Journal articles on the topic 'Scarcity as Necessity in The Dispossessed'
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Kirey, Reginald Elias. "Land-Related Conflicts in Uchagga, 1960-2000." Utafiti 13, no. 1 (March 18, 2018): 34–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-01301004.
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Land scarcity and its related conflicts are a serious problem facing the Chagga people of Moshi Rural District in the Kilimanjaro region. The problem started during the colonial period when a massive amount of land was grabbed by the colonial governments and some was acquired by colonial missionaries. As a result, the Chagga were dispossessed of the land they had reserved for future use. Although much of the land alienated by the colonial authorities was nationalised after independence, the problem of land scarcity lingered, due to population pressure. The net result of this situation was an increased incidence of land grabbing, encroachment, eviction, misdistribution of land, and perpetuation of family conflicts including gender-related injustices. Post-colonial agrarian reform policies such as villagization and liberalisation created the tendency to privatize land and intensify the market for it, which exacerbated conflicts over land at the local level. I argue that land scarcity, as a cause of land-related conflicts, resulted not only from population pressure, but also from competitive land use as well as political and cultural factors. My argument is premised on the assumption that the forces behind land-related conflicts in Africa, as observed by Ward Anseeuw and Chris Alden (2010), do not behave logically. The paper sheds light on the complexity of land conflicts by analysing their political, economic, cultural and historical dimensions. The political economy approach, normative quest theory and scarcity school of thought is used to analyse the complexity of the land crisis in Uchagga.
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Ciafone, Amanda. "If “Thanda Matlab Coca-Cola” Then “Cold Drink Means Toilet Cleaner”: Environmentalism of the Dispossessed in Liberalizing India." International Labor and Working-Class History 81 (2012): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000075.
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AbstractWith the sudden, almost ubiquitous reentry of The Coca-Cola Company to India during economic liberalization, the branded commodity became a sign of both aspirational global consumer-citizenship for India's urban middle class and of corporate enclosure for those dispossessed of material and symbolic resources to fuel this consumption. Village communities around several of Coca-Cola's rural plants, including in Mehdiganj, Uttar Pradesh, organized against the company's operations, which they accused of exploiting and polluting common groundwater in the production of bottled drinks as an increasing expanse of the country fell into a crisis of water scarcity. This “environmentalism of the poor” has articulated a powerful critique of corporate globalization and privatization, illuminating the exploitation of the resources of the rural poor for the consumption of those on the other side of an increasingly widening economic divide.
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Lyu, Guangzhao. "A Nostalgic Return to the Future: The Utopian Dialectic in Hao Jingfang’s Vagabonds." Utopian Studies 32, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 636–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/utopianstudies.32.3.0636.
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Abstract As one of the most representative writers of contemporary Chinese science fiction, Hao Jingfang is well known for her world-building that blends the characteristics of both utopia and dystopia, especially in Vagabonds. In line with the classic utopian dialectic in Le Guin’s The Dispossessed, Hao Jingfang has also set up two opposing worlds: the libertarian Earth that welcomes market competition and individualistic pursuit for capital and the egalitarian Martian Republic built upon scarcity and under the supervision of a central archive system that provides social welfare and protection. However, neither of the two societies is “perfect” enough to be called a true utopia. People in both societies see the other world as the negation of their own, though this, again, simply traps them in an unending cycle of “negating to negation.” Through such a process of negative hermeneutics, Vagabonds provides a dialectical paradigm with which to interrogate China’s postsocialist transition since the 1990s while invoking a utopian hope for a post-postsocialist alternative for China.
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Fuchs, Christian. "The Utopian Internet, Computing, Communication, and Concrete Utopias: Reading William Morris, Peter Kropotkin, Ursula K. Le Guin, and P.M. in the Light of Digital Socialism." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 18, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 146–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v18i1.1143.
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This paper asks: What can we learn from literary communist utopias for the creation and organisation of communicative and digital socialist society and a utopian Internet? To provide an answer to this question, the article discusses aspects of technology and communication in utopian-communist writings and reads these literary works in the light of questions concerning digital technologies and 21st-century communication. The selected authors have written some of the most influential literary communist utopias. The utopias presented by these authors are the focus of the reading presented in this paper: William Morris’s (1890/1993) News from Nowhere, Peter Kropotkin’s (1892/1995) The Conquest of Bread, Ursula K. Le Guin’s (1974/2002) The Dispossessed, and P.M.’s (1983/2011; 2009; 2012) bolo’bolo and Kartoffeln und Computer (Potatoes and Computers). These works are the focus of the reading presented in this paper and are read in respect to three themes: general communism, technology and production, communication and culture. The paper recommends features of concrete utopian-communist stories that can inspire contemporary political imagination and socialist consciousness. The themes explored include the role of post-scarcity, decentralised computerised planning, wealth and luxury for all, beauty, creativity, education, democracy, the public sphere, everyday life, transportation, dirt, robots, automation, and communist means of communication (such as the “ansible”) in digital communism. The paper develops a communist allocation algorithm needed in a communist economy for the allocation of goods based on the decentralised satisfaction of needs. Such needs-satisfaction does not require any market. It is argued that socialism/communism is not just a post-scarcity society but also a post-market and post-exchange society.
