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1
Bonfantini, Bertrando. "Gli scarti possibili e necessari: il Rue come progetto strategico." TERRITORIO, no. 57 (June 2011): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2011-057009.
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Il Regolamento urbanistico edilizio non č il luogo della regola banale, ma concorre alla costruzione del progetto strategico per la cittŕ. La sua natura ‘statutaria' lo rende particolarmente sensibile alla consuetudine localmente radicata, e questo crea una tensione tra inerzia ed innovazione in un processo dagli esiti incerti, ben oltre la mera approvazione formale. L'articolo propone quattro passaggi: evidenzia il ruolo di snodo assunto dal Rue in rapporto al Psc e al Poc, ma soprattutto con i regolamenti di settore e complementi normativi di cui tenta il coordinamento; sottolinea come il Rue configuri un ‘palinsesto', nel complesso equilibrio tra regole che restano e regole nuove; si sofferma sui principali scostamenti che marcano lo scarto rispetto al passato; sostiene l'urgenza di una rinnovata efficacia del regolamento anche a costo di una temporanea minore efficienza.
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Dezio, Catherine, and Antonio Longo. "Bioregione come spazio di ricerca e progetto." TERRITORIO, no. 93 (January 2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2020-093002.
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Il servizio propone una riflessione sulla natura esplorativa e progettuale del termine ‘bioregione'. Il campo d'indagine è la metropoli milanese, centro di un sistema di luoghi e paesaggi, relazioni tra produzioni e consumi, gestione di scarti ed energia. La prospettiva bioregionale, spesso legata a nuove ideologie e scuole, affinché non risulti una semplice modalità di identificazione accademica, richiede approcci pragmatici basati su azioni concrete; qui si parla di azioni rivolte al miglioramento della qualità agronomica e ambientale e della relazione tra produzioni, consumi e scarti. La lettura territoriale e paesaggistica del sistema bioregionale si offre come una prospettiva di lavoro e di ricerca imperfetta, ma utile alla comprensione di relazioni complesse, che permette di affrontare sfide ambientali e paesaggistiche riguardanti i territori contemporanei, nella valorizzazione delle risorse locali.
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Kuusela, Kaisu, and Jenni Partanen. "Plenty of Planning, Scanty Guidance: Evaluating the Implementation Degree of the General Master Plan in the City of Tampere, Finland." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215197.
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Digitalizing cities has become increasingly complex and difficult to control despite advanced computational tools. The comprehension of emergent, dynamic agent–pattern interaction is limited. Studies show that the implementation of large-scale plans occasionally fails to meet expectations due to uncertainty in urban actor processes and institutions. Theories of complexity and resilience reflecting urban unpredictability and non-equilibrium enable understanding and planning methods for guiding actors. We explored empirically via close reading and spatial analyses the ability of the traditional master planning instrument to steer the actor allocation in Tampere, Finland. The plan apparently failed to appropriately guide the actors, who formed self-organizing patterns colliding with the planning aims enabled by deviations and lower-level planning instruments. The planning mode was either enabling or reactive. We recognized three types of self-organization: single-point attraction, emergent type, and location-based self-organization. Self-organization was the major force behind urban transition. Only certain large-scale projects in the city center somewhat complied with the planning aims, however through negotiations. We proposed planning solutions encouraging and guiding self-organizing patterns by recognizing complexity in strategies, and with loose plans, constant monitoring, correcting, and experimenting in planning. The results participate in building more general knowledge of planning considering self-organizing urban dynamics and provide applications for urban planning.
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Giacopelli, Anna Licia. "Lima cittŕ informale. Attori, ruoli e dinamiche dei processi di trasformazione urbana e di costruzione dell'housing sociale." ARCHIVIO DI STUDI URBANI E REGIONALI, no. 99 (April 2011): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/asur2010-099007.
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L'infinito espandersi deglinei Paesi in Via di Sviluppo non č sintomo esplicito di un percorso allo sviluppo. La cittŕ informale ha assunto proporzioni consistenti ed č diventato un problema strutturale delle cittŕ. Si tratta, a livello mondiale, del prodotto di scarto della globalizzazione. Ci interessa provare ad analizzare, attraverso il caso studio di Lima Metropolitana, il ruolo delle Organizzazioni Non Governative (ONG) e delle Comunitŕ di Base nei processi partecipativi di costruzione del diritto a un habitat degno per gli abitanti della cittŕ informale.
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Scudo, Gianni, and Matteo Clementi. "La progettazione ambientale delle filiere alimentari orientata allo sviluppo bioregionale." TERRITORIO, no. 93 (January 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2020-093004.
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Il testo presenta strumenti di analisi e progetto di filiere alimentari elaborati nella ricerca ‘Bioregione'. Lo studio mira ad approfondire i processi che connettono domanda e offerta in un ambito territoriale definito e a formulare scenari migliorativi. Le filiere interessano i principali alimenti che compongono la domanda aggregata associata alla ristorazione collettiva nelle diverse fasi, dalla produzione in campo al conferimento al centro cottura, al consumo e alla gestione degli scarti. Gli indicatori utilizzati sono la domanda energetica complessiva (energia primaria non rinnovabile), la contabilità di terreno agricolo produttivo per quantità di prodotto o pasto equivalente e il costo di produzione. Essi costituiscono strumenti sperimentali di riferimento per una pianificazione territoriale locale che metta al centro un nuovo modello metabolico campagnacittà ambientalmente sostenibile.
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de Biase, Alessia. "Riorentare lo sguardo, ricercare un'intimitŕ." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 95 (July 2011): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2011-095005.
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L'autrice si domanda come concepire un territorio complesso e gravato da un immaginario soffocante che influenza enormemente la maniera in cui lo si osserva. L'autrice si č posta questa domanda quando ha aperto un corso su uno deifrancesi piů stigmatizzati, idella Courneuve. Come accompagnare e costruire una riflessione assieme agli studenti e agli abitanti senza ricadere nell'utopia della tabula rasa o invocare il ruolo demiurgico dell'architetto? L'articolo si propone di descrivere il processo attraverso il quale si č cercato di spingere gli studenti a riorientare lo sguardo, ad introdurre degli scarti nelle loro interpretazioni, e infine, attraverso la produzione di falsi documentari, ad assumere una posizione progettuale nell'elaborazione di un gioco di partecipazione.
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Ahmed, Iftekhar. "A Diagnosis of Urban Poor Housing in Vietnam." Open House International 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2017-b0014.
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This paper presents concepts important for understanding urban poor housing in Vietnam, with a focus on key environmental, socio-economic, and cultural dimensions that bear on the housing sector. The paper draws on extensive field studies and presents a diagnosis of the context of and prospects for housing of the urban poor in Vietnam's two main cities: Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City. While the literature on this theme is scanty, it points to the market-orientated economic reforms initiated in the 1980s as a key factor in creating imbalance in the housing supply. Recognising the current challenges in balancing affordability and sustainability, the study explores Vietnam's lack of adequate and affordable housing and the problems faced by the urban poor in accessing adequate housing.
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Chakravarty, Devpriya. "Popular Musics of India: An Ethnomusicological Review." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 6, no. 3 (December 18, 2019): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/267.
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This article brings into discussion the presence of a contemporary popular music culture amongst globalised, urban, Indian youth which is perpetuated by Electronic Dance Music (EDM) festivals. This paper begins with the argument as to how there is no one monolithic popular music scene in India by presenting a historical analysis of a timeline for popular musics of India, a scene that has received scanty scholarly attention.
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Hampson, Joe. "Elderly People and Social Welfare in Zimbabwe." Ageing and Society 5, no. 1 (March 1985): 39–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00011284.
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ABSTRACTThe ageing of Third World populations and its implications for planning in social welfare has received little attention in the literature until now. This article explores the need radically to alter Western models of care for elderly people in an African context, arguing that in situations of mass poverty and gross economic differentiation a concentration on social welfare for urban formal sector employees is inappropriate. Zimbabwe is used as a case study. The situation of the aged in Zimbabwe is analysed from existing but scanty data, and sets of policy proposals that have relevance to the national economy and to the rural, urban and commercial farming sectors are discussed.
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Piñeira-Mantiñan, Mariá José. "Social problems and public image of the housing estates of 1960's in Spain. An analysis of cases." Dela, no. 21 (December 1, 2004): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dela.21.351-360.
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The decade of the 1960’s in Spain was characterized for period in which there proliferated the construction of housing estates. Though these constructions in a beginning(principle) were constructed in the periphery of the cities nowadays they form a part of the urban con-solidated nucleus. They are characterized for having a morfogía in opened apple and in ge-neral to receive groups with scanty buying power.
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Vintar Mally, Katja, and Matej Ogrin. "Spatial variations in nitrogen dioxide concentrations in urban Ljubljana, Slovenia." Moravian Geographical Reports 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mgr-2015-0015.
