the automaticity of the deployment of schemata in the decision-making process by signaling that schemata may be triggered automatically but used temporarily. In extension, this argument supports the work of cultural scholars and discursive psychologists who both implicitly and explicitly see schemata as flexible, personalized heuristics rather than impersonal, statically shared determinants of thought and action.
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Camilo, Cláudia, Margarida Vaz Garrido, Mário B. Ferreira, and Maria Manuela Calheiros. "How Does Mothering Look Like: A Multidimensional Approach to Maternal Cognitive Representations." Journal of Family Issues 40, no. 17 (July 5, 2019): 2528–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19860171.
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From a cognitive information processing perspective, parents’ cognitive schemas strongly influence the way they perceive and act toward their children. In order to explore how maternal cognitive representations about parenting are organized in a multidimensional space, mothers referred to child protection services and mothers with no such reference completed a free description task of maternal attributes and a sorting task of those attributes according to their probability of co-occurrence in the same mother. Overall, the results suggest that maladaptive parenting seems to be associated with less positive parental schemata, higher schemata rigidity, and higher external attributions regarding parenting. Using multidimensional scaling to represent the structure and content of maternal schemata constitutes an innovative contribution to the parenting domain with potential applications. These conceptual maps representing maternal schemata that shape parental responses in child-rearing situations can be used as theoretical frameworks to develop empirically based guidelines for intervention work with maltreating parents.
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Karolle, K. Julia, Beverly Moser, Dolly J. Young, and Darlene F. Wolf. "Schemata: Lesestrategien." Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German 36, no. 1 (2003): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3531696.
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Bull, Malcolm. "SCHEMING SCHEMATA." British Journal of Aesthetics 34, no. 3 (1994): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaesthetics/34.3.207.
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PLANALP, SALLY. "RELATIONAL SCHEMATA." Human Communication Research 12, no. 1 (September 1985): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00064.x.
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Foldy, Erica Gabrielle. "Dueling Schemata." Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 42, no. 3 (September 2006): 350–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021886306290309.
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Nata A., M. Kharisma, Rina Herlina, and Wawan Tarwana. "EFL STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS ON SUPPORTED SCHEMATA TOWARDS TRANSLATING VARIED TEXT USING GOOGLE TRANSLATE." Journal of English Education Program (JEEP) 9, no. 2 (August 21, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/(jeep).v9i2.8557.
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This study reports the analysis of students’ perception of using schemata towards Google Translate results and their strategies to use their schemata in improving Google Translate results. The approach of this research was a case study. Observation and interviews were used as the instrument for collecting the data. The subject of this study was students of grade three in the English Education Program at one private University in Ciamis and the data collection was derived from online class observation and interviews with translating lecturers. The results showed that the use of schemata is needed in translating text from Google Translate. The results also showed that the outline of students’ strategies to improve Google Translate results can be conducted by checking vocabulary, and sentence structure, and using their understanding or schemata. The researcher suggested for the students of the English Education Program practice translating more and keep expanding their views to make the quality of their translation even more perfect..Keywords: Google Translate; Perception; Schema.
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Dransfield, Mark. "Searchlights for gravity and magnetics." GEOPHYSICS 80, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): G27—G34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2014-0256.1.
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The development of mental schemata is important in developing an understanding of physical phenomena and processes. Gravitational and magnetic fields are often visualized by geophysicists as equipotential surfaces (for gravity) and field lines (for magnetics). In these cases, the schemata treat the geology as the source of the field. In seismic and electromagnetic prospecting, one instead visualizes a field that is emitted by the instrument. Example schemata are traveling wavefronts (seismic) and smoke rings (electromagnetic induction in the dissipative limit). I carried this instrument-focused conceptualization over to potential field prospecting by a schema, which envisages the instrument as a probe, illuminating the earth in a manner analogous to a searchlight. Different potential-field instruments (potentiometers, gravimeters, magnetometers, and gradiometers) each have different beam characteristics and consequently illuminate the earth in different ways. This schema provides a new way of visualizing potential fields in prospecting with applications in instrument development, data acquisition and processing, and interpretation.