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Bernault, Florence. "Suitcases and the Poetics of Oddities: Writing History from Disorderly Archives." History in Africa 42 (May 29, 2015): 269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2015.5.
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AbstractI argue here against two things: fetishizing the power and wholesomeness of colonial archives, and equating the scarcity of post-1960 repositories with new difficulties to write the past of Africa. Instead, I suggest the productive power of odd findings, and the necessity for historians to trust the energy of heterodox pieces to create original and meaningful historical narratives.
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Mahmoud, Mahgoub El-Tigani. "Pan-African Judgments on the Gulf Investments in Oppressive Governments." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 13 (May 31, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n13p1.
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The African ancient civilizations played influential roles in global trade and power relations; in recent histories and contemporary times, persistent failures of dependent economies and political leaderships underdeveloped the continent by oppression and manipulative investments. Focusing on the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, our paper applied a Pan-Africanist framework to assess the impact of Gulf States’ investments on the African setting. The paper stressed the predetermined cycle of investments that exchanged massive flows of the collected and/or accumulated surpluses into the Gulf, Chinese, and other foreign investors, whereas the poorest African most targeted recipients were the least benefitted. Despite the ambiguity and scarcity of accessible information on the Gulf/African businesses, we have heavily drawn available facts from United Nations and international sources, as well as critical views by Pan- African scholars, human rights’ activists, and political opponents. To ensure sustainable development free of exploitation and abuse of authority for the African peoples, foreign investors should avoid the past colonial and/or neocolonial ventures that dispossessed the land and manpower of the Continent, reinstated wealth-and-power thirst rulers in authoritative systems of rule, and impoverished indigenous farmers and the low-income workers and professionals with lasting poverty.
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Henckens, M. L. C. M., P. P. J. Driessen, and E. Worrell. "Metal scarcity and sustainability, analyzing the necessity to reduce the extraction of scarce metals." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 93 (December 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.09.012.
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Alderson, L. "Criteria for the recognition and prioritisation of breeds of special genetic importance." Animal Genetic Resources Information 33 (April 1999): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s101423390000537x.
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SummaryThe State of the World survey of animal genetic resources (SoWAnGR) has highlighted the necessity to reconcile the varying systems applied by different organisations for the identification and categorisation of endangered breeds of livestock. Currently, many of these systems are irreconcilable. In particular, there is a need to interpret national breed populations in the context of their international population. Rare Breeds International has developed and applied a system which overcomes these problems, and which coincides with criteria applied by FAO. The system utilises three criteria, namely distinctiveness, local adaptation, and numerical scarcity. Numerical scarcity is measured preferentially by the number of annual female registrations rather than the number of breeding females. The system embodies simplicity, accuracy and effectiveness, based on global data, and will enable more effective interpretation of SoWAnGR reports.
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Leinweber, Peter, Ulrich Bathmann, Uwe Buczko, Caroline Douhaire, Bettina Eichler-Löbermann, Emmanuel Frossard, Felix Ekardt, et al. "Handling the phosphorus paradox in agriculture and natural ecosystems: Scarcity, necessity, and burden of P." Ambio 47, S1 (November 20, 2017): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0968-9.
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singha, Sumeru. "WATER QUALITY AND SECURITY." International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation 2, no. 3 (March 4, 2022): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.53633/ijmasri.2022.2.3.001.
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Water security has been defined as "the reliable availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks" It is realized to the degree that water scarcity is non-existent, or has been decreased or eliminated, and to the degree that floods and contamination of freshwater supplies are non-threatening. Water security is considered to be a necessity of sustainable development for its importance in the quality of life of the people in a region. Sustainable development would result in lowered poverty and increased living standards for those most susceptible to the impacts of insecure water resources in the region, especially women and children. By clearly defining the responsibilities and control over water management for high usage sectors in terms of finance, planning, agriculture, energy, industry, and health, development may progress to the point of sustainable living for all. Keywords: Water quality, security, scarcity, water conservation, contamination, floods
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SADURSKI, WOJCIECH. "Legislative aims and the Kantian supranational court: A comment on Alec Stone Sweet and Clare Ryan, A Cosmopolitan Legal Order." Global Constitutionalism 9, no. 3 (November 2020): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204538172000009x.
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AbstractIn my short comment on the new book by Alec Stone Sweet and Clare Ryan, I claim that the European Court of Human Rights does not take the ‘legitimacy of state goals’ step in its proportionality analysis seriously enough, relegating all its hard intellectual work to the next step: necessity scrutiny. What is puzzling about Stone Sweet and Ryan’s book is that this observation about the ECtHR hardly registered in the book’s argument, even though a Kantian perspective seems to be quite hospitable to a consideration of the scarcity of goal scrutiny in ECtHR case law.
