Relevant bibliographies by topics / Scattering Remote sensing systems

Academic literature on the topic 'Scattering Remote sensing systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Scattering Remote sensing systems"

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Zhu, Zhiqin, Yaqin Luo, Hongyan Wei, Yong Li, Guanqiu Qi, Neal Mazur, Yuanyuan Li, and Penglong Li. "Atmospheric Light Estimation Based Remote Sensing Image Dehazing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132432.

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Remote sensing images are widely used in object detection and tracking, military security, and other computer vision tasks. However, remote sensing images are often degraded by suspended aerosol in the air, especially under poor weather conditions, such as fog, haze, and mist. The quality of remote sensing images directly affect the normal operations of computer vision systems. As such, haze removal is a crucial and indispensable pre-processing step in remote sensing image processing. Additionally, most of the existing image dehazing methods are not applicable to all scenes, so the corresponding dehazed images may have varying degrees of color distortion. This paper proposes a novel atmospheric light estimation based dehazing algorithm to obtain high visual-quality remote sensing images. First, a differentiable function is used to train the parameters of a linear scene depth model for the scene depth map generation of remote sensing images. Second, the atmospheric light of each hazy remote sensing image is estimated by the corresponding scene depth map. Then, the corresponding transmission map is estimated on the basis of the estimated atmospheric light by a haze-lines model. Finally, according to the estimated atmospheric light and transmission map, an atmospheric scattering model is applied to remove haze from remote sensing images. The colors of the images dehazed by the proposed method are in line with the perception of human eyes in different scenes. A dataset with 100 remote sensing images from hazy scenes was built for testing. The performance of the proposed image dehazing method is confirmed by theoretical analysis and comparative experiments.
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Kuznecov, A. Yu, A. A. Sadikova, V. I. Gornyj, and I. Sh Latypov. "DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING AN APERTURE DIAPHRAGM IN HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS FOR EARTH." Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no. 191 (May 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2020.05.pp.023-030.

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The aim of the work is to research and develop methods for synthesizing aperture in hyperspectral systems for remote sensing of the Earth to reduce weight and size characteristics by applying methods of program-algorithmic processing of the input signal and implementing the synthesized aperture. A method of neural networks for deconvolution on the construction of a radial basis network is developed. A method has been developed to increase the synthesis of apertures in hyperspectral systems for remote sensing of the Earth. A method for increasing the spatial resolution of images obtained by optical systems for remote sensing of the Earth is described. A method for radiometric calibration of output data has been developed, which allows universalizing the analysis of spectral characteristics. In the process, to achieve the goals were used: methods of spectral optics, mathematical analysis and statistics, methods of processing images and signals. The project results contribute to the reduction of overall weight and cost characteristics and the possibility of synthesizing the aperture at the exit of the polychromator, which will avoid the use of expensive camera lenses in hyperspectral systems of remote sensing of the Earth. The developed methods for synthesizing aperture in hyperspectral systems of remote sensing of the Earth differ from the existing ones in that the receiving device for the video signal does not contain structural changes, and they contain the function of the algorithmic apparatus, which includes the analysis of the functions of the scattering point, the deconvolution of the recorded signal is performed by the method of neural networks after the stage learning.
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Kuznecov, A. Yu, A. A. Sadikova, V. I. Gornyj, and I. Sh Latypov. "DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING AN APERTURE DIAPHRAGM IN HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING SYSTEMS FOR EARTH." Vestnik komp'iuternykh i informatsionnykh tekhnologii, no. 191 (May 2020): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/vkit.2020.05.pp.023-030.

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The aim of the work is to research and develop methods for synthesizing aperture in hyperspectral systems for remote sensing of the Earth to reduce weight and size characteristics by applying methods of program-algorithmic processing of the input signal and implementing the synthesized aperture. A method of neural networks for deconvolution on the construction of a radial basis network is developed. A method has been developed to increase the synthesis of apertures in hyperspectral systems for remote sensing of the Earth. A method for increasing the spatial resolution of images obtained by optical systems for remote sensing of the Earth is described. A method for radiometric calibration of output data has been developed, which allows universalizing the analysis of spectral characteristics. In the process, to achieve the goals were used: methods of spectral optics, mathematical analysis and statistics, methods of processing images and signals. The project results contribute to the reduction of overall weight and cost characteristics and the possibility of synthesizing the aperture at the exit of the polychromator, which will avoid the use of expensive camera lenses in hyperspectral systems of remote sensing of the Earth. The developed methods for synthesizing aperture in hyperspectral systems of remote sensing of the Earth differ from the existing ones in that the receiving device for the video signal does not contain structural changes, and they contain the function of the algorithmic apparatus, which includes the analysis of the functions of the scattering point, the deconvolution of the recorded signal is performed by the method of neural networks after the stage learning.
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Bala, Jeevan, and Kamlesh Lakhwani. "Performance evaluation of various desmogging techniques for single smoggy images." Modern Physics Letters B 33, no. 05 (February 20, 2019): 1950056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984919500568.

