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Journal articles on the topic 'Schema therapy'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Unoka, Zsolt. "Schema therapy." Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/mpszle.66.2011.1.3.

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Elméleti összefoglalómban a kognitív terápiás irányzaton belül kialakult terápiás irányzat, a sématerápia bemutatására vállalkozom. A sématerápia súlyos kapcsolati problémákkal küzdő, személyiségzavarban vagy krónikus első tengely zavarban szenvedő páciensek számára kidolgozott hosszú (heti két alkalom, két éven át) egyéni vagy csoportos terápia. Először bemutatom a sématerápia kognitív, viselkedésterápiás, tárgykapcsolati és kötődéselméletet, Gestalt-terápiás elemeket integráló elméletét. A tanulmány második felében áttekintem a sématerápia hatékonyságára és a korai maladaptív sémaelmélet egyes elemeit alátámasztó kutatási eredményeket. Végül összefoglalom a sématerápia főbb szakaszait és specifikus terápiás technikáit: kognitív, viselkedésmintákat megtörő, élményalapú és a terápiás kapcsolatra fókuszáló technikákat.

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Leahy, Robert L. "Introduction: Emotional Schemas and Emotional Schema Therapy." International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 12, no. 1 (December 17, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41811-018-0038-5.

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Leahy, R. L. "Emotional Schema Therapy." Консультативная психология и психотерапия 29, no. 3 (2021): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/cpp.2021290304.

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Cognitive therapy has often been criticized as focusing exclusively on rational cogni¬tion rather than on the role of emotion in psychopathology. The Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) approach advances a model of how people think about and respond to their own emotions and those of others. Drawing on Beck’s schema model, the metacognitive model of Adrian Wells, the Acceptance and Commitment Model (ACT), and social cognitive theory, the EST model suggests that beliefs about the duration, controllability, legitimacy, normalcy, shame and guilt about emotions re¬sult in problematic strategies for coping with emotion, such as suppression, avoid¬ance, substance abuse, and rumination. I outline some of the main points of EST and the research supporting the model.

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Videler, Arjan C., Rita J. J. van Royen, Marjolein J. H. Legra, and Machteld A. Ouwens. "Positive schemas in schema therapy with older adults: clinical implications and research suggestions." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 4 (March 10, 2020): 481–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465820000077.

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AbstractBackground:Schema therapy is an effective treatment for borderline personality disorder and other complex disorders. Schema therapy is feasible in older adults, and the first empirical support for its effectiveness in later life was provided in older patients with a cluster C personality disorder. The central concept of the schema therapy model is the early maladaptive schema (EMS). Early adaptive schemas (EAS) give rise to adaptive behaviour, and they also emerge during childhood, when core emotional needs are adequately met by primary caregivers.Aims:To examine the concept of EAS and its application in schema therapy with older adults.Method:Literature review and case example: the role of EAS in schema therapy with older adults is discussed and suggestions for integrating EAS in schema therapy in later life are proposed.Results:Directing attention in therapy to EAS may help strengthen the healthy adult mode, and it might also help change a negative life review. Working with positive schemas may be an important avenue for re-awakening positive aspects of patients, reinforcing the therapeutic relationship, creating a positive working atmosphere, and also for facilitating the introduction of experiential schema therapy techniques.Conclusions:This review suggests that positive schemas may be important vehicles of therapeutic change when working with older people. There is a need for validating the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire (YPSQ) in older adults, and for examining whether integrating EAS in schema therapy with older adults indeed has a positive effect on therapy outcome.

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Huibers, M. "CS05-02 - Schema therapy for chronic depression." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73487-3.

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Although schema or schema-focused therapy is now a well-established treatment for personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, it was originally developed with long-lasting or chronic forms of depression in mind. In this presentation, I argue why schema therapy is a promising treatment for depression by giving an overview of currently available treatments; describing the theoretical framework of how schema therapy might apply to chronic depression; presenting empirical evidence on the early maladaptive schemas found in depressive patients receiving outpatient treatment; and by describing the design of an ongoing study in which the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of change of schema therapy for chronic depression are examined.

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Younan, Rita, Joan Farrell, and Tamara May. "‘Teaching Me to Parent Myself’: The Feasibility of an In-Patient Group Schema Therapy Programme for Complex Trauma." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 46, no. 4 (December 7, 2017): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465817000698.

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Background: Group schema therapy is an emerging treatment for personality and other psychiatric disorders. It may be particularly suited to individuals with complex trauma given that early abuse is likely to create maladaptive schemas. Aims: This pilot study explored the feasibility and effectiveness of a 4-week in-patient group schema therapy programme for adults with complex trauma in a psychiatric hospital setting. Method: Thirty-six participants with complex trauma syndrome participated in this open trial. Treatment consisted of 60 hours of group schema therapy and 4 hours of individual schema therapy administered over 4 weeks. Feasibility measures included drop-out rates, qualitative interviews with participants to determine programme acceptability and measures of psychiatric symptoms, self-esteem, quality of life and schema modes pre-, post- and 3 months following the intervention. Results: Drop-out rate for the 4-week program was 11%. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts revealed four major themes: connection, mode language explained emotional states, identifying the origin of the problem and the emotional activation of the programme. Measures of psychiatric symptoms, self-esteem and quality of life showed improvement post-treatment and at 3 months post-treatment. There was a reduction in most maladaptive schema modes pre-/post-treatment. Conclusions: A group schema therapy approach for complex trauma is feasible and demonstrates positive effects on psychiatric symptoms and maladaptive schemas.