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Mpofu, William Jethro. "Thabo Mbeki’s Decolonial Idea of an African in the African Renaissance." Thinker 93, no. 4 (November 25, 2022): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/the_thinker.v93i4.2204.
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In this essay, I deploy a liberation philosophical perspective in order to understand Thabo Mbeki’s decolonial imagining of an African in the African Renaissance. It is my understanding that the African of the African Renaissance is one who has awakened to the task of undoing coloniality in the African postcolony. For instance, that an African has to declare that ‘I am an African’ in Africa, as Mbeki does, reflects the troubled and also troubling idea of being African in the African postcolony. It might seem that being human, and African in Africa, is an idea under question that must still be declared or defended. Whether one is an African or not in the postcolony is not a given, as colonialism succeeded in changing the being and belonging of Africans in Africa. Through colonialism, settlers became local in Africa and Africans became aliens in their own native territories. Colonialism, especially in its apartheid expression in South Africa,questioned the humanity of Black Africans, displaced them, and dispossessed them of their land. It is the uprooted, displaced, and dispossessed African represented in Mbeki who makes the remark that: ‘At times, and in fear, I have wondered whether I shouldconcede equal citizenship of our country to the leopard and the lion, the elephant and the springbok, the hyena, the black mamba and the pestilential mosquito.’ This dehumanised African is the subject who travels from the dystopia of colonialism to the utopia of reconciliation and a renaissance of Africa. This is the African who was caught in the tragic optimism of the liberation ‘dreamer’, but was later to concede that after the end of juridical colonialism, South Africa remained ‘two nations’ racially and socially. Even a globally celebrated democratic Constitution did not come close to solving the political and social equation, the paradox, where South Africaremains the ‘most unequal country in the world’. For the African of Mbeki’s representation and observation, the dream of liberation from colonialism collapsed into a nightmare of coloniality, and the starting point of an African renaissance is the decolonial effort todare dream and imagine another Africa and other Africans built from the ashes of the colonisers and the colonised. This essay is also an observation of the dilemma of a philosopher of liberation who was torn in between the necessity of justice for the victims of colonialism and the importance of reconciliation with the colonisers in the African postcolony.
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Zhu, Ning, Qi Gao, Wen Guo Wang, Yun Bai, and Da Yong Jiang. "The Investigation on Strategies of Urban Three-Dimensionalization." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2394.
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Urban development is facing the problems，such as the scarcity of resources of urban space and the deterioration of urban ecological environment，the theory of Three-dimensional city is an effective way to solve the urban problems. Through introducing the developed process and advantages of three-dimensional city, the necessity and targeting of three-dimensional city can be summarized, meanwhile, the major strategies of three-dimensional city are emphasized：enhancing the legislative exploration of three-dimensional city; constructing three-dimensional traffic system of city; promoting the construction of complex of city and especially highlighting the application of ecological technology in the process of three-dimensional city.
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Čechmánek, Kristián. "Obstacles in Implementation of the Right to Water." EU agrarian Law 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eual-2019-0003.
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AbstractThe paper discusses the right to water as an integral part of a third generation rights in terms of its feasibility. The author tries to point out the need of participation of the private sector in solutions for effective elimination of indisputable humanitarian crisis in the world caused by scarcity of the clean water and most importantly by inadequate access to clean water sources. A long time struggle towards fighting poverty and ensuring basic need for life only by means of official authorities proves that despite indisputable political and normative progress, states consistently fail in meeting demands of implementation. Therefore the author emphasizes the necessity of cooperative action of a private sector and public sector stemming into a participative solution.
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Čermák, František. "Spoken Corpora Design." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 14, no. 1 (March 10, 2009): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.14.1.07cer.
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From a linguistic point of view, spoken corpora should be primary for research but that has not been the case so far. Hence, the problem of what should be included in the corpora has hardly ever been considered. Often it would appear that anything spoken is included on an ad hoc basis. The need and scarcity of real prototypical spoken corpora points to a necessity of mapping the field in its entirety and identifying its relevant parameters. In order to do this the present paper translates the major differences between spoken and written texts into usable parameters. Ultimately this could enable the setting up of a representative spoken corpus with a clear core of real and typical spoken language, etc.
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Fatma, Nasheez, and T. K. Pan. "Checklist of Wild Edible Plants of Bihar, India." Our Nature 10, no. 1 (March 13, 2013): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v10i1.7785.
