Relevant bibliographies by topics / SCFA

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Academic literature on the topic 'SCFA'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "SCFA"

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de la Cuesta-Zuluaga, Jacobo, Noel Mueller, Rafael Álvarez-Quintero, Eliana Velásquez-Mejía, Jelver Sierra, Vanessa Corrales-Agudelo, Jenny Carmona, José Abad, and Juan Escobar. "Higher Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels Are Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis, Obesity, Hypertension and Cardiometabolic Disease Risk Factors." Nutrients 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010051.

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Fiber fermentation by gut microbiota yields short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that are either absorbed by the gut or excreted in feces. Studies are conflicting as to whether SCFAs are beneficial or detrimental to cardiometabolic health, and how gut microbiota associated with SCFAs is unclear. In this study of 441 community-dwelling adults, we examined associations of fecal SCFAs, gut microbiota diversity and composition, gut permeability, and cardiometabolic outcomes, including obesity and hypertension. We assessed fecal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and SCFA concentrations by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Fecal SCFA concentrations were inversely associated with microbiota diversity, and 70 unique microbial taxa were differentially associated with at least one SCFA (acetate, butyrate or propionate). Higher SCFA concentrations were associated with a measure of gut permeability, markers of metabolic dysregulation, obesity and hypertension. Microbial diversity showed association with these outcomes in the opposite direction. Associations were significant after adjusting for measured confounders. In conclusion, higher SCFA excretion was associated with evidence of gut dysbiosis, gut permeability, excess adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk factors. Studies assessing both fecal and circulating SCFAs are needed to test the hypothesis that the association of higher fecal SCFAs with obesity and cardiometabolic dysregulation is due to less efficient SCFA absorption.
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Segers, Anneleen, Louis Desmet, Shu Sun, Kristin Verbeke, Jan Tack, and Inge Depoortere. "Night-time feeding of Bmal1−/− mice restores SCFA rhythms and their effect on ghrelin." Journal of Endocrinology 245, no. 1 (April 2020): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-20-0011.

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The known crosstalk between short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the circadian clock is tightly intertwined with feeding time. We aimed to investigate the role of the core clock gene Bmal1 and feeding time in the diurnal rhythms in plasma and caecal SCFA levels and in their effect on the release of the hunger hormone ghrelin in the stomach and colon. WT, Bmal1-/- (ad libitum fed) and night-time-restricted-fed (RF)-Bmal1-/- littermates were killed at zeitgeber time (ZT) 4 and 16. SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography. To investigate the effect of SCFAs on ghrelin release, stomach and colonic full-thickness strips were incubated with Krebs or a SCFA mix mimicking plasma or caecal concentrations, after which octanoyl ghrelin release was measured by RIA. Diurnal rhythms in caecal and plasma SCFAs oscillated in phase but rhythmic changes were abolished in Bmal1-/- mice. RF of Bmal1-/- mice restored fluctuations in caecal SCFAs. Plasma SCFA concentrations failed to affect gastric ghrelin release. The effect of caecal SCFA concentrations on colonic ghrelin release was rhythmic (inhibition at ZT 4, no effect at ZT 16). In Bmal1-/- mice, the inhibitory effect of SCFAs at ZT 4 was abolished. RF Bmal1-/- mice restored the inhibitory effect and increased colonic Clock expression. To conclude, diurnal fluctuations in caecal SCFAs and the effect of SCFAs on colonic ghrelin release are regulated by feeding time, independent of the core clock gene Bmal1. However, local entrainment of other clock genes might contribute to the observed effects.
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Omori, Kanako, Hiroki Miyakawa, Aya Watanabe, Yuki Nakayama, Yijin Lyu, Natsumi Ichikawa, Hiroyuki Sasaki, and Shigenobu Shibata. "The Combined Effects of Magnesium Oxide and Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Cecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010152.

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Constipation is a common condition that occurs in many people worldwide. While magnesium oxide (MgO) is often used as the first-line drug for chronic constipation in Japan, dietary fiber intake is also recommended. Dietary fiber is fermented by microbiota to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). SCFAs are involved in regulating systemic physiological functions and circadian rhythm. We examined the effect of combining MgO and the water-soluble dietary fiber, inulin, on cecal SCFA concentration and microbiota in mice. We also examined the MgO administration timing effect on cecal SCFAs. The cecal SCFA concentrations were measured by gas chromatography, and the microbiota was determined using next-generation sequencing. Inulin intake decreased cecal pH and increased cecal SCFA concentrations while combining MgO increased the cecal pH lowered by inulin and decreased the cecal SCFA concentrations elevated by inulin. When inulin and MgO were combined, significant changes in the microbiota composition were observed compared with inulin alone. The MgO effect on the cecal acetic acid concentration was less when administered at ZT12 than at ZT0. In conclusion, this study suggests that MgO affects cecal SCFA and microbiota during inulin feeding, and the effect on acetic acid concentration is time-dependent.
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Cherbut, Christine, Laurent Ferrier, Claude Rozé, Younès Anini, Hervé Blottière, Gérard Lecannu, and Jean-Paul Galmiche. "Short-chain fatty acids modify colonic motility through nerves and polypeptide YY release in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 275, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): G1415—G1422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.6.g1415.

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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are recognized as the major anions of the large intestinal content in humans, but their effect on colonic motility is controversial. This study explores the colonic motor effect of SCFAs and their mechanisms in the rat. Colonic motility (electromyography) and transit time (plastic markers) were measured in conscious rats while SCFAs were infused into the colon, either alone or after administration of neural antagonists or immunoneutralization of circulating polypeptide YY (PYY). SCFA-induced PYY release was measured by RIA and then simulated by infusing exogenous PYY. Intracolonic infusion of 0.4 mmol/h SCFAs had no effect, whereas 2 mmol/h SCFAs reduced colonic motility (36 ± 3 vs. 57 ± 4 spike bursts/h with saline, P< 0.05) by decreasing the ratio of nonpropulsive to propulsive activity. This resulted in an increased transit rate ( P < 0.01). Neither α-adrenoceptor blockade nor nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevented SCFA-induced motility reduction. Intraluminal procaine infusion suppressed the SCFA effect, indicating that a local neural mechanism was involved. SCFA colonic infusion stimulated PYY release in blood. Immunoneutralization of circulating PYY abolished the effect of SCFAs on colonic motility, whereas exogenous PYY infusion partly reproduced this effect. SCFAs modify colonic motor patterns in the rat and increase transit rate; local nerve fibers and PYY are involved in this effect.
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Alsharairi, Naser A. "Therapeutic Potential of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolite Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis." Life 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13020561.

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Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the principle end-products produced by the anaerobic gut microbial fermentation of complex carbohydrates (CHO) in the colon perform beneficial roles in metabolic health. Butyrate, acetate and propionate are the main SCFA metabolites, which maintain gut homeostasis and host immune responses, enhance gut barrier integrity and reduce gut inflammation via a range of epigenetic modifications in DNA/histone methylation underlying these effects. The infant gut microbiota composition is characterized by higher abundances of SCFA-producing bacteria. A large number of in vitro/vivo studies have demonstrated the therapeutic implications of SCFA-producing bacteria in infant inflammatory diseases, such as obesity and asthma, but the application of gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), an acute inflammatory necrosis of the distal small intestine/colon affecting premature newborns, is scarce. Indeed, the beneficial health effects attributed to SCFAs and SCFA-producing bacteria in neonatal NEC are still to be understood. Thus, this literature review aims to summarize the available evidence on the therapeutic potential of gut microbiota and its metabolite SCFAs in neonatal NEC using the PubMed/MEDLINE database.
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Li, Yan Jun, Xiaochen Chen, Tony K. Kwan, Yik Wen Loh, Julian Singer, Yunzi Liu, Jin Ma, et al. "Dietary Fiber Protects against Diabetic Nephropathy through Short-Chain Fatty Acid–Mediated Activation of G Protein–Coupled Receptors GPR43 and GPR109A." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 31, no. 6 (May 1, 2020): 1267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2019101029.