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Abstract Ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations are regularly measured at only two monitoring stations in the city centre of Ljubljana, and such scanty data are inadequate for drawing conclusions about spatial patterns of pollution within the city, or to decide on effective measures to further improve air quality. In order to determine the spatial distribution of NO2 concentrations in different types of urban space in Ljubljana, two measuring campaigns throughout the city were carried out, during the summer of 2013 and during the winter of 2014. The main source of NO2 in Ljubljana is road transport. Accordingly, three types of urban space have been identified (urban background, open space along roads, and street canyon), and their NO2 pollution level was measured using Palmes diffusive samplers at a total of 108 measuring spots. This article analyses the results of both measuring campaigns and compares the pollution levels of different types of urban space.
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Akintayo, OI, and JO Okache. "Consumption of fruits and vegetables in the peri-urban interface: implications for post-harvest systems in Ibadan, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture, Forestry and the Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2015): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v11i2.25.
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The consumption of adequate quantities of fruits and vegetables is essential to a healthy life. The growing body of evidence on fruits and vegetable consumption mainly focus on urban areas with very scanty information and data on rural/peri-urban areas. This study was carried out in the peri urban interface of Ibadan. It examined the access of people to fruits and vegetables and the factors which affect their consumption. Through multi-stage sampling technique, two hundred respondents were selected from four peri-urban communities and data were obtained through the use of pre-tested questionnaire and interview schedules. Results revealed that more than ninety-five per cent of respondents are aware of the benefits of consuming fruits and vegetables. Majority of the respondents consumed more of indigenous than exotic fruits and vegetables, preferring fresh to processed fruits. More than seventy per cent of respondents obtained fruits and vegetables from local markets with an expenditure of less than six per cent of their monthly income. Major constraint to consumers’ access to fruits is the seasonality of these items, making them scarce during off seasons.Key words: Peri-urban interface, fruits, vegetables, consumption.
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Nero, Bertrand, Nana Kwapong, Raymond Jatta, and Oluwole Fatunbi. "Tree Species Diversity and Socioeconomic Perspectives of the Urban (Food) Forest of Accra, Ghana." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 3417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103417.
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Urban and peri-urban forestry has emerged as a complementary measure to contribute towards eliminating urban hunger and improved nutritional security. However, there is scanty knowledge about the composition, diversity, and socioeconomic contributions of urban food trees in African cities. This paper examines the diversity and composition of the urban forest and food trees of Accra and sheds light on perceptions of urbanites regarding food tree cultivation and availability in the city. Using a mixed methods approach, 105 respondents in six neighborhoods of Accra were interviewed while over 200 plots (100-m2 each) were surveyed across five land use types. Twenty-two out of the 70 woody species in Accra have edible parts (leaves, fruits, flowers, etc.). The food-tree abundance in the city is about half of the total number of trees enumerated. The species richness and abundance of the food trees and all trees in the city were significantly different among land use types (p < 0.0001) and neighborhood types (p < 0.0001). The diversity of food-bearing tree species was much higher in the poorer neighborhoods than in the wealthier neighborhoods. Respondents in wealthier neighborhoods indicated that tree and food-tree cover of the city was generally low and showed greater interest in cultivating food (fruit) trees and expanding urban forest cover than poorer neighborhoods. These findings demonstrate the need for urban food policy reforms that integrate urban-grown tree foods in the urban food system/culture.
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Pato, Lúcia, and Aurora A. C. Teixeira. "Are new rural ventures different from new urban ones? An exploratory analysis of businesses located in Portuguese incubators and science parks." Journal of Entrepreneurship and Public Policy 8, no. 4 (December 2, 2019): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jepp-08-2019-113.
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Purpose Considering the differences between rural and urban spaces, through the theoretical framework developed, the purpose of this paper is to uncover and rationalize the differences between rural and urban new ventures in terms of the environment surrounding the new venture, their general characteristics (e.g. sector, size) and export/economic performance. Design/methodology/approach The theoretical framework is empirically assessed resorting to exploratory statistical analysis based on data collected from a questionnaire survey responded by 408 new ventures headquartered in Portuguese business incubators and science parks. The data collected were treated with the Software Package for the Social Sciences. Findings The results evidence that rural and urban new ventures differ in terms of generic characteristics, namely sector, size and collaborators’ human capital. Additionally, they differ concerning export and economic performance as well in relation to the perception of the municipality support. Research limitations/implications Albeit the present study is mainly exploratory, it constitutes a stepping stone for future research into the differences between rural and urban new ventures regarding their export and economic performance determinants. Originality/value The present study innovatively contributes to uncover the role of rural and urban context in entrepreneurship and adds to the scanty empirical literature in the area.
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Muoria, Elizabeth W., Wilkister N. Moturi, and George W. Eshiamwata. "Effects of Population Growth on Urban Extent and Supply of Water and Sanitation: Case of Nakuru Municipality, Kenya." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i1.14193.
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Urbanization causes changes in social and environmental conditions with most of these changes impacting on the efficient provision of essential services such as water and sanitation. Nakuru Municipality was observed to be the fastest growing urban area in East and Central Africa. Research on patterns and trends of urban and population increase and their implication on water service provision and sanitation in urban Nakuru is very scanty. This paper presents findings from an assessment of the effects of population growth between 1999 and 2017 on urban extent and supply of water and sewage reticulation in Nakuru municipality and surrounding peri-urban areas. Data was collected through remote sensing and administration of questionnaires to urban Nakuru residents and key informants from NAWASSCO respectively to elicit information on the water supply network and sewerage reticulation in Nakuru municipality for the period 1989-2014. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze the data on time series. The results indicate that the population of Nakuru municipality and surrounding peri-urban areas has increased by 56.8% whereas that of built-up area has increased by 182.5% in the same period through densification of the urban core and expansion to the peri-urban areas characterized by urban sprawl. The water supply network and sewerage reticulation increased by 236km and 89km respectively within Nakuru municipality. The analysis of the maps shows that water supply network and sewerage reticulation are concentrated in the area around the urban core with very little spread. This means that the residents on the outskirts of Nakuru Municipality are not well served by the water supply network and sewerage reticulation. The study recommends involvement of all stakeholders in urban planning and in the water sector in order to increase water supply network and sewerage reticulation coverage both in the urban and peri-urban areas.
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Rashid, Mizanur, and Katahrine Bartsch. "HISTORICAL FABULATION: A FRAMEWORK TO RETHINK THE ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE OUTSIDE ISLAMIC WORLD." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 1 (March 3, 2014): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i1.331.
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The current study offers a critical interpretation of the more transient traces of Islam in Australia, and their representation in the equally scanty tangible evidences. The scope of recent surveys in this field is increasingly inclusive. However, very few studies focus on the architecture of Muslim communities in regions where Islam is not the predominant faith, especially in the southern hemisphere. The historical Adelaide Mosque, and many others, is excluded from the historical record despite the instrumental role it played in the life of Muslim settlers. This absence raises questions about gaps, or histories untold, as well as myths received, in histories of ‘Islamic’ architecture that raise questions about the truth-value of the past. There is a need to examine hybridized forms and shared architectural narratives to counter the myopic but persistent representation—or fabulation—of supposedly authentic, largely Arab-centric, forms of ‘Islamic’ architecture. This paper argues, then, that new theoretical frameworks are required to interpret this architectural hybrid that is, we argue, typical rather than exceptional.
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Costa, Paolo. "La variabile sociologica nella valutazione degli effetti della progettazione architettonica." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 90 (September 2010): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2009-090007.
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La valutazione post-occupativa (POE, Post-Occupancy Evaluation), č una pratica che studia gli spazi costruiti dopo che sono stati abitati, allo scopo di individuare lo scarto tra gli obiettivi inscritti nel progetto e le opportunitŕ e i significati effettivamente colti dai suoi abitanti. Dopo aver ricostruito la storia di questa pratica, indicato le sue fasi principali e i vari livelli a cui essa č in grado di produrre conoscenza, il saggio analizza criticamente gli approcci adottati nelle valutazioni degli ultimi anni, mostrando come queste abbiano dato sempre minor rilievo all'analisi delle variabili sociologiche, a fronte di una attenzione crescente verso le dimensioni tecnologiche e funzionali della progettazione architettonica.
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Szewczyński, Krystian, Aleksander Król, and Małgorzata Król. "Should We Expect a Disastrous Fire Accident in an Urban Road Tunnel? Literature Data Review and a Case Study for Selected Tunnels in Poland." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 6172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116172.
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Urban road tunnels are a reasonable remedy for inconvenience due to congested road traffic. However, they bring specific threats, especially those related to the possibility of fire outbreak. This work is a case study for selected urban road tunnels. Considering tunnel specificity, road traffic intensity, and structure and based on the literature data for vehicle fire probability, the chances of a fire accident were estimated for selected tunnels in Poland. It was shown that low power tunnel fires could be expected in the 10–20-year time horizon. Although such threats cannot be disregarded, tunnel systems are designed to cope with them. The chances of a disastrous fire accident were estimated as well. Such events can occur when an HGV with flammable goods or a tanker are involved. Such accidents are fortunately very rare, but, on the other hand, that is the reason why the available data are scanty and burdened with high uncertainty. Therefore, a discussion on the reliability of the obtained results is also provided.