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Bihar covers 94,163 km2 area but lack floristic information and looking at the high rising value of food and food products, the necessity of nutritive quality and consumption of edible plants cultivated and their wild relatives exploration of different districts of Bihar have been conducted since 2008-2010. The plant species eaten may be whole plant, rhizome, tubers, stem, leaves, inflorescence, fruits, seeds, bark etc. Several times plant parts are used as staple food, while some are used at the time of scarcity like famine, drought etc. Besides, some are well known spices and condiments with good marketable value. Others are used as pickles, drinks, jams and jellies. These plants on large scale are basically identified by the tribal people and introduced in the local markets to earn economy.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v10i1.7785
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Hussain, Saddam, Saba Malik, Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud Cheema, Muhammad Umair Ashraf, Muhammad Sohail Waqas, Muhammad Mazhar Iqbal, Sikandar Ali, Lubna Anjum, Muhammad Aslam, and Hassan Afzal. "AN OVERVIEW ON EMERGING WATER SCARCITY CHALLANGE IN PAKISTAN, ITS CONSUMPTION, CAUSES, IMPACTS AND REMEDIAL MEASURES." Big Data In Water Resources Engineering (BDWRE) 1, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bdwre.01.2020.22.31.
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Around two-thirds of the earth’s surface covered with water, it is obvious that water is among the most significant aspects that are essential for the life of human being. It is not only important to live, but also important to take a part in social and financial development. Water is God’s personalized gift, as well as the necessity of life. Due to high level of gluttony, misused play of people with the environment and the global climate, shift results in progressive diminishing of natural resources. The problems of freshwater and food security at global level linked to the overwhelming population of the world. To overcome the food and water scarcity challenge, there is required to transfer the freshwater from agriculture sector to other straining purposes. Pakistan is facing the meager water scarcity crises in the last few years, as water is becoming scarce to any specified usage. The quickly growing population, expansion of drainage regions, increasing urbanization and industrialization put a lot of stress on available water supplies. At the moment, there is dire need to harvest rain water by constructing more dams and focus on effective management strategies for further use. Specifically, authors are recommended that, water should be provided demand base instead of supply base irrigation system. Moreover, in addition to land tax, tax on irrigation water quantity/usage should be rectified.
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Brown, Gardner M. "The Personal Journey of a Resource Economist." Annual Review of Resource Economics 10, no. 1 (October 5, 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100516-053338.
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This perspective article begins with speculation about my early interest in conservation at age six and traces my personal development until I became an assistant professor. My contribution to the beginning and development of nonmarket valuation, including an early publication on the stated preference method, is included. All but one of the discussed articles was about a nonmarket context. I also explore my research on endangered species in general and the spotted owl and black rhinoceros in particular. The arc of interest represented in my publications embraces biodiversity. For example, one article covers a metapopulation model, whereas others discuss the bio-economics of antibiotics and an early treatment of uncertainty in a public utility setting. My reconsideration of the analytical and empirical resource scarcity literature in the field is distinctive, while the necessity to work in an interdisciplinary setting is shown as transparent.
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Hockett, Robert C. "Finance without Financiers." Politics & Society 47, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 491–527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329219882190.
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Finance orthodoxy views finance capital as privately supplied, inherently scarce, and limited to assets accumulated by rentiers and held in financial institutions to be “intermediated” between virtuous savers and needful end users. But this “intermediated scarce private capital” orthodoxy is false and profoundly antagonistic to both democracy and productive investment. This article offers a more accurate portrayal that captures the critical role the public plays in generating and allocating its own full faith and credit in monetized form. The financial system then looks like a franchise arrangement in which the public is franchiser and the institutions dispensing its full faith and credit are its franchisees. A post-capital-scarcity account of publicly underwritten finance explicitly recognizes both the propriety and the necessity of the public’s taking an active role in modulating and allocating its credit aggregates across the economy it constitutes.
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AlTaher, Bassmah B. "The necessity of teaching Intercultural Communication in higher education." Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education 12, no. 3 (September 12, 2019): 506–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jarhe-04-2019-0082.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze how Intercultural Communication is a necessary course for students to learn how to communicate in a healthy, tolerant and respectful manner when pursuing higher education, for miscommunication can result from ethnocentric behavior when dealing with people from various cultural backgrounds. Design/methodology/approach A survey method of research was adopted and questionnaires were administered to two sets of students: those who have taken Intercultural Communications and those who have not. A total of 192 valid responses from students were received from the School of Basic Sciences and Humanities, German Jordanian University. The first survey falls under the nominal analysis of a dichotomous questionnaire, and the results were measured with Cronbach’s α to test the reliability of the its consistency. The second questionnaire’s items were uni-dimensional, and so the Guttman chart was used to conduct students’ comprehension of global communication. Findings The results of this study have shown that the first questionnaire has a strong consistency (0.86); students have successfully understood the dynamics of cross-cultural communication, and used that knowledge to aid and prepare them for future careers. As for students who have not taken IC, they have answered the second questionnaire with great confidence in the first category of personal expectations, but fluctuated in their answers when answering the category of self-development and cultural appreciation. ZPD1 and ZPD2 have proven that students need their teacher to learn new knowledge and insights which they can gain from an IC course. Research limitations/implications Apart from the valuable contributions of the study, this study is performed at one public university, and the students, despite their diverse cultural backgrounds and majors, restrict the findings of this research from generalizing the results. Hence, future studies in this area are deeply encouraged, especially when comparing between private and public universities, and how IC is interrelated to other courses in the humanities; moreover, IC as an academic course can bridge the gap between student–teacher relationships. Originality/value The scarcity of a diverse course that teaches intercultural skills in communication has become a growing necessity in this day and age, especially in the Middle East and particularly in Jordan. Due to globalization and informatization, Jordanian students are constantly exposed to cultural and religious differences, and to have them engage in a healthy, well-respected conversation is the core aim of this paper, for tolerance and understanding are constantly on high demand. Students learn these skills in IC, and this course reflects how essential a course like this can play a great role in a student’s development.