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The worsening air pollution is producing serious smog problems in the world. The high concentration of aerosol, that attenuates the scene radiance and adds undesired scattering illumination into the actual illumination values, has a serious effect on the visibility of the images. Therefore, images captured under smoggy environments suffer from poor visibility. Because, the smog particles attenuate the illumination reflected by the targets and add undesired scattering light. Therefore, imaging under smoggy environments affect the performance of many machine vision systems such as intelligent transportation system, remote sensing imaging, aerial imaging, etc. From the literature, it has been observed that majority of existing researchers have either focused on foggy or hazy images only.
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Böttger, U., and R. Preusker. "Radiative transfer model STORM for full Stokes vector calculations in the visible and near infrared spectral range." Advances in Radio Science 4 (September 6, 2006): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-4-329-2006.

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Abstract. Based on the Matrix-Operator Method the radiative transfer code STORM (STOkes vector Radiative transfer Model) is introduced, which was developed in a joint project of DLR and Institut f{ü}r Weltraumwissenschaften-Freie Universität Berlin. STORM calculates the Stokes parameters (I, Q, U, V) in a plane parallel, multi layered atmosphere in the visible and near infrared spectral range. The scattering characteristics of aerosols are determined by Mie theory. The surface represents a Lambertian reflector or a wind ruffled water surface described by Cox-Munk model. The results of one calculation are the upward and downward directed Stokes parameters for one wavelength at a desired number of sun incident and viewing angles at varying altitudes in the principal plane and other azimuth angles. STORM is applied for an analysis in view of designing downward looking Earth observing optical remote sensing systems and values of the degree of polarization are presented as generic basis for remote sensing system design and data processing.
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Nurtyawan, Rian, Asep Saepuloh, Agung Budi Harto, Ketut Wikantika, and Akihiko Kondoh. "Satellite Imagery for Classification of Rice Growth Phase Using Freeman Decomposition in Indramayu, West Java, Indonesia." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 25, no. 3 (October 24, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.25.3.126.

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Monitoring at every growth of rice plants is an important information for determining the grain pro-duction estimation of rice. Monitoring must to be have timely work on the rice plant development. However, timely monitoring and the high accuracy of information is a challenge in remote sensing based on rice agriculture monitoring and observation. With increased quality of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems utilizing polarimetric information recently, the development and applications of polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) are one of the current major topics in radar remote sensing. The ad-vantages provided by PolSAR data for agricultural monitoring have been extensively studied for applications such as crop type classification and mapping, crop phenology monitoring, productivity assessment based on the sensitivity of polarimetric parameters to indicators of crop conditions. Freeman and Durden successfully decomposed fully PolSAR data into three components: Single bounce, double bounce, and volume scattering. The three-component scattering provide features for distinguishing between different surface cover types. These sensitivities assist in the identification of growing phase. The observed growing phase development in time series, reflected in the consistent temporal trends in scattering, was generally in agreement with crop phenological development stages. Supervised classification was performed on repeat-pass Radarsat-2 images, with an overall classification accuracy of 77.27% achieved using time series Fine beam data. The study demonstrated that Radarsat-2 Fine mode data provide useful information for crop monitoring and classification of rice plants.
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Williams, John K., and J. Vivekanandan. "Sources of Error in Dual-Wavelength Radar Remote Sensing of Cloud Liquid Water Content." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 24, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): 1317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech2042.1.

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Abstract Dual-wavelength ratio (DWR) techniques offer the prospect of producing high-resolution mapping of cloud microphysical properties, including retrievals of cloud liquid water content (LWC) from reflectivity measured by millimeter-wavelength radars. Unfortunately, noise and artifacts in the DWR require smoothing to obtain physically realistic values of LWC with a concomitant loss of resolution. Factors that cause inaccuracy in the retrieved LWC include uncertainty in gas and liquid water attenuation coefficients, Mie scattering due to large water droplets or ice particles, corruption of the radar reflectivities by noise and nonatmospheric returns, and artifacts due to mismatched radar illumination volumes. The error analysis presented here consists of both analytic and heuristic arguments; it is illustrated using data from the Mount Washington Icing Sensors Project (MWISP) and from an idealized simulation. In addition to offering insight into design considerations for a DWR system, some results suggest methods that may mitigate some of these sources of error for existing systems and datasets.
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Li, Ying. "Monitoring and Mathematical Model Analysis of Dynamic Changes in Land Resources Based on SAR Sensor Image." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 9, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1661825.

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The monitoring and analysis of dynamic changes in land resources can detect the changes of land aimed at a single-band or multiband remote sensing image of multiple phases in a given region or target with image processing methods and can also extract the change information and realize remote sensing monitoring through the comprehensive analysis of multiphase remote sensing images. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image change monitoring technology, with the advantages of high resolution, high precision, real-time service, and rapid imaging, can achieve qualitative or quantitative analysis of targets and is gradually widely used in quarterly monitoring, emergency monitoring, postbatch verification, law-enforcement inspection and land inspection, and other remote sensing data acquisitions and analyses. Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the research results of previous research works, this paper expounded the current situation and significance of the researches on the monitoring and analysis of dynamic changes in land resources; elaborated the development background, current situation, and future challenges of SAR sensor data; introduced the methods and principles of band setting, polarization mode, geometric correction, and image filtering; proposed the status target identification of land resources; explored the dynamic information discovery of land resources; conducted the dynamic change monitoring of land resources based on SAR sensor data; analyzed the basis and characteristics of SAR sensor data; performed the generalization and optimization of land resource information; demonstrated the dynamic change analysis of land resources based on SAR sensor data; compared the acceptance ability and accuracy of SAR sensor data; and discussed the discovery and extraction of dynamic information of land resources. The results show that the SAR sensor data can monitor the characteristics of scattering points in land resource observation scenes and can obtain the change information of ground object by distance component and band component, so that the SAR system can make two-dimensional imaging of land resources directly in front of the receiving platform. Thus, the SAR data obtained by multisystem parameters shows great application potential in land resource monitoring, which provides the possibility of decoupling to remove land resources and surface roughness and thus provides possible solutions for land resource analysis in complex environment. The results of this paper provide a reference for the follow-up studies on the monitoring and analysis of dynamic changes in land resources based on SAR sensor data.
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Thompson, Jonathan V., Brett H. Hokr, Wihan Kim, Charles W. Ballmann, Brian E. Applegate, Javier Jo, Alexey Yamilov, Hui Cao, Marlan O. Scully, and Vladislav V. Yakovlev. "Enhanced coupling of light into a turbid medium through microscopic interface engineering." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (July 12, 2017): 7941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705612114.

