Journal articles: 'Scavengers (Zoology)'

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Enari, Hiroto, and Haruka S. Enari. "Not avian but mammalian scavengers efficiently consume carcasses under heavy snowfall conditions: a case from northern Japan." Mammalian Biology 101, no. 4 (January 18, 2021): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42991-020-00097-9.

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AbstractInterest in trophic interactions and ecosystem functions derived from carcass consumption by scavengers has been increasing. Here, we conducted the first evaluation of scavenging processes in an ecosystem with heavy snow, located in northern Japan, which is characterized by the limitations of visual and odor cues to detect carcasses. In this study, we verified the behavioral traits and assemblage compositions of avian and mammalian scavengers, which consumed six different carcass types buried in snow. We measured the visits of scavengers using camera traps between 2010 and 2020. The total scavenger richness observed was relatively low (only 12 species) compared to warmer biomes. We observed seven avian scavenger species, but their visit frequencies were extremely low compared with those of nocturnal mammalian scavengers, such as raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and martens (Martes melampus), which were able to detect carcasses more rapidly and frequently. Our findings imply that large snow piles significantly prevent avian scavengers from detecting carcasses. In contrast, the snow piles could protect carcasses from the freezing air and ensure the occurrence of a basal level of microbial decomposition, possibly leading to carcass decomposition. This probably results in carcasses still providing odor cues for mammalian scavengers with heightened sense of smell. Moreover, considering the high carcass consumption rate (91.3% of full-body carcass; n = 23) and short carcass detection times (approximately 90 h) observed, it is possible that scavenging in heavy snowfall conditions has become systematically integrated into the foraging tactics of many mammalian scavengers.

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DeVault, Travis L., I. Lehr Brisbin, Jr., and Olin E. Rhodes, Jr. "Factors influencing the acquisition of rodent carrion by vertebrate scavengers and decomposers." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 502–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-022.

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Vertebrate scavengers and decomposers compete for animal carcasses in all temperate and tropical ecosystems. We examined the influence of carcass size, forest type, and air temperature on the fate of rodent carcasses at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA. Three hundred rodent carcasses were placed at random locations in forested habitats and scavengers were identified using remote photography. Seventeen species of vertebrates removed 104 of 300 (35%) rodent carcasses over a year. Raccoons (Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)) and Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792) scavenged most frequently. For scavenged carcasses, the mean time to carcass removal was 2.58 days after placement. Carcass acquisition by scavengers and decomposers was influenced moderately by forest type and carcass size, although ambient air temperature considerably influenced the fate of carcasses. Vertebrates removed fewer carcasses as temperatures increased: only 28 of 144 (19%) carcasses were scavenged when temperatures exceeded 17 °C. The temporal pattern of carcass removal by vertebrates, however, did not vary with temperature. Consistent rates of carcass removal by vertebrates across the year and increased activity by insects during warm weather led to elevated levels of decomposition during summer months. This study confirms the complexity and dynamic nature of competitive relationships among scavengers and decomposers.

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Ray, R. R., H. Seibold, and M. Heurich. "Invertebrates outcompete vertebrate facultative scavengers in simulated lynx kills in the Bavarian Forest National Park, Germany." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 37, no. 1 (June 2014): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2014.37.0077.

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Understanding the role of scavengers in ecosystems is important for species conservation and wildlife management. We used road–killed animals, 15 in summer 2003 (June–August) and nine in winter 2003/2004 (from November to January), to test the following hypotheses: (1) vertebrate scavengers such as raven (Corvus corax), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) consume a higher proportion of the carcasses than invertebrates; (2) the consumption rate is higher in winter than in summer due to the scarcity of other food resources; and (3) vertebrate scavengers are effective competitors of Eurasian lynx. We monitored 65 animals belonging to eight different mammal and bird species with camera traps. Surprisingly, Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) was the most important vertebrate scavenger. However, in both seasons, the consumption of vertebrate scavengers was of minor impact. In summer, the carcasses were completely consumed within 10 days, mostly by invertebrates. In winter, only 5% of the carcasses were consumed within 10 days and 16% within 15 days. We conclude that vertebrates in the Bavarian Forest National Park are not strong competitors for lynx.

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Selva, N., B. Jędrzejewska, W. Jędrzejewski, and A. Wajrak. "Factors affecting carcass use by a guild of scavengers in European temperate woodland." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 1590–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-158.

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Although facultative scavenging is very common, little is known about the factors governing carrion acquisition by vertebrates. We examined the influence of carcass characteristics, carcass state, and weather conditions on carrion use by main scavengers. Carcasses (N = 214, mainly ungulates) of various origins (predation, natural deaths, harvest) were monitored by systematic inspections (N = 1784) in Białowieża Forest (Poland). Common raven (Corvus corax L., 1758), red fox (Vulpes vulpes (L., 1758)), and European pine marten (Martes martes (L., 1758)) mainly used the prey remains of gray wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758). The kills of predators were the preferred carrion, rather than dead ungulates. Common ravens, common buzzards (Buteo buteo (L., 1758)), white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla (L., 1758)), and domestic dogs scavenged more frequently on carcasses in open habitats. Carcasses located in the forest were the most available to European pine martens, jays (Garrulus glandarius (L., 1758)), and wild boar (Sus scrofa L., 1758). The common tendency was to increase scavenging when temperature decreased, except for raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides (Gray 1834)). As snow depth increased, jays and great tits (Parus major L., 1758) increased scavenging. We suggest that carrion use by scavengers is not random, but a complex process mediated by extrinsic factors and by behavioural adaptations of scavengers.