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Zanzal, Hassan Thamer, and Amal Jamal Yusuf. "Marketing efficiency of the tomato crop in Iraq for the year 2020 (Salah al-Din Governorate as a model and application)." Tikrit journal for agricultural sciences 22, no. 2 (September 10, 2022): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjas.22.2.2.
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The tomato crop is one of the most important daily consumer food crops that enters the consumer basket and its importance called for necessity Study it through a random sample consisting of (145) questionnaires, of which (75) are intended for farmers and (35) are designated for each of the wholesalers and (35) for retailers in the governorate Salah al-Din, and it is necessary to refer to the average number of dunams planted with the crop for the research sample (5.2) dunams, as the production of one dunam amounted to an average of (4.8) tons / dunam, and the average prices of the crop for the producer, wholesaler and retailer amounted to (382-504.4-701.7) dinars/ kg, respectively, the average absolute marketing margin between wholesaler - producer, retailer - wholesaler, retailer - producer amounted to (81.86 - 197.3 - 319) dina / kg, respectively, while the relative marketing margin between wholesaler - farms, wholesaler The retailer, the retailer-farmer (producer) amounted to (19.50%, 26.11%, 42.37%) respectively, and the profits of the retailer from the absolute marketing margin ranked first, while the profits of the wholesaler ranked second, and the marketing efficiency was measured, amounting to The average marketing efficiency according to the three laws of scale (1) amounted to (59.93%), For scale (2) it reached (65.41 %, 43.95%, 32.66%), and for scale (3) it reached (63.16%), it was concluded that it is low when compared with the marketing systems of the rest of the world. (319) dinars, while the profits of the wholesaler from the marketing margin averaged (197.3) dinars. The reason for this is attributed to the ability of the retailer to bargain without providing marketing services. There is scarcity and shortage in wholesale markets, and this in turn leads to many wholesalers monopolizing the crop and selling it at prices that suit them, as well as the necessity for the owners of wholesale offices to perform the necessary marketing functions (sorting, grading, classifying and packing) This study recommended opening new outlets for wholesale sales and expanding wholesale offices, as the study showed that there is a scarcity and shortage in wholesale markets, and this in turn leads to many wholesalers monopolizing the crop and selling it at prices that suit them
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Van Assche, Kristof, Raoul Beunen, and Martijn Duineveld. "Citizens, Leaders and the Common Good in a world of Necessity and Scarcity: Machiavelli’s Lessons for Community-Based Natural Resource Management." Ethics, Policy & Environment 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2016.1173791.
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Sharma, Karan, Kunal Mandil, and Nancy Gupta. "POWER SAVER STREET LIGHTING USING MICROCONTROLLER USING ATmega16." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v5.i2.2018.630.
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Street lights remain illuminated for whole nights and most of them used for lighting-up of highways are high energy consumption lamps. Preservation and sustainable use of energy and resources is an important factor of planning and development these days as Natural resources are depleting day by day, which pose a risk of scarcity and non-availability of the same for our presidenting generations. There is an acute need for devising a well thought out plan to prevent wastage of electricity. Perhaps, the government should think of implementing automatic street light control systems using LDR (light dependent resistor). This review paper illustrates the street light illumination system automated by the movement (frequency) of vehicles on that particular street. The crux of this paper is to emancipate the necessity and usage of street light control systems which combines various technologies is Timers, Photodiodes, Light Emitting Diodes (LED), and IR Sensors.
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Ariesman M. "Efisiensi Air di Pesantren melalui Penerapan Sunnah Nabi dan Teknologi Terapan." Nukhbatul 'Ulum 4, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.36701/nukhbah.v4i1.32.
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Water is a primary necessity for the process of life on earth, so there is no life if there is no water in the earth as Allah says "And out of the water we made all things alive". It is estimated that around 321 million Indonesians will experience water scarcity by 2025. Population growth is not proportional to water availability, industrial growth, and wasteful public behavior is the main cause. Pondok pesantren which has about 3,759,198 santri throughout Indonesia will be able to feel the impact if the pattern of water use is not in use sparingly. The application of the Sunnah of the Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasallam and applied technology is very effective in saving water. The number of students as much as that by using the wudu 1 mud 'can save 8,693,145 liters and if in rupiah it is as much as Rp. 45.239.129.