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There are many optical detection and sensing methods used today that provide powerful ways to diagnose, characterize, and study materials. For example, the measurement of spontaneous Raman scattering allows for remote detection and identification of chemicals. Many other optical techniques provide unique solutions to learn about biological, chemical, and even structural systems. However, when these systems exist in a highly scattering or turbid medium, the optical scattering effects reduce the effectiveness of these methods. In this article, we demonstrate a method to engineer the geometry of the optical interface of a turbid medium, thereby drastically enhancing the coupling efficiency of light into the material. This enhanced optical coupling means that light incident on the material will penetrate deeper into (and through) the medium. It also means that light thus injected into the material will have an enhanced interaction time with particles contained within the material. These results show that, by using the multiple scattering of light in a turbid medium, enhanced light–matter interaction can be achieved; this has a direct impact on spectroscopic methods such as Raman scattering and fluorescence detection in highly scattering regimes. Furthermore, the enhanced penetration depth achieved by this method will directly impact optical techniques that have previously been limited by the inability to deposit sufficient amounts of optical energy below or through highly scattering layers.
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Bebbington, D. H. O., L. Carrea, and G. Wanielik. "Application of Geometric Polarization to Invariance Properties in Bistatic Scattering." Advances in Radio Science 3 (May 13, 2005): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-3-421-2005.

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Abstract. Bistatic polarimetric radars provide target properties which just one monostatic system can not reveal. Moreover, augmentation of monostatic systems through the provision of bistatic receive-only stations can be a cheap way to increase the amount of remote sensing data. However, bistatic scattering needs to be investigated in order to properly define target properties such as symmetries and invariance, especially regarding choices of polarization basis. In this paper we discuss how the geometric theory of polarization, in which the geometry of the Poincaré sphere is directly related to 3-D geometry of space rather than the 2-D geometry of the wavefront plane, can be used to reduce the ambiguities in the interpretation of data. We also show how in the coherent case a complex scalar invariant can be determined irrespective of the basis combinations.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scattering Remote sensing systems"

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Chen, Zhengxiao. "Microwave remote sensing of vegetation : Stochastic Lindenmayer systems, collective scattering effects, and neural network inversions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5854.

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Rocadenbosch, Burillo Francesc. "Lidar sensing of the atmosphere: receiver design and inversion algorithms for an elastic system." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6909.