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Sebastián-González, Esther, José Antonio Sánchez-Zapata, José Antonio Donázar, Nuria Selva, Ainara Cortés-Avizanda, Fernando Hiraldo, Miguel Blázquez, Francisco Botella, and Marcos Moleón. "Interactive effects of obligate scavengers and scavenger community richness on lagomorph carcass consumption patterns." Ibis 155, no. 4 (July 17, 2013): 881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12079.

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Wirsing, Aaron J., and Thomas M. Newsome. "Scavenging Effects of Large Canids." Integrative and Comparative Biology 61, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icab012.

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Synopsis Many large predators are also facultative scavengers that may compete with and depredate other species at carcasses. Yet, the ecological impacts of facultative scavenging by large predators, or their “scavenging effects,” still receive relatively little attention in comparison to their predation effects. To address this knowledge gap, we comprehensively examine the roles played by, and impacts of, facultative scavengers, with a focus on large canids: the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), dhole (Cuon alpinus), dingo (Canis dingo), Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis), gray wolf (Canis lupus), maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), and red wolf (Canis rufus). Specifically, after defining facultative scavenging as use or usurpation of a carcass that a consumer has not killed, we (1) provide a conceptual overview of the community interactions around carcasses that can be initiated by facultative scavengers, (2) review the extent of scavenging by and the evidence for scavenging effects of large canids, (3) discuss external factors that may diminish or enhance the effects of large canids as scavengers, and (4) identify aspects of this phenomenon that require additional research attention as a guide for future work.

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Steinbeiser, C. M., C. A. Wawrzynowski, X. Ramos, and Z. H. Olson. "Scavenging and the ecology of fear: do animal carcasses create islands of risk on the landscape?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 3 (March 2018): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2016-0268.

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Many vertebrate scavengers function as predators in ecosystems, suggesting that the presence of scavengers and occurrence of predator effects may be intertwined near carcasses. We tested for risk effects near a series of experimentally placed carcasses by measuring small-mammal foraging in a before–after control–impact design. Validation efforts revealed low levels of food loss from stations due to human error and invertebrate foraging, and habituation to stations occurred after 2 weeks. Increased perceived predation risk by small mammals relative to controls occurred in three of seven trials. The effect was observed across tested carcass types (beaver, Castor canadensis Kuhl, 1820; white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)) and seasons (summer and fall). However, small mammals also increased foraging relative to controls in two of seven trials, and foraging reached a ceiling in two other trials that prevented inference on a response. Taken together, our results suggest that scavenger recruitment to carcasses can in some instances create islands of risk for prey on the landscape, but the effect is not likely to be universal. Where small-mammal foraging does decrease, further work will be necessary to determine if risk effects cascade to adjacent trophic levels through enhanced seed and seedling survival.

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Krofel, Miha, Ivan Kos, and Klemen Jerina. "The noble cats and the big bad scavengers: effects of dominant scavengers on solitary predators." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 66, no. 9 (July 13, 2012): 1297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-012-1384-6.

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Callahan, H. L., R. K. Chouch, and E. R. James. "Hydrogen peroxide is the most toxic oxygen species for Onchocerca cervicalis microfilariae." Parasitology 100, no. 3 (June 1990): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000078690.

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SUMMARYThe toxicity of the active oxygen species hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen to microfilariae (mf) has been studied in vitro, using active oxygen-generating systems and scavengers/inhibitors. Mf viability was monitored by uptake of the radiolabel, [3H]2-deoxy-D-glouse. Hydrogen peroxide and singlet oxygen, but not superoxide radical or hydroxyl radical, are toxic for mf. Hydrogen peroxide was toxic for mf within 2 h at concentrations as low as 5 ¼, an amount eosinophils have been shown to release in vitro (Weiss et al. 1986). Catalase and thiourea, but not inactivated catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), singlet oxygen scavengers, or hydroxyl radical scavengers, protected mf. Mf have relatively high levels of endogenous SOD but no measurable glutathione peroxidase and low levels of catalase when compared with other parasites (Callahan, Crouch & James, 1988). The low levels of hydrogen peroxide-scavenging enzymes correlate well with mf sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and the protective effect of exogenous catalase.

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Allen, Benjamin L. "Skin and bone: observations of dingo scavenging during a chronic food shortage." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 2 (2010): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10012.

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Dingo (Canis lupus dingo and hybrids) diet studies primarily rely on analyses of prey remains found in stomachs or scats (i.e. faeces). However, dingoes are also scavengers, and doubt may remain as to whether or not a given item found in a stomach/scat was killed or scavenged. This paper briefly reports some incidental observations of dingoes scavenging cattle (Bos taurus), red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax), and other dingo carcasses during a chronic food shortage. This confirms that diet studies may not be evidence for predation, and that dietary items collected during a discrete period may not actually reflect the period when the item died.

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Hewson, R. "Use of salmonid carcasses by vertebrate scavengers." Journal of Zoology 235, no. 1 (January 1995): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05127.x.

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Pomeroy, D. E. "BIRDS AS SCAVENGERS OF REFUSE IN UGANDA." Ibis 117, no. 1 (April 3, 2008): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1975.tb04188.x.