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BackgroundStudies have reported “dysbiotic” changes to gut microbiota, such as depletion of gut bacteria that produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through gut fermentation of fiber, in CKD and diabetes. Dietary fiber is associated with decreased inflammation and mortality in CKD, and SCFAs have been proposed to mediate this effect.MethodsTo explore dietary fiber’s effect on development of experimental diabetic nephropathy, we used streptozotocin to induce diabetes in wild-type C57BL/6 and knockout mice lacking the genes encoding G protein–coupled receptors GPR43 or GPR109A. Diabetic mice were randomized to high-fiber, normal chow, or zero-fiber diets, or SCFAs in drinking water. We used proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for metabolic profiling and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to assess the gut microbiome.ResultsDiabetic mice fed a high-fiber diet were significantly less likely to develop diabetic nephropathy, exhibiting less albuminuria, glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte injury, and interstitial fibrosis compared with diabetic controls fed normal chow or a zero-fiber diet. Fiber beneficially reshaped gut microbial ecology and improved dysbiosis, promoting expansion of SCFA-producing bacteria of the genera Prevotella and Bifidobacterium, which increased fecal and systemic SCFA concentrations. Fiber reduced expression of genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and fibrosis-promoting proteins in diabetic kidneys. SCFA-treated diabetic mice were protected from nephropathy, but not in the absence of GPR43 or GPR109A. In vitro, SCFAs modulated inflammation in renal tubular cells and podocytes under hyperglycemic conditions.ConclusionsDietary fiber protects against diabetic nephropathy through modulation of the gut microbiota, enrichment of SCFA-producing bacteria, and increased SCFA production. GPR43 and GPR109A are critical to SCFA-mediated protection against this condition. Interventions targeting the gut microbiota warrant further investigation as a novel renoprotective therapy in diabetic nephropathy.
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Łoniewska, Beata, Magda Fraszczyk-Tousty, Piotr Tousty, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz, and Igor Łoniewski. "Analysis of Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs) in Healthy Children during the First Two Years of Life: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study." Nutrients 15, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15020367.

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Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. The aim is to analyze the influence of perinatal factors, which can affect the gut microbiota, on the concentrations of fecal SCFAs over the first two years of life. Gas chromatography was used to analyze SCFA in a total of 456 fecal samples from 86 children. Total SCFA concentrations increased until 12 months and stabilized after that. Antibiotic treatment during pregnancy was associated with an increase in acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in meconium and a decrease in the same SCFAs at 6 months. Butyric acid was increased after Caesarean delivery until 1 month. In formula-fed children, propionic acid (at 1 month) and butyric acid and total SCFA (at 12 months) were increased. Acetic and linear butyric acids and total SCFAs were also increased at 12 months in children born vaginally that were also formula-fed. Higher butyric acid was observed in children of mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight and adequate weight gain during pregnancy. Butyric acid was also elevated in 6-month-old infants with a higher body weight (≥85th percentile). Acetic acid concentrations were significantly higher in 2-year-old females vs. males. We conclude that perinatal factors are linked to changes in fecal SCFAs and further long-term epidemiological studies are warranted.
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Eun, C. S., D. S. Han, J. G. Lee, and C. H. Park. "P834 Effects of short-chain fatty acids supplementation on gut inflammation in DSS-induced murine colitis model." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S646—S648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.962.

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Abstract Background Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in maintaining gut homeostasis. However, inconclusive results exist whether administration of SCFAs ameliorates gut inflammation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to evaluate the effects of butyrate or mixture of SCFAs on gut inflammation in the dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced murine colitis model. Methods Following oral treatment with 150 mM sodium butyrate or mixture of SCFAs (67.5 mM acetate, 40 mM butyrate, 25.9 mM propionate) for 2 weeks, acute colitis was induced in the C57BL/6 mice by adding 2% DSS to the drinking water for 7 days. Clinical activities including weight change and histologic findings of colonic segments were examined. Flow cytometry analysis was performed for analyzing regulatory T cells in the colonic lamina propria. To characterise the change of intestinal microbiota, high throughput Illumina MiSeq sequencing for sequential faces were performed. Results There were no significant differences in weight change, colonic length, and histological inflammation score between the DSS group, butyrate group, and SCFA mixture group. However, fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis revealed that the expression of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were increased in the butyrate and SCFA mixture groups than in the DSS group. Metagenomic sequencing analysis demonstrated that gut microbial profiles of the butyrate and SCFA mixture groups were significantly different from those of the control and DSS groups in PCoA. The relative abundances of the phyla Verrucomicrobia and Proteobacteria, species Akkermansia muciniphila and Escherichia fergusonii were increased in the butyrate and SCFA mixture groups than control and DSS groups. Conclusion Oral administration of butyrate or mixture of SCFAs resulted in changes in the gut microbial profiles and increased regulatory T cell expressions. However, gut inflammation was not alleviated by butyrate or SCFA supplementation in the DSS-induced murine colitis model.
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Liebisch, Gerhard, Josef Ecker, Sebastian Roth, Sabine Schweizer, Veronika Öttl, Hans-Frieder Schött, Hongsup Yoon, et al. "Quantification of Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acids by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry—Investigation of Pre-Analytic Stability." Biomolecules 9, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9040121.

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Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are generated by the degradation and fermentation of complex carbohydrates, (i.e., dietary fiber) by the gut microbiota relevant for microbe–host communication. Here, we present a method for the quantification of SCFAs in fecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) upon derivatization to 3-nitrophenylhydrazones (3NPH). The method includes acetate, propionate, butyrate, and isobutyrate with a run time of 4 min. The reproducible (coefficients of variation (CV) below 10%) quantification of SCFAs in human fecal samples was achieved by the application of stable isotope labelled internal standards. The specificity was demonstrated by the introduction of a quantifier and qualifier ions. The method was applied to investigate the pre-analytic stability of SCFAs in human feces. Concentrations of SCFA may change substantially within hours; the degree and kinetics of these changes revealed huge differences between the donors. The fecal SCFA level could be preserved by the addition of organic solvents like isopropanol. An analysis of the colon content of mice either treated with antibiotics or fed with a diet containing a non-degradable and -fermentable fiber source showed decreased SCFA concentrations. In summary, this fast and reproducible method for the quantification of SCFA in fecal samples provides a valuable tool for both basic research and large-scale studies.
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Sowah, Solomon A., Frank Hirche, Alessio Milanese, Theron S. Johnson, Mirja Grafetstätter, Ruth Schübel, Romy Kirsten, et al. "Changes in Plasma Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels after Dietary Weight Loss among Overweight and Obese Adults over 50 Weeks." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020452.

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Gut microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) may regulate energy homeostasis and exert anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Smaller trials indicate that dietary weight loss may lead to decreased SCFA production, but findings have been inconclusive. SCFA concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS/MS in plasma samples of 150 overweight or obese adults in a trial initially designed to evaluate the metabolic effects of intermittent (ICR) versus continuous (CCR) calorie restriction (NCT02449148). For the present post hoc analyses, participants were classified by quartiles of weight loss, irrespective of the dietary intervention. Linear mixed models were used to analyze weight-loss-induced changes in SCFA concentrations after 12, 24 and 50 weeks. There were no differential changes in SCFA levels across the initial study arms (ICR versus CCR versus control) after 12 weeks, but acetate concentrations significantly decreased with overall weight loss (mean log-relative change of −0.7 ± 1.8 in the lowest quartile versus. −7.6 ± 2 in the highest, p = 0.026). Concentrations of propionate, butyrate and other SCFAs did not change throughout the study. Our results show that weight-loss, achieved through calorie restriction, may lead to smaller initial decreases in plasma acetate, while plasma SCFAs generally remain remarkably stable over time.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SCFA"

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Campos, Joana Coutinho. "SCFA production through acidogenic fermentation of industrial waste." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12486.