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HANDA, HISASHI, MITSURU BABA, TADASHI HORIUCHI, and OSAMU KATAI. "A NOVEL HYBRID FRAMEWORK OF COEVOLUTIONARY GA AND MACHINE LEARNING." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 02, no. 01 (March 2002): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026802000415.
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In this paper, we will propose a novel framework of hybridization of Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm and Machine Learning. The Coevolutionary Genetic Algorithm (CGA) which has already been proposed by Handa et al. consists of two GA populations: the first GA (H-GA) population searches for the solutions in given problems, and the second GA (P-GA) population searches for effective schemata of the H-GA. The CGA adopts the notion of commensalism, a kind of co-evolution. The new hybrid framework incorporates a schema extraction mechanism by Machine Learning techniques into the CGA. Considerable improvement in its search ability is obtained by extracting more efficient and useful schemata from the H-GA population and then by incorporating those extracted schemata into the P-GA. We will examine and compare two kinds of machine learning techniques in extracting schema information: C4.5 and CN2. Several computational simulations on multidimensional knapsack problems, constraint satisfaction problems and function optimization problems will reveal the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
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Fahriany, Fahriany. "SCHEMA THEORY IN READING CLASS." IJEE (Indonesian Journal of English Education) 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/ijee.v1i1.1192.
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Comprehension is making a sense out of text. It is a process of using reader’s existing knowledge (schemata) to interpret texts in order to construct meaning. Many reading experts agree that the schema theory is one of the reasonable theories of human information processing. Schemata, the plural of schema, are believed to be the building blocks of cognition. This paper discusses the role of readers’ preexisting knowledge on linguistics code as well as readers’ knowledge of the world (schema), which for the case of reading has similar importance of the printed words in the text. It is argued that the more non visual information the reader posses, the less visual information is needed. For teaching and learning, teachers are expected to use different strategies in order to deal with different students’ preexisting knowledge and schema to maximize students’ learning.
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Abdul-Sada Atia, Alya'a, and Ali Muhsin Gharab. "A Cognitive Linguistic Study of Image Schemata in Selected English Proverbs." Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, no. 39 (May 28, 2020): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss39.1358.
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This study intends to examine image schemata in English proverbs based on the Johnson's image schemata types in a cognitive semantic approach. Thus, the present study considers firstly some theories concerning cognitive linguistics, cognitive semantics, image schemata and its types. Then it examines the three categories of the Johnson's (1987) image schemata, namely, container, force, and path image schemata. The fundamental aim of the study is to answer a set of questions such as (1) what are the main types of Johnson's image schemata in English proverbs? (2) How do image schemata play a dynamic role in structuring human physical experiences even before learning a language? (3) In which way does the use of certain linguistic items redound on deciding the type of image schemata? However, the consequences of the current study show that (1) Some of English proverbs contain Johnson's types of image schemata, namely, container, force, and path schemata, (2) image schemata have an experiential basis, and (3) the meaning of most of image schemata in English proverbs is associated with using certain linguistic items.
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Stünkel, Knut Martin. "Biblical Metaschematism as a Device for Religious Transfer - Paul’s Communicative Strategy in a Situation of Religious Contact." Entangled Religions 2 (February 23, 2015): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/er.v2.2015.1-34.
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Paul’s use of the concept of metaschematism in the First and Second Letter to the Corinthians, and in the Letter to the Philippians can be examined as a significant example of religious transfer in the form of negotiation of schemata on the level of object language that tries to establish a meta-language through negotiation of schemata. By metaschematizing, mental and behavioral dispositions become interfaces linking different systems together, though in an asymmetrical manner. By taking into account the role of metaschematic processes in medicinal and philosophical contexts, the article intends to scrutinize the role of metaschematism in schematic interaction.
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Nystedt, Lars, Jacob Smari, and Marianne Boman. "Self‐schemata: Ambiguous operationalizations of an important concept." European Journal of Personality 5, no. 1 (March 1991): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410050102.