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Hawke, Lisa D., and Martin D. Provencher. "Schema Theory and Schema Therapy in Mood and Anxiety Disorders: A Review." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 25, no. 4 (2011): 257–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.25.4.257.

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Schema theory was developed for patients with chronic psychological problems who fail to make significant gains in cognitive therapy. Although the theory has been applied most frequently to personality disorders, mood and anxiety disorders may also be a relevant application. This article reviews the literature applying schema theory to mood and anxiety disorders. The literature suggests that people with mood and anxiety disorders present high levels of early maladaptive schemas, some of which would appear to reflect the characteristics of the individual disorders. Preliminary research suggests that schema therapy may be successfully extended to mood and anxiety disorders. Further research is necessary to examine the utility of schema therapy for these clienteles and to identify the individuals who stand to benefit most.

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Krnetić, Igor, and Lana Vujaković. "PSIHOLOŠKA NEFLEKSIBILNOST KAO MEDIJATOR ODNOSA IZMEĐU RANIH MALADAPTIVNIH SHEMA I MANIFESTACIJA DEPRESIVNOSTI, ANKSIOZNOSTI I STRESA." ГОДИШЊАК ЗА ПСИХОЛОГИЈУ 18, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46630/gpsi.18.2021.01.

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Although the link between Early Maladaptive Schemas and many psychopathological manifestations has been confirmed, there is still not enough research examining the mechanism by which this link is realized. The aim of this study was to examine whether psychological inflexibility could be a mediator of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas grouped in schema domains and problems in current functioning, manifested through depression, anxiety and stress symptoms. Among the instruments used were the Young’s Schema Questionnaire, the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales. The sample included 320 subjects (Nfemales = 215; M = 33.5; SD = 9.6). The results indicate significant connections of psychological inflexibility with all scheme domains and all criterion variables, with this connection being the strongest in relation to depression (r = .74, p < .01) and autonomy impairment domain (r = .74, p < .01). Schema domains are important predictors of criterion variables, provided that the highest percentage of explained variance is in relation to depression. Psychological inflexibility has been shown to be a partial mediator of all relations between all schema domains and manifestations of depression, anxiety and stress. Although schema domains still have a significant direct effect on psychopathological manifestations, in the case of impaired limits when it comes to anxiety (b = .045; p<.05, 95% BCa CI [.03, .05]) and depression (b = .06, p<.05, 95% BCa CI [.04, .07]) the difference between the indirect and direct effect is most evident, while in the case of stress the greatest difference between the effects is in relation to the domain of autonomy impairment (b = .07, p < .05, 95% BCa CI [.05, .08]). The implications for the integration of schema therapy and third wave cognitive-behavioral therapy are discussed. Keywords: early maladaptive schemas, schema domains, psychological flexibility, depression, stress, anxiety

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Kermani, Nahid, Faride Dookaneei, Abdollah Shafiabadi, and Mansour Abdi. "Schema therapy and marital intimacy." Global Journal of Psychology Research: New Trends and Issues 8, no. 4 (December 29, 2018): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpr.v8i4.3942.

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This study investigates the effectiveness of schema therapy on the marital agreement of client who attends counselling clinic centre services on region five of the city of Tehran. The population were all of the clients who attend the services during 2011 winter and looking for family counselling services. Among 14 clients, seven couple revised schema therapy and seven were under control group that they have chosen randomly from volunteers. The sympathy between couples and research hypothesis are investigated by covariance test. The result shows that schema therapy was effective to improve the effectiveness of schema therapy on marital intimacy between couples and could be a good method for family therapy for Iranian couples. Keywords: Schema therapy, couple therapy, marital intimacy.

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Priemer, Margaret, France Talbot, and Douglas J. French. "Impact of Self-Help Schema Therapy on Psychological Distress and Early Maladaptive Schemas: A Randomised Controlled Trial." Behaviour Change 32, no. 1 (March 4, 2015): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2014.30.