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Mestrado em Biotecnologia - Biotecnologia Industrial e Ambiental
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production from industrial wastes and open mixed cultures (OMC) is a way to reduce process costs. OMC produce PHA from short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which composition determines the final composition of the polymer and consequently its characteristics. So it is important to understand which operational conditions influence SCFA production during acidogenic fermentation of industrial wastes such as hardwood sulphite spent liquor (HSSL) and cheese whey. This work began with the evaluation of the acidogenic fermentation capacity of HSSL in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), with emphasis on the influence of the organic loading rate (OLR) and temperature on the process. In the end of the fermentation it was possible to produce a stream with acetic, lactic, propionic and butyric acids and ethanol. The profile of SCFA changed with the OLR, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) and with the age of the culture. A PHA accumulation test was performed with the effluent of the end of the fermentation. With this batch experiment was possible to achieve 32% PHA on dry cell weight, with a 75:25 proportion on 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-hydroxyvalerate, respectively. In the second part of this work, the acidogenic fermentation of cheese whey in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was studied in order to explore the process in a reactor for biomass retention. The influence of the available surface area, associated with biomass concentration, was studied. The carriers with the largest surface area allowed more biomass growth and consequently more SCFA production. However, an increase in the number of carriers in the reactor does not translate into higher yields possibly due to various limitations of the system. A model based on Michaelis-Menten equation was conceived to evaluate other MBBR designs for fermentation of cheese whey. These results demonstrate the potential of reactors for biomass retention for the acidogenesis of industrial residues.
A produção de polihidroxialcanoatos (PHA) a partir de resíduos industriais e a utilização de culturas mistas microbianas (OMC) constitui-se como hipóteses para diminuir os custos de produção desta classe de bioplásticos. As OMC produzem PHA a partir de ácidos orgânicos voláteis (AOV) cuja composição permite manipular a composição final do polímero e consequentemente as suas características. Neste sentido, é importante compreender quais as condições operacionais que influenciam a produção de AOV por fermentação acidogénica a partir de subprodutos industriais como o licor de cozimento ao sulfito ácido (HSSL) e o permeado do soro de leite. Este trabalho iniciou-se com os testes à capacidade fermentativa do HSSL num reactor contínuo perfeitamente agitado, com ênfase no estudo da influência da carga orgânica (OLR) e da temperatura no processo. No fim da fermentação foi possível produzir um efluente contendo os ácidos acético, láctico, propiónico e butírico e etanol. O perfil dos AOV mudou com a OLR, o tempo de retenção hidráulico (HRT) e com a idade da cultura. O efluente final a fermentação foi utilizado num teste de acumulação de PHA. Com este teste em reactor descontínuo foi possível obter 32% de PHA em peso seco, com uma proporção de 75:25 em 3-hidroxibutirato e 3-hidroxivalerato, respectivamente. Na segunda parte deste trabalho estudou-se a fermentação acidogénica de permeado de queijo num reactor de biofilme, de maneira a explorar a potencialidade do processo num reactor para retenção de biomassa. Estudouse a influência da área superficial, associada à concentração de biomassa. Concluiu-se que os carriers com maior área superficial permitiram maior crescimento de biomassa, e consequentemente a maior produção de AOV. No entanto, maior número de carriers não permitiu um maior rendimento possivelmente devido a limitações do sistema. Foi concebido um modelo baseado na equação de Michaelis-Menten para avaliar outros desenhos de MBBR para fermentação de permeado de queijo. Assim, os resultados obtidos demonstram a potencialidade dos sistemas para retenção de biomassa para a acidogénese de resíduos industriais.
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Bilk, Sabine. "Mechnismen der anionischen SCFA-Resorption im Pansen des Schafes." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-20080507-104442-9.

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Die im Reticulorumen als Endprodukte der mikrobiellen Fermentation in großen Mengen anfallenden und direkt resorbierten kurzkettigen Fettsäuren Acetat, Propionat und Butyrat spielen für den Wiederkäuer eine zentrale Rolle bei der Deckung seines Energiebedarfs. Trotz dieser herausragenden Bedeutung der SCFA-Resorption gibt es heute noch kein generell anerkanntes Modell für die Transportwege kurzkettiger Fettsäuren im Pansenepithel. In dieser Arbeit wurde die apikale Aufnahme von radioaktiv markiertem Acetat in das Pansenepithel gemessen. Acetat ist die mengenmäßig bedeutendste kurzkettige Fettsäure. Zusätzlich wurden elektrophysiologische Studien zur Erfassung des transepithelialen Kurzschlussstromes und der transepithelialen Leitfähigkeit mit Hilfe der Ussing-Kammer-Technik durchgeführt. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass der extra- und intrazelluläre pH-Wert und die Aufnahme kurzkettiger Fettsäuren in das Pansenepithel einander gegenseitig beeinflussen, wurden zusätzlich Messungen des intrazellulären pH-Wertes an primärkultivierten Pansenepithelzellen durchgeführt. In Ergänzung der funktionellen Untersuchungen wurde das Vorhandensein potentieller SCFA-Transportproteine auf mRNA-Ebene molekularbiologisch untersucht. Bezüglich der anionischen Acetatresorption in das Pansenepithel des Schafes konnten folgende Befunde erhoben werden: ? Ein Teil der Acetataufnahme erfolgt bikarbonatabhängig. Dieser bikarbonatabhängige Mechanismus stellte sich im Rahmen der funktionellen Untersuchungen als nitrat- und nifluminsäuresensitiv dar. ? Ein weiterer Teil der Acetataufnahme erwies sich als bikarbonatunabhängig aber ebenfalls nitrat- und nifluminsäuresensitiv. ? Die Messungen des intrazellulären pH-Wertes (pHi) zeigten, dass der hemmende Einfluss von Nitrat auf die Acetataufnahme nicht durch eine Beeinflussung des pHi hervorgerufen wurde. Nifluminsäure veränderte zwar den pHi, die Untersuchungen der Acetataufnahme machten aber deutlich, dass Nifluminsäure keine additive Wirkung zu Nitrat hatte. ? Die Messung des transepithelialen Kurzschlussstromes (Isc) zeigte, dass es nach mukosaler Acetatzugabe in bikarbonatfreier Lösung zu einem signifikanten Abfall des Isc kam. Bei Berechnung der Acetatmenge, die diesem Isc-Abfall zugrunde lag, war festzustellen, dass dieser elektrogene Teil der bikarbonatunabhängigen Acetataufnahme wahrscheinlich nur ca. 3% der insgesamt erfolgten bikarbonatunabhängigen Acetataufnahme ausmacht. ? Im Rahmen der intrazellulären pH-Wertmessungen zeigte sich nach Entfernen von extrazellulärem Chlorid in HCO3--haltiger Lösung eine starke, reversible Alkalisierung der Zellen. ? Auf mRNA Ebene gelang erstmals der Nachweis der Carrierproteine DRA (SLC26A3),PAT1 (SLC26A6), SMCT1 (SLC5A8) und auch des CFTR sowie der potentiellen Anionenleitfähigkeiten ClC2, ClC4 und ClC5 im Pansenepithel des Schafes. ? Mit Hilfe der Semiquantifizierung konnte eine unterschiedliche Expression von NBC, MCT1,DRA und PAT1 auf mRNA-Ebene im Pansengewebe und in den primärkultivierten Pansenepithelzellen nachgewiesen werden. Dabei waren DRA und MCT1 im Pansengewebe, NBC und PAT1 hingegen in den kultivierten Pansenepithelzellen signifikant stärker exprimiert. Bei NHE1 und AE2 zeigten sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen Pansengewebe und kultivierten Pansenepithelzellen. Die Sensitivität der bikarbonatabhängigen und der bikarbonatunabhängigen Acetataufnahme gegenüber Nitrat und Nifluminsäure zeigte, dass an beiden Transportwegen ein (oder mehrere)Protein(e) beteiligt ist (sind). Damit konnte mit Hilfe der Uptake-Technik die Existenz eines SCFA-/HCO3--Austauschers weiter verifiziert werden. Der funktionelle Nachweis einer bikarbonatunabhängigen proteinvermittelten apikalen SCFA-Aufnahme stellt für das Pansenepithel eine völlig neue Erkenntnis dar. An den kultivierten Pansenepithelzellen konnten Hinweise für die Existenz eines Cl-/HCO3--Austauschers erhoben werden. Das Vorhandensein eines SCFA-/HCO3--Austauschers in den kultivierten Zellen kann aufgrund der hier durchgeführten Untersuchungen nicht eindeutig bestätigt werden, da die Veränderungen des pHi auch auf die Diffusion der undissoziierten Säure zurückgeführt werden können. Möglicherweise ist ein SCFA-/HCO3--Austauscher in den kultivierten Pansenepithelzellen aufgrund des Fehlens von SCFA im Kulturmedium herabreguliert.In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnten verschiedene Proteine (DRA, PAT1, CFTR, ClC2, 4 und 5 sowie SMCT1) erstmals auf mRNA-Ebene im Pansenepithel des Schafes nachgewiesen werden. Alle diese Proteine könnten potentiell am Transport von SCFA durch das Pansenepithel beteiligt sein. Eine vollständige Struktur-Funktions-Beziehung konnte in der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht geklärt werden. Bezieht man aber die Ergebnisse der Semiquantifizierung in die Betrachtung der Ergebnisse der pHi-Messung und der Ussing-Kammer Untersuchung mit ein, so wäre ein Modell denkbar, in dem der PAT1 vorwiegend als Cl-/HCO3--Austauscher, der DRA, der in den kultivierten Pansenepithelzellen im Rahmen der Semiquantifizierung nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte,hingegen vorwiegend als apikaler SCFA-/HCO3--Austauscher fungiert. Die bikarbonatunabhängige proteinvermittelte apikale Acetataufnahme scheint zum größten Teil elektroneutral zu erfolgen. Als Protein könnte eine MCT-Isoform daran beteiligt sein. Ein geringer Anteil der transepithelialen bikarbonatunabhängigen Acetatresorption scheint elektrogen zu erfolgen. Hier wäre sowohl die Beteiligung einer Anionenleitfähigkeit (z.B. der CFTR) als auch die Beteiligung eines elektrogenen Carriers (z.B. der SMCT1) denkbar.
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Çaushi, Driton [Verfasser]. "Transport of HCO3- in Sheep Omasum : Effects of Na and SCFA / Driton Çaushi." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065670281/34.