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Arrondo, Eneko, Ainara Cortés‐Avizanda, and José Antonio Donázar. "Temporally unpredictable supplementary feeding may benefit endangered scavengers." Ibis 157, no. 3 (May 4, 2015): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12267.

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Stockwell, CraigA. "Behavioural reactions of desert bighorn sheep to avian scavengers." Journal of Zoology 225, no. 4 (December 1991): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04324.x.

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LOWRY, J. K., and H. E. STODDART. "Uristidae." Zootaxa 2260, no. 1 (October 8, 2009): 908–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2260.1.53.

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FARFÁN, MIGUEL ÁNGEL, JESÚS DUARTE, JOHN E. FA, RAIMUNDO REAL, and JUAN MARIO VARGAS. "Testing for errors in estimating bird mortality rates at wind farms and power lines." Bird Conservation International 27, no. 3 (January 9, 2017): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000460.

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SummaryWind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is increasingly common, and is expanding worldwide. Wind farms cause mortality of flying animals through collision with moving rotor blades, and from electrocution on associated power lines. Avian mortality rates have been estimated from birds collected under turbines over varying time intervals. However, without adequate and frequent monitoring, dead birds may be removed by scavengers and thus cause an underestimation of fatalities. In this paper, we tested experimentally for possible errors arising in avian mortality caused by the removal of carcasses by scavengers. At two different wind farms and associated power lines in southern Spain, we placed pigeon and quail carcasses to determine their disappearance rate. All dead pigeons were radio-tagged to estimate distances taken by scavengers. We found significant differences in carcass disappearance rates of pigeons and quails, and between wind farms and power lines but not between habitats. All quails and 45% of pigeon carcasses had disappeared by the third and fourteenth day, respectively. Less than half (40%) of the carcasses were found < 100 m from where they were deposited. While scavenging losses may vary according to the location of the wind farm or power line, here we propose a method to estimate correctly the number of fatalities at any wind farm and power line. Using this method, we can improve our understanding of the real impact of wind structures on adjacent bird communities, and adopt appropriate measures to ensure their conservation.

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Demirhan, B., and K. Candoĝan. "Active packaging of chicken meats with modified atmosphere including oxygen scavengers." Poultry Science 96, no. 5 (May 2017): 1394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pew373.

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LOWRY, J. K., and H. E. STODDART. "Lysianassidae." Zootaxa 2260, no. 1 (October 8, 2009): 561–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2260.1.31.

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Seven genera and eleven species of lysianassid amphipods are recorded from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. Six species are new to science. Six of the eleven species are considered to be scavengers. The Great Barrier Reef lysianassid fauna is more similar to that of the tropical Indo-West Pacific than to that of temperate Australia.

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Sarkar, Rohan, Shubhra Sau, and Anindita Bhadra. "Scavengers can be choosers: A study on food preference in free-ranging dogs." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 216 (July 2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.04.012.

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Boertje, R. D., W. C. Gasaway, D. V. Grangaard, and D. G. Kelleyhouse. "Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east central Alaska." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 2492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-369.

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Radio-collared grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) were sighted daily for approximately 1-month periods during spring, summer, and fall to estimate predation rates. Predation rates on adult moose (Alces alces) were highest in spring, lowest in summer, and intermediate in fall. The highest kill rates were by male grizzlies killing cow moose during the calving period. We estimated that each adult male grizzly killed 3.3–3.9 adult moose annually, each female without cub(s) killed 0.6–0.8 adult moose and 0.9–1.0 adult caribou (Rangifer tarandus) annually, and each adult bear killed at least 5.4 moose calves annually. Grizzly predation rates on calves and grizzly density were independent of moose density and are probably more related to area-specific factors, e.g., availability of alternative foods. An important implication of our results is that managers should not allow moose densities to decline to low levels, because grizzlies can have a greater relative impact on low- than on high-density moose populations and because grizzly predation can be difficult to reduce. Grizzly bears were primarily predators, rather than scavengers, in this area of low prey availability (11 moose/grizzly bear); bears killed four times more animal biomass than they scavenged.

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Moreno-Opo, Rubén, Ana Trujillano, and Antoni Margalida. "Behavioral coexistence and feeding efficiency drive niche partitioning in European avian scavengers." Behavioral Ecology 27, no. 4 (2016): 1041–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arw010.

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Houston, D. C. "The role of griffon vultures Gyps africanus and Gyps ruppellii as scavengers." Journal of Zoology 172, no. 1 (August 20, 2009): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1974.tb04092.x.

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Wallace, Michael P., and Stanley A. Temple. "Competitive Interactions within and between Species in a Guild of Avian Scavengers." Auk 104, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/104.2.290.

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Abstract We observed Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus), King Vultures (Sarcoramphus papa), Black Vultures (Coragyps atratus), Turkey Vultures (Cathartes aura), and Crested Caracaras (Polyborus plancus) interacting at 217 animal carcasses at two sites in northern Peru. At 53 carcasses for which we knew order of arrival, Turkey Vultures usually arrived first, Black Vultures second, and condors third. On the basis of our observations of 8,066 aggressive encounters between birds, we constructed dominance hierarchies by calculating the proportion of encounters won by an individual of one species, sex, or age during encounters with an individual of another species, sex, or age. Within each species there was a positive relationship between a bird's dominance and its age. In condors, males dominated females of the same age. Interspecific dominance was correlated positively with body mass. There are convergent similarities between the organizations of guilds of Old and New World vultures.