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BIGON, LIORA. "Urban planning, colonial doctrines and street naming in French Dakar and British Lagos, c. 1850–1930." Urban History 36, no. 3 (October 30, 2009): 426–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926809990125.
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ABSTRACT:The published literature that has thoroughly treated the history of European planning in sub-Saharan Africa is still rather scanty. This article examines French and British colonial policies for town planning and street naming in Dakar and Lagos, their chief lieux de colonisation in West Africa. It will trace the relationships between the physical and conceptual aspects of town planning and the colonial doctrines that produced these plans from the official establishment of these cities as colonial capitals in the mid-nineteenth century and up to the inter-war period. Whereas in Dakar these aspects reflected a Eurocentric meta-narrative that excluded African histories and identities, a glimpse at contemporary Lagos shows the opposite. This study is one of few that compares colonial doctrines of assimilation to doctrines of indirect rule as each affects urban planning.
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Igun, Stella E. "Gender and National Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Policies in Africa." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 1, no. 4 (October 2010): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-847-0.ch013.
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This chapter discusses the importance of incorporating gender aspects into the national ICT policies in Africa. The mention of gender issues in national ICT policies in Africa is still very scanty (where they exist). Many countries in Africa have no clear gender aspects incorporated into their national ICT policies. The chapter focuses on the imperativeness of ICTs to the livelihood of women in Africa, the need and urgency of increasing and encouraging women participation in all aspects of ICTs. The enactment and implementation of ICT policies and strategies targeting women population in both rural and urban areas is inevitable. Thus, status of gender inequality of ICT in Africa, strategies geared towards addressing gender inequalities in ICT in Africa and gender and ICT perspectives were discussed.
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Park, Junsu, Eunhye Kim, Sangmin Oh, Haeri Kim, Soontae Kim, Yong Pyo Kim, and Mijung Song. "Contributions of Ammonia to High Concentrations of PM2.5 in an Urban Area." Atmosphere 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12121676.
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Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) plays a critical role in PM2.5 pollution. Data on atmospheric NH3 are scanty; thus, the role of NH3 in the formation of ammonium ions (NH4+) in various environments is understudied. Herein, we measured concentrations of NH3, PM2.5, and its water-soluble SO42−, NO3−, and NH4+ ions (SNA) at an urban site in Jeonju, South Korea from May 2019 to April 2020. During the measurement period, the average concentrations of NH3 and PM2.5 were 10.5 ± 4.8 ppb and 24.0 ± 12.8 μg/m3, respectively, and SNA amounted to 4.3 ± 3.1, 4.4 ± 4.9, and 1.6 ± 1.8 μg/m3, respectively. A three-dimensional photochemical model analysis revealed that a major portion of NH3, more than 88%, originated from Korea. The enhancement of the ammonium-to-total ratio of NH3, NHX (NHR = [NH4+]/[NH4+] + [NH3]) was observed up to ~0.61 during the increase of PM2.5 concentration (PM2.5 ≥ 25 μg/m3) under low temperature and high relative humidity conditions, particularly in winter. The PM2.5 and SNA concentrations increased exponentially as NHR increased, indicating that NH3 contributed significantly to SNA formation by gas-to-particle conversion. Our study provided experimental evidence that atmospheric NH3 in the urban area significantly contributed to SNA formation through gas-to-particle conversion during PM2.5 pollution episodes.
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Udoumoh, Iniobong, Josiah Ayotamuno, and Israel Ahuchaogu. "A review of nutrient potentials of composted municipal solid wastes for agricultural use." Poljoprivredna tehnika 46, no. 4 (2021): 58–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2104058u.
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The article reviewed the application of compost to the plants in providing essential macro-nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Potassium (K) and Phosphorus (P), and micro-nutrients, ie. Iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Boron (B) and enhances microbial activity. Nutrients are released slowly due to strong association of compost with organic matter. This property makes compost an excellent alternative to inorganic fertilizers as leaching and volatilization losses are reduced. Over-reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers has been associated with declines in soil physical and chemical properties and crop yield, and significant land problems, such as soil degradation due to over exploitation of land and soil pollution caused by high application rates of fertilizers and pesticide application. The reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers and supplementing the same through organic manure such as urban compost, otherwise known as municipal solid waste (MSW), Farm yard manure (FYM), poultry manure (PM), etc., become necessary to sustain productivity, profitability and to maintain soil health. Application of FYM is practiced for many years but it has become scarce due to scanty population of livestock, therefore urban compost is one of the alternative sources of organic manure.
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Prynn, Josephine E., Louis Banda, Alemayehu Amberbir, Alison J. Price, Ndoliwe Kayuni, Shabbar Jaffar, Amelia C. Crampin, Liam Smeeth, and Moffat Nyirenda. "Dietary sodium intake in urban and rural Malawi, and directions for future interventions." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy125.
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ABSTRACT Background High dietary sodium intake is a major risk factor for hypertension. Data on population sodium intake are scanty in sub-Saharan Africa, despite a high hypertension prevalence in most countries. Objective We aimed to determine daily sodium intake in urban and rural communities in Malawi. Design In an observational cross-sectional survey, data were collected on estimated household-level per capita sodium intake, based on how long participants reported that a defined quantity of plain salt lasts in a household. In a subset of 2078 participants, 24-h urinary sodium was estimated from a morning spot urine sample. Results Of 29,074 participants, 52.8% of rural and 50.1% of urban individuals lived in households with an estimated per capita plain salt consumption >5 g/d. Of participants with urinary sodium data, 90.8% of rural and 95.9% of urban participants had estimated 24-h urinary sodium >2 g/d; there was no correlation between household per capita salt intake and estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion. Younger adults were more likely to have high urinary sodium and to eat food prepared outside the home than were those over the age of 60 y. Households with a member with previously diagnosed hypertension had reduced odds (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.68) of per capita household plain salt intake >5 g/d, compared with those where hypertension was undiagnosed. Conclusions Sodium consumption exceeds the recommended amounts for most of the population in rural and urban Malawi. Population-level interventions for sodium intake reduction with a wide focus are needed, targeting both sources outside the home as well as home cooking. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03422185.
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Atuk, James J., L. H. Sarki, Baba Mustapha Bashariya, and B. Ejeh. "ANALYSIS OF TOURISM DESTINATION COMPONENTS OF ZARIA URBAN AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0402-151.
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Tourism is not just a lucrative sector but the fastest growing industry in the world. Many people travel miles to satisfy their pleasure apatite at any destination where satisfaction can be met. But some destinations are flooded while some are scanty. There are many approaches to investigate this and many studies had been done. But despite all these, each destination is unique in terms of its components and attractions combination, this form the basis for this study. The aim of this study is to analyze tourism destination components in Zaria Kaduna State of Nigeria. Tourists’ opinions were sampled through questionnaire at various strategic centers to cover all tourism elements at the destination. Data collected were analyzed using Importance Performance Analysis technique (IPA). The results prove attraction to be the primary destination component i.e. main attractant, while accommodation and accessibility as secondary attractants (Facilitators) in the destination. The outcomes suggest major shortcomings that are traced to poor advertisement, insecurity in the destination e.t.c. The study established the state of the attractiveness of Zaria as a tourist destination, what components and elements are attractive and are not and the factors that influence these. In line with these, the study proposes recommendation that the local tourism board needs to be rejuvenated in other to enhance the local tourism industries to improve its attractiveness among others.
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Menegatti, J. A., G. J. Oliveira Júnior, L. C. F. Silva, A. Oliveira, D. L. C. Bica, P. V. B. A. Santos, L. F. C. Cunha Filho, and M. Lunardi. "Fauna flebotomínica e soroprevalência para leishmaniose visceral canina em área urbana na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 72, no. 4 (August 2020): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11549.
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RESUMO A leishmaniose visceral americana (LVA) é uma zoonose de transmissão vetorial na qual o cão tem papel importante na epidemiologia da doença. No Brasil, a elevada prevalência da infecção em cães está diretamente correlacionada com o aumento no risco de ocorrência de casos de LVA. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a fauna flebotomínica e verificar a soroprevalência da leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) na localidade Pedra 90, no município de Cuiabá. Para o levantamento entomológico, armadilhas CDC foram utilizadas de agosto de 2014 a julho de 2015. Na avaliação sorológica dos cães, o teste imunocromatográfico DPP LVC foi utilizado para a triagem das amostras, enquanto o ensaio imunoenzimático (EIE) para o diagnóstico da LVC (Bio-Manguinhos) foi empregado como teste confirmatório. O trabalho vem acrescentar à fauna flebotomínica do município de Cuiabá as espécies Lu. andersoni, Lu. braziliensis, Lu. bourrouli e Lu. scaffi, não registradas em publicações anteriores. Além disso, entre as espécies de flebotomíneos com importância médica, Lu. cruzi, Lu. flaviscutellata e Lu. whitmani foram capturadas. No inquérito canino, a prevalência de LVC observada na localidade Pedra 90 foi de 1,14%, indicando que a região pode ser considerada como área de transmissão.
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Indris, Ahmed, Dilu Shaleka, and Mogessie Ashenafi. "Child nutritional status, mothers’ nutritional knowledge and practice and Household food security status in Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo, Ethiopia." SINET: Ethiopian Journal of Science 44, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sinet.v44i2.3.