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Kaushik, M. K., Y. Yoganandam, and SK Sahoo. "Sensing and Sharing Schemes for Spectral Efficiency of Cognitive Radios." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 2934. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp2934-2941.
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<span>Increase in data traffic, number of users and their requirements laid to a necessity of more bandwidth. Cognitive radio is one of the emerging technology which addresses the spectrum scarcity issue. In this work we study the advantage of having collaboration between cognitive enabled small cell network and primary macrocell. Different from the existing works at spectrum sensing stage we are applying enhanced spectrum sensing to avoid probability of false alarms and missed detections which has impact on spectral efficiency. Later power control optimization for secondary users known as Hybrid spectrum sharing is used for further improvement of spectral efficiency. Furthermore, the failed packets of Primary users are taken care by high ranked relays which in turn decreases the average Primary user packet delay by 20% when compared between assisted Secondary user method and non-assisted Secondary user method. </span>
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Carvalho, Daniel F. de, Marinaldo F. Pinto, José A. Monte, Gabriel A. B. de Mello, and Camila P. de Sousa. "Water use efficiency and economic return of fresh vegetable in organic cultivation." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 20, no. 7 (July 2016): 637–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n7p637-642.
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ABSTRACT The optimization in the use of irrigation is a necessity due to water scarcity and the increasing demand for food. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on the economic efficiency of lettuce, eggplant, beet and carrot, cultivated in an organic production system. The evaluations were performed based on production functions obtained in field experiments conducted from 2006 to 2011, and survey of prices of products and inputs, determining the irrigation depths corresponding to the maximum gross profit and the maximum water use efficiency. Additionally, the relative yield reduction was evaluated for different percent increments in the economically optimal irrigation depth. It was observed that the crops have differences between the irrigation depths of maximum economic efficiency and maximum water use efficiency, ranging from 22.2 mm (lettuce) to 149.7 mm (eggplant). The application of water above the irrigation depth of maximum economic efficiency led to yield and profit reductions, whose magnitude depends on the response of the crop.
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Mimoso, Maria Joao, Maria Rosário Anjos, and Joana Teixeira. "The right to water as a fundamental right." World Journal of Environmental Research 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/wjer.v8i2.3833.
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Water is a Human Right of first necessity. We verified that water resources have been used at a rate higher than their replacement capacity, causing problems of water scarcity. This study aims to draw attention of the world community to the need to implement measures to a real social responsibility and cooperative. A review of the literature and an analysis of the various international legal instruments on water resources will be carried out to highlight the absence of social and cooperative responsibility and the need to create sanctions. It is observed that states and international organisations have failed to develop measures to curb their misuse and to overcome the shortage of water in some regions. We believe that the current situation can only be improved through the implementation of policies in terms of social responsibility and cooperative and the companies or the organisations in general.
Keywords: Environment, management, water, water shortage.
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subedi, Nisha, and Samir poudel. "ALTERNATE WETTING AND DRYING TECHNIQUE AND ITS IMPACTS ON RICE PRODUCTION." Tropical Agrobiodiversity 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/trab.01.2021.01.06.
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The agriculture sector has been facing challenges due to climate change particularly increasing global water scarcity which threatens irrigated low land rice production. Alternate Wetting and drying (AWD) is a water management system where rice fields are not continuously submerged and the fields are allowed to dry intermittently during the rice-growing period. AWD technique is a necessity for modern farming of rice as it is profitable over the continuous flooding irrigation system which prevents the wastage of scarce and vital water resources, irrigation cost and protects the environment from degradation. It also protects human health from diseases like Malaria as there is an absence of continuous flooding for the mosquito to lay eggs. It helps to enhance food security by increasing the production, nutrient content, and minimizing the toxic elements in rice. However, if this technique is not done properly in the field from time to time, we can also get negative impacts. It varies according to soil condition, irrigation timing, environment, etc.
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Small, Ernest. "The economic value of plant systematics in Canadian agriculture." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-188.
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Agriculture is like a house, resting on a foundation of biological systematics. That foundation is seriously deteriorating, in part because of lack of appreciation of its vital roles and economic relevance. Support for biological sciences is concentrating in seemingly lucrative disciplines, without much realization that the financial benefits often can not be realized without the materials and information provided by systematics. A variety of considerations supports the economic wisdom of investing in systematics research in Canada, most particularly on behalf of the agricultural sector, and suggest that failure to do so could lead to serious, even catastrophic, consequences. In particular, the present scarcity of expertise for identification of vanishing invaluable wild crop germ plasm may permanently penalize both agriculture and society. While it is essential that systematists retain their fundamental orientation to the clarification and cataloging of biological diversity, emphasis on the useful roles played and products produced is both an economic necessity and a social responsibility. Key words: plant, systematics, taxonomy, agriculture, economic.