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Self-help cognitive behaviour therapy has been found helpful in treating anxiety and depression. Recent evidence suggests that self-help schema therapy may represent another treatment alternative. The present study aimed to provide a preliminary assessment of the efficacy of self-help schema therapy on psychological distress and early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) using a 6-week treatment protocol with minimal email contact. Method: Participants were recruited from the general population and randomly assigned to self-help schema therapy (n = 32) or a waitlist (n = 32). Intent-to-treat analyses and study completer analyses were conducted using repeated-measures analyses of variance (time × group). Results: Intent-to-treat analyses revealed that treatment produced a marginal improvement in distress, but no change in EMSs. Among study completers (n = 34), self-help schema therapy yielded large reductions in distress scores on the Outcome Questionnaire-45.2 (partial eta squared = .16). Compared to the waitlist, self-help schema therapy also produced a moderate decrease in EMSs (partial eta squared = .10). The majority of study completers showed reliable clinical change in distress and reported high levels of satisfaction with the intervention. Conclusion: Self-help schema therapy may be an effective treatment for those individuals who persist in treatment. Self-help schema therapy has the potential to help a large number of individuals who may not otherwise have access to services. More research is needed to determine variables associated with treatment adherence and successful outcome.

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Terenzi, Stefano. "Una introduzione alla Schema Therapy." PSICOTERAPIA E SCIENZE UMANE, no. 4 (November 2020): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/pu2020-004007.

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Antoine, P. "Schema Therapy — A practioner's guide." Journal de Thérapie Comportementale et Cognitive 15, no. 2 (June 2005): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1155-1704(05)81222-4.

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Simeon, Daphne. "Schema Therapy: a Practitioner's Guide." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 57, no. 1 (July 2004): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00529-4.

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TEMPLE, SCOTT D. "Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide." American Journal of Psychiatry 160, no. 11 (November 2003): 2074—a—2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.2074-a.

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Castille, Katie, Maurice Prout, Geoffrey Marczyk, Maximillian Shmidheiser, Stephanie Yoder, and Beth Howlett. "The Early Maladaptive Schemas of Self-Mutilators: Implications for Therapy." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088983907780493340.

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The present study explored the Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) of individuals who engage in self-mutilation. One hundred five participants (34 males and 71 females) from a community site and from two clinical sites participated in the study. Four EMS differentiated self-mutilators from nonmutilators: Mistrust/Abuse, Emotional Deprivation, Social Isolation/Alienation, and Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline. The following schemas were also found to differentiate repetitive self-mutilators from nonmutilators and from self-mutilators who had engaged in only one episode of self-mutilation: Emotional Deprivation, Social Isolation/Alienation, Defectiveness/Shame, and Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline. Finally, the Social Isolation/Alienation schema was found to be endorsed more strongly as the number of self-mutilative episodes increased. The results are largely in accord with the theoretical suppositions of schema theory. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in the context of schema therapy.

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Stalmeisters, Dzintra. "Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and early maladaptive schemas: A single case study." Counselling Psychology Review 33, no. 1 (June 2018): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpscpr.2018.33.1.13.

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Background/Aims:Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complex illness, one that is devastating and life changing for many people. Early maladaptive schemas (EMS), as described by Young et al., (2003), have been observed in some patients with ME/CFS; seemingly adversely impacting on psychological and physical wellbeing. This study explores the experience of working at schema level with a woman with ME/CFS and endorsed EMS. It provides an overview of the therapeutic treatment, with the aim of adding to the limited research in this area.Method:The instrumental single case study takes place within a clinical context. The client received 20 sessions of therapy. Standard cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) was initially utilised to work with the client’s depression; once reduced, schema work commenced. Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II) was used to measure mood, and Young’s Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3) was employed to measure schemas.Findings:By the end of therapy only two schemas from the nine schemas that the client had endorsed at the start of therapy remained at a level of ‘therapeutic significance’; three schemas diminished once the depression had been treated. The client reported that her quality of life had improved and that she had taken up part-time paid employment.Conclusion:The results appear to offer some support for working at schema level with people that have ME/CFS and also endorse EMS. However, treating existing depression first is recommended.

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Derby, Danny S., Tal Peleg-Sagy, and Guy Doron. "Schema Therapy in Sex Therapy: A Theoretical Conceptualization." Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 42, no. 7 (November 16, 2015): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0092623x.2015.1113586.

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Ghasemkhanloo, Arezoo, Akbar Atadokht, and Vahid Sabri. "The effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the severity of depression, emotional dysregulation and emotional schemas in patients with major depressive disorder." Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2021): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/shenakht.8.3.76.

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Introduction: Major depression disorder is one of the most common psychological disorders that is often characterized by anhedonia, low mood, lethargy, distraction, changes in sleep and appetite and suicidal ideation. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotional schema therapy on the severity of depression, emotional dysregulation and emotional schemes of patients with major depressive disorder. Method: The present study was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The study population was patients with depression who referred to health centers in Khoy in 2020. 30 of them were randomly selected and assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 9 one-hour treatment sessions. Data were collected using Beck Depression Questionnaire (BDI-II), Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and Leahy Emotional Schemas Questionnaire (LESS-II). Data collection was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26 software. Results: The results of post-test scores of depression intensity, suppression, reappresial and adaptive and non-adaptive emotional schema showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups (p<0.001). The effect size of emotional schema therapy was to reduce the severity of depression (0.86), repression (0.63), re-evaluation (0.69), adaptive emotional schemas (0.74) and non-adaptive emotional schemas (0.78). Conclusion: Emotional schema therapy as an emerging emotion-focused therapy can be used as an effective and efficient treatment to reduce depression, emotional dysregulation, and correct emotional schemas.