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Child under nutrition due to household food insecurity remains critical issues in many households in Ethiopia. Literature in nutrition knowledge and practice of mothers and the nutritional status of their infants is scanty. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status of six to 23-month-oldchildren, mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice of child nutrition and household food security status in a semi-urban and a rural kebeles. A community based cross-sectional study was undertaken in semi-urban and rural kebeles in Tehuledere Woreda (district) to assess household food security and nutritional status of six to 23-month children. A total of 245 mother-child pairs were selected randomly from the two kebeles. Anthropometric indices were used to determine the nutritional status of under-two children. Child age, weight and height were measured and used to calculate weight-for-age, weight-for-height and height-for-age Z-scores. Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (ciaf) was calculated to determine total malnutrition. Household food insecurity access scale (hfias) was used to assess food security status. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on mothers’ knowledge, attitude and practice in child nutrition, food diversity and child feeding. Data were statistically analyzed. Stunting was noted in 7.5% and 17% of under-two children in the urban and rural kebeles, respectively. Similar levels of thinness (6%) were observed in both kebeles. There were more under-weight children in the semi-urban (5.2%) than in the rural (3.6%) kebeles. Chronic energy deficiency was noted in 20% and 15% of the children in semi-urban and rural kebeles, respectively. ciaf was higher in children in the semi-urban kebele (48%) than in the rural kebele (31%). A small proportion of study households were food secure (17.9%). The rest were either mildly (54.4%) or moderately (27.8%) food insecure. Average knowledge of child nutrition among mothers in the semi-urban and rural kebeles was very low (about 34% and 37%, respectively).The low anthropometric measurements of the children in this study could be due to poor food diversity, insufficient food intake, and poor nutritional knowledge and practice of mothers. Creating awareness in child feeding practices and diet diversity is recommended.
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Poyyamozhi, J. S., Rajan Rushender, and G. Murali Mohan Reddy. "Prevalence and factors influencing anaemia among urban adolescent females, a cross sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 3 (February 24, 2018): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180505.
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Background: Despite many organized efforts by the government, adolescent anemia remains to be a major public health problem in India. The prevalence of anemia and factors influencing it in urban adolescent females is a relatively less studied aspect. Hence the current study is conducted with an objective of assessing the prevalence and factors influencing anemia among adolescent school girls living in an urban locality. Methods: The current study was a community-based cross sectional study conducted in the selected schools and colleges of Permabalur town, south India, in the field practice area of Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Medical College and Hospital between June to December 2017. Total 373 adolescent girls selected by multistage simple random sampling were included in the study. The hemoglobin was assessed by cyanmethemoglobin method. Results: The prevalence of anaemia among urban adolescent girls was 41.1% (95% CI 0.36-0.46). The proportion of mild and moderate anaemia was 37% and 4.10% respectively and none had severe anaemia. Compared to upper middle class, the odds of anemia were 14.16 times more in the lower class (95% CI 4.54-44.12, p<0.001). Compared to scanty/normal bleeding, the odds of anemia were 2.943 (95% CI 1.4-3.87 p<0.05) more in girls with heavy bleeding. Age, upper lower or lower middle socio-economic strata, religion, type of family and menstrual irregularity did not have any statistically significant association with anemia. Conclusions: Anemia is highly prevalent among adolescent girls and there is a need to intensify efforts all levels to reduce the prevalence of anemia.
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Ebani, Valentina Virginia. "Retrospective Study on the Occurrence of Antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in Dogs from Central Italy." Pathogens 9, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9121068.
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Coxiella burnetii, a cause of infection in humans and several animal species, is transmitted through inhalations and oral route but also tick bites. Its spreading in ruminants has been largely investigated, whereas data about the occurrence of this infection in canine population are scanty. In this retrospective study, blood serum samples of 516 dogs were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay to detect antibodies against C. burnetii; 42 (8.13%) were positive with titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512. The highest seroprevalences were detected in dogs aged > 5 years, employed in hunting activity and living in a peri-urban/rural environment. Diagnosis for C. burnetii infection should be always carried out in bitches with reproductive disorders. Moreover, in view of the zoonotic impact of this infection, asymptomatic dogs exposed to ticks’ bites and/or to contact with infected farm animals should be checked, too.
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Chopra, Girish, Deepak Rai, and Jyoti Jyoti. "Avian diversity and their status in and around Bhindawas bird sanctuary, Haryana (India)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1387.
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One year survey conducted in and around Bhindawas bird sanctuary in district Jhajjar, Haryana (India) from January, 2015 to December, 2015; revealed a total of 104 bird species belonging to 15 orders and 39 families. Of these, 67 bird species were resident, 32 species were winter migrants and only 5 species were summer migrants. Based on their frequency of sighting, 33 bird species were categorized as Abundant, 27 species as Common, 32 species as Uncommon and 12 species as Rare. Maximum number of species belonged to order Passeriformes and least number of species belonged to order Podicipediformes and Strigiformes. Among the recorded birds, 4 species namely, Darter, Anhinga melanogaster; Black-necked Stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus; Oriental White Ibis, Threskiornis melanocephalus; and Alexandrine Parakeet, Psittacula eupatria were near threatened and 2 species namely, Common, Pochard, Aythya ferina and Sarus Crane, Grus antigone were vulnerable. In early 1990s, a study was conducted on Bhindawas bird sanctuary and thereafter, a great deal of infrastructure, development and urbani-zation has occurred. However, scanty information is available on the avian diversity periodic monitoring of Bhinda-was bird sanctuary, Haryana. Therefore, present study was planned to monitor and document the avian species.
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Clark, Gillian. "Animals and animal products in medieval Italy: a discussion of archaeological and historical methodology." Papers of the British School at Rome 57 (November 1989): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246200009120.
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ANIMALI E PRODOTTI ANIMALI NELL'ITALIA MEDIEVALE: UNA DISCUSSIONE DI METODO STORICO E ARCHEOLOGICOQuesto studio discute i diversi tipi di approccio — quello archeologico e quello storico che, in generale, si possono adottare nello studio dei sistemi economici del passato ed in particolare nello studio del ruolo degli animali e dei prodotti animali nell'Italia medievale. Una serie di problemi vengono anzitutto posti come punto di partenza dell'indagine; sono poi discusse le fonti disponibili: archeologiche, storiche, artistiche e letterarie; sono infıne prese in considerazione le risposte possibili allo stato attuale. E' chiaro che tutti e quattro i tipi di fonti sono in grado di apportare preziosi contributi alla ricerca, fornendo in taluni casi dei quadri simili, in altri immagini tra loro contrastanti. E' chiaro al tempo stesso che ciascun tipo di fonte ha i suoi dementi di forza, quelli di debolezza, le sue lacune. Le testimonianze archeologiche rappresentano, ad esempio, un potenziale enorme per la comprensione dei aspetti produttivi del sistema economico, per i quali i dati documentari sono scarsi; le fonti storiche devono essere considerate come il mezzo più importante per la comprensione delle complesse forme di organizzazione del commercio urbano. Viene comunque messo in evidenza come il ruolo di animali e prodotti animali debba essere defınite all'interno di ogni singolo contesto e come tale ricerca non possa che assumere un carattere interdisciplinare.
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Cozza, Cassandra. "Architetture che cambiano la vita." TERRITORIO, no. 100 (November 2022): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2022-100005.
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Il saggio illustra l'impegno umanitario di Yasmeen Lari, a partire da quando, in seguito al terremoto del Kashmir, iniziò a dedicare la sua vita alle persone più indigenti, dimostrando un impegno costante per la costruzione di una giustizia sociale ed ecologica. Un impegno sul campo con due obiettivi principali: il miglioramento delle condizioni di vita delle popolazioni più povere e vulnerabili e la sostenibilità ambientale. Un lavoro complesso, di ampio interesse internazionale e attento ai materiali, alla storia e alle tradizioni locali. L'architettura come processo finalizzato all'indipendenza e all'empowerment dei suoi ‘clienti scalzi' - soprattutto donne - attraverso un impegno costante nella formazione degli architetti più giovani e degli autocostruttori, nonché nel fronteggiare l'emergenza pandemica causata da Covid-19.
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Kumar, P., and A. K. Goel. "Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal Bioaerosols in and around Residential Houses in an Urban Area in Central India." Journal of Pathogens 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7163615.
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Methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) commonly found in clinical samples or associated environment pose a major health challenge globally. The carriage rate of MRS in human population is high, especially in India but research on airborne distribution of MRS is scanty. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MRS in indoor and outdoor environment of residential houses. Air samples were collected using impactor air sampler. The total counts of viable bacteria, staphylococci, and MRS along with the particles of various sizes were determined from indoor and outdoor environment of 14 residential houses. MRS bacteria were identified as methicillin resistantS. aureus(MRSA) or coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) employing biochemical and PCR assays. The average concentration of MRS inside and outside of the houses was 5.9% and 4.6% of the total bacteria, respectively. The maximum correlation of total indoor and outdoor bacteria with particulate matter was 10 μm (r=0.74) and 5 μm (r=0.84), respectively. Statistically, significant positive correlation of staphylococci and MRS was found with particles of 10–25 μm inside the houses. Molecular surveillance, antibiotic stewardship programme, and infection control policies can help to manage increasing MRS burden in developing countries.