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Muro, Everton Moreno. "Prebióticos na alimentação de frangos de corte desempenho e ação imunomodulatória /." Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/155930.

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Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato
Resumo: RESUMO. Para avaliar a inclusão de diferentes combinações e níveis de prebióticos em substituição aos antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho, dois experimentos foram delineados. No primeiro estudo, 1250 pintos de corte machos, linhagem ROSS AP95, foram casualmente distribuídos em 5 tratamentos, com 10 repetições cada, objetivando testar diferentes proporções de mananos com β-glucanos e frutoligossacarídeos com galactoligossacarídeos, combinados e incluídos em dietas de frangos de corte. Os tratamentos consistiram de: CP, dieta basal (DB) +AMD; DB+BUT: DB + Butirato de Cálcio; GM1⁄3+FG2⁄3: DB + GLUCANMOS (1/3 da mistura) : FOS:GOS (2/3 da mistura); GM1⁄2+FG1⁄2: DB + GLUCANMOS (1/2 da mistura) : FOS:GOS (1/2 da mistura); GM2⁄3+FG1⁄3: DB + GLUCAN MOS (2/3 da mistura) : FOS:GOS (1/3 da mistura). No segundo estudo, 1250 pintos de corte machos, linhagem ROSS AP95, foram casualmente distribuídos em 5 tratamentos, com 10 repetições cada, objetivando testar diferentes níveis de inclusão de GLUCANMOS (67% da mistura) associado a FOS:GOS (1:1). Os tratamentos consistiram de: CP, dieta basal (DB) +AMD; 0,1%; 0,2%; 0,3% e 0,4% de inclusão da mistura prebiótica. Foram avaliados o desempenho, peso relativo de órgãos, barreiras físicas e imunológicas dos segmentos do intestino delgado (integridade de vilosidades, células caliciformes e linfócitos intraepiteliais), histomorfometria de Bursa de Fabricius e contagem diferencial de leucócitos no sangue, ainda, foram quantificados os ácidos grax... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
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5

Rinehart, Erica Marie. "The Effects of Short Chain Fatty Acids and Oxygen Levels on Listeria Monocytogenes Pathogenesis." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1588239009629426.

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6

Chen, Xiaochen. "Targeting innate immunity as therapeutic strategy in diabetic nephropathy." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17265.

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Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of both chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease worldwide, which affects 30-40% of people with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. DN was initially considered to be a non-immune kidney disease, but accumulating evidence suggests that sterile inflammatory processes induced by innate immunity play significant roles in the development and progression of DN. Although reasonable therapeutic strategies are taken to prevent the progression of DN, the burden of DN continue to increase. The aim of this study was to explore novel therapeutic strategies to treat DN by targeting innate immunity and investigate the underlying mechanisms.«br /» «br /» Toll like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded innate immune receptors expressed by both immune cells, such as macrophages, monocytes, dendritic cells and lymphocytes; and non-immune cells, including kidney tubular epithelial cells and podocytes. TLRs can recognise not only exogenous ligands by the specific molecular patterns that are present on microorganisms, but also endogenous ligands released from damaged tissue, known as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMP, such as high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), induced TLRs activation is considered as a potential cause of sterile inflammation leading to diabetic nephropathy. HMGB1 can be recognised by not only TLR2 and TLR4, but also the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), a well-established mediator of DN. Thus, in this study, the first two therapeutic strategies were used to inhibit interactions between HMGB1 and its receptors (TLRs or RAGE) by systemic overexpression of endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE), a soluble decoy receptor for HMGB1, or administration of recombinant HMGB1 A Box, a specific competitive antagonist for HMGB1. These two therapeutic strategies significantly attenuated diabetic kidney injury and the local inflammatory response. Further investigation of the effectiveness of esRAGE in TLR2, TLR4 or RAGE knockout diabetic mice was then performed. TLR2 knockout mice, known to be partially protected from the development of DN, received further protection against DN by systemic overexpression of esRAGE, whereas TLR4 and RAGE deficient mice did not, suggesting TLR4 and RAGE pathways are the key target of esRAGE.«br /» «br /» Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by the intestinal microbiota during the fermentation of dietary fibre and exert profound effects on immune responses and inflammation. The administration of SCFAs have been found to attenuated numerous inflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), sepsis, acute lung injury and ischemia induced injury. In this thesis, the third therapeutic intervention in DN was the administration of SCFAs. Here we found the SCFA acetate to protect against DN when administered IP and/or orally. Much ongoing work is required to understand the mechanism of this protection, however my observations within this thesis suggest a significant protection against the development of DN.«br /» «br /» In summary, systemic overexpression of esRAGE was successful in attenuating kidney inflammation and damage in experimental models of DN. Effects were mediated by TLR4 and RAGE pathways. Treatment with HMGB1 A Box to specifically inhibit HMGB1 activity provided the protection in DN, confirming a pathogenic role for HMGB1 in diabetic nephropathy and confirming a potential therapeutic role for HMGB1 blockade in preventing the progression of DN. The administration of SCFAs attenuated the development of DN raising the attentive possibility of dietary strategies to treat DN. Collectively, the three strategies tested in this thesis identify new therapeutic targets in DN, which, once further evaluated, may lead to exciting new treatments for the enormous problem of DN in man.«br /»
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7

Jonas, Högberg. "Förändrar metformin tarmflorans sammansättning hos patienter med diabetes typ 2? : En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89203.