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Pasquini, Massimo, and Annalisa Maraone. "Schema Therapy and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." ALPHA PSYCHIATRY 23, no. 4 (July 4, 2022): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/alphapsychiatry.2022.22080622.

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Nadort, Marjon. "Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder." European Psychiatry 25 (2010): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(10)70164-4.

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Kellogg, Scott H., and Jeffrey E. Young. "Schema therapy for borderline personality disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychology 62, no. 4 (2006): 445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20240.

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Padesky, Christine A. "Schema change processes in cognitive therapy." Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 1, no. 5 (December 1994): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpp.5640010502.

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STROIAN, Paula I. "Emotional Needs and Schematic Functioning in Depression: A Narrative Review." Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/jebp.2021.1.2.

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"Grounded in cognitive theory, the schema therapy model of psychopathology proposes a set of maladaptive cognitive structures, called early maladaptive schemas, resulting from the invalidation of emotional needs. More recently, the schema therapy model has been adapted for use with depressed clients. However, the utility of addressing emotional needs in the psychotherapeutic treatment of depression has not been established. The present paper aims to provide a narrative review of the current literature on basic needs as motivational factors in depression and their relation to schematic functioning. Theoretical considerations and practical evidence on the use of constructs related to basic motivation in depression are drawn from the literature on the cognitive and schema therapy-based models of depression. The implications for the theoretical understanding of needs are discussed, as are future directions for the research of schematic functioning in depression."

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Videler, A. C., G. Rossi, M. Schoevaars, C. M. van der Feltz-Cornelis, and S. P. J. van Alphen. "Effects of schema group therapy in older outpatients: a proof of concept study." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 10 (July 3, 2014): 1709–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214001264.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Short-term group schema cognitive behavior therapy (SCBT-g) showed improvements in overall symptomatology, early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and schema modes, both in adults and adolescents with personality disorder (PD) features and long-standing mood disorders. However, no research has yet been carried out on the effect in older adults. Therefore, in a proof of concept study, we explored the effect of SCBT-g in older outpatients with PD features and longstanding mood disorders.Method:Thirty-one older outpatients, aged 60–78 years with PD features and/or longstanding mood disorders were included in a proof of concept study with pre-mid-post design. Primary outcome was psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory) and intermediate outcomes were EMS (Young Schema Questionnaire) and schema modes (Schema Mode Inventory), assessed at baseline, mid-treatment and end-of-treatment. Paired samples t-tests were conducted, and Cohen's d effect sizes reported for pre mid- and post-treatment. As proof of concept analysis, hierarchical regression analyses with residual change scores were used to analyse whether early process changes in EMS (intermediate outcomes) predicted later outcome changes in symptoms.Results:SCBT-g led to significant improvement in all three measures of psychological symptoms, EMS and modes with medium effect sizes. Pre-treatment to mid-treatment changes in schema severity predicted symptom improvement from mid- to end-of-treatment.Conclusion:This proof of concept study shows that SCBT-g has potential to change EMS and to show significant effect at symptom level in older outpatients with PD features. A control condition in a randomized controlled trial is a necessary step for further research.

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Arntz, Arnoud, Gitta A. Jacob, Christopher W. Lee, Odette Manon Brand-de Wilde, Eva Fassbinder, R. Patrick Harper, Anna Lavender, et al. "Effectiveness of Predominantly Group Schema Therapy and Combined Individual and Group Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder." JAMA Psychiatry 79, no. 4 (April 1, 2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0010.

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Braden, Barbara, and Nancy Bergstrom. "Schema validation criticized." Rehabilitation Nursing 16, no. 1 (January 2, 1991): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2048-7940.1991.tb01176.x.

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Aghaeepour Gavasaraee, Maedeh, Masoud Mohammadi, Ghasem Naziri, and Azam Davoodi. "The effectiveness of schema therapy and cinema therapy in improving early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance temperament in people with an avoidant personality disorder: A single case study." Shenakht Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 9, no. 5 (November 22, 2022): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/shenakht.9.5.115.