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LIDAR es un acrónimo de LIght Detection And Ranging. En la presente tesis, se usan técnicas basadas en lidar elástico para monitorizar la atmósfera remotamente y derivar información cuantitativa acerca de sus parámetros ópticos. Esta tesis doctoral comprende el diseño y operación de una estación lidar elástica basada en un láser pulsado de Nd:YAG operando a las longitudes de onda de 1064 y 532 nm, en lo que se refiere a los sistemas de recepción, control y diseño de algoritmos de inversión. Básicamente, puede dividirse en tres partes bien diferenciadas: La primera (Caps. 1, 2 y 3) comprende el estudio de la dispersión elástica (Rayleigh y Mie) en la atmósfera, orientada al cálculo del balance de enlace, e intenta vislumbrar la interrelación entre variables físicas tales como la temperatura, la presión y la humedad, y el fenómeno de dispersión, dejando de lado su posible extrapolación a modelos meteorologicos. Partiendo de esta base, se estiman valores de extinción y retrodispersión para diferentes condiciones atmosféricas y, como resultado, se presenta un balance de enlace para el sistema. El mismo incluye el estudio del alcance lidar, la estimación de la relación señal a ruido, y la evaluación de fotodiodos para diferentes librerías del usuario. Esta primera parte se cierra con las especificaciones globales del sistema. La segunda parte de este trabajo (Caps. 4, 5 y 6) atiende al diseño e implemen-tación del receptor, sistemas de sincronización y control. El receptor optoelectrónico se basa en amplificadores realimentados en corriente y cuenta con un excelente producto ganancia ancho de banda. Por lo que respecta al subsistema de sincronismo, se presentan dos unidades distintas con vistas a un futuro sistema lidar de escaneo, lo cuál ofrece la posibilidad de realizar scans entrelazados. Para terminar, el sistema de control diseñado se basa en el software de control LabView, que ofrece una filosofía de control distribuido. Con este propósito, se han especificado e implementado protocolos de bus lidar y su señalización para la presente estación lidar. Finalmente, la tercera parte comprende el diseño de algoritmos de inversión con y sin memoria (Caps. 7 y 8). Los algortimos sin memoria para atmósferas homogéneas se basan en procedimientos de ajuste por regresión como son el método de la pendiente y el de mínimos cuadrados y, en el caso de atmósferas inhomogéneas, se basan en el método de Klett y calibraciones adecuadas. Los algortimos con memoria se basan en diferentes modelos estocásticos para la atmósfera y filtrado de Kalman no lineal. Además de los algortimos de inversión, también se calculan y discuten las curvas del error de inversión. El Cap. 9 describe las medidas llevadas a cabo con el sistema que este trabajo ha permitido construir así como el resultado de aplicar los algoritmos de inversión presentados en los capítulos precedentes. La inversión de escenas reales comprende estudios de la estructura de polución, estudios de nubes (ceilometría, básicamente desplazamiento y estructura de las nubes) y señala posibles fuentes de error en el factor de solapamiento.
LIDAR is an acronym of LIght Detection And Ranging. In the present case, the elastic lidar techniques are used to remotely sense the atmosphere and to derive quantitative information about its optical parameters.This thesis comprises the design and operation of an elastic lidar station based on a pulsed Nd:YAG laser operating at the 1064- and 532-nm wavelengths, in the parts concerning receiver, control systems, and inversion algorithms.Basically, it can be divided in three different parts: The first one (Chaps. 1, 2, and 3) encompasses the study of the elastic scattering (Rayleigh and Mie) in the atmosphere for link-budget purposes and gives some insight into the interweaving between physical variables such as temperature, pressure and humidity, and the scattering phenomena, letting apart any possible extrapolation to meteorological models. From this basis, extinction and backscatter figures for different atmospheric conditions can readily be assessed and, as result, a system link budget is presented. This includes lidar range study, signal-to-noise ratio assessment, and photodiode evaluation from custom-made libraries. At the end of the first part, the system specification is made. The second part of this work (Chaps. 4, 5, and 6) is concerned with the design and implemen-tation of receiver, synchronization, and control systems. The optoelectronic receiver is based on current-feedback amplifiers and features a very large gain-bandwidth product. As for the synchronization subsystem, two different units are presented with a view to a future scanning lidar system, which makes room for interspersed scans. Eventually, the control system designed is LabView based and features a distributed control philosophy. For that purpose, lidar bus protocols and signals are specified and built for the actual lidar station. Finally, the third part encircles the design of inversion algorithms with and without memory (Chaps. 7 and 8). Non-memory algorithms for homogeneous atmospheres are based on regression curve-fitting procedures, such as the slope-method and the least squares while in instances of inhomogeneous atmospheres they are based on Klett's method and appropriate calibrations. Memory algorithms are based on different stochastic models for the atmosphere and on non-linear Kalman filtering. In addition to these inversion procedures, error assessment plots are also derived and discussed. Chap. 9 describes the measurements carried out with the system this work has contributed to build and the results of applying to them the inversion algorithms discussed in the preceding chapters.The inversion of live-scenes involves pollution structure studies, cloud studies (ceilometry, cloud motion and wave clouds, basically), and hints overlap factor error sources.
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Penner, Justin Frank. "Development of a Grond-Based High-Resolution 3D-SAR System for Studying the Microwave Scattering Characteristics of Trees." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2889.

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This thesis presents the development of a high-resolution ground-based 3D-SAR system and investigates its application to microwave-vegetation studies. The development process of the system is detailed including an enumeration of high-level requirements, discussions on key design issues, and detailed descriptions of the system down to a component level. The system operates on a 5.4 GHz (C-band) signal, provides a synthetic aperture area of 1.7 m x 1.7 m, and offers resolution of 0.75 m x 0.3 m x 0.3 m (range x azimuth x elevation). The system is employed on several trees with varying physical characteristics. The resulting imagery demonstrates successful 3D reconstruction of the trees and some of their internal features. The individual leaves and small branches are not visible due to the system resolution and the size of the wavelength. The foliage's outline and internal density distribution is resolved. Large branches are visible where geometry is favorable. Trunks are always visible due to their size and normal-facing incidence surface and their return has the strongest contribution from their base. The imagery is analyzed for dependencies on radar and tree parameters including: incidence angle, signal frequency, polarization, inclusion size, water content, and species. In the current work, a single frequency (5.4 GHz) and polarization (HH) is used which leaves the door open for future analysis to use other frequencies and polarizations. The improved resolution capabilities of the 3D-SAR system enables more precise backscatter measurements leading to a greater understanding of microwave-vegetation scattering behavior.
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Bismarck, Jonas von [Verfasser]. "Vibrational Raman Scattering of Liquid Water : Quantitative Incorporation into a Numeric Radiative Transfer Model of the Atmosphere-Ocean System and Analysis of its Impact on Remote Sensing Applications / Jonas von Bismarck." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1098185447/34.

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O'Bree, Terry Adam, and s9907681@student rmit edu au. "Investigations of light scattering by Australian natural waters for remote sensing applications." RMIT University. Applied Sciences, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080110.140055.