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DeVault, Travis L., and Olin E. Rhodes. "Identification of vertebrate scavengers of small mammal carcasses in a forested landscape." Acta Theriologica 47, no. 2 (June 2002): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03192458.

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Hall, Sabrina C. B., and C. John Parmenter. "Larvae of two signal fly species (Diptera:Platystomatidae), Duomyia foliata McAlpine and Plagiostenopterina enderleini Hendel, are scavengers of sea turtle eggs." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 4 (2006): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo06025.

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Dipteran larvae are known to infest turtle eggs. However, the few studies conducted on this topic have presented conflicting conclusions as to whether the larvae function as scavengers of necrotic nest material or as egg and hatchling predators. These two very different roles in the nest will have equally different effects on the subsequent hatch and emergence success of affected sea turtle nests. The association between dipteran larvae and sea turtle nest invasion was investigated by measuring rates of infestation in excavated green (Chelonia mydas) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtle nests at field sites in central Queensland, Australia. Excavations were performed within 24 h of hatchling emergence, and necrotic embryos and dead hatchlings were found to be infested with two larval species of the Platystomatidae: Plagiostenopterina enderleini and Duomyia foliata. This work represents the first description of the association between these dipteran species and sea turtle nests, and a new geographic collection record for D. foliata. High rookery infestation rates versus low prevalence of propagule infestation suggest that the larvae preferentially infest dead embryos. The fact that some pipped hatchlings were devoured in-shell presents the possibility that the larvae may act opportunistically as predators. However, the two dipteran species appear to be primarily scavengers of necrotic material within the nests, which means that the threat to sea turtle populations from these flies is probably minimal.

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Michener, Gail R. "Limits on egg predation by Richardson's ground squirrels." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 1030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-094.

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To test the inference, arising from circumstantial evidence, that Richardson's ground squirrels (Spermophilus richardsonii (Sabine, 1822)) frequently depredate eggs of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonaparte, 1827)), gape size was measured and the response of free-living squirrels to three sizes of eggs was observed. Maximum gape measured on carcasses was 26 mm and functional gape assessed from tooth imprints in artificial clay eggs was 17 mm. Squirrels left imprints in 46 of 110 clay eggs, but whether tested with domestic fowl (Gallus gallus (L., 1758)) or ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus L., 1758) eggs that approximated the maximum width of sage-grouse eggs or with much smaller Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica Temminck and Schlegel, 1849) eggs that approximated maximum gape, no squirrels (28 adults and at least 28 juveniles) spontaneously depredated eggs, even after multiple exposures. When re-tested with damaged eggs, 15 of 16 adult females scavenged contents, though usually not on their first exposure. After scavenging damaged eggs, 2 of 12 squirrels opened a few intact eggs, but only quail eggs and usually only if the shell was rough. Although Richardson's ground squirrels are potential scavengers of large damaged eggs and likely they could depredate small eggs, the inference from circumstantial evidence that they are major predators of greater sage-grouse eggs remains unsubstantiated.

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GOMEZ, LUIS G., DAVID C. HOUSTON, PETER COTTON, and ALAN TYE. "The role of Greater Yellow-headed Vultures Cathartes melambrotus as scavengers in neotropical forest." Ibis 136, no. 2 (April 3, 2008): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1994.tb01084.x.

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Peisley, Rebecca K., Manu E. Saunders, Wayne A. Robinson, and Gary W. Luck. "The role of avian scavengers in the breakdown of carcasses in pastoral landscapes." Emu - Austral Ornithology 117, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01584197.2016.1271990.

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Ramsay, Kirsten, Michel J. Kaiser, P. Geoffrey Moore, and Roger N. Hughes. "Consumption of Fisheries Discards by Benthic Scavengers: Utilization of Energy Subsidies in Different Marine Habitats." Journal of Animal Ecology 66, no. 6 (November 1997): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/6004.

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HUNTER, STEPHEN. "The impact of avian predator-scavengers on King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus chicks at Marion Island." Ibis 133, no. 4 (April 3, 2008): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1991.tb04581.x.

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KATZENBERGER, JAKOB, EVRIM TABUR, BİLGECAN ŞEN, SÜREYYA İSFENDİYAROĞLU, ITRİ LEVENT ERKOL, and STEFFEN OPPEL. "No short-term effect of closing a rubbish dump on reproductive parameters of an Egyptian Vulture population in Turkey." Bird Conservation International 29, no. 1 (December 5, 2017): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270917000326.

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SummaryChanges in food availability that lead to lower reproductive output or lower survival probability are important drivers of the widespread declines in vulture populations. Permanent feeding stations for scavengers, such as vulture restaurants or rubbish dumps, may have both positive and negative effects on reproductive parameters. Here we examine the effects of the closure of a large communal rubbish dump on breeding success and fledging rate of a dense population of the ’Endangered’ Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus in central Turkey to assess whether the closure may have affected the population. We monitored territories from 2011 to 2016, and tested whether the closure of the rubbish dump in early 2015 coincided with changes in reproductive parameters while accounting for confounding variables such as weather and the availability of other predictable foraging opportunities. We found an average productivity of 0.78 fledglings per territorial pair before the dump closed and 0.82 after the closure, an average breeding success of 0.64 before and 0.71 after the closure, and an average fledging rate of 1.17 fledglings per successful pair before and 1.26 after the closure of the rubbish dump. Once confounding variables were accounted for, the closure of the rubbish dump did not have a significant effect on reproductive parameters (P = 0.426 for nest survival and P = 0.786 for fledging rate). We speculate that the Egyptian Vulture population in central Turkey may have sufficient alternative food sources and high levels of intra-specific competition due to its density, so that the closure of the rubbish dump may not have resulted in detectable positive or negative effects. We recommend the maintenance of small traditional animal husbandry farms and disposal practices that mimic the spatio-temporally unpredictable supply of food sources that appears to be most beneficial for avian scavengers.