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Amuakwa-Mensah, Franklin, Louis Boakye-Yiadom, and William Baah-Boateng. "Effect of education on migration decisions in Ghana: a rural-urban perspective." Journal of Economic Studies 43, no. 2 (May 9, 2016): 336–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2013-0138.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of education on migration decisions focusing on rural and urban in-migrants by comparing the 2005/2006 and 2012/2013 rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS5 and GLSS6). After correcting for selectivity bias, the authors observed that anticipated welfare gain and socio-economic variables such as sector of employment, sex, experience, age, educational level and marital status significantly affect an individual’s migration decision. Design/methodology/approach – The authors made use of Sjaastad’s (1962) human capital framework as a basis for examining the impact of education on migration. The migration decision equation was based on the Heckman two stage procedure. Findings – While educational attainment is observed to have a positive effect on migration decision in the period 2005/2006, the authors find a negative effect of educational attainment on migration decision in the period 2012/2013. The effect of educational attainment on migration decision in 2005/2006 for urban in-migrant is higher than the effect for rural in-migrant, with its significance varying for the different stages of educational attainment. In absolute terms, whereas the effect of secondary educational attainment on migration decisions for urban in-migrant is higher than that of rural in-migrant, the reverse holds for higher educational attainment during the period 2012/2013. Social implications – Based on the mixed effect of education on migration decision as evident from the study, policies to enhance the educational system in Ghana should be complemented with job creations in the entire country. Moreover, special attention should be given to the rural sector in such a way that the jobs to be created in the sector do not require skilled workers. With quality education and job creation, the welfare of individuals living in urban and rural areas will be enhanced. Originality/value – In spite of the importance of education in migration decisions, there is scanty literature on the rural-urban dimension. To the best of the author’s knowledge there is no literature in the Ghanaian context which examines the rural and urban perspective of the impact of education on migration with a much recent data. Further, the author consider how the determinants of migration decision have changed over time focusing on rural and urban perspectives.
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Banik, Sudip Datta, and Soumita Chatterjee. "Nutritional status of school going children and adolescents aged 9-13 years at Haldia in West Bengal, India." Paediatrica Indonesiana 50, no. 3 (June 30, 2010): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi50.3.2010.159-65.
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Background Malnutrition in children and adolescents is a global problem. In developing nations of Africa and Southeast Asia, the prevalence of undernutrition in children is very high. There is scanty data 'With respect to the nutritional status of school going children and adolescents, especially from suburban and rural areas in India.Objective A study was undertaken among boys (n = 174) and girls (n = 128) aged 9 13 years in a suburban area of Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal in India to understand age and sex variation of nutritional status of the subjects.Methods A crosssectional study among the schoolgoing children and adolescent aged 9 13 years was done during JuneSeptember 2009 in Haldia.Results Age and sex variation of anthropometric characteristics (body mass index or BMI and conicity index or CI) revealed that remarkable sections of both the sexes were suffering from underweight (8.30%), stunting (14.60%) and wasting (2.80%). Significant sex differences were observed in cases of mean CI (P=O.OO1), weightforage zscore (P = 0.0001) and weight-for-height ,-score (P 0.0001).Discussion Besides notable prevalence of under nutrition in both sexes, situation of the girls is worse (underweight - 11.70% and stunting - 21.10%) compared to the boys. This is most evident among the subjects of both sexes aged 11 and 12 years.
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Woolf, Greg. "Food, poverty and patronage: the significance of the epigraphy of the Roman alimentary schemes in early imperial Italy." Papers of the British School at Rome 58 (November 1990): 197–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006824620001165x.
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CIBO, POVERTÀ E PROTEZIONE SOCIALEIn quest'articolo si vuole analizzare il carattere dell'azione imperiale attraverso un riesame degli alimenta in Italia. Si ipotizza che queste distribuzioni alimentari non venivano organizzate per risollevare dalle difficoltà economiche particolari regioni o particolari gruppi sociali dell'Italia romana. La distribuzione di alimenti, epigraficamente attestata, è in relazione alla distribuzione generale delle iscrizioni all'interno dell'Italia: le iscrizioni stesse non suggeriscono che i fruitori fossero una parte impoverita della popolazione, ma piuttosto fossero persone relativamente privilegiate, certo come italici, cittadini e residenti in centri urbani e forse anche come abitanti in una determinata città dell'Italia. Il significato di questi schemi è poi definito dalla loro collocazione all'interno di contesti ideologici suggeriti dalla concezione romana sulla distribuzione del cibo e del potere, sulla protezione e sul ruolo dell'imperatore. Testimonianze iconografiche, numismatiche e letterarie sugli alimenta, assieme a confronti con simili istituzioni, consentono di comprendere questa forma di approvvigionamento alimentare all'interno di familiari modelli di discorso romani; esse indicano i modi all'interno dei quali questi schemi possono essere stati concepiti e valutati. Si ipotizza che l'affermazione e l'elaborazione degli alimenta va vista come un elemento di quegli scambi simbolici fra gli imperatori e l'Italia, in un periodo in cui i primi sempre in minor numero avevano origini italiche o non vi erano residenti.
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Pattanaik, Nupur, Krishna Kar, Durga Madhab Satapathy, and Anshuman Pattanaik. "Reproductive health status of adolescent slum girls, residing in the urban slums of Cuttack City, Odisha." Journal of Reproductive Healthcare and Medicine 2 (February 9, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jrhm_34_2020.
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Objectives: Reproductive tract infection/sexually transmitted infection (RTI/STI) has become a silent epidemic that devastates women’s life. Improper maintenance of menstrual hygiene is one of the important causes of ascending infection of genital tract leading to RTI. The objectives of the study were to assess reproductive health status and menstrual hygiene practices of adolescent girls residing in the urban slums. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted among adolescent girls residing in urban slums situated under field training area of the Department of Community Medicine, S.C.B. Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha. From among 10 Anganwadi Centres (AWCs) under this field training area, four AWCs having relatively more slum population were selected for the study. A total of 277 adolescent girls were studied who had attended menarche. Pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information regarding the reproductive health status of adolescent girls. Results: Among the 277 adolescent slum girls, 116 (41.9%) had no complaint related to menstruation and reproductive health. Most of the adolescent girls had dysmenorrhea followed by irregular cycles, menorrhagia, and scanty menstruation. As per syndromic approach, 15.2% of adolescent girls had symptoms of RTI/STI. Only 36.8% of girls were using sanitary napkins. Conclusion: More than half of adolescent slum girls had one or more menstrual problems, the common being dysmenorrhea. Symptom of RTI/STI was also a common problem encountered among these girls as almost one in seven girls were having these symptoms and this was more among the girls not using sanitary pad during menstruation.
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Joshi, M. P., PV Barde, PV Mungantiwar, AV Bhole, and VD Devarkar. "Environmental Impact Assessment Studies of Ground Water in Solapur Thermal Power Plant Area (Maharashtra), India." Plantae Scientia 2, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32439/ps.v2i4.48-52.
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Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Solapur. Solapur city is growing rapidly in terms of population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users-agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater to fall. Besides, the discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing the quality of freshwater resources. In the work of Solapur, water samples were collected from around the villages in thermal power plant and water quality assessment was carried out from April 2015 & November 2015. The surface and groundwater characteristics have been established through analysis of water samples collected during the study area with respect to Physico-chemical characteristics and pollutant levels and the same has been compared with quality criteria for drinking water (IS: 10500). From the study, it is observed that the samples collected at all the 11 locations during pre-monsoon season are well within the prescribed limits laid by IS10500. We obtained fewer values in Post Monsoon are compared to Pre Monsoon season because of scanty rainfall.
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Stojak, Natalia. "Kamienice czynszowe na ul. Franciszka Smolki w Przemyślu – zagadnienia funkcjonalno-architektoniczne zabudowy mieszkalnej, wielorodzinnej z okresu 1852–1914." Rocznik Przemyski. Historia 1 (27) (December 29, 2022): 89–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24497347rph.22.020.16645.
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Tenement houses in Franciszka Smolki Street in Przemyśl – functional and architectural issues of multi-family houses in the 1852–1914 period For Przemyśl, the second half of the 19th century was a time of dynamic economic and territorial development. It was then that the majority of historic urban fabric was established, both in terms of area and numbers. Unfortunately, the 19th-century tenement houses in Przemyśl have not been widely discussed so far. The few publications there are concern converted houses, untypical of that period. The literature on urbanization of the suburbs (which today constitute the historic town centre) in that period is also scanty. In order to discover the nature of changes in the town at that time, the author has chosen to discuss tenement houses in Franciszka Smolki Street. Those houses are a typical example of multi-family houses in the period under discussion. They were built in a previously undeveloped area, and soon that street became one of the more elegant ones in Przemyśl. Although it was subjected to urbanization relatively promptly, its houses are not homogeneous in nature and they are evidence of aesthetic changes and changes connected with the residents’ standard of living. Functional and spatial solutions used in particular groups of houses constitute the history of urbanization of that fragment of the town.