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Remote sensing is the collection of information about an object from a distance without physically being in contact with it. The type of remote sensing of interest here is in the form of digital images of water bodies acquired by satellite. The advantage over traditional sampling techniques is that data can be gathered quickly over large ranges, and be available for immediate analysis. Remote sensing is a powerful technique for the monitoring of water bodies. To interpret the remotely sensed data, however, knowledge of the optical properties of the water constituents is needed. One of the most important of these is the volume scattering function, which describes the angular distribution of light scattered by a sample. This thesis presents the first measurements of volume scattering functions for Australian waters. Measurements were made on around 40 different samples taken from several locations in the Gippsland lakes and the Great Barrier Reef. The measurements were made by modifying an existing static light scattering spectrometer in order to accurately measure the volume scattering functions. The development of the apparatus, its calibration and automation, and the application of a complex series of post-acquisition data corrections, are all discussed. In order to extrapolate the data over the full angular range, the data was analysed using theoretical curves calculated for multi-modal size distributions using Mie light scattering theory applied to each data set. From the Mie fits the scattering and backscattering coefficients were calculated. These were compared with scattering coefficients measured using in situ sensors ac-9 and Hydroscat-6, and with values from the literature. The effect of chlorophyll a concentrations on the scattering coefficients was examined, and a brief investigation of the polarisation properties of the samples was also undertaken. Finally the angular effects on the relationship between the backscattering coefficient and the volume scattering function were investigated. This is important as in situ backscattering sensors often assume that measuring at a single fixed-angle is a good approximation for calculating the backscattering coefficient. This assumption is tested, and the optimal measurement angle determined.
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Ao, Chi On 1970. "Electromagnetic wave scattering by discrete random media with remote sensing applications." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16782.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 171-182).
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
The scattering of electromagnetic waves in medium with randomly distributed discrete scatterers is studied. Analytical and numerical solutions to several problems with implications for the active and passive remote sensing of the Earth environment are obtained. The quasi-magnetostatic (QMS) solution for a conducting and permeable spheroid under arbitrary excitation is presented. The spheroid is surrounded by a weakly conducting background medium. The magnetic field inside the spheroid satisfies the vector wave equation, while the magnetic field outside can be expressed as the gradient of the Laplace solution. We solve this problem exactly using the separation of variables method in spheroidal coordinates by expanding the internal field in terms of vector spheroidal wavefunctions. The exact formulation works well for low to moderate frequencies; however, the solution breaks down at high frequency due to numerical difficulty in computing the spheroidal wavefunctions. To circumvent this difficulty, an approximate theory known as the small penetration-depth approximation (SPA) is developed. The SPA relates the internal field in terms of the external field by making use of the fact that at high frequency, the external field can only penetrate slightly into a thin skin layer below the surface of the spheroid. For spheroids with general permeability, the SPA works well at high frequency and complements the exact formulation. However, for high permeability, the SPA is found to give accurate broadband results. By neglecting mutual interactions, the QMS frequency response from a collection of conducting and permeable spheroids is also studied.
(cont.) In a dense medium, the failure to properly take into account of multiple scattering effects could lead to significant errors. This has been demonstrated in the past from extensive theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies of electromagnetic wave scattering by densely packed dielectric spheres. Here, electromagnetic wave scattering by dense packed dielectric spheroids is studied both numerically through Monte Carlo simulations and analytically through the quasi-crystalline approximation (QCA) and QCA with coherent potential (QCA-CP). We assume that the spheroids are electrically small so that single-particle scattering is simple. In the numerical simulations, the Metropolis shuffling method is used to generate realizations of configurations for non-interpenetrable spheroids. The multiple scattering problem is formulated with the volume integral equation and solved using the method of moments with electrostatic basis functions. General expressions for the self-interaction elements are obtained using the low-frequency expansion of the dyadic Green's function, and radiative correction terms are included. Results of scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, and scattering matrix for spheroids in random and aligned orientation configurations are presented. It is shown that independent scattering approximation can give grossly incorrect results when the fractional volume of the spheroids is appreciable.
(cont.) In the analytical approach, only spheroids in the aligned configuration are solved. Low-frequency QCA and QCA-CP solutions are obtained for the average Green's function and the effective permittivity tensor. For QCA-CP, the low-frequency expansion of the uniaxial dyadic Green's function is required. The real parts of the effective permittivities from QCA and QCA-CP are compared with the Maxwell-Garnett mixing formula. ...
by Chi On Ao.
Ph.D.
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Oh, Han, and Hariharan G. Lalgudi. "Scalable Perceptual Image Coding for Remote Sensing Systems." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606208.

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ITC/USA 2008 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fourth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 27-30, 2008 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
In this work, a scalable perceptual JPEG2000 encoder that exploits properties of the human visual system (HVS) is presented. The algorithm modifies the final three stages of a conventional JPEG2000 encoder. In the first stage, the quantization step size for each subband is chosen to be the inverse of the contrast sensitivity function (CSF). In bit-plane coding, two masking effects are considered during distortion calculation. In the final bitstream formation step, quality layers are formed corresponding to desired perceptual distortion thresholds. This modified encoder exhibits superior visual performance for remote sensing images compared to conventional JPEG2000 encoders. Additionally, it is completely JPEG2000 Part-1 compliant, and therefore can be decoded by any JPEG2000 decoder.
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Wanderley, Juliana Fernandes Camapum. "Colour-based recognition for remote sensing in environmental systems." Thesis, Coventry University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266844.