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Tarmfloran spelar en viktig roll för människorshälsa genom att bl.a. reglera värdens immunitet, producera näringsämnen och stärkatarmbarriären. Dysbios i tarmfloran har associerats med flera sjukdomar,inklusive diabetes typ 2. Metformin är förstahandsvalet av läkemedel mot diabetestyp 2 och har en pleotropisk effekt. Det finns stöd för att tarmarna är ettbetydande målorgan för metformin, dels för att intravenös administrering av metforminger sämre effekt än oral. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var därför attundersöka om metformin har effekter på tarmflorans sammansättning hos människormed diabetes typ 2. Resultatet är baserat på fem olika studier hämtade frånPubmed. Alla studierna ger stöd åt att metformin förändrar tarmfloranssammansättning och indikerar även att tarmfloran är involverad i metforminsbehandlingseffekter och biverkningar. Hur omfattande förändringarna var ochvilka taxa som påverkades varierade, troligen p.g.a. olika studiedesigner. Resultatentyder på att metformin ökar den relativa förekomsten av Escherichia, Akkermansiamuciniphila och SCFA-producerande taxa, inklusive Blautia. Indikationer fanns också på att metformin minskar den relativaförekomsten av Intestinibacter.Slutsatsen är att metformin förändrar tarmflorans sammansättning, men att flerstudier krävs för att bekräfta både de taxonomiska och funktionella förändringarna.Det finns också ett behov av mer kunskap om hur resultat påverkas avsekvenserings- och statistikmetoder för att lättare kunna göra jämförelser mellan studier.
The gut microbiota has important impact on hosthealth by regulating host immunity, providing nutrients and strengthening ofthe gut integrity. A gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with severaldiseases, including type 2 diabetes. Metformin is the drug of first choiceagainst type 2 diabetes and has pleiotrophic effects. It has been suggestedthat the intestines is a important target of metformin because intravenousadministration exerts smaller therapeutic effects than oral. The aim of thislitterature study was to investigate if metformin alters the gut microbiotacomposition in humans. The result is based on five studies collected from Pubmed.All studies support that metformin treatment is associated with an altered gutmicrobiota and may be involved in terapeutic and side effects of metformin. Theamplitude of the metformin-induced alterations and affected taxa differed amongthe studies, probably due to large differences in study designs. Main findingssuggest that metformin increase the relative abundance of Escherichia, Akkermansiamuciniphila and SCFA-producing taxa as Blautia.Metformin also might decrease the relative abundance of Intestinibacter. In conclusion, metformin alters the gutmicrobiota, but more studies are needed to determine the taxonomic andfunctional alterations during metformin treatment. There is also a need of moreknowledge of how results are affected by sequencing and statistical methods.
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8

Ribeiro, Angelo Dias Brito. "Uso de óleo essencial de tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) na dieta de ovinos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-04092015-153233/.

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Três experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de tomilho nos parâmetros ruminais, metabolismo e desempenho. O experimento I teve por objetivo avaliar se o óleo essencial de tomilho exerce efeito sofre a fermentação ruminal e consequentemente no metabolismo de ovinos confinados, bem como avaliar o consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em dietas com 90% concentrado e 10% de volumoso. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês, machos castrados e canulados no rúmen. O experimento teve duração de 23 dias, dos quais 18 foram para adaptação as dietas. A ração base foi composta por feno de \"coastcross\", milho moído, farelo de soja, calcário calcítico, cloreto de amônia e mistura mineral. As dietas experimentais foram: 1) ração base + 25 mg de monensina por kg/MS, 2) ração base + 1,25 mL, 3) ração base + 2,50 mL e 4) 3,75 mL de óleo essencial de tomilho por kg/MS. O consumo de MS, MO, FDN e PB foram similares entre os tratamentos. Apresentando o mesmo comportamento para as variáveis de digestibilidade da MS, MO, FDN e PB. As concentrações de AGCC para as dietas com óleo essencial foram semelhantes à dieta com monensina. A inclusão de óleo essencial de tomilho nas dietas indica que este é uma potencial alternativa à monensina. O objetivo do experimento II foi avaliar se o óleo essencial de tomilho exerce efeito sofre a fermentação ruminal e consequentemente no metabolismo de ovinos confinados, bem como avaliar o consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em dietas com 80% volumoso e 20% concentrado. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês, machos castrados e canulados no rúmen. O experimento teve duração de 28 dias, dos quais 23 foram para adaptação as dietas experimentais. A dieta base foi composta por pré secado de \"tifton\", milho moído, farelo de soja, calcário calcítico e mistura mineral. As dietas experimentais foram: 1) ração base + 25 mg de monensina por kg/MS, 2) ração base+ 1,25 mL, 3) ração base + 2,50 mL e 4) 3,75 mL de óleo essencial de tomilho por kg/MS. As dietas experimentais com óleos essencial apresentaram valores de consumo e digestibilidade da MS, MO, FDN e PB similares à dieta com monensina. A menor inclusão do óleo essencial apresentou valor de propionato e relação acetato:propionato similares à monensina. Houve interação dieta x dia de colheita para isobutirato, butirato, isovalerato e total de AGCC. A dieta com 1,25 mL de óleo apresentou o maior valor de pH. O óleo essencial de tomilho pode ser uma alternativa em substituição ao uso da Monensina. O objetivo do experimento III foi avaliar o óleo essencial de tomilho (Thymus vulgaris) sobre o ganho de peso e eficiência alimentar de borregas confinadas com dietas com alta inclusão de volumoso. Cinquenta borregas ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês, foram alojadas individualmente em baias cobertas. O período experimental foi de 84 dias, divididos em três sub-períodos de 28 dias. A dieta base foi composta por pré-secado de \"tifton\", milho moído, farelo de soja, calcário calcítico, mistura mineral. As dietas experimentais foram: 1) ração base (sem adição de óleo essencial ou monensina); 2) ração base + 25 mg de monensina por kg/MS; 3) ração base + 1,25 mL; 4) ração base + 2,5 mL; 5) ração base + 3,75 mL de óleo essencial por kg/MS. Não houve diferença de GMD entre os tratamentos no período total. O segundo período apresentou o melhor desempenho dos animais. A infestação por coccidiose foi menor na dieta com Monensina. Os teores dos aditivos utilizados não apresentam melhora no desempenho de borregas alimentadas com alto teor de volumoso. No entanto, monensina foi capaz de controlar a coccidiose.
Three experiments were conducted with the objective of evaluate the effect of thyme essential oil on ruminal fermentation, metabolism and performance. The experiment I was conducted to evaluate the thyme essential oil has an effect on ruminal fermentation and consequently the metabolism of feedlot sheep, as well as evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients diets with 90% concentrate and 10% forage. They were used 20 sheep ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês, castrated males and fistulated in the rumen. The experiment lasted 23 days, of which 18 were for adaptation diets. The basal ration consisted of hay coast cross, ground corn, soybean meal, limestone, of ammonia chloride and mineral mixture. The experimental diets were: 1) basal ration + 25 mg of monensin per kg/DM, 2) basal ration + 1.25 mL, 3) basal ration + 2.50 mL and 4) basal ration + 3.75 mL of essential oil of thyme per kg/DM. The intake and digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and CP were similar between treatments. The SCFA concentrations for diets with essential oil were similar to the diet with monensina. The inclusion of thyme essential oil in diets that this is a potential alternative to monensina. The experiment II was conducted to evaluate the thyme essential oil has an effect on ruminal fermentation and consequently the metabolism of feedlot sheep, as well as evaluate the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients diets with 80 % forage and 20% concentrate. They were used 20 sheep ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês, castrated males and fistulated in the rumen. The experiment lasted 28 days, of which 23 were for adaptation diets. The basal ration consisted of pre-dryng Tifton, ground corn, soybean meal, limestone and mineral mixture. The experimental diets were: 1) basal ration + 25 mg of monensin per kg/DM, 2) basal ration + 1.25 mL, 3) basal ration + 2.50 mL and 4) basal ration + 3.75 mL of essential oil of thyme per kg/DM. The intake and digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and CP were similar between treatments. The lower inclusion of essential oil showed a value propionate and acetate: propionate ratio similar monensin. There were diet x day interaction for isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate and the total SCFA. The diet with 1.25 mL of thyme showed the highest pH value. The thyme essential oil can be an alternative to replace the use of monensina. The experiment III was conducted to evaluate the thyme essential oil on weight gain and feed efficiency of feedlot lambs diets with 80% forage and 20% concentrate. Fifty lambs ½ Dorper x ½ Santa Inês were housed individually in covered bays. The experiment lasted 84 days, divided into three sub-periods of 28 days. The basal ration consisted of pre-dryng Tifton, ground corn, soybean meal, limestone and mineral mixture. The experimental diets were: 1) basal ration + 25 mg of monensin per kg/DM, 2) basal ration + 1.25 mL, 3) basal ration + 2.50 mL and 4) basal ration + 3.75 mL of essential oil of thyme per kg/DM. There was no gain difference in average daily gain between treatments in the total period. The second period had the best performance of the animals. Infestation by coccidiosis was lower in the diet with monensina. The levels of the additives used not showed improvement in performance lambs fed with high content of forage. However, monensin was able to control coccidiosis.
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Brochado, Thaís. "Teores de fibra em detergente neutro em dietas de alto concentrado para cordeiros em terminação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-22022017-084018/.