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Sideris, I., S. Kolovi, A. Khaliel, A. Stamatopoulos, and T. J. Mertzimekis. "237Np reactions with fast neutrons: a phenomenological study." HNPS Proceedings 27 (April 17, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hnps.2478.
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Neptunium presents various opportunities as nuclear fuel, especially in deep–space mission power generators. As it is part of the nuclear spent fuel in PWR, waste management concerns due to 237Np long α-emitting half-life have attracted some attention recently. The scarcity of experimental data in the fast neutron energy range highlights the necessity to investigate the radiative neutron capture and neutron–induced fission cross sections of this radioisotope. In the present work, statistical modeling of these reactions is performed using TALYS in an extended range of neutron energies between 10 keV and 20 MeV. In total, 72 different combinations of code parameters were selected to study the level density and γ-strength function dependence of the cross section in 238Np. Preequilibrium and compound nucleus formation phenomena are also examined. Theoretical calculations are compared to available experimental total cross section data found in literature in an attempt to investigate any discrepancies between experiment and theory and validate statistical uncertainties.
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Kissling-Näf, Ingrid. "Grosser Wert und wenig Geld? Über die Honorierung von Waldleistungen | Highly Valuable But Hardly Remunerative? On Compensating Forest Benefits." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 150, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.1999.0041.
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Forests provide people with a variety of services and products (protection against avalanches, walking trails, etc.). Most forest services and products are not provided by markets and the extent of their availability is often guaranteed by public funding. In this context, the question arises whether the high benefits derived from forests could not be converted into cash more easily. Looking at various explanations for the market failure (externalities, public goods, property rights) possible marketing strategies for forest products and services and how they could optimize social welfare are investigated. Although general compensation criteria are not available, economic concepts (type of externality, scarcity, etc.) provide a first clue as to the necessity of compensation. However, mention must be made that compensation is always the result of a social agreement, and financial compensation as well as property rights are subject to social change. From a political and an economic perspective the payment of compensation for forest benefits is limited.
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Henckens, M. L. C. M., P. P. J. Driessen, and E. Worrell. "Corrigendum to “Metal scarcity and sustainability, analyzing the necessity to reduce the extraction of scarce metals” [Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 93 (2014) 1–8]." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 113 (October 2016): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.06.002.
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Malessa, Eva. "Learning to read for the first time as adult immigrants in Finland." Apples - Journal of Applied Language Studies 12, no. 1 (February 14, 2018): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/apples/urn.201804051932.
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Against the backdrop of increasing global humanitarian migration to highly literate countries and the resulting necessity and challenge to provide language and literacy education to non-literate or low-literate adult second language (L2) learners, this article calls for more research on a new population of late literacy learners, particularly in Finland. The article begins by outlining the pressing necessity for research on this special group of L2 learners who has traditionally been ignored by Second Language Acquisition (SLA) research. It will then go on to illuminate essential components of developing reading literacy, drawing on relevant previous research on pre-literates. Further, the role of orthography, in particular the shallow transparency of the Finnish language, are critically examined with regard to alphabetic literacy. As adult non-literacy is a relatively new phenomenon in the highly literate society of Finland, there is a scarcity of research on how non-literate adults acquire Finnish. Growing academic interest and emerging Literacy Education and Second Language Learning for Adults with little or no schooling (LESLLA) research in Finland, with focus on reading literacy skills, is presented and discussed. The article highlights the possibilities of technology to enhance the individual literacy process for LESLLA learners and presents the Digital Literacy Instructor (DigLin) as one technology-enhanced practice environment for the very first steps in learning to decode the alphabetic code. Finally, conclusions on LESLLA learners’ late literacy acquisition and a future research perspective are drawn, emphasizing the potential of computer-assisted language learning (CALL).
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Collados-Lara, Antonio-Juan, Steven R. Fassnacht, Eulogio Pardo-Igúzquiza, and David Pulido-Velazquez. "Assessment of High Resolution Air Temperature Fields at Rocky Mountain National Park by Combining Scarce Point Measurements with Elevation and Remote Sensing Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13010113.
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There is necessity of considering air temperature to simulate the hydrology and management within water resources systems. In many cases, a big issue is considering the scarcity of data due to poor accessibility and limited funds. This paper proposes a methodology to obtain high resolution air temperature fields by combining scarce point measurements with elevation data and land surface temperature (LST) data from remote sensing. The available station data (SNOTEL stations) are sparse at Rocky Mountain National Park, necessitating the inclusion of correlated and well-sampled variables to assess the spatial variability of air temperature. Different geostatistical approaches and weighted solutions thereof were employed to obtain air temperature fields. These estimates were compared with two relatively direct solutions, the LST (MODIS) and a lapse rate-based interpolation technique. The methodology was evaluated using data from different seasons. The performance of the techniques was assessed through a cross validation experiment. In both cases, the weighted kriging with external drift solution (considering LST and elevation) showed the best results, with a mean squared error of 3.7 and 3.6 °C2 for the application and validation, respectively.