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Moreira, Gregori de Arruda. "Analyses of planetary boundary layer from remote sensing systems." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-15052018-122950/.

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The Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) is a relevant part of the atmosphere with a variable extension that clearly plays an important role in fields like air quality or weather forecasting. Passive and active remote sensing systems have been widely applied to analyze PBL characteristics. The combination of different remote sensing techniques allows obtaining a complete picture on the PBL dynamic. In this study, we analyze the PBL behavior using four types of remote sensing systems: Microwave Radiometer (MWR), Elastic Lidar (EL), Doppler Lidar (DL) and Ceilometer data. The measurements were performed in two cities Granada (Spain) and São Paulo (Brazil). Firstly, at Granada, the PBL height (PBLH) obtained from MWR data is validated against PBLH provided by analyzing co-located radiosondes, showing a good agreement. In a second stage, active remote sensing systems were used for deriving the PBLH. Thus, Extended Kalman filter is applied to EL data while the vertical wind speed variance method was applied to the DL. The derived PBLH\'s by these approaches are compared to PBLH retrieved by the MWR. The results show a good agreement among the retrievals based on active remote sensing in most of the cases, although some discrepancies appear in instances of intense PBL changes (either growth and/or decrease). Then it is performed the analysis of four and five-year dataset of measurements gathered with a ceilometer and a microwave radiometer, respectively, at Granada. The methodologies applied for the PBLH detection (gradient method for ceilometer and the combination of parcel method and temperature gradient method for microwave radiometer) provided a satisfactory description of the PBL structure in simple cases. In addition, the PBL behavior is characterized by a statistical study of the convective and stable PBLH obtained from microwave radiometer measurements. The analysis of the PBLH statistical study shows some coincidence with other PBLH studies such as daily pattern, and year cycles but also some differences caused by distinct latitudes, topography and climate were found. It was performed as well a combined long-term analysis of Ceilometer retrieved Residual Layer and the Stable and Convective Layer heights determined by microwave radiometer, thus offering a complete picture of the PBL evolution by synergetic combination of remote sensing techniques. This is the reason why systems with high temporal and spatial resolution, like lidars, have been increasingly applied in studies about this atmospheric region. In this work, also was performed, at São Paulo, an analysis on lidar backscattered signal at three wavelengths (355, 532 and 1064 nm) retrieving the turbulence by the analyses of the high-order moments (variance, skewness and kurtosis) in the backscattered signal. The wavelength of 355 nm has low applicability in the proposed methodology, due to its low intensity (due to predominance of molecular backscattering) and large presence of noise, while the 532 nm wavelength showed results similar to those provided by the wavelength of 1064 nm, which was used as reference. Then, it was analyzed two case studies using the wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm (in separately). This approach provided information about PBL height, (derived by the variance method (Menut et al., 1999), displacement of aerosol layers (skewness) and level of mixing at several heights (kurtosis). These results show the viability of the proposed methodology when the wavelengths of 532 and 1064 nm are used for the PBL description by high-order moments of the backscattered distribution. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how some variables (air temperature, aerosol concentration, vertical wind, relative humidity and net radiation) can influence the PBL dynamic with data from DL, EL and MWR at Granada. The high-order moments of the vertical velocity high frequency distributions derived from DL, and EL range corrected signal, were corrected by two methodologies (first lag and -2/3 correction). The corrected profiles present small differences when compare against the uncorrected profiles, showing low influence of noise and the viability of the proposed methodology. A detailed 2-case studies analysis was carried on, the first case corresponding to a well-defined PBL while the second one corresponds to a situation with presence of an aloft Saharan dust layer and clouds. In both cases the results provided by the different instruments ended up complementing one another, so that the synergistic use of the different systems allowed us a detailed monitoring of the PBL.
A Camada Limite Planetária (PBL - Planetary Boundary Layer) é uma parte relevante da atmosfera com uma extensão variável e que claramente desempenha um papel importante em áreas de estudo, como: a qualidade do ar ou a previsão do tempo. Sistemas de sensoriamento remoto passivo e ativo têm sido amplamente utilizado para analisar as características da PBL. A combinação de diferentes técnicas de sensoriamento remoto permite obter uma imagem completa da dinâmica desta camada. Neste estudo, analisamos o comportamento da PBL utilizando quatro tipos de sistemas de sensoriamento remoto: Radiômetro de Micro-ondas (MWR), Lidar Elástico (EL), Lidar Doppler (DL) e Ceilômetro. As medições foram realizadas em duas cidades, Granada (Espanha) e São Paulo (Brasil). Primeiramente, em Granada, a altura da PBL (PBLH) obtida a partir dos dados do MWR foi validada pela PBLH gerada pela análise dos dados de radiossondas, mostrando uma boa concordância. Em um segundo estágio, sistemas ativos de sensoriamento remoto foram usados para a obtenção da PBLH. Assim, o método do filtro de Kalman foi aplicado aos dados do EL enquanto o método da variância da velocidade vertical do vento foi aplicado aos dados do DL. As PBLH derivadas dessas abordagens foram comparadas com o PBLH fornecida pelo MWR, sendo que os resultados mostram uma boa concordância na maioria dos casos, embora algumas discrepâncias apareçam nas situações de mudanças intensas da PBL (crescimento e/ou diminuição). Em seguida, é realizada a análise dos dados das medidas coletadas com um ceilômetro e um radiômetro de micro-ondas durante quatro e cinco anos, respectivamente, em Granada. As metodologias aplicadas para a detecção da PBLH (método de gradiente para o ceilômetro e a combinação do método de parcela e do método de gradiente de temperatura para o radiômetro de micro-ondas) forneceram uma descrição satisfatória da estrutura da PBL em casos simples. Além disso, o comportamento da PBL foi caracterizado por um estudo estatístico das PBLH convectiva e estável, as quais foram obtidas a partir das medidas do radiômetro de micro-ondas. A análise do estudo estatístico realizado para a PBLH mostra algumas coincidências com outros estudos já realizados para a mesma variável, como o padrão diário e os ciclos anuais. Mas também há algumas diferenças, as quais são causadas por latitudes, topografia e clima distintos. Foi realizada também uma análise combinada de longo prazo da Camada Residual (gerada pelos dados do Ceilômetro) e da Camada Estável e Convectiva (obtida pelos dados do radiômetro de micro-ondas), oferecendo assim um quadro completo da evolução da PBL por combinação sinérgica de técnicas de sensoriamento remoto. Essa é a razão pela qual sistemas com alta resolução temporal e espacial, como os lidars, têm sido cada vez mais aplicados em estudos sobre essa região atmosférica. Neste trabalho, também foi realizada, em São Paulo, uma análise do sinal retroespalhado em três comprimentos de onda (355, 532 e 1064 nm), o qual provê informações da turbulência através da análise dos momentos de alta ordem (variância, assimetria e curtose). O comprimento de onda de 355 nm apresenta pouca aplicabilidade na metodologia proposta, devido à sua baixa intensidade (por conta da predominância do retroespalhamento molecular) e grande presença de ruído, enquanto o comprimento de onda de 532 nm apresentou resultados semelhantes aos fornecidos pelo comprimento de onda de 1064 nm, o qual foi usado como referência. Em seguida, foram analisados dois estudos de caso utilizando os comprimentos de onda de 532 e 1064 nm (em separado). Essa abordagem forneceu informações sobre a altura da PBL (derivada pelo método de variância (Menut et al., 1999), deslocamento de camadas de aerossol (assimetria) e nível de mistura em várias alturas (curtose), mostrando a viabilidade da metodologia proposta, quando os comprimentos de onda de 532 e 1064 nm são usados para a descrição da PBL a partir dos momentos de alta ordem. Além disso, demonstrou-se, com dados de DL, EL e MWR obtidos em Granada, como algumas variáveis (temperatura do ar, concentração de aerossóis, vento vertical, umidade relativa e radiação líquida) podem influenciar a dinâmica da PBL. Os momentos de alta ordem das distribuições de velocidade vertical derivadas dos dados do DL e o sinal retroespalhado obtido a partir do EL foram corrigidos por duas metodologias (first lag e correção de -2/3). Os perfis corrigidos apresentam pequenas diferenças quando comparados com os perfis não corrigidos, mostrando baixa influência do ruído e a viabilidade da metodologia proposta. Foi realizada uma análise detalhada de dois estudos de casos, o primeiro correspondendo a uma PBL bem definida, enquanto o segundo corresponde a uma situação com a presença de uma camada de nuvens e poeira saariana. Em ambos os casos, os resultados fornecidos pelos diferentes instrumentos acabaram se complementando, de modo que o uso sinérgico dos diferentes sistemas nos permitiu um monitoramento detalhado da PBL.
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Thompson, James. "Identifying Subsurface Tile Drainage Systems Utilizing Remote Sensing Techniques." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1290141705.