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MATSUYAMA, Koji, and Yutaka Fukui. "Effects of Oxygen Concentration and Free-Radical Scavengers on the In Vitro Development of Bovine Oocytes Matured and Fertilized In Vitro." Journal of Reproduction and Development 40, no. 6 (1994): j73—j79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1262/jrd.40.6_j73.

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Foltan, P., and V. Puza. "To complete their life cycle, pathogenic nematode–bacteria complexes deter scavengers from feeding on their host cadaver." Behavioural Processes 80, no. 1 (January 2009): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.012.

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AHN, D. U., F. H. WOLFE, and J. S. SIM. "The Effect of Metal Chelators, Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers, and Enzyme Systems on the Lipid Peroxidation of Raw Turkey Meat." Poultry Science 72, no. 10 (October 1993): 1972–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0721972.

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Gernet, Marcos De Vasconcellos, Carlos Eduardo Belz, Rafael Antunes Baggio, Carlos João Birckolz, Elizângela Da Veiga Santos, Luiz Ricardo Lopes de Simone, Daniel Abatte, and Rafael Metri. "Nassarius foveolatus (Gastropoda, Nassariidae), a new record of an exotic species in Brazil." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59 (October 31, 2019): e20195955. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.55.

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Exotic species are those that occur in an area beyond their natural limit and they are considered invasive when they cause harm to the economy, environment, or human health. In coastal environments, ballast water and inlays on the hull and other parts of vessels are the main ways of introducing invasive aquatic alien species. Nassarius foveolatus (Dunker, 1847) is native from the Central and East Indian Ocean to the East China Sea. The first specimens (empty shells) of N. foveolatus were collected manually on November 11, 2017 on the Rocio footbridge, located in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, on the coast of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Posteriorly, live specimens were collected in other localities of this bay. It is already possible to infer that the specimens of N. foveolatus occur together with the native specimens of N. vibex (Say, 1822), having the same niche. As previously only N. vibex existed in that place, at least a displacement of this native species has been occurred. However, certainly future ecological studies may confirm this displacement and additional consequences to the local ecosystem, as nassariids can be predators and scavengers. Control procedures should be also greatly implemented.

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KENYON, F., M. WELSH, J. PARKINSON, C. WHITTON, M. L. BLAXTER, and D. P. KNOX. "Expressed sequence tag survey of gene expression in the scab mite Psoroptes ovis – allergens, proteases and free-radical scavengers." Parasitology 126, no. 5 (May 2003): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182003003044.

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Psoroptes ovis, the causative agent of sheep scab, is an important ectoparasitic mite infecting sheep, goats and cattle. Infection is characterized by an extensive dermatitis, scab formation and intense itching. Initial focal lesions spread outwards, coalesce and may extend over the whole body. The host response to infestation has all the characteristics of an immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction but the mite antigens and allergens which initiate this response are almost completely undefined. Here, 507 randomly selected cDNAs derived from a mixed population of P. ovis were sequenced and the resultant nucleotide sequences subjected to Cluster analysis and Blast searches. This analysis yielded 280 clusters of which 49 had >1 sequence with 24 showing significant Blast X homology to another protein in the databases. There were 231 sequences which appeared on one occasion and 109 of these showed significant Blast X homology to other sequences in the databases. This analysis identified homologues of 9 different types of allergens which have been characterized in other allergic conditions such as responses to house dust mites. It also identified a number of cysteine proteases which may contribute to lesion development as well as several free-radical scavenging enzymes which may protect the mite from host immune effector responses.

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Riehn, K., N. Lalkovski, A. Hamedy, and Ernst Lücker. "First detection of Alaria alata mesocercariae in wild boars (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) from Bulgaria." Journal of Helminthology 88, no. 2 (February 4, 2013): 247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x12000909.

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AbstractThe trematode Alaria alata, an intestinal parasite of different carnivore species is widely distributed throughout Europe. The mesocercarial stages of Alaria spp. may infect almost all vertebrate species, including humans, and, in particular, omnivorous scavengers such as wild boars serve as paratenic hosts for the parasite. The introduction of the A. alata mesocercariae migration technique (AMT) opened the way to a reliable detection of Alaria spp. mesocercariae in different body tissues of their paratenic hosts. For the first time, it was possible to detect vital A. alata mesocercariae from two Bulgarian wild boars by means of this new method. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examination of the respective parasitic DNA allowed the unequivocal species identification of the parasites as A. alata. Isolation and molecular biological identification of the parasite's developmental stages make significant contributions to completion of data on both the distribution of Alaria spp. in stocks of European game and the relationship between different Eurasian Alaria spp. isolates.

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Güneş, Eda, and Derya Arslan Danacıoğlu. "The effect of olive (Olea europaea L.) phenolics and sugar on Drosophila melanogaster’s development." Animal Biology 68, no. 4 (2018): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-17000162.