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The study addresses the question of the psychometric properties of Importance ratings as a measure of self‐schemata and compares it with Trait Level measures using a somewhat different methodology from that of Burke, Kraut and Dworkin (1984). Subjects rated themselves on each of ten trait scales and also rated the personal significance of each trait. Furthermore, subjects were asked to rank order acts with regard to how representative they would be for their own behaviour in particular situations. The experiment was repeated after 2 weeks. Conclusions similar to those of Burke et al. (1984) were reached. Evidence for the discriminant validity of Importance ratings as measures of self‐schemata was weak. Furthermore, Trait Level measures predicted schema‐related behaviour better than Importance ratings. Future directions in research on self‐schemata are discussed in the light of these findings.
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Reed, Kate, and Duncan Gillies. "Automatic derivation of design schemata and subsequent generation of designs." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 30, no. 4 (October 4, 2016): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060416000354.
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AbstractThis paper presents a method for automatically generating new designs from a set of existing objects of the same class using machine learning. In this particular work, we use a custom parametric chair design program to produce a large set of chairs that are tested for their physical properties using ergonomic simulations. Design schemata are found from this set of chairs and used to generate new designs by placing constraints on the generating parameters used in the program. The schemata are found by training decision trees on the chair data sets. These are automatically reverse engineered by examining the structure of the trees and creating a schema for each positive leaf. By finding a range of schemata, rather than a single solution, we maintain a diverse design space. This paper also describes how schemata for different properties can be combined to generate new designs that possess all properties required in a design brief. The method is shown to consistently produce viable designs, covering a large range of our design space, and demonstrates a significant time saving over generate and test using the same program and simulations.
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Dahan-Gaida, Laurence. "Le schématisme de l’invention et la pensée morphogénétique: Paul Valéry, Gilbert Simondon, D’Arcy Thompson." Çédille, no. 18 (2020): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.cedille.2020.18.13.
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Gilbert Simondon has shown that schemata are not a pure product of the imagination, but that they stem from a dialogue with the «images-objects» origi-nated in the realm of technique or even in nature, which offers an endless source of dynamic schemata that allow visualizing morphogenetic processes very effi-ciently. This expansion of Kant's schematism has allowed the French philosopher to propose a new concept of invention that brings to light the schemata present in technical or natural objects and enables us to transfer them from one field of hu-man experience to another. This article proposes an application of his model to a parallel reading of two texts: Paul Valéry's L’homme et la coquille (1937) and the essay On Growth and Form (1917), penned by the English zoologist Sir D'Arcy Thompson. Making use of totally different methods -literature in the first case; geometry and physics in the second-, these two works try to clear the morphoge-netic schema of the shells. It will be shown that Valéry, transferring this schema from the realm of nature to poetry, turns the shells into the pillar of a kind of in-vention both poetic and intellectual.
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Addington, Jean, and Lisa Tran. "Using the Brief Core Schema Scales with Individuals at Clinical High Risk of Psychosis." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 37, no. 2 (January 23, 2009): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465809005116.
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Background: The Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS) were developed to provide a theoretically coherent self-report assessment of schemata concerning self and others in psychosis. They provide a more useful measure of schemata about self and others than traditional measures of self-esteem. Aims: The aim of this study was to determine if these scales would be useful in a sample of individuals who are at clinical high risk of psychosis to help identify targets for intervention. Method: Thirty-eight individuals who are at high risk for psychosis were administered the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms, the Calgary Depression Scale, the Brief Core Schema Scales and the Young Schema Questionnaire–short version. Results: Results suggested that these scales are appropriate for this population and that negative evaluations of the self and others were significantly associated with attenuated psychotic symptoms and, in particular, suspiciousness.
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Rohringer, Stefan. "Schemata und Systemcharakter." Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Musiktheorie [Journal of the German-Speaking Society of Music Theory] 12, no. 1 (2015): 27–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31751/841.
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Taniguchi, Tadahiro, and Tetsuo Sawaragi. "Dual-Schemata Model." Transactions of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence 19 (2004): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1527/tjsai.19.493.
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Rabinovitch, Gilad. "Gjerdingen’s Schemata Reexamined." Journal of Music Theory 62, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 41–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00222909-4450636.
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Fischer, Michael J. "Lambda-calculus schemata." LISP and Symbolic Computation 6, no. 3-4 (November 1993): 259–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01019461.