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Introduction: Avoidant personality disorder is a relatively common personality disorder, widely coinciding with other axis I and axis II disorders. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy and cinema therapy in improving early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance temperament dimension in patients with an avoidant personality disorder. Method: This single-case research used a quasi-experimental multiple-baseline design. Among 18 to 35-year-old patients referred to the Armana Psychological Clinic in 2021, 4 individuals diagnosed with personality disorders based on a semi-structured clinical interview scale were selected by purposeful sampling. The tools used in this study were schema, temperament, and character questionnaires. The therapeutic program was held for 34 sessions of 60-minute, and the follow-up phase was performed 3 months after the end of the intervention. The data were analyzed by drawing charts and calculating clinical significance indices. Results: Participants’ scores in terms of schemas showed a descending trend from baseline to the end of the treatment, indicating slight improvement (25%-49%). Regarding the avoidance temperament variable, the scores showed a downward direction compared to baseline, revealing an improvement percentage of less than 25%. The scores of clinical significance indices (RCI≥1.96) in both variables indicated the effectiveness of the therapeutic method. Conclusion: Schema therapy and cinema therapy were efficient in treating maladaptive schemas in patients with an avoidant personality disorder; however, efficacy was inadequate for correcting the variable of harm avoidance temperament.

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kakavand, Ronak, felor khayatan, and mohsen golparvar. "Comparison of the effectiveness of special schema therapy package with conventional schema therapy on sexual schemas and marital adjustment of women with vaginismus disorder." Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jarac.4.3.87.

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Ashford, Violet. "Development of Visuo-perceptual Schema." Physiotherapy 76, no. 12 (December 1990): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)63146-x.

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Low, John. "Development of Visuo-perceptual Schema." Physiotherapy 76, no. 12 (December 1990): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9406(10)63147-1.

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Fani Sobhani, Fatemeh, Shohreh Ghorban Shiroudi, and Anahita Khodabakhshi-Koolaee. "Effect of Two Couple Therapies, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Schema Therapy, on Forgiveness and Fear of Intimacy in Conflicting Couples." Practice in Clinical Psychology 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jpcp.9.4.746.3.

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Objective: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Aceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and schema therapy on forgiveness and fear of intimacy in conflicting couples. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The participants were selected from the conflicting couples who were referred to counseling and psychological service centers in districts 1 and 5 of Tehran in 2019. Of the couples who scored high on the Fear-of-Intimacy Scale and obtained a low score on the Interpersonal Forgiveness Inventory, 30 couples (60 people) were selected using convenience sampling and randomly assigned to the schema therapy group (10 couples), the ACT group (10 couples), and the control group (10 couples). Then, the participants in each of the intervention groups attended eight 90-minute therapy sessions based on ACT and Schema therapy techniques. After the interventions, the participants in the three groups completed the questionnaires again and were followed up after three months. Results: The results showed that both ACT and schema therapy had a significant effect on fear of intimacy and forgiveness. Upon controlling the pre-test score, significant differences were found between the two ACT and schema therapy groups in terms of reconnection and revenge control (P<0.01), but the two groups were not significantly different in terms of resentment control, realistic perceptions, and fear of intimacy and schema couple therapy was more effective than ACT in controlling conflicting couples’ revenge and improving reconnection and this greater effectiveness was still retained in the follow-up phase. Conclusion: ACT and schema-based couple therapies can be used by psychologists and counselors as effective approaches to increase forgiveness and reduce fear of intimacy in couples. However, schema couple therapy is more effective than ACT in controlling negative emotions and treating them in couples.

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Carter, Janet D., Virginia VW McIntosh, Jennifer Jordan, Richard J. Porter, Katie Douglas, Christopher M. Frampton, and Peter R. Joyce. "Patient predictors of response to cognitive behaviour therapy and schema therapy for depression." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 9 (January 11, 2018): 887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867417750756.

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Objective: Few studies have examined differential predictors of response to psychotherapy for depression. Greater understanding about the factors associated with therapeutic response may better enable therapists to optimise response by targeting therapy for the individual. The aim of the current exploratory study was to examine patient characteristics associated with response to cognitive behaviour therapy and schema therapy for depression. Methods: Participants were 100 outpatients in a clinical trial randomised to either cognitive behaviour therapy or schema therapy. Potential predictors of response examined included demographic, clinical, functioning, cognitive, personality and neuropsychological variables. Results: Individuals with chronic depression and increased levels of pre-treatment negative automatic thoughts had a poorer response to both cognitive behaviour therapy and schema therapy. A treatment type interaction was found for verbal learning and memory. Lower levels of verbal learning and memory impairment markedly impacted on response to schema therapy. This was not the case for cognitive behaviour therapy, which was more impacted if verbal learning and memory was in the moderate range. Conclusion: Study findings are consistent with the Capitalisation Model suggesting that therapy that focuses on the person’s strengths is more likely to contribute to a better outcome. Limitations were that participants were outpatients in a randomised controlled trial and may not be representative of other depressed samples. Examination of a variety of potential predictors was exploratory and requires replication.

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Renner, Fritz, Arnoud Arntz, Ina Leeuw, and Marcus Huibers. "Treatment for Chronic Depression Using Schema Therapy." Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12032.

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Leahy, Robert L. "Emotional Schema Therapy: A Meta-experiential Model." Australian Psychologist 51, no. 2 (March 18, 2016): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ap.12142.

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Jacob, Gitta A., and Arnoud Arntz. "Schema Therapy for Personality Disorders—A Review." International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 6, no. 2 (June 2013): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2013.6.2.171.