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Abstract Olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) contain phenolics that are used for various aims and can also be utilized as free radical scavengers and as a powerful antioxidant source. In this study, our aim was to observe the effects of olive phenolics on the survival rate, development, sex ratio, and adult longevity of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) fed with sugar and with a sugar-free diet. The amount of malondialdehyde and the activity of glutathione S-transferase were examined with UV-VIS spectrophotometry in third-stage larvae, pupae and adults. For this purpose, dried olive fruit and leaf extracts were added at different concentrations to the insect’s sugary diets. The results reveal that 12 mg/L phenolic fruit extract and 4 M sucrose had a negative impact on the development and survival of these insects. It was also found that phenolic leaf extract and low sugar concentrations changed the sex ratio, leading to fewer females and more males. The use of phenolic fruit and phenolic leaf extracts with increased sugar-based diets raised the amount of oxidation as well as the detoxification activity in this model organism. These results demonstrate that low amounts of sugar and olive phenolics may be used as an adjunct to adult nutrients to improve the insect’s adult characteristics.

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Mattila, Tiina. "Role of oxygen radicals in the bacteriostatic effect of whey and production of bacterial growth by free radical scavengers." Journal of Dairy Research 52, no. 1 (February 1985): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900023979.

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SUMMARYThe involvement of toxic oxygen intermediates in the bacteriostatic effect of milk was determined by producing bacterial growth curves using turbidimetry in the presence and absence of oxygen radical-scavenging substances. Using whey as substrate, catalase, haemoglobin combined with ascorbic acid and xanthine oxidase inhibitors all provided protection against oxygen toxicity for a strain ofStaphylococcus aureusand ofStreptococcus agalactiae. Superoxide dismutase and mannitol were less effective. This was evident in whey alone and in the presence of oxygen radicals produced exogenously by the t-butylhydroperoxide, H2O2and xanthine/xanthine oxidase systems.

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JONES, HUGH D. "Another alien terrestrial planarian in the United Kingdom: Australopacifica atrata (Steel, 1897) (Platyhelminthes: Tricladida: Continenticola)." Zootaxa 4604, no. 3 (May 15, 2019): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4604.3.12.

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Black terrestrial planarians, 5 mm to 3 cm long, have been found in five locations in the United Kingdom, the earliest in 2015. They are identified as Australopacifica atrata (Steel, 1897), a species originally described from New South Wales, Australia. A detailed systematic discussion of original and later descriptions, all of which are of external features only and with no morphological details, is given in support of this identification. Sectioned specimens show partly mature ovaries and ventral testes though none show any development of the copulatory apparatus. They reproduce freely by fission. They appear to be generalist scavengers, having been found feeding on a dead slow worm, a dead mouse, an earthworm and also on rotten fruit. In captivity they feed on chicken liver, squashed slugs and earthworms. It is assumed that they have been inadvertently introduced to the UK and distributed through horticultural activity.

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Margalida, Antoni, and Joan Bertran. "Function and Temporal Variation in Use of Ossuaries by Bearded Vultures (Gypaetus barbatus) During the Nestling Period." Auk 118, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.3.785.

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Abstract We analyze the use and functionality of ossuaries by the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) in the Pyrenees during the nestling period. In 71% of cases, the ossuary was used to prepare food for chicks, in 11% for storing food, and only in 18% for preparing the adults' own food. Pairs used an average of two ossuaries at a mean distance from the nest of 789 m (SE ± 377). The average time dedicate to breaking bone was 5.3 min (SE ± 4.2) and 4.5 throws (SE ± 5.8) for each session in the ossuarie (n = 86). The temporal variation found in the use of the ossuaries, with maximum frequencies between 31–90 days of age of chicks, may be due to a possible qualitative variation in chicks' diets. Ossuaries are also used to store food, this being a differentiating and advantageous trait with respect to feeding behavior developed by other meat scavengers.

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Suárez-Pérez, Alejandro, Juan Alberto Corbera, Margarita González-Martín, and María Teresa Tejedor-Junco. "Multidrug-Resistant Phenotypes of Escherichia coli Isolates in Wild Canarian Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnopterus majorensis)." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061692.

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The presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in cloacal samples from Canarian Egyptian vultures was investigated. Samples were obtained from chicks (n = 65) and from adults and immature birds (n = 38). Antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 antibiotics included in 12 different categories was determined for 103 E. coli isolates. MDR was defined as acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. Forty-seven different resistance phenotypes were detected: 31 MDR (41 isolates) and 16 non-MDR (62 isolates). One isolate was resistant to all 12 antimicrobial categories and 2 phenotypes included resistance to 9 antimicrobial categories. Imipenem resistance was included in five MDR phenotypes, corresponding to five different isolates. Statistically significant differences in prevalence of MDR-phenotypes were found between chicks in nests and the rest of the animals, probably due to the shorter exposure time of chicks to antimicrobials. The main risk derived from MDR bacteria in scavengers is that it threatens the treatment of wild animals in rescue centres and could be transferred to other animals in the facilities. In addition to this, it could pose a health risk to veterinarians or other staff involved in wildlife protection programmes.

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Kennedy, Victor S. "A summer benthic survey in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, emphasizing zoogeography of annelids and amphipods." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1863–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-277.