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Embora dietas de alto concentrado sejam comumente utilizadas para acabamento de cordeiros, informações sobre o efeito de teores mínimos de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) sobre o desempenho de cordeiros são limitadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de baixos teores de FDN em dieta de alto concentrado sobre desempenho, eficiência alimentar, características de carcaça, variáveis sanguíneas e ruminais de cordeiros em terminação. Vinte e quatro cordeiros machos, não castrados (peso vivo inicial de 24,55 ± 2,2 kg) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em baias individuais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e oito repetições. Os tratamentos foram teores de FDN na dieta de 15, 20 e 25% com base na matéria seca. As dietas foram compostas de milho, farelo de soja, minerais e silagem de milho, e foram oferecidas duas vezes por dia, com controle diário do alimento ofertado e sobra para determinação da ingestão de matéria seca (IMS). Os animais foram pesados semanalmente e abatidos após 50 dias de confinamento, com peso vivo final de 40,48 ± 2,3 kg. Peso de carcaça quente e fria (PCQ e PCF), bem como o rendimento de carcaça quente e fria (RCQ e RCF) foram medidos. Após a evisceração, foram coletados fluido e conteúdo ruminal para determinação de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e protozoários. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão, utilizando o pacote estatístico SAS® (versão 9.0, 2002). Cordeiros alimentados com diferentes teores de FDN, apresentaram efeito linear crescente sobre a IMS e o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) conforme aumentou o teor de FDN na dieta. O ganho médio diário (GMD) e as demais variáveis de eficiência alimentar não diferiram estatisticamente entre os tratamentos. Os teores crescentes de FDN na dieta ocasionou diminuição do PCQ, RCQ e RCF, e não houve efeito significativo sobre as demais variáveis de carcaça. As variáveis sanguíneas e ruminais não foram alteradas pelos tratamentos, sugerindo que as dietas utilizadas com alto teor de concentrado e diferentes teores de FDN para cordeiros em terminação proporcionaram homeostase aos animais e ambiente adequado para fermentação ruminal. De modo geral, as dietas com teores baixos de FDN não alteraram o GMD, mas tiveram efeito sobre CAR, peso e rendimentos de carcaça aumentaram e não proporcionaram alterações fisiológicas e ruminais.
Although high concentrate diets are commonly used for finishing lambs, information about the effect of minimum levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on performance is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary fiber levels on performance, feed efficiency and parameters of carcass, blood and rumen of finishing lambs fed high concentrate diet. Twenty four uncastrated male lambs (initial body weight of 24.55 ± 2.2 kg) were randomly assigned to 24 individual pens, in a complete randomized design with three treatments and eight replicates. Treatments were dietary NDF levels of 15, 20 and 25% based on dry matter. Diets were composed of corn, soybean meal, minerals and corn silage, and were offered twice a day with refusals daily measured to determine dry matter intake (DMI). Animals were weighed weekly and slaughtered after 50 d of feedlot, with body weight of 40.48 ± 2.3 kg. Hot and cold carcass weight (HCW and CCW) as well as hot and cold carcass yield (HCY and CCY) were measured. After evisceration, fluid and rumen contents were collected to determine fatty acid short chain and protozoa. Data were submitted to analysis of regression, using the statistical software SAS (version 9.0, 2002). Lambs fed with increasing levels of NDF had a linear efeect on IMS and residual feed intake (RFI). The average daily gain (ADG) and other food efficiency variables were not statistically different between treatments. Increasing levels of NDF in the diet caused a decrease in HCW, HCY and CCY, and there was no significant effect on other carcass variables. Blood and rumen variables were not affected by treatments, suggesting that the diets with high concentrate and different levels of NDF for finishing lambs provided homeostasis animals and adequate environment for rumen fermentation. In general, diets with low NDF did not alter the ADG, but had no effect on RFI, weight and carcass yield increased and did not provide physiological and ruminal changes.
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Gargari, G. "EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF DIETARY INTERVENTIONS ON THE HUMAN INTESTINAL MICROBIAL ECOSYSTEM THROUGH IMPROVED BIOINFORMATICS AND STATISTICS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/541101.