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Redman, Kate, and Wilson Rebecca. "Schema therapy by telephone – adaptations and reflections." FPOP Bulletin: Psychology of Older People 1, no. 154 (April 2021): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsfpop.2021.1.154.41.

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Legra, M. J. H., F. R. J. Verhey, and S. P. J. van Alphen. "A first step toward integrating schema theory in geriatric psychiatry: a Delphi study." International Psychogeriatrics 29, no. 7 (April 10, 2017): 1069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217000412.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Schematherapy (ST) is an effective therapy for personality disorders (PD's) in adults, however, empirical research into ST in older adults is limited. The manifestation of schemas over the life course is unclear. Besides, long-term patterns of schemas in old age and whether schemas change during the aging process remain unknown.Methods:We performed a Delphi study involving a group meeting of nine experts in the field of ST in older adults.Results:Full consensus was achieved that schemas vary later in life, and that this is due to biopsychosocial factors. The concepts of schema triggering (the chance that a maladaptive schema is activated) and schema coping (the psychological and behavioral effort a person makes to minimize the stress that comes with the schema) in the past are important in clinical practice. Understanding how schemas are triggered during the life course and how patients deal with their schemas throughout life will help the therapist to complete the diagnostic puzzle in older individuals and to choose appropriate interventions.Conclusion:Schemas are flexible and dynamic constructs that can fade or intensify due to multiple factors. This study is a first step toward advancing the state of knowledge regarding schema theory in an aging population. The results will contribute to improvements in ST in older adults by developing an understanding of the plasticity of schemas during the life course.

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Mohammadi, Safieh. "Effectiveness of Schema Therapy and Emotional Self-Regulation Therapy in the Components of Women’s Marital Conflicts." Journal of Client-centered Nursing Care 6, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jccnc.6.4.341.1.

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Background: Marital conflicts partly happen due to the psychological disorders of couples, issues related to children, and the long periods of depression, all of which may lead to the failure of relationship and divorce. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotional self-regulation therapy in the components of marital conflict in women referred to the psychological centers of Ahvaz City. Methods: It was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The research population consisted of all women with marital conflicts referring to the psychological centers of Ahvaz, in 2019. Using convenience sampling, 45 women who were willing to participate in the project were recruited and randomly assigned into two experimental groups (schema therapy and emotional self-regulation therapy) and a control group (n=15 per group). Data were collected with the Marital Conflict Questionnaire. Besides, the first and second intervention programs consisted of eight 90-minute sessions of schema therapy and eight 90-minute sessions of emotional self-regulation therapy, respectively. The obtained data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS V. 24. Results: Schema therapy and emotional self-regulation therapy effectively improved the components of marital conflict in women (P<0.01). Also, the effects of the two interventions on the components of marital conflict did not significantly differ (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings, schema therapy and emotional self-regulation therapy are suggested to be employed by psychologists and psychiatric nurses to improve the components of women’s marital conflict

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Louis, John P., Alex M. Wood, and George Lockwood. "Development and Validation of the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory (PPSI) to Complement the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI) for Schema Therapy (ST)." Assessment 27, no. 4 (September 7, 2018): 766–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191118798464.

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The factor structure of an initial item pool of 207 positive parenting items was investigated (Manila; n = 520, 538) to develop the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory. Single group and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses of the Positive Parenting Schema Inventory showed invariance of the factor structure in six out of the seven levels on two other independent samples (Eastern, Indonesia; n = 366, 383; Western, the United States; n = 204, 214). Good values for reliability were obtained for its seven subscales (50 items) using coefficient omegas (.71 to .95). Evidence of validity based on test content, response processes (item responses to desired inferences), internal structure (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), relations to other variables (correlations with other instruments), and consequences of testing (correlations with positive schemas) were demonstrated. A core tenet of schema therapy theory was supported in that recall of past positive parenting patterns were associated with current levels of positive schemas.

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CHAN, Edward Weng Lok and TAN, Huey Jing Renee. "Positive Psychology Couple Schema Therapy: A new model of couple therapy focusing on reigniting couple attraction via schema therapy and positive psychology." Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, no. 2 (January 4, 2020): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26407/2019jrtdd.1.24.

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Rodriguez, Adrian, Paul Ratanasiripong, Kimberly Hardaway, Leslie Barron, and Shiho Toyama. "Latinx College Students: How Schemas and Attachments Impact Depression and Relationship Satisfaction." Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences 42, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 248–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739986320910165.