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Books on the topic "Scattering Remote sensing systems"

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Electromagnetic scattering modelling for quantitative remote sensing. Singapore: World Scientific, 1993.

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Cloude, Shane. Polarisation: Applications in remote sensing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Polarisation: Applications in remote sensing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Remote sensing and GIS. 2nd ed. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Bhatta, Basudeb. Remote sensing and GIS. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Space remote sensing systems: An introduction. Orlando [Fla.]: Academic Press, 1985.

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Environmental remote sensing and systems analysis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2012.

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Remote sensing calibration systems: An introduction. Hampton, VA: A. Deepak, 1997.

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Remote sensing for GIS managers. Redlands, Ca: ESRI Press, 2005.

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Bliven, Larry. Presenting the Rain--Sea Interaction Facility. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Scattering Remote sensing systems"

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Sun, Wenbo, Rosemary R. Baize, Constantine Lukashin, Gorden Videen, Yongxiang Hu, and Bing Lin. "Modeling polarized solar radiation of the ocean–atmosphere system for satellite remote sensing applications." In Light Scattering Reviews 10, 163–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46762-6_4.

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Arai, Kohei. "Method for Estimation of Multiple Reflection, Scattering and Absorption in Mountainous Areas of Remote Sensing Satellite Data." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 925–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32523-7_68.

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Marzano, Frank S. "Radiation, Multiple Scattering." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 585–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_143.

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Tsang, Leung, and Kung-Hau Ding. "Radiation, Volume Scattering." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 595–606. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_150.

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Weill, Alain. "Acoustic Waves, Scattering." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 13–16. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_3.

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Solimini, Domenico. "Scattering." In Remote Sensing and Digital Image Processing, 209–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25633-7_7.