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Kochanek, Piotr. "Schematy ekumeny w literaturze patrystycznej w kontekście klasycznych schematów zamieszkałej ziemi." Vox Patrum 55 (July 15, 2010): 307–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/vp.4341.
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Dieser Aufsatz stellt einen Versuch dar, die wichtigsten Schemata der Erde und der Ökumene (der besiedelte Teil der Erdoberfläche) in der antiken und patristischen Geografie und Kartografie zusammenzutragen. Ausgangspunkt waren solche Begriffe. Die Verben beschreiben die zwei Hauptarten der Erderforschung durch altertümliche und patristische Autoren: die Bemessungen der Erde im Rahmen der gew-metr…a und die Beschreibung der Erde im Rahmen. In Anlehnung an diese zwei Arten der Erderforschung wurden hier konsequenterweise auch die Hauptschemata der Ökumene in zwei Arten gegliedert: in das geometrische und in das geografische Schema. Zu den wichtigsten geometrischen Schemata der Erde und der Ökumene in der antiken Geographie gehören der Kreis, das Parallelogramm, der Globus, das Trapez, die Raute und Sphendone. Begriffe, die geometrische Schemata beschreiben, sind also solche schematisierende Begriffe. Zu den wichtigsten geographischen Schemata der Ökumene im Altertum gehört ein anthropomorphisches Schema, das sich in der hippokratischen Schrift Über die Hebdomadenlehre befindet. In diesem Text zerfällt also die ganze Erde in 7 Teile: 1) sie hat den Peloponnes als Kopf und Gesicht, 2) den korinthischen Isthmus als Rückenmark oder Hals, 3) Jonien als Zwerchfell, 4) den Hellespontos als Schenkel, 5) den thrakischen und kimmerischen Bosporos als Füße, 6) Ägypten und das ägyptische Meer als Bauch, 7) das Schwarze Meer und die Maiotische See als unteren Bauch und Mastdarm. Diese antiken geometrischen Hauptschemata der Erde und der Ökumene in Verbindung mit der Völkertafel von Gen 10, 1-32, die die unter die drei Söhne Noahs geteilte Welt schildert, mit der Beschreibung des Offenbarungszeltes (Ex 26, 15-37; 36, 20-34), mit der Darstellung vom Vorhof des Offenbarungszeltes (Ex 27, 9-19; 38, 9-13) und mit der Beschreibung der Ordnung im Lager der Israeliten, die rings um das Offenbarungszelt lagern sollten (Num 2, 3. 10. 18. 25), wurden die Grundlage der patristischen geometrischen Schemata der Erde an sich und der besiedelten Welt. Das oben erwähnte anthropomorphische Schema wurde wahrscheinlich hingegen (mutatis mutandis) eine ferne Inspirationsquelle für das gut bekannte Akrostichon des Namens Adam, wo die ersten Buchstaben der griechischen Bezeichnungen für die vier Himmelsrichtungen den Namen des Urvaters der Menschheit ergeben. Das Akrostichon wurde das patristische Hauptschema der Welt. Dieses Schema, dem die Typologie Adam-Christus (1 Kor 15, 22; Röm 5, 12-21) zugrunde lag, stellte die christozentrisch- anthropologische Perspektive des Christentums gut dar. Die patristischen Schemata waren eigentlich keine Vorstellungen aus dem Bereich der Kartografie sensu stricto, sondern stellten, ähnlich wie zum Beispiel das Zeichen „Fisch”, ein bestimmtes christliches Glaubensbekenntnis dar. Man sieht hier deutlich den Einfluss der Theologie des Neuen Testaments. Daneben, irgendwie im Hintergrund, sind in dem patristischen Bild der Ökumene alttestamentarische Inspirationen sichtbar. Diese biblischen Elemente waren an die klassische altgriechische Begriffsstruktur aus dem Bereich der Geo- und Kartografie angelehnt. Auf dieses Art erhielten die gut bekannten Schemata einen neuen Inhalt und wurden in den Dienst der neuen Ideologie eingespannt. Darüber hinaus waren sie dank der Bezugnahme auf die einfachsten geometrischen Figuren leicht zu merken und somit in der patristischen Katechese und in der Homiletik sowie auch im damaligen Schulunterricht gut anwendbar.