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Latinx college students face challenges regarding depression. The relationships between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and attachment style on depression and relationship satisfaction were investigated among 236 Latinx college student participants. The Young Schema Questionnaire–Short Form (YSQ-S3) total score was utilized to identify overall schema. Significant correlations were found. Overall schema, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and depression were all positively correlated, while attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and depression were negatively correlated with relationship satisfaction. In multiple regression analyses, Model 1, overall schema and attachment anxiety significantly predicted depression. In Model 2, overall schema, attachment anxiety, and attachment avoidance significantly predicted relationship satisfaction, with EMS acting as a positive predictor. Results suggest that Latinx college students with EMS and anxious attachment style endorse more depression, while the influence of EMS and attachment style on relationship satisfaction needs to be further investigated. Considerations for the use of schema therapy and future research are discussed.

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Kim, K. A., and R. V. Kadyrov. "Group Schema Therapy for Reducing Parenting Stress in Families with Children with Disabilities." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University 24, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 517–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2022-24-4-517-524.

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Parents experience stress that manifests itself as a negative reaction to the situation when the demands of being a parent exceed the expectations of oneself as a parent. Stress level in parents of children with disabilities is significantly higher than in standard families. Schema therapy is an effective psychological intervention for managing this stress. The paper reviews foreign and Russian publications on schema therapy for parents of children with special needs. The comparative analysis showed that schema-therapy approach might have higher efficacy in managing this type of stress than other popular psychotherapeutic approaches, e.g., CBT, MCT, PST, etc. These approaches often focus on teaching specific parenting skills or changing parents' behavior and attitude but leave behind their emotional well-being. Schema therapy develops effective parenting skills and behavioral practices while teaching emotion management strategies. A comprehensive schema therapy program may reduce stress in parents of children with disabilities.

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Aflakian, Mehdi. "Developing the Schema Therapy Based on Obsessive-compulsive Disorder and Comparing With Cognitive-behavioral Therapy." Caspian Journal of Neurological Sciences 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/cjns.6.21.214.1.

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Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder different treatment, but its treatment is very difficult. Objectives: This study aimed to develop schema therapy based on psychosocial issues of patients and compare this therapy with cognitive-behavioral therapy on rumination. Materials and Methods: In this analytical cross-sectional study, the study population included all referred to specialized psychotherapy centers in the field of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in Isfahan City, Iran, during spring and summer of 2019. This research consists of four stages. The first stage was a qualitative research using a directional content analysis method through a semistructured interview. The second stage was quantitatively done with a quantitative content analysis method. The third stage was of validation type with Lawshe’s method, and the last stage used a quasi-experimental method, pret-est/post-test type with a control group, and a follow-up period of 45 days. The subjects responded to the questionnaire based on the rumination response scale before and after the intervention. Results: The results of the first stage suggested 7 main themes. The second stage led us to the development of a treatment package for schema therapy. The findings of the third study indicated the validity of the package developed by the evaluators. The results of the fourth study showed that the mean scores of rumination in the two experimental groups (schema therapy and cognitivebehavioral therapy) significantly differed from the control group scores (P<0.01). Besides, based on the results, schema therapy was more effective in reducing the rumination of patients compared with cognitive-behavioral therapy (P<0.001). Conclusion: Compared with cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychosocial-based schema therapy is more effective in reducing the rumination of the patients.

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Morrison, Norma. "SCHEMA-FOCUSED COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR COMPLEX LONG-STANDING PROBLEMS: A SINGLE CASE STUDY." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 28, no. 3 (July 2000): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800003076.

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A single case study of a schema-focused cognitive therapy approach to treatment of a young woman with long-term interpersonal relationship problems and affective instability is described. There have been few accounts of this type of therapy that have incorporated outcome measures. Measures of mood and of schema have been taken throughout treatment and results would appear to offer some support for schema-focused cognitive therapy.

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Abramov, Volodymyr. "Comparative analysis and ways of integration of Schema Therapy and Narrative Psychotherapy." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series “Psychology”, no. 2 (12) (2020): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/bsp.2020.2(12).1.

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The article compares schema-therapy to narrative therapy across three domains: (i) theoretical methodological and philosophical framework; (ii) technics (both methods and their theoretical background), and (iii) mechanisms of change in therapy. Several ways of integrating these two therapies are proposed. Schema therapy and narrative psychotherapy are based on contradicting methodologies of structuralism and post-structuralism. Schema therapy develops the concept of schemes, introduced by A. Beck, adding emotions, physiological reactions and memories to its structure, and stresses the importance of using emotion-focused techniques to change them. Narrative psychotherapy is based on theories of dialogical self, introduced by H. Hermans and narrative theories of identity, introduced by T. Sarbin and D. Bruner. Both methods use the idea of multimodal structure of personality. Schema therapy partly uses the idea of distancing from and observing modes, introduced by the third wave of cognitive-behavioral therapies. Narrative psychotherapy uses externalization of symptoms as one of the core techniques. Both methods modify the narrative of the person. Narrative psychotherapy seeks unique events to develop a new narrative of the person according to their values. Schema therapy uses imagery rescripting to meet the needs of a child mode and change emotions experienced in traumatic memory. Both therapies also use internalization of attachment figures. Schema therapy can integrate metaphors from narrative therapy to deal with personality modes. It also can be enriched by treating these modes as sub personalities of narrative psychotherapy and focusing on their narratives and values.