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Lenoble, Jacqueline, Michael I. Mishchenko, and Maurice Herman. "Absorption and scattering by molecules and particles." In Aerosol Remote Sensing, 13–51. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17725-5_2.

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Schanda, Erwin. "Scattering of Radiation." In Physical Fundamentals of Remote Sensing, 98–135. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48733-0_4.

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Yarovoy, Alexander. "Microwave Subsurface Propagation and Scattering." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 398–402. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_103.

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Lyzenga, David R. "Microwave Surface Scattering and Emission." In Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, 403–5. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-36699-9_104.

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Conference papers on the topic "Scattering Remote sensing systems"

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Ben-Dor, Baruch, Adam D. Devir, Gal Shaviv, Piero Bruscaglioni, P. Donelli, and Andrea Ismaelli. "Atmospheric multiple scattering effect on spatial resolution of imaging systems." In Satellite Remote Sensing III, edited by Adam D. Devir, Anton Kohnle, and Christian Werner. SPIE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.263164.

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"SIGNAL PROCESSING FOR RADAR AND GPS IN BISTATIC FORWARD SCATTERING SYSTEMS." In Second International Conference on Telecommunications and Remote Sensing. SCITEPRESS - Science and and Technology Publications, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0004784500110011.

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Su, Liping, Weijiang Zhao, Deming Ren, Yanchen Qu, and Xiaoyong Hu. "Influence of organic film for bubbles on scattering properties of ship wakes." In ICO20:Remote Sensing and Infrared Devices and Systems, edited by Jingshan Jiang, O. Y. Nosach, and Jiaqi Wang. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.667952.

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Chowdhary, Jacek, Larry D. Travis, and Andrew A. Lacis. "Incorporation of a rough ocean surface and semi-infinite water body in multiple scattering computations of polarized light in an atmosphere-ocean system." In Satellite Remote Sensing, edited by Richard P. Santer. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.198585.

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Belmonte, Aniceto, and Antonio Lázaro. "A new approach to the modeling of optical remote sensing systems using vortical scattering parameters." In Optics/Photonics in Security and Defence, edited by Gary W. Kamerman, David V. Willetts, and Ove K. Steinvall. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.689816.

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Xu, Jiaxuan, Haipeng Wang, Chunzhuo Fan, and Feng Xu. "An Electromagnetic Scattering Simulation Based Semi-Physical System for SAR Jamming." In IGARSS 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2019.8898694.

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Garvanov, Ivan, Christo Kabakchiev, Vera Behar, and Hermann Rohling. "Experimental Study of Moving Man Detection by Acoustic Forward Scattering Radar System." In ICTRS'17: 6th International Conference on Telecommunications and Remote Sensing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3152808.3152818.

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Greving, Gerhard, Wolf-Dieter Biermann, and Rolf Mundt. "Status of advanced scattering distortion system analysis for navaids and radar - examples of A380 and wind turbines." In 2008 Microwaves, Radar and Remote Sensing Symposium (MRRS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mrrs.2008.4669543.

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Luo, Zhengyu, Lei Du, Lirong Liu, Yuhang Gan, Ke Liu, and Chang Li. "Study on Polarimetric Scattering Characteristics of Different Band SAR Images Based on Chinese Airborne Sar System." In IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9884902.

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Schmidt, Jendrik, Matthias Mischung, Enno Peters, Susanne Wollgarten, and Maurice Stephan. "Long-term performance evaluation of a NIR gated viewing sensor in scattering environments." In Electro-optical and Infrared Systems: Technology and Applications XVIII and Electro-Optical Remote Sensing XV, edited by Duncan L. Hickman, Helge Bürsing, Gary W. Kamerman, and Ove Steinvall. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2599892.

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Reports on the topic "Scattering Remote sensing systems"

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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
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Henson, T. D., J. C. Wehlburg, J. M. Redmond, J. A. Main, and J. W. Martin. Thin-Skin Deployable Mirrors for Remote Sensing Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/773989.

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Hovey, Stanford T., Carlton Daniel, and Paul E. Bryant. Complementing Remote Sensing Systems in Flood Mitigation and Preparation,. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada354780.

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Sinclair, Michael B., Kent Bryant Pfeifer, and James Joe Allen. Advanced polychromator systems for remote chemical sensing (LDRD project 52575). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/921144.

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Lockwood, S. D., D. Hardin, G. J. Miller, C. Meesuk, and P. R. Straus. Definitions of Attributes for Limb-Scanning or Limb-Imaging Remote Sensing Systems. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada294616.

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Lavery, Andone C., Eugene A. Terray, and Scott Gallager. Remote Sensing of Temperature and Salinity Microstructure in Rivers and Estuaries Using Broadband Acoustic Scattering Techniques. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada534086.

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Lavery, Andone C. Remote Sensing of Temperature and Salinity Microstructure in Rivers and Estuaries Using Broadband Acoustic Scattering Techniques. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada520987.

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Herrington, Thomas. Field evaluation of remote wind sensing technologies: Shore-based and buoy mounted LIDAR systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1406889.

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Robert Paul Breckenridge. Improving Rangeland Monitoring and Assessment: Integrating Remote Sensing, GIS, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/978362.

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Delle Monache, L., D. Rodriguez, and R. Cederwall. Clear Sky Identification Using Data From Remote Sensing Systems at ARM's Southern Great Plains Site. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/793575.

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