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Lenk, Hans. "Was Kant a Methodological Interpretationist?" Distinctio 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2022): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56550/d.1.1.1.
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This paper examines Kant’s interpretive role of categories (Verstandesbegriffe) on the basis of his assertion in the Prolegomena § 30, where Kant claims that the role of categories is to spell out appearances in order to read them as experience. Kant’s metaphor of “spelling” or even “reading” is just a colloquial expression for the complexities of interpreting reality. The explanatory models that result from the relationship of the categories to the world of experience are conditions of our understanding and cognition of reality. I think we cannot simply hypostatize structures within a reality per se, but we should more sophisticatedly speak only of the hypothetical basic constitution of reality. Indeed, reality as such can only be conceived interpretatively, and the particular epistemological model itself can only be articulated from a higher meta-level of interpretation. We could also say that Kant is concerned with interpretations in the sense of applying given schematic forms or schemata in our use of language, i.e., that he is concerned with scheme-interpretation or schema-impregnation, insofar as the activity of the understanding consists essentially in interpreting experience by means of given schemata. In this paper, Kant’s theory of experience interpretation is supplemented by a more sophisticated distinction of different levels of interpretation and presented in the form of diagrams.
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Douglass, Amy A., and Owen Lindauer. "Hierarchical and Nonhierarchical Approaches to Ceramic Design Analysis: A Response to Jernigan." American Antiquity 53, no. 3 (July 1988): 620–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281222.
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In his recent article, Jernigan (1986) presents what he feels is a superior alternative to the traditional hierarchical approach to design analysis on ceramics. We disagree that the hierarchical system is flawed seriously. Both Jernigan's nonhierarchical approach and the hierarchical approaches are models of design that should be applied selectively according to specific problem orientations. Our discussion focuses on: (1) the strengths and weaknesses of both approaches regarding different aspects of design analysis, and (2) a critique of Jernigan's schema concept with respect to its supposed emic content, operationalization, and internal consistency. Specifically, we believe that Jernigan's characterization of schemata as emic units of design is inappropriate. An understanding of design units such as schemata can be achieved best by placing design in a cultural context. Jernigan's schemata also suffer from both ambiguity and internal inconsistency that compromise their usefulness. However, despite our reservations concerning the nonhierarchical approach, Jernigan's article rekindles important issues concerning the design analysis of prehistoric artifacts.
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Kokla, Margarita, and Marinos Kavouras. "Spatial Concept Lattices: An Integration Method in Model Generalization." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 34 (September 1, 1999): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp34.614.
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The ability to view and analyze data of different detail and from different perspectives, and to move dynamically from one scale to another requires modeling geographic information at different generalization levels. On this account, in the framework of model generalization, the concept of multi-scale database is adopted to provide a consistent multiple representation of existent mono-scale representations. Spatial Concept Lattices are propounded as a new approach to thematic generalization through the semantic integration of multiple classification schemata and the creation of a multi-scale, multi-context database. The methodology presents in an explicit and systematic manner the integration of classification schemata, which exhibit differences in spatial and thematic resolution. In order to comprehend the stepwise SCL methodology, an actual example is used to demonstrate the integration of three independent land cover/land use classification schemata. The integration process is part of model generalization, since the resulting hierarchical integrated schema supports various levels of thematic resolution and represents geographic space from different application perspectives.
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Wenzel, Amy, Erin N. Haugen, and Peter A. Schmutzer. "RECALL OF SCHEMATIC AND NON-SCHEMATIC MATERIAL RELATED TO THREAT IN SOCIALLY ANXIOUS AND NONANXIOUS INDIVIDUALS." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, no. 4 (October 2003): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465803004028.