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Wanmi, N., M. H. Sulaiman, I. Gosomji, S. M. Maidawa, and N. Plang. "Study on the macrometry of gastrointestinal tract of wild west African Senegal parrot (Poicephalus senegalus versteri)." Anatomy Journal of Africa 6, no. 3 (November 30, 2017): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/aja.v6i3.163513.
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Parrots are ornamental birds that are found in the wild and those in domestication end up in animal units of schools and houses of the wealthy individuals. The wild African Senegal parrot population is at risk of extinction due to its high popularity with urban dweller. Despite their high popularity, there is scanty documentation of the anatomical features of its gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The Wild West African Senegal Parrots were caught around forested area of a farm settlement in Shika, Zaria, Kaduna state, in the Northern part of Nigeria. The mean body weight of the wild Senegal parrot was observed to be 120.50 ± 5.42 g. The mean weights of the GIT with content and without content were 18.01 ±4.80 g and 13.54 ± 5.51 g respectively which accounted for 12.95 % and 10.24 % of the total body mass. The mean weights (small and large intestines) were 2.10 ± 1.09 g and 0.70 ± 0.27 g. The caecum was not noticed and gall bladder had the least mean weight 0.17 ± 0.007 g. while the gizzard the highest of all mean weight 4.28 ± 2.25 g. The mean lengths (GIT, small and large intestines) were; 82. 61 ± 2.36 cm, 41.75 ± 2.97 cm and 18.06 ± 2.01 cm. The glandular area of the proventriculus was longer than the non glandular portion and the left liver was longer compared to the right 3.03 ± 1.53 cm. The ileum is the longest segment of the small intestine which constituted 22.90 ± 2.92 cm.Keywords: Macrometry, Gastrointestinal Tract, Senegal Parrots
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Chandrakar, Pradeep K., Vivek Choudhary, Surendra K. Azad, and Manjula Beck. "Common causes and trends of hepatocellular carcinoma at regional cancer centre Raipur, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20185097.
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Background: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignancy of the liver and is the third most common cause of cancer related deaths in Asia-pacific region. Representative data on epidemiology of HCC in India is scanty and mostly from urban areas. It is more common in males then female. Hepatitis, alcohol consumption, aflatoxin and other hepatotoxins in diet are common causes. Authors did a study for the common causes and trends of the HCC registered at authors’ centre between January 2013 to November 2018.Methods: Authors analyzed their hospital data for the patient registered with the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma at their centre during the study period for age, sex, number and causes.Results: Out of 23,766 patients registered for cancer in study period, 132 (0.55%) patients were of HCC, of which 89 (66.4%) were males and 43 (32.6%) were females, with ratio of 2:1. Commonest age group was between 50-59 years 46 (34.6%) followed by 40-49years 26 (19.5%). No patients were below 20 years of age. Among the commonest causes were alcohol consumption in 71 (53.4%), hepatitis B in 37 (27.8%), hepatitis C in 10 (7.5%), HIV in 4 (3%) and unknown in 11 (8.3%). There is rising trend in males and declining trend in females.Conclusions: Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is low among all cancer but has high mortality rate. Alcohol consumption and hepatitis were the commonest cause. It is common above 40 years specially in males.
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Vuvor, F., M. Steiner-Asiedu, and F. K. Saalia. "Lifestyles characteristics and prevalence of anaemia among men living in deprived community, Ghana." Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences 6, no. 3 (February 20, 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jmbs.v6i3.2.
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Anaemia is a reduction in circulating red blood cells which directly affect the concentrations of haemoglobin. The most common form dietary anaemia is known to be iron deficiency. Many factors such as socioeconomic status, and lifestyles contribute to anaemia. Studies are done on children and women but scanty information aree available on men. It was relevant to find out such information on men. This problem persists in the world especially, in the underdeveloped countries. A cross-sectional study in a peri urban community in Ghana enrolled 1449 healthy men aged ≥18 years. The study assessed their lifestyle, nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), body mass index (BMI), haemoglobin (Hb) level. risks of developing anaemia and binary logistic regression analysis with significance set at p<0.05. Biochemical and clinical examinations revealed that 18.8% of the participants were anaemic (Hb ≤13b/dL). Their dietary status was below the cutoff of 60% NAR for all nutrients except iron (84%) and protein (55%). The binary logistic regression indicated that participants who used tobacco were about 16 (Odds ratio: 16.39, p<0.01) times more likely to be anaemic compared with nonusers. In the same model men whose intake of protein was (<60% NAR) were 3 (Odds ratio: 3.44, p<0.01) time more likely to be anaemic. In conclusion, tobacco smoking and mainly plant-base sources of protein and iron did not guarantee their availability for optimum utilization for Hb synthesis to lower incidence of high risk of among participating men in the study in Ghana.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2017) 6(3), 7 - 14
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Hossain Bhuiyan, Mohammad Azmal, Md Rasikul Islam, Sam Shariar Islam, Abu Kowser, and Moniruzzaman Khondker. "Floristic Composition of Plankton in Shitalakhsya River, Narayanganj, Dhaka." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 31, no. 1 (February 10, 2022): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v31i1.57915.
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Information of phytoplankton flora of polluted river ecosystems of Bangladesh are scanty. The present study was undertaken to explore the phytoplankton flora at Dakshin Rupshi Station of the river Shitalakhsya, Narayanganj, Dhaka. The study was carried out from May 2017 to March 2018 by collecting pelagic plankton samples bimonthly. A total of 53 species under 36 genera were identified, of which 51 species have been illustrated through photomicrographic images and listing. Two species of phytoplankton namely, Pyrobotrys incurva Arnoldi and Phacus ranula Pochmann were identified from the river water but could not be produced here. The recorded algal divisions of phytoplankton are Cyanophyta (6), Chlorophyta (19), Euglenophyta (13), Chrysophyta (13) and Pyrrhophyta (2). The standing crops presented by each division are: 463.5, 428.33, 199.67, 664.33 and 26.25×103 ind/l by Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta, Chrysophyta and Pyrrhophyta, respectively. The trend in contributing the number of species is Chlorophyta > Euglenophyta and Chrysophyta > Cyanophyta > Pyrrhophyta. For standing crop, the trend is Chrysophyta > Cyanophyta > Chlorophyta > Euglenophyta > Pyrrhophyta. Pollutant loading from the urban sources actually cuts the penetration of light into the upper part of the river water and thus creating a shrinking environment for the survival of phytoplankton. The present floristic study of phytoplankton of the River Shitalakhsya adds knowledge to the species composition and their systematic position which would be helpful for any further floristic study of phytoplankton on the river ecosystems of Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 31(1): 45-57, 2022 (January)
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Hunt, Nancy. "Research Protocol and Resources in Burundi." History in Africa 14 (1987): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171853.
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Information on the existence and resources of African libraries and archives is scanty at best, and the scene changes quickly. No one has attempted to assemble a list for researchers of such institutions and resources in Burundi since 1974, when Daniel Nyambariza provided a list of documentation and research centers and other adresses intéressantes as a preface to his bibliography. No doubt once a very useful list, much of Nyambariza's information is now obsolete. The present report, based on my experiences conducting urban, social history research in Bujumbura in 1984/85, is intended to provide specific information on gaining access to and the availability of documentary sources in Burundi. Private and public libraries and archival locations are included.I have tried to describe Burundi's archival situation from my own experiences as well as from printed information, not all of which I was able to verify. Although there probably exists some small area of duplication between the colonial records held in Brussels at the Archives Africaines and those to be found in Burundi, most of Burundi's archives--particularly low-level, local governmental records--can be assumed to be unique. Although most printed sources are usually more readily available in European or American libraries, I have assumed that a descriptive list of libraries would be an aid to other researchers and have tried to indicate rare and/or locally–generated publications and documents. At the close I have also assembled a list of other potential research locations which I did not visit personally owing to time constraints and the scope of my research.
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Kuusi, Tuire, and Pertti Haukola. "Double Life: Music as Work and Serious Leisure." Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no. 3 (March 12, 2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i3.1121.
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<p>Serious leisure (SL) is defined as an intensive, long-term free-time activity which has deep meaning for an individual and generates its own rewards without external incentives. SL has been studied intensively, yet studies on the mutual effects of an individual’s work and SL are scanty, especially when music is either the work or the SL. Our research addressed the connection between work and SL with both musicians and non-musicians. The data consisted of nine interviews. Four of the participants were professional musicians with various SLs (acting, woodwork, handicrafts, and urban culture). The other five (an architect, a librarian, two directors, and a project manager), conversely, had music as their SL. Qualitative content analysis of the data was conducted, and we analysed the data in relation to psychological recovery experiences (psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery and control), using the concepts of segmentation, spillover and compensation. The data were classified into three thematic clusters 1) Participants’ manner of talking about SL, 2) Aspects of SL, and 3) SL and work with further subdivisions into themes and categories. Our data did not show any difference between comments from the two participant groups. SL had positive effects on subjective well-being, notions of identity, and working abilities. It stimulated psychological recovery and gave meaning and content to the participants’ lives. We suggest that in today’s busy work life, employers should take advantage of SL and its positive effects.</p><p> </p>
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Zin’ko, Viktor N., and Alexey V. ,. Zin’ko. "Turbulent Ethnopolitical Processes in the Eastern Taurica in the Sixth and Seventh Centuries." Materials in Archaeology, History and Ethnography of Tauria, no. XXVI (2021): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-189x.2021.26.71-89.