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A limited benthic survey was made in August in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, using a 0.2-m2 van Veen grab sampler. Nine stations were sampled in a relatively shallow (62–79 m), soft-bottom (predominantly silt) region with low bottom water (0.2–1.4 °C) and sediment (0.5–2.0 °C) temperatures. Annelids (32 species) and amphipods (18 species) were the common invertebrates collected, with annelids being more numerous, both in numbers of individuals and of species. Deposit-feeding annelids outnumbered carnivores, with subsurface deposit feeders more abundant than surface feeders. Sedentary individuals predominated. Most annelid species had boreal–temperate affinities, with few arctic species being present. Detritivorous amphipods predominated, followed by scrapers and scavengers. Nearly all were burrowers. All the amphipod species were arctic–boreal in distribution and most do not range as far south as do the annelids. Molluscs were small and uncommon and they, like the remaining uncommon components of the biomass, were not identified to any extent.

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Pérez-Mellado, Valentín, Mario Garrido, Zaida Ortega, Ana Pérez-Cembranos, and Abraham Mencía. "The yellow-legged gull as a predator of lizards in Balearic Islands." Amphibia-Reptilia 35, no. 2 (2014): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00002945.

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Lizards and gulls cohabit in several Mediterranean islands. The yellow-legged gull, Larus michahellis, was found to prey several vertebrate species. However, precise information about the interaction between gulls and other vertebrates, particularly with lizards is still scarce. The Balearic lizard, Podarcis lilfordi, shares several coastal islets with the yellow-legged gull. Using two different sources of information, we studied the interaction of both species in Colom Island (Menorca, Balearic Islands, Spain). We studied the diet of the yellow-legged gull and learnt that the Balearic lizard is not a common prey of the yellow-legged gull. On the other hand, we studied the potential predation pressure of gulls on lizards, using plasticine models of lizards. We did two different experiments from which we can conclude that yellow-legged gulls rarely attack lizards and, consequently, cannot be considered a major threat for this endemic lizard species, at least in the population under study. Finally, we obtained evidence that plasticine models can only be employed with caution to assess predation pressure of opportunistic scavengers, much as gulls are. The majority of marks on models were not the consequence of true attacks by gulls, but the result of ground exploratory behaviour of gulls in search of any edible matter. Therefore, contrary to popular belief, in the case of the yellow-legged gull, the proportion of marked models would be an indication of ground-based wandering activity, rather than a result of its predation pressure on lizards.

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Batra, S., J. K. Srivastrava, S. Gupta, J. C. Katiyar, and V. M. L. Srivastava. "Role of reactive oxygen species in expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from rats." Parasitology 106, no. 2 (February 1993): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000074989.

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SUMMARYTo understand the mechanism for the expulsion of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from rats, age-dependent variations in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species in the parasite and the host intestines were examined. N. brasiliensis showed an age-dependent increase in its susceptibility to xanthine-xanthine oxidase and t−butyl hydroperoxide generated oxidants as well as to H2O2. Protection obtained with several scavengers suggested that the worms were damaged by the combined action of oxidants generated by the in vitro systems employed. The level of superoxide dismutase in the nematode and its release into the surroundings exhibited a marked depression with advancement of age. No such alteration was, however, recorded for catalase and glutathione peroxidase. An appreciable decrease in the level of reduced glutathione in older N. brasiliensis appears to render them prone to oxidant attack. The rat intestines, on the other hand, exhibited an appreciable depression in catalase and a reduced glutathione content with progress of the infection. Vitamin E levels were elevated. The release of O27 and H2O2 by the intestines was also found to be greater during later stages of the infection. The combined effect of the changes observed in N. brasiliensis and in the rat intestines may be at least partly responsible for expulsion of the nematode from the rats after day 10.

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Hagerman, Ann E., and Charles T. Robbins. "Specificity of tannin-binding salivary proteins relative to diet selection by mammals." Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-085.

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The tannin-binding specificity of salivary proteins in several mammals was investigated as a possible explanation for observed food habits. Moose (Alces alces) and beaver (Castor canadensis) produce salivary proteins that only bind the linear condensed tannins common in their preferred foods, such as willow, aspen, or birch. The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), which has a more generalized diet, produces salivary proteins that bind linear and branched-chain condensed tannins and gallotannins, but not an ellagitannin. The omnivorous black bear (Ursus americanus) produces salivary proteins that bind all types of tannins. In feeding trials beaver and mule deer were fed tannins that were not bound by salivary tannin-binding proteins in the in vitro assays. The results confirmed that these tannins reduce digestibility more than tannins that are bound by salivary proteins. Thus, salivary tannin-binding proteins are not always generalized scavengers of dietary tannins, but can be very specific for the types of tannins that are consumed in the preferred diet. The diversity of tannin chemistry and the specificity of salivary tannin-binding proteins must be considered in optimal foraging studies and in cost-benefit models of herbivore diet selection.

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Eduardo A. Díaz, Carolina Sáenz, E. Santiago Jiménez, David A. Egas, and Kelly Swing. "Is release of rehabilitated wildlife with embedded lead ammunition advisable? Plumbism in a Jaguar Panthera Onca (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae), survivor of gunshot wounds." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 12 (October 26, 2021): 19808–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5777.13.12.19808-19812.

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Lead poisoning is a threat to wildlife, particularly after ingestion of lead ammunition derived from hunting activities. Little information, however, is available concerning plumbism in wild animals that survive the trauma associated with gunshot wounds. This study presents a possible example of lead intoxication by embedded pellets in a Jaguar Panthera onca nineteen months after being injured by a shotgun blast. In addition, the possible path of incorporation of lead into the trophic chain after the eventual release and death of an impacted animal, thereby expanding and prolonging the toxic effects of lead ammunition, is discussed. Direct intoxication by ammunition retained in the body of wild animals, as well as the indirect impacts on predators and scavengers that consume their flesh, should be sufficient reasons to reconsider the release of individuals with embedded lead ammunition into the wild.