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The present study examined the recall of material representative and non representative of schemata for social and evaluative situations. Socially anxious (n = 24) and nonanxious (n = 25) individuals were presented with three positively valenced and three negatively valenced prose passages describing common social and evaluative scenarios. Eight of the sentences in each passage described events representative of the schema content of most individuals, whereas three of the sentences in each passage described events that are not representative of typical schema content. Participants completed a free recall task in both immediate (i.e. 2 minutes) and delayed (i.e. one week) recall conditions. Although there were no group differences as a function of type of content (i.e. schematic, non-schematic), socially anxious individuals were less likely than nonanxious individuals to accurately recall the gist of passages containing negative information in the immediate recall condition. In all, this study provided little evidence for the influence of maladaptive schema content on memory for threatening material in anxious individuals, but it added to an increasingly large literature suggesting that some types of anxiety are associated with an avoidance of processing emotional material.
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Fitri, Fitri, Mahyuni Mahyuni, and Sudirman Sudirman. "SKEMATA WACANA HUMOR STAND UP COMEDY INDONESIA." LINGUA: Journal of Language, Literature and Teaching 16, no. 1 (February 19, 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/lingua.v16i1.575.
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This qualitative research design was conducted to describe the schema, cohesion, coherence, and context contained in the stand-up comedy performed by famous comics (performer of stand up comedy) in Indonesia. The data were in the form the text of stand up comedy performed by Raditya Dika, Ernest Prakarsa, and Pandji Pragiwaksono. The source of the data was video-audio stand up comedy on Youtube http://www.youtube.com. The data gathered and analyzed grounded in theory of schematic, cohesion, coherence, and humorous discourse. The results show that the schemata appear in the setup section and each schema appears based on the experience of comics. The schema appears variously including dating, children, family, education, personal experience, social and so forth. The cohesion found in the stand-up comedy performed by the comics is only a few and without coherence in it. The context rising also depends on the main theme of stand up comedy.
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Gubernak, Bartosz, Przemysław Król, Małgorzata Kuzyk, and Dorota Mącik. "Związki wczesnych nieadaptacyjnych schematów z poczuciem sensu życia i dobrostanem psychicznym." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia 31, no. 3 (February 26, 2019): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/j.2018.31.3.263-279.
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<p>W niniejszym badaniu przebadano grupę 120 osób – studentów uczelni lubelskich. Wykorzystano Kwestionariusz Wczesnych Nieadaptacyjnych Schematów Younga, Skalę Osobistego Profilu Sensu Wonga oraz Skalę Dobrostanu Psychicznego Ryff i Keyes. Należy stwierdzić, iż istnieją związki między nieadaptacyjnymi schematami (EMS) a sensem i dobrostanem. Im wyższe nasilenie schematów, tym niższe<strong> </strong>poczucie sensu życia i mniejsza odczuwana jakość życia. Między schematem Izolacja Społeczna a wymiarami sensu i dobrostanu odnoszącymi się do relacji zachodzi wysoka korelacja ujemna. Schematy dotyczące sposobu, w jaki jednostka spostrzega samą siebie, jej relacji z innymi i radzenia sobie z otoczeniem, wiążą się z tymi wymiarami sensu i dobrostanu, które dotyczą relacji osoby do siebie, innych i świata. W kontekście dostępnej w psychoterapii tzw. terapii schematu interesującą perspektywą dla dalszych badań nad EMS, sensem i dobrostanem byłoby przebadanie osób, które zdecydowały się na terapię. Wykorzystanie powtarzalnego pomiaru dałoby odpowiedź na pytanie, czy i w jakim stopniu można modyfikować istniejący ujemny związek między tymi zmiennymi.</p>
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Hattaway, Michael. "Review: Shakespeare's Political Animal: Schema and Schemata in the Canon." Literature & History 1, no. 2 (September 1992): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030619739200100215.
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Carbon, Claus-Christian, and Sabine Albrecht. "Bartlett's schema theory: The unreplicated “portrait d'homme” series from 1932." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 11 (November 2012): 2258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2012.696121.