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de Klerk, Noor, Tineke A. Abma, Lotte L. M. Bamelis, and Arnoud Arntz. "Schema Therapy for Personality Disorders: a Qualitative Study of Patients’ and Therapists’ Perspectives." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465816000357.

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Background: Several studies have evaluated the (cost) effectiveness of schema therapy for personality disorders, but little research has been done on the perspectives of patients and therapists. Aim: The present study aims to explore patients’ and therapists’ perspectives on schema therapy. Method: Qualitative data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 15 patients and a focus group of 8 therapists. A thematic analysis was performed. Results: Most patients and therapists agreed that helpful aspects in schema therapy were the highly committed therapeutic relationship, the transparent and clear theoretical model, and the specific schema therapy techniques. About unhelpful aspects, several patients and some therapists shared the opinion that 50 sessions was not enough. Furthermore, patients lacked clear advance information about the possibility that they might temporarily experience stronger emotions during therapy and the possibility of having telephone contact outside session hours. They missed practical goals in the later stage of therapy. With regard to imagery, patients experienced time pressure and they missed a proper link between the past and the present. For therapists, it was hard to manage the therapeutic relation, to get used to a new kind of therapy and to keep the treatment focused on personality problems. Conclusions: Patients and therapists found some aspects of the schema therapy protocol helpful. Their views about which aspects are unhelpful and their recommendations need to be taken into consideration when adjusting the protocol and implementing schema therapy.

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Dick, Leah P., and Dolores Gallagher-Thompson. "Cognitive Therapy With the Core Beliefs of a Distressed, Lonely Caregiver." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 9, no. 4 (January 1995): 215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.9.4.215.

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The purpose of this case study is to describe, in detail, a systematic approach that was used to modify a long-standing dysfunctional schema in a depressed female outpatient over the age of 60. In our opinion, this paper addresses a gap in the current cognitive therapy literature which contains very little description of methods for schema change. The client, Mrs. A., was depressed as a result of caring for her elderly mother who was suffering from advanced Alzheimer’s disease. She first received a 20-session course of treatment for her depression which focused on goals such as reducing guilt, setting limits, and making some time for her personal needs. After attaining these goals, she was given the opportunity to participate in an intense program of 18 additional individual sessions to evaluate and revise a key core belief, using an adaptation of Young’s (1990) method of the Historical Test of Schemas. This core belief was stated as follows: “In order to alleviate my feelings of inferiority, I must be all things to everyone.” Mrs. A was able to discuss the origin and the maintenance of this schema throughout her life, and she also was able to revise it in a way that allowed her to be more accepting of herself and her abilities.

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Saariaho, Tom H. J., Anita S. I. Saariaho, Irma A. Karila, and Matti I. Joukamaa. "Early maladaptive schemas in Finnish adult chronic male and female pain patients." Scandinavian Journal of Pain 1, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpain.2010.09.003.

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AbstractBackground and aims of the studyThe connection between chronic pain and traumatic experiences in childhood has been established in several studies. The association of emotional maltreatment with chronic pain has been studied, but to a lesser degree. Schema therapy [24] is an extension of cognitive therapy and presents the early maladaptive schema (EMS) concept. EMSs reflect early, mainly emotional maltreatment. The aim of the present study was to examine the existence of EMSs, the association between EMSs and pain variables and EMS driven patterns.Patients and measuresThe study consisted of 271 first visit pain patients. Their socio-demographic data, pain variables and pain disability were assessed. The presence of EMSs was measured using the Young Schema Questionnaire Short Form Extended. One hundred and three successive participants were also interviewed according to the cognitive case conceptualization.ResultsMore than half (58.3%) of the chronic pain patients scored EMSs as meaningful. The patients with meaningful EMSs had significantly higher pain intensity, duration of pain and pain disability. The two most frequently occurring EMSs in male pain patients were Unrelenting Standards/Hypercriticalness (US) (36.2%) and Self-Sacrifice (SS) (23.6%) and in female pain patients SS (40.3%) and US (27.1%). The speech contents of five of the highest scoring US and SS male and female patients (n = 20) were analyzed. The analyses showed schema driven behavior which exacerbated the pain situation. US and SS schemas had a stronger motivational effect on their behavior than the pain itself. Regression analyses showed that Self-Sacrifice schema in women and Emotional Deprivation schema in the total sample predicted pain disability as did pain intensity and the number of pain locations.ConclusionsThis study suggested that a remarkable amount of chronic pain patients may suffer from early maladaptive schemas which have an effect on their current pain situation and may reflect underlying early emotional maltreatment.

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Pugh, Matthew. "A narrative review of schemas and schema therapy outcomes in the eating disorders." Clinical Psychology Review 39 (July 2015): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.04.003.

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Finogenow, Maria. "Experiential techniques and therapeutic relationship in schema therapy." Psychoterapia 196, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pt/134156.

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