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This paper presents the results of archaeological researches allowing the one to reconstruct ethnopolitical processes in the eastern Taurica in the sixth and seventh centuries. By the sixth century, the eastern Crimean steppes were depopulated and used for seasonal migrations of the Hunnic tribes. The Byzantine Empire made a significant influence on the ethnopolitical processes in the Bosporos in the sixth and seventh centuries when annexed this country in 527/528. Archaeological researches supply scanty information about the urban buildings of the Bosporan capital in the sixth century. Alternative archaeological situation developed with the preserved Early Byzantine layers of the Bosporan town of Tyritake, where continuous many-year-long archaeological research uncovered large areas. According to the archaeological materials and a few epigraphic finds, Bosporan Greeks constituted the overwhelming majority of the population of Tyritake in the sixth century as before, being mostly the persons of moderate means, engaged in fishing and agricultural production, crafts and petty trade. After the raid of the Turks in 576, Bosporos and Tyritake declined, with only isolated residential houses reconstructed in certain areas in these towns; these houses lived to the third quarter of the seventh century when they were burned down by the Khazars. Bosporos constantly experienced the pressure from nomadic hordes, which, over the centuries, moved here and there, replacing each other, along the great tract of the steppes. The turbulence of ethnopolitical processes in the Eastern Taurica especially intensified in the Early Byzantine Period. Following the Khazar devastation, all the Bosporan settlements were depopulated, and the insignificant remnants of the former population concentrated in the fire-ravaged town of Bosporos, which for centuries became an out-of-the-way provincial town forming a part of different polities.
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Alam, Mohd Nurul, Md Anwar Husain, and Md Shafiul Alam Quarashi. "The Pattern of Skin & Venereal disorders among patients attending in the OPD of Dermatology & Venereology Department of a tertiary care private hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 16, no. 3 (June 9, 2017): 354–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v16i3.32846.
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Background :It is generally agreed that pattern of skin & venereal diseases differ in different countries and within various regions of a country depending upon social, economic , racial & environmental factor. The morbidity associated with skin and venereal diseases makes them an important public health problem. Very scanty literature is found on the problem which is either disease based, community based or specified population group based.Objective : To assess the pattern of skin and venereal diseases in patients in urban Bangladesh and to determine their relation with demographic character.Materials and method: It is a descriptive study conducted at dermatology and venereology OPD in Ibn Sina Medical College Hospital, Dhaka for the period from 1st January, 2015 to 31st December 2015. Six thousand and two hundred and three patients were enrolled during the study period. The study population comprised of newly diagnosed cases as well as relapsing cases presenting in the outpatient irrespective of gender and age. Diagnosis was made on clinical basis. Lab investigations were restricted to the cases where it carried diagnostic importance. The data was collected through pre-designed questionnaire and analyzed through Microsoft SPSS.Results: Study was conducted on 6203 patients comprising 3373 (54.38%) males and 2830 (45.62%) females, who attended skin and VD OPD of Ibn Sina Medical College during the period of one year. Males were found to be most commonly affected. Male female ratio is 1.2 : 1. Age group between 15 to 29 years carried maximum incidence (43.79%). All disorders were broadly classified into noninfective (63.5%), infective (20.2%) and miscellaneous dermatoses (16.2%) . Eczema 1721 (27.7%) and fungal infections 694 (11.2%) came out to be the two top most common cause for OPD attendances.Conclusion: Our study found a higher prevalence of non-infective dermatoses than infective dermatoses. Eczema and fungal infections formed the largest group in their respective categories.Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(3) 2017 p.354-357
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Sosina, A. O., O. J. Babayemi, and P. A. Adewuyi. "GIS mapping of pig population and distribution in the derived savannah, Oyo state, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 49, no. 3 (June 9, 2022): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v49i3.3550.
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Pig production in the rural areas has not been adequately linked with urban markets thus negatively affecting pig industry. Many researchers have associated major challenges confronting pig production as a business to inadequate capital, land, labour, environmental degradation and religion belief. However, information on pig population and distribution, which is key in pig production value chain is scanty, thus the need to investigate pig population and distribution in the derived savannah area of Oyo state. A three-stage sampling technique was used to purposively select 180 pig farmers, nine respondents per village, three villages per cell and three cells were randomly selected for derived savannah, Oyo state, were evaluated. Parameters measured were average herd size, distribution pattern of pigs across locations comprised of Oluyole, Ona-ara, Akinyele, Egbeda, Ido and Ibarapa East LGA. The ARC-GIS software processed the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) data of pig population using the ARC-GIS model 10.0. The mapping of the pig farmers' distribution was done using the spatial analytical tool of the GIS. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The farmers' average herd size of pigs ranged from 2 (Ona-ara and Akinyele) to 100 (Egbeda). The average herd sizes were 5, 20 and 40 in Oluyole, Ibarapa East and Ido, respectively. Only Egbeda had piggery capacity of more than 20 piglets on average. The large pig production in Egbeda were probably influenced mainly by abundance of agro-industrial by-product and feed resources. The off-takers of pig production value chain should focus on Egbeda for supply of pigs with advantage of resources and other productions factors.
La production de porc dans les zones rurales n'a pas été suffisamment liée aux marchés urbains ayant une incidence négative sur l'industrie du porc. De nombreux chercheurs ont des défis majeurs associés à des défis majeurs confrontés à la production de porc en tant qu'entreprise de capital inadéquat, de terres, de travail, de dégradation de l'environnement et de religion. Cependant, des informations sur la population de cochons et la distribution, qui est la clé de la chaîne de valeur de la production de porcs est maigre, la nécessité d'étudier la population de cochons et la distribution dans la zone de Savannah dérivée de l'État Oyo. Une technique d'échantillonnage à trois étages a été utilisée pour sélectionner à dessein de 180 porteurs de porcs, neuf répondants par village, trois villages par cellule et trois cellules ont été sélectionnés au hasard pour Savannah dérivé, Oyo State, ont été évaluées. Les paramètres mesurés ont été la taille moyenne du troupeau, le modèle de distribution de porcs à travers les emplacements d'oluyole, Ona-Ara, Akinyele, Egbeda, Ido et Ibarapa East LGA. Le logiciel ARC-SIG a traité les données de la population de cochonsde système de positionnement global (SPG) à l'aide du modèle 10.0 Arc-SIG. La cartographie de la distribution des agriculteurs de porc a été effectuée à l'aide de l'outil analytique spatial de la SIG. Les données ont été analysées à l'aide de statistiques descriptives. La taille moyenne du troupeau des fermiers des porcs allait de 2 (Ona-Ara et Akinyele) à 100 (Egbeda). Les tailles moyennes du troupeau étaient de 5, 20 et 40 à Oluyole, Ibarapa East and Ido, respectivement. Seul Egbeda avait une capacité de porcère de plus de 20 porcelets en moyenne. La grande production de porc à Egbeda a probablement été principalement influencée par l'abondance des ressources agro-industrielles et des ressources alimentaires. Les preneurs de la chaîne de valeur de production de porc devraient se concentrer sur Egbeda pour l'approvisionnement en porcs ayant un avantage des ressources et d'autres facteurs de production.
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Uraeva, I. V. "Dynamics of the library system in Tambov region (1930s - early 1940s)." Bibliosphere, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/1815-3186-2017-2-23-31.
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Significant changes in the library network development of Tambov region have occurred as a result of reforming the administrative-territorial division. The counties and townships abolition has led to a change of the libraries typology. The Central Provincial Library was first transformed into the Central District Library (before 1934), then - into the Central Municipal one (until 1937), and, finally, to the Regional one (in 1937). A specific feature of the period under review was opening a central library in each district (with a network of mobile libraries), as well as the organizing stationary libraries at enterprises and large state- and collective-farms. Urban population was mostly served by a network of trade union libraries, rural inhabitants - by a library network of the People's Commissariat of Education. In 1940 the number of public libraries in Tambov region reached 552, including 453 ones in the countryside. The network of public (mass) libraries included the following libraries: state district ones - 42, state municipal ones - 4, state rural ones - 102, state children ones - 7, village state public library and reading rooms - 158, public libraries at the regional culture houses and other club facilities - 12, collective-farm ones - 56, trade union ones - 131, public libraries of other agencies and organizations - 27. Strengthening ideological pressure on library services resulted in the tightening of censorship, mass withdrawal of the ideologically harmful literature. Collections of seized books marked «do not give masses» were created in the libraries as special funds. New editions entered the region in a limited number. In general, in the 1930s the book composition in the library stocks of Tambov region is characterized by the following data by branches of knowledge: anti-religious literature was 2,2%, social studies - 19,5%, natural science - 4,6%, applied sciences - 6,2%, agriculture - 5,1%, history and geography - 6,5%, fiction - 28,7%, others - 27,2%. The total library fund had not enough fiction and books on natural history, book sections on technology and agriculture needed accession. By the beginning of 1941 the amount of the public libraries fund in Tambov region was totaled 843,948 copies. To improve significantly the level of library service the nation-wide measures have been taken, among them were the following: Library Campaign, All-Union Library Census, All-Union competition for the best area on performing the librarianship in the countryside. They were aimed at drawing public attention to the serious problems existed in the librarianship. However, the Library Campaign was not properly developed in Tambov region. Scanty funding, general unpreparedness, inadequate qualifications of librarians and other factors affected negatively to achieve this goal.