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The aim of this PhD work was the characterization of the intestinal microbial ecosystem through bioinformatic and statistical analyses of the microbiomics data originated from three studies carried out on different human populations: healthy (non-diseased) adults, hyperlipidemic and normo-lipidemic children and adolescents, and subjects with diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Specifically, the three studies presented in this PhD theses were as follows: • Probiotic crossover intervention study: A randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled intervention study was carried out to determine the impact of a Bifidobacterium bifidum strain on the IME of adult healthy volunteers. • Children’s dyslipidemia single arm intervention study: In this trial, the IME of children and adolescents with primary hyperlipidemia (a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases) was compared with the IME of control (normo-lipidemic) group. In addition, the modulatory effect of the regular intake of hazelnuts on hyperlipidemic subjects’s IME was examines in order to evaluate if the modulation of IME by hazelnuts ameliorates the lipid profile. • Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) observational study: The aim of this trial was the characterization of the IME in human subjects affected by IBS. The characterization was performed through the analysis of the bacterial communities present in the faecal samples collected during a multicentre intervention trial (Cremon et al., 2017). Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common gastrointestinal disorder in western countries. IBS is conventionally classified in four different subtypes based on bowel clinical symptoms: constipation, diarrhoea, alternating constipation and diarrhoea, and unsubtyped IBS. Clinical and immunological data collected during the trial were used to investigate the potential correlations between the IME characteristic for a specific IBS subtypes and the physiological and clinical parameters of the host, including bowel symptoms, faecal levels of IgA and cytokines, and depression/anxiety scores. The analysis of the data collected during the three studies presented in this PhD thesis revealed significant correlations between the intestinal microbial ecosystem and specific physiological parameters, characteristic for the physiological conditions under study. Therefore, these findings suggest that the differential abundance of specific OTUs could be used as a biomarker for a specific host condition. Conclusion of the probiotic B. bifidum Bb crossover intervention trial The intervention trial based on the administration of B. bifidum strain Bb has shown that the probiotic treatment modified the relative abundances of bacterial taxa that have often been associated with healthy conditions. The treatment modulated the faecal levels of butyrate, a microbial metabolite exerting multiple effects on gut health. Therefore, the daily consumption of B. bifidum Bb cells may positively affect human health; however, as for most dietary interventions, the current state of knowledge does not allow us to better define the significance of any taxonomic or metabolite changes of the intestinal microbial ecosystem on the host health. Conclusion of children’s dyslipidemia single arm intervention trial The results of this study support the hypothesis that young individuals with primary hyperlipidemia possess an dysbiotic intestinal microbial ecosystem, which could plausibly contribute to the abnormal lipid profile of these subjects. A limitation of this study is the small sample size, which may reduce the potential robustness of the obtained results. Moreover, further studies focusing on the mechanisms involved in such hypothesized association are warranted. Our study is the first human trial investigating the potential role of hazelnuts as IME modulator and, in specific, suggests that a dietary intervention with hazelnut could be an effective and practical strategy to positively modulate the IME of hyperlipidemic subjects. Conclusion of the IBS-subtypes observational study This descriptive study demonstrates that the altered distribution of bacteria within the Gram-positive order Clostridiales distinguishes the intestinal microbial ecosystem of IBS subtypes, plausibly contributing to the observed altered faecal levels of the SCFAs acetate, butyrate and propionate. Our study proposes intestinal Clostridiales and colonic SCFAs as IBS subtypes biomarkers that can also potentially represent therapeutic targets. In addition, this study supports the notion that distinct therapeutic approaches should be developed for the different IBS subtype.
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Books on the topic "SCFA"

1

Bernardi, Oliva Gualtieri. Scia di pensieri. Roma: Nuova impronta edizioni, 1991.

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Scha chmatt: Roman. Zurich: pendo, 1996.

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Meineke, Birgit. Althochdeutsche -scaf(t)-Bildungen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666203329.

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Meineke, Birgit. Althochdeutsche scaf(t)-Bildungen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1991.

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Brewer, Fay. Scra tchin' with Fay. Atlanta, Ga: F. Brewer, 1994.

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School Curriculum and Assessment Authority. SCAA and its work. London: School Curriculum and Assessment Authority, 1996.

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Sibal, Jose Agaton R. Constitutional law: SCRA annotations. Quezon City: Central Lawbook Pub. Co., 1987.

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Guida, Antonio. Nella scia del Longobardi. San Marco in Lamis: Archeoclub d'Italia, 1999.

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Molocchi, Andrea. Sulla scia del dragón: Romanzo. Milano: Rusconi, 1993.

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Nowotny, Joachim. Scha fers Stunde: Erza hlungen. Halle: Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "SCFA"

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Hippe, Berit, Marlene Remely, Eva Aumueller, Angelika Pointner, and Alexander G. Haslberger. "SCFA Producing Gut Microbiota and its Effects on the Epigenetic Regulation of Inflammation." In Microbiology Monographs, 181–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23213-3_9.

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Leung, Alexander K. C., Cham Pion Kao, Andrew L. Wong, Alexander K. C. Leung, Thomas Kolter, Ute Schepers, Konrad Sandhoff, et al. "SCFE." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 1895. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_6834.

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Binosha Fernando, W. M. A. D., Charles S. Brennan, and Ralph N. Martins. "The Products of Fermentation and Their Effects on Metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA)." In Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease, 311–33. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119356752.ch11.

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Villars, P., K. Cenzual, J. Daams, R. Gladyshevskii, O. Shcherban, V. Dubenskyy, V. Kuprysyuk, and I. Savysyuk. "ScF3 rt." In Structure Types. Part 8: Space Groups (156) P3m1 – (148) R-3, 327. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70892-6_143.

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Leung, Alexander K. C., Cham Pion Kao, Andrew L. Wong, Alexander K. C. Leung, Thomas Kolter, Ute Schepers, Konrad Sandhoff, et al. "SCA." In Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 1891. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_6860.

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Wu, Anna M. "ScFv-CH3 and scFv-Fc Fusion Proteins." In Antibody Engineering, 648–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04605-0_44.

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Rouquerol, J., O. Toft Sorensen, P. Barnes, E. L. Charsley, E. Fesenko, and M. Reading. "Basic SCTA Techniques." In Hot Topics in Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 16–61. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3735-6_3.

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Criado, J. M., and L. A. Pérez-Maqueda. "SCTA and Kinetics." In Hot Topics in Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 62–101. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3735-6_4.

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Sorensen, O. Toft, and J. M. Criado. "SCTA and Ceramics." In Hot Topics in Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 102–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3735-6_5.

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Llewellyn, P., F. Rouquerol, and J. Rouquerol. "SCTA and Adsorbents." In Hot Topics in Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 135–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3735-6_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "SCFA"

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Seničar, Tilen, Andraž Kukovičič, Jernej Dolinšek, and Maja Rupnik. "265 SCFA (short chain fatty acids) profile in children with coeliac disease." In 10th Europaediatrics Congress, Zagreb, Croatia, 7–9 October 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-europaediatrics.265.

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Bakhash, Rama Bakhash, Farzana Sulaiman, Mashael Al-Shafai, and Annalisa Terranegra. "The Microbiome and Epigenome Profile in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes in Qatar." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0202.

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This study focused on Qatar’s pediatric population that has witnessed a steep increase in the incidence of the disease. In order to understand this, we analyzed the blood and stool samples of a pilot group of 21 T1D subjects (age 6-12 years old) for the microbiome composition, Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) levels and methylation profiles using 16s rDNA sequencing, gas Chromatography and Infinium methylation assay respectively.
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Facciabene, Andrea, Stavros Rafail, Luis Gil de Gomez, Stefano Pierini, Mireia Uribe-Herranz, and Kyle Bittinger. "Abstract 666: Gut microbiota SCFA modulates DCs antigen presentation and impacts tumor response to radiotherapy." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-666.

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Bai, Yunqiang, Yanli Tong, Yi Liu, and Yubin Luo. "OP0009 RESISTANT STARCH INTAKE ALLEVIATES COLLAGEN-INDUCED ARTHRITIS IN MICE BY MODULATING GUT MICROBIOTA AND PROMOTING SCFA PRODUCTION." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, EULAR 2019, Madrid, 12–15 June 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.3909.

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Tang, Yong, Yakun Chen, Hongmei Jiang, and Daotai Nie. "Abstract A13: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) induced autophagy serves as an adaptive strategy for retarding mitochondria-mediated apoptotic cell death." In Abstracts: AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research‐‐ Nov 7-10, 2010; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.prev-10-a13.