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In 1932, Frederic Bartlett laid the foundation for the later schema theory. His key assumption of previous knowledge affecting the processing of new stimuli was illustrated in the famous “portrait d'homme” series. Sequenced reproductions of ambiguous stimuli showed progressive object-likeness. As Bartlett pointed out, activation of specific schemata, for instance “the face schema”, biases memory retrieval towards such schemata. In five experiments (Experiment 1, n = 53; Experiment 2, n = 177; Experiment 3, n = 36; Experiment 4, n = 6; Experiment 5, n = 2), we tested several factors potentially influencing retrieval biases—for example, by varying the general procedure of reproduction (repeated vs. serial) and by omitting versus providing visual or semantic cues for activating face schemata. Participants inspected face-like stimuli with the caption “portrait of the human” and reproduced them repeatedly under specific conditions. None of the experiments revealed a systematic tendency towards Bartlett's described case, even when the participants were explicitly instructed to draw “a face” like the previously inspected one. In one of the “serial reproduction” experiments, we even obtained contrary effects with decreasing face-likeness over the reproduction generations. A close analysis of the original findings raises questions about the replicability of Bartlett's findings, qualifying the “portrait d'homme” series more or less as an illustrative example of the main idea of reconstructive memory.
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Jaya, Doni. "Penerjemahan Novel Dracula Karya Bram Stoker dari Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia: Kasus Pengalihan Skema Budaya Divergen." Paradigma: Jurnal Kajian Budaya 10, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v10i1.278.
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<p>Divergent cultural schema (DCS) is a collection of cultural knowledge required to interpret a text, which is assumed to be present in source readers (SR) but absent in target readers (TR). DCS typically takes the form of a highly concise source text without any sufficient information, so the translator applied various strategies. Bram Stoker’s Dracula, consisting of its English source text (ST) and Indonesian target text (TT), was chosen as data source due to its strong Victorian-European setting which contains many potential DCS. Data analysis generated several categories of results. The first is units of analysis (n = 758) which are classified into various schemata (n = 21) and subschemata (n = 84) based on certain similarity in schematic characteristics. The second is various types of ST divergence (n = 13). The third is the reasons for applying domesticating (n = 16) or foreignizing (n = 12) strategies, as well as their weaknesses (n = 20). The fourth is domestication as the dominant translation ideology. The fifth is a number of interesting phenomena (n = 25) related to the transfer of DCS such as ideological level, different levels of divergence among TR, and “foreignization” and “domestication” by ST writer. This research demonstrates the complexity of strategy applications and ideological positions which are dependent on many factors such as narrative context, linguistic constraints, ST divergence, or TR schemata.</p>
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Moussavi, Farzad, and Dorla A. Evans. "Emergence of Organizational Attributions: The Role of a Shared Cognitive Schema." Journal of Management 19, no. 1 (February 1993): 79–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639301900106.
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Daft and Weick (1984) suggest that individual-level interpretations of top strategic managers can be expected to converge into an organizational interpretation because managers use identical cognitive schemata when making their personal interpretations. The primary purpose of this paper is to adapt the well-accepted interpersonal attribution schema to an organizational context to determine whether Daft and Weick's convergence argument is plausible. We conclude that the common phenomena of informational equivocality and bias make the existence of shared schemata a necessary but not sufficient condition for the convergence of interpretations. Therefore, studies in the organizational literature which rely on the convergence argument fail to sufficiently establish a linkage between individual cognition and organizational action.
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Semino, Elena. "Schema theory and the analysis of text worlds in poetry." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 4, no. 2 (May 1995): 79–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096394709500400201.
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This article demonstrates an approach to the study of text worlds in poetry based on the theory of background knowledge and comprehension generally known as schema theory. It is argued that such an approach constitutes a useful alternative to the possible-world models which have traditionally been applied to the description of fictional worlds. From a cognitive point of view, text worlds can be seen as resulting from the application of certain portions of the reader's background knowledge (schemata) to the interpretation of texts. The reader's perception of a particular text world will depend on the extent to which his or her existing schemata are confirmed or challenged during the process of interpretation. Following Cook (1990 and forthcoming), I describe the former outcome as 'schema reinforcement' and the latter as 'schema refreshment'. Two contemporary poems (Seamus Heaney's 'A Pillowed Head' and Sylvia Plath's 'The Applicant') are analysed in detail, in order to: i. show the possibility of combining linguistic description and schema theory in the analysis of texts, and ii. demonstrate the usefulness of the notions of schema reinforcement and schema refreshment in accounting for the differences between the worlds projected by different texts. A partial redefinition of the notion of schema refreshment is suggested in the light of the analyses.