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Rosato, Paolo, Raul Berto, and Chiara D'Alpaos. "Risk and returns in real estate development projects at the black swan test [Rendimento e rischio d’investimento immobiliare alla prova del cigno nero]." Valori e Valutazioni 31 (February 2023): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20223103.
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The real estate market is affected by great uncertainty due to the nexus of various factors: a) the specificity of the assets traded, which are illiquid, unique and very hetherogeneous from each other; b) the ‘structural disequilibrium’ of the market caused by the differences emerging in elasticity of supply with respect to demand; c) the non-competitiveness of the market, which often turns into a bilateral monopoly; d) the great variability of market prices. Since the subprime mortgage crisis that broke out at the end of 2006 in the United States, it has clearly emerged that, in a sector that represents about a third of world wealth, it is necessary, on the one hand, to implement proper and increasingly sophisticated valuation tools, to support the design of effective risk management strategies and, on the other hand, to improve the reliability of real estate data, in order to allow for a more robust verification of the hypotheses on the trend of the cash flows generated by the investment and a more accurate valuation of the investment risk and, consequently, of the project expected rate of return. The main objective of this work is to investigate the accuracy and robustness of the estimates of real estate investors of the expected returns on an urban development project in a medium-sized city representative of the North East of Italy. Using a simulation-based approach, the gap between the observed internal rate of return, estimated ex post on the basis of the actual trend of the parameters that influence investment returns, and the expected internal rate of return, calculated ex ante on the basis of the information available at the time of the investment decision. Firstly, we constructed the time series from 1995 to 2015 of the expected and observed internal rates of return of investments in the residential sector. We obtained the time series of the cash flows generated by the investment under investigation by implementing a simulation-based approach. Starting from the comparison between observed internal rate of return and expected internal rates of return, we identified ex post the risk implicitly assumed by the investor at the time of the decision to undertake the investment. Secondly, the effectiveness of the Capital Asset Pricing Model as a method for estimating the return on a property investment was verified, by comparing the project’s observed (ex post) internal rate of return with its ex ante rate of return, estimated through the Capital Asset Pricing Model. To carry out the above analyses, we constructed the time series of observed and expected internal rate of returns from 1995 to 2015 of investments in the residential sector. The time series of the internal rate of returns of real estate investments were obtained by implementing a simulation-based approach to determine the cash flows of real estate investments representative of the context under investigation and by adopting as model inputs the parameters usually adopted in ex-ante and ex-post real estate valuations. Starting from the comparison between observed and expected internal rate of returns, we identified ex-post the risk implicitly assumed by the developer at the time of the decision to undertake the investment. Finally, by investigating the determinants of the divergence between the investment’s observed and expected internal rate of return and cyclical variables, we identified the factors (i.e., the macroeconomic fundaments) which, in the period under investigation, affected investment risk and, consequently, investment return. Finally, by investigating the relationships that account for the difference between the observed and expected internal rate of return and the economic factors that can determine the current stage in economic cycles, we identified the determinants of invetment risk and returns. Il mercato immobiliare è affetto da grande incertezza dovuta a una concatenazione di diversi fattori: a) la specificità dei beni scambiati che sono illiquidi, unici e molto eterogenei tra loro; b) il “disequilibrio strutturale” del mercato causato dalla diversa elasticità del- l’offerta rispetto alla domanda; c) la non concorrenzialità del mercato che, assume spesso le caratteristiche del monopolio bilaterale; d) la grande variabilità dei prezzi di mercato. A partire dalla crisi dei mutui sub- prime scoppiata alla fine del 2006 negli Stati Uniti, è emerso chiaramente come, in un settore che rappresenta circa un terzo della ricchezza mondiale, sia necessario, da un lato, operare con strumenti valutativi adeguati e sempre più sofisticati, in grado di suppor- tare l’individuazione di strategie efficaci di gestione dei rischi e, dall’altro, migliorare l’affidabilità dei dati immobiliari, in modo da consentire una verifica più ro- busta delle ipotesi sull’andamento dei flussi di cassa generati e una stima più accurata del rischio e, conseguentemente, del tasso di rendimento atteso. Obiettivo principale del presente lavoro è di investigare l’accuratezza delle previsioni effettuate da un ipotetico operatore immobiliare sul rendimento di un investi- mento a sviluppo in una città di medie dimensioni rap- presentativa della provincia dell’Italia settentrionale. Attraverso un approccio basato sulla simulazione, è stato calcolato lo scarto fra il tasso interno di rendimento effettivo, stimato ex post in base all’andamento effettivo dei parametri influenti sul rendimento stesso, e il tasso interno di rendimento atteso, calcolato ex ante sulla base delle informazioni disponibili al mo- mento della decisione d’investimento. In primo luogo, è stata costruita la serie storica dal 1995 al 2015 dei tassi interni di rendimento attesi ed effettivi dell’investi- mento immobiliare residenziale a sviluppo. Le serie storiche sono state ottenute mediante la simulazione dei flussi di cassa di investimenti immobiliari rappresentativi della realtà indagata. A partire dal confronto fra tassi interni di rendimento effettivi e tassi interni di rendimento attesi è stato individuato, ex post, il rischio assunto implicitamente dall’investitore al momento della decisione di intraprendere l’investimento stesso. In secondo luogo, è stata verificata la bontà del Capital Asset Pricing Model come metodo di stima del rendi- mento di un investimento immobiliare a sviluppo, confrontando il tasso interno di rendimento effettivo e il tasso di rendimento ex ante stimato attraverso il Capi- tal Asset Pricing Model stesso. Infine, indagando sulle relazioni che intercorrono fra lo scarto fra tasso di rendimento interno effettivo e atteso e le variabili congiunturali, sono stati individuati i fattori che, nel periodo considerato, hanno maggiormente influito sul rischio al quale si è esposto l’investitore al momento di investire.
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Borşan, Silvia-Diana, Angela Monica Ionică, Clémence Galon, Andra Toma-Naic, Cosmin Peştean, Attila D. Sándor, Sara Moutailler, and Andrei Daniel Mihalca. "High Diversity, Prevalence, and Co-infection Rates of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Ticks and Wildlife Hosts in an Urban Area in Romania." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (March 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.645002.
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Despite the increasingly recognized eco-epidemiological importance of ticks as vectors for numerous zoonotic pathogens in urban areas, data regarding the pathogen diversity and co-infection rates in ticks and wildlife hosts in urban and peri-urban Romania are scanty. We aimed to establish the risk of human exposure to co-infected ticks in Cluj-Napoca, a major city in Romania. DNA was isolated from 151 questing ticks:Ixodes ricinus(n= 95),Haemaphysalis punctata(n= 53),Dermacentor reticulatus(n= 2), andDermacentor marginatus(n= 1); 222 engorged ticks:I. ricinus(n= 164),I. hexagonus(n= 36),H. punctata(n= 16),H. concinna(n= 6), and 70 tissue samples collected from wildlife hosts during 2018 in five urban, and two peri-urban sites. Using a pre-designed Fluidigm real-time PCR dynamic array, all DNA samples were individually screened for the presence of 44 vector-borne pathogens. Subsequently, conventional PCRs were performed for a selection of samples to allow validation and sequencing. In total, 15 pathogens were identified to species and 6 to genus level. In questing ticks, single infections were more common than co-infections. SevenBorreliaspp. were detected in questingI. ricinus, and three inH. punctataticks. An overall high prevalence 26.35% (95% CI: 19.46–34.22) and diversity ofBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato was seen in urban questing ticks. Other pathogens of the order Rickettsiales were present with variable prevalence. Co-infections occurred in 27.4% (95% CI: 18.72-37.48) of all infected questing ticks. In engorged ticks the overallBo. burgdorferisensu lato prevalence was 35.6% (95% CI: 29.29–42.27), with five species present. Pathogens of the order Rickettsiales were also frequently detected. We report for the first time in Romania the presence ofRickettsia aeschlimanniiandRickettsia felis. Overall, from the infected engorged ticks, 69.2% showcased co-infections. InIxodesspp., dual co-infections, namelyBorreliaspp. andAnaplasma phagocytophilum, andRickettsia helveticaandA. phagocytophilumwere the most prevalent. Given the outcome, we underline the need to establish proper tick-surveillance programs in cities and include co-infections in the management plan of tick-borne diseases in Romania.