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J. Rabelo, Ricardo, Luciano C. Magalhães, and Felipe G. Cabral. "Uma Proposta de Arquitetura de Referência de Gêmeo Digital para Sistemas Ciberfísicos em um cenário de Indústria 4.0." In Congresso Brasileiro de Automática - 2020. sbabra, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.48011/asba.v2i1.1382.

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Um dos principais elementos da Indústria 4.0 são os Sistemas Ciberfísicos (SCF). Dada a necessidade de digitalização do chão-de-fábrica, gêmeos digitais (GDs) são tidos como uma das tecnologias habilitadoras para emulação em tempo real de SCFs para observações, simulações, análises e tomadas de decisão. A maior parte dos trabalhos sobre GDs para SCFs não cobrem plantas industriais reais e não se baseiam em arquiteturas de referência, fazendo com que inúmeros problemas de escalabilidade e de integração não sejam atacados. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta inicial de arquitetura de referência e uma instanciação parcial para um SCF real implementado em um protótipo.
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Kalhan, Sanjay, and Esin Gulari. "Characterization of Microemulsions in Supercritical Fluids by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy." In Photon Correlation and Scattering. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pcs.1992.ma3.

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Supercritical fluids (SCFs) as solvents have properties that provide unique advantages. A SCF is a gas heated above its critical temperature and compressed beyond its critical pressure and it possesses both liquid-like and gas-like properties. It is possible to vary these properties in a continuous fashion by changing the temperature and pressure without going through a phase separation. It has been demonstrated that inverse microemulsions can be formed in SCFs. The solubilization capacity, critical micelle concentration, and the strength of micellemicelle interactions depend strongly on the density of the continuous phase.
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Mansour, Ghiath (Guy). "Pipe Joint Management for Risers and Pipelines." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-63173.

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Abstract Minimizing the stress concentration factor (SCF) in pipe joint welding subjected to fatigue is a major concern. Machining the joint ends is one way to achieve this. However, this adds cost, time, risk of potential crack starters, and loss of wall thickness which is detrimental for fatigue, strength, and engineering criticality assessment (ECA) in particular. Pipe joint sorting (certain joints in sequence) and end matching (rotating the pipe joints for best fit) are other ways. However, this adds time, costly logistics, risk of errors, and does not guarantee the minimum possible SCF is achieved. In a typical project, more pipe joints are procured than required in order to mitigate contingencies. For pipelines, this overage is typically a percentage of the required number of joints or pipeline length. For risers, typically double the required number of joints is procured where half of the joints is sent offshore for installation and the remaining half is kept onshore for a spare riser. Then, it becomes very important to send for installation the best pipe joints that produce the best (lowest) SCFs out of the entire batch of pipe joints. This requires calculating the SCF for every potential match of any random joints to be welded together, and then choosing the best joints. Performing such calculations by spreadsheet is not feasible considering the tremendous number of required iterations and calculations. A pipe joint management software development is presented herein which accomplishes this task and examples provided to illustrate the benefits. Note: Selecting pipe joints with the best end measurements, whether ID, OD, OOR, or thickness does not guarantee that the minimum possible SCFs will be achieved since the SCF is a function of all those measurements.
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Arena, Gaetano, Rainer Groh, Alberto Pirrera, William Scholten, Darren Hartl, and Travis Turner. "A Tailored Nonlinear Slat-Cove Filler for Airframe Noise Reduction." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8079.

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Exploiting mechanical instabilities and elastic nonlinearities is an emerging means for designing deployable structures. This methodology is applied here to investigate and tailor a morphing component used to reduce airframe noise, known as a slat-cove filler (SCF). The vortices in the cove between the leading edge slat and the main wing are among the important sources of airframe noise. The concept of an SCF was proposed in previous works as an effective means of mitigating slat noise by directing the airflow along an acoustically favorable path. A desirable SCF configuration is one that minimizes: (i) the energy required for deployment through a snap-through event; (ii) the severity of the snap-through event, as measured by kinetic energy, and (iii) mass. Additionally, the SCF must withstand cyclical fatigue stresses and displacement constraints. Both composite and shape memory alloy (SMA)-based SCFs are considered during approach and landing maneuvers because the deformation incurred in some regions may not demand the high strain recoverable capabilities of SMA materials. Nonlinear structural analyses of the dynamic behavior of a composite SCF are compared with analyses of similarly tailored SMA-based SCF and a reference, uniformly thick superelastic SMA-based SCF. Results show that by exploiting elastic nonlinearities, both the tailored composite and SMA designs decrease the required actuation energy compared to the uniformly thick SMA. Additionally, the choice of composite material facilitates a considerable weight reduction where the deformation requirement permits its use. Finally, the structural behavior of the SCF designs in flow are investigated by means of preliminary fluid-structure interaction analysis.
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Chen, Tuanhai, and Guoming Chen. "Stress Concentration Factors in Tubular K-Joints Under Combined Loadings." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20215.

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A numerical method of stress concentration factors (SCFs) in tubular K-joints under combined loadings was proposed, and the loading effects on SCFs were investigated by using this method. Since it couldn’t present the state of stress concentration very well if the displacements were used as the boundary conditions, the load boundary conditions were selected to analyze the stress distribution of the tubular K-joints. In view of the disadvantages of the superposition of stress distributions from each uniaxial loading mode, an alternative method for the calculation of the hot spot stress under combined loadings was provided. In this method, three basic types of basic loadings namely, axial loading, in-plane and out-of-plane bending moments were applied to the tubular joints simultaneously by virtue of the submodeling technique in ANSYS system. Then the stress distributions along the intersection of tubular K-joints under combined loadings were developed directly, and the hot spot stresses were obtained through extrapolation. Finally, according to parametric study, the loading effects of ice thickness and drift direction on SCF distributions and values were studied through this method. The investigation provides the theoretical basis for determining SCF in tubular K-joints under different load cases in evaluating the ice-induced fatigue of offshore platforms, and has very important engineering application value.
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Reports on the topic "SCFA"

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Eaton, D., D. Janeday, D. Woodward, J. Imrich, J. Evans, M. Morris, P. Reimus, and T. Hazen. SCFA lead lab technical assistance review of the Pit 7 Complex source containment. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/816057.

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Hazen, Terry, and et al. SCFA lead lab technical assistance at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Baseline review of three groundwater plumes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/816064.

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Hazen, Terry. SCFA lead lab technical assistance at Oak Ridge Y-12 nationalsecurity complex: Evaluation of treatment and characterizationalternatives of mixed waste soil and debris at disposal area remedialaction DARA solids storage facility (SSF). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/862005.

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Yee, Alfred, and Kelly Kennedy. JLF Standard Characterization of Foreign Ammunition (SCOFA). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada412985.

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Curiel, David T. Secretory Anti-erbB-2 scFv Gene Therapy for Breast Cancer. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404563.

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Donnelly, Michelle K., and Anthony Putorti Jr. Exploratory Study of Airflow from SCBA Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. National Institute of Standards and Technology, September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1809.

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Kesler, Richard M., Constandinos Mitsingas, Adam G. Quiat, Tonghun Lee, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Gavin P. Horn. Mechanical properties and off-gassing characteristics of new and legacy SCBA facepieces. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.gcr.18-019.

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McLean, Eugene, Rodolfo Ramos, John Hubbs, Le Pham, and Bruce Bozovich. Low Background VLWIR SCA Characterization for the David Program. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381338.

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Horn, Gavin P., Richard M. Kesler, John W. Regan, and Daniel Madrzykowski. A study on the effect of repeat moderate intensity radiant exposures on SCBA facepiece properties. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.gcr.17-014.

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Zhang, Hui. The Role of Ubiquitin E3 Ligase SCF-SKP2 in Prostate Cancer Development. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada470865.

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