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Vizzarri, F., M. Palazzo, D. Casamassima, L. Ondruska, M. Massanyi, F. Tirpak, G. Formicki, A. Gren, and P. Massanyi. "Lippia citriodora (verbascoside) extract supplementation: Effect on rabbit semen quality in vivo and in vitro." Czech Journal of Animal Science 64, No. 1 (January 17, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/35/2018-cjas.

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Verbascoside, the main component of Lippia citriodora extract, is one of the most powerful free radical scavengers exhibiting a wide biological activity. In in vivo study 20 adult New Zealand white rabbit bucks were divided into two homogeneous groups, one control (CON) and one verbascoside-supplemented (0.1%) in feed mixture (EXP) and later in vitro effects of verbascoside on the motility aspects of rabbit spermatozoa were analysed. The spermatozoa concentration, ejaculate volume, spermatozoa motility, progressive motility, distance parameters, velocity parameters and type of spermatozoa movement were negatively affected by Lippia citriodora leaves extract after the first 4 weeks of dietary treatment, till the end of experiment (8 weeks). Four weeks after the suspension of feed additive supplementation, all spermatozoa traits values returned to the normality, and in line with CON group. For in vitro findings, ejaculates from 10 male New Zealand white bucks were collected using an artificial vagina. Then it was diluted in physiological saline solution containing different concentrations of verbascoside at the concentration of 0, 0.0024, 0.0219, 0.157, 120.0 mg/ml (Ctrl, VB1, VB2, VB3, VB4 groups, respectively), using a dilution ratio of 1 : 4. The obtained data proved that verbascoside at the concentration of 0.0024 and 0.0219 mg/ml had no adverse effect on spermatozoa. Additionally, we found that verbascoside at higher concentrations (0.157 and 120.0 mg/ml) significantly altered all the motility parameters analysed in the experiment. In conclusion a possible negative effect of verbascoside supplementation into feed mixture (0.1%) on semen quality parameters in rabbit bucks as well as in vitro can be stated, obviously considering that target organs of antioxidant activities of phenylpropanoid glycosides are various. In addition it has to be emphasized that the extract showed a reversible action, since the semen traits of treated animals returned to the normality after the dietary administration period.

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Hussain, Tanveer, Masroor Ellahi Babar, Muneeb Musthafa, Abdul Wajid, Hassan Ali Sukhera, Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhry, Muhammad Rizwan Khan, and Faiz M. M. T. Marikar. "Genetic polymorphism in the mitochondrial D-loop of Oriental White-backed Vultures (Gyps bengalensis)." Ornis Hungarica 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2022-0010.

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Abstract Vultures are among nature’s most successful scavengers, providing tractable models for ecological, economic, and cultural studies. Asian vultures have undergone dramatic declines of 90–99% in the subcontinent due to consequences of poisoning drugs, thereby being at a high risk of extinction. In Pakistan, surveys conducted previously focused mostly the cause of decline and breeding strategies only. Genetic profiling of vultures was still unmapped that could play a particular role in conservation endeavors and let researchers to genetically label individuals of threatened or endangered species. In this study, we examined genetic diversity and molecular phylogeny of Oriental White-backed Vultures by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. Genetic polymorphism was detected among individuals, and, on that basis, phylogenetic analysis was conducted through Bayesian analysis of DNA sequences using MCMC. Using multiple sequence alignment, two mutations, transversion T>G and transition G>A, were observed at nucleotide positions 1 and 2, respectively. Similarly, T/C heterozygosity at two positions, 53 and 110, and one heterozygous T/G locus at 130 position were also observed. The reference sequence, along with other samples of V1, V6, V7 and V9, was placed into a clade, while V2, V5, V11, V3, V4 and V10 samples were grouped into a two clade.

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Peck, Stewart B. "A review of the cave fauna of Canada, and the composition and ecology of the invertebrate fauna of caves and mines in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 5 (May 1, 1988): 1197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-176.

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Caves and cave-inhabiting faunas of Canada are reviewed. Four species of troglobitic (cave-limited) crustaceans (Amphipoda and Isopoda) are known from Alberta and British Columbia, and one troglobitic mite from Alberta. A study of the subterranean fauna of Ontario involved investigating 35 caves and mines. Collections of 1274 invertebrate specimens contained 301 species in 5 phyla, with spiders and insects being most numerous. Diptera were the most abundant insects with 140 species, mainly in the families Culicidae, Mycetophilidae, and Tipulidae. The fauna is predominantly composed of trogloxenes, in the "parietal association." Few troglophiles and no troglobites were found. The fauna is most abundant in individuals and richest in species diversity within the first 10 m of the entrances, just inside the dark zone, and at 12–14 °C. The total "community" of terrestrial invertebrates does not show significant preferences in either caves or mines for precise locations on environmental gradients of light, temperature, or relative humidity. Faunal movements and changes occur on a daily and a seasonal basis. There is no clear difference between the faunas of "old" caves and those of "young" mines. The cave and mine faunas are generally scavengers or predators recruited from nearby forest litter and soil populations. None of the species were significantly outside their previously known distributional range.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scavengers (Zoology)'

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