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Swoboda-Rydz, Urszula. "Rejs jako forma rekreacji." Zeszyty Naukowe. Turystyka i Rekreacja 10, no. 2 (December 10, 2012): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0005.4065.
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Cruises are a fast developing branch of tourism industry. Following first big cruise liners such as the Titanic, the modern history of cruising started seriously in the 1960s with the advent of the jet craft, which helped transfer passengers to remote ports of embarkation. The main trend in cruising is moving towards building huge cruise ships and providing tailor-made cruises for niche cruisers. This fashion is going to remain high in the near future according to main cruise lines. There are differences between first-times and repeaters whose intention of purchase of a cruise is guided by different motivators, price and general feeling, respectively. Nonetheless, the perceived value of cruises earned a high position and as a consequence the repeat rate is 60% and 80% for „luxurious class” cruises. Cruises do not constitute a mass market for Polish holiday-makers due to a lower average income and necessity to fly and arrange majority of cruises, and scarcity of cruises entering Polish ports as ports of call. However, the respondents of my questionnaire hold similar positive opinions of their experience
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Ahmed El-Tigani Omer Awad, Dr Ibaa, and Dr Elhaj Ali Adam. "Usage of interactive Infographic in achieving the readability of Sudanese electronic newspapers." علوم الاتصال 6, no. 8 (September 30, 2021): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/cs.v2i8.1601.
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This study aims to identify the extent of the use of interactive infographics in achieving readability in Sudanese electronic newspapers, by selecting a sample from it in the period between April 2020 to April 2021. This study is one of the descriptive studies with its quantitative approach, using content analysis and interview tools. The most important findings of the study are that Sudanese electronic newspapers rarely use interactive infographics as part of their media content, although interactive infographics contribute in achieving readability despite its scarcity of use, and that the majority of the interview sample believes that interactive infographics facilitate the presentation of information to the reader and more than half of them see The interactive infographic makes the reader enjoy reading media content. The most important recommendations of this study are the necessity of conducting more scientific studies about the infographic, their uses in electronic newspapers, and the importance of providing all means that facilitate the use of infographics of all kinds of the media content of Sudanese electronic newspapers.
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Adhariani, Desi. "The Shape of Water: Analysis of Corporate Water Disclosure in Indonesia." Australasian Business, Accounting and Finance Journal 15, no. 4 (2021): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v15i4.7.
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Indonesia is facing a water crisis in terms of the scarcity and quality of its water resources. Considering this water-constrained future, it is important that several parties, including companies in Indonesia as one of the significant actors, pay attention to the pristine management and reporting of this scarce resource. This study evaluates the reporting and disclosure requirements of water of Indonesian listed companies in 2014 - 2016. Content analysis was used as the research method to analyse the water disclosure and to evaluate the adequacy of the disclosure against the global disclosure requirement from the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) G4. The findings of the study show that most of the companies have illustrated the commitment toward water stewardship by reporting on water-related aspects. However, when compared to the global standard, the level of disclosure is still low, which might reflect the lack of demand from stakeholders or the low necessity to seek legitimacy from water reporting. This also implies future opportunities for companies to better perform water management and present a more complete water disclosure for stakeholders.
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Sun, Yu, Huixia Huang, and Chi Zhou. "DEA Game Cross-Efficiency Model to Urban Public Infrastructure Investment Comprehensive Efficiency of China." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9814313.
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In managerial application, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used by numerous studies to evaluate performances and solve the allocation problem. As the problem of infrastructure investment becomes more and more important in Chinese cities, it is of vital necessity to evaluate the investment efficiency and assign the fund. In practice, there are competitions among cities due to the scarcity of investment funds. However, the traditional DEA model is a pure self-evaluation model without considering the impacts of the other decision-making units (DMUs). Even though using the cross-efficiency model can figure out the best multiplier bundle for the unit and other DMUs, the solution is not unique. Therefore, this paper introduces the game theory into DEA cross-efficiency model to evaluate the infrastructure investment efficiency when cities compete with each other. In this paper, we analyze the case involving 30 provincial capital cities of China. And the result shows that the approach can accomplish a unique and efficient solution for each city (DMU) after the investment fund is allocated as an input variable.
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Vittal, N. "Corporate Governance: Principles and Objectives." Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective 2, no. 2 (July 1998): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722629x98002002004.
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Corporate Governance provides the fundamental value framework for the culture of an organisation which ensures efficient functioning of enterprises on sound ethical values and principles. Corporate governance has become a necessity, especially since 1991, when India made a U-turn in its economic policy and the revised policy of the government was aimed at attracting funds from foreign financial institutions. The primary resonsibiity of good corporate governance is that of the Board of Directors. For better corporate governance the boards should perform the role of monitoring the functioning of an organisation, without at the same time reducing the effectiveness of the management by interfering with their day-to-day matters. One of the impediments in the way of good corporate governance is corruption. The three factors within any system which generate corruption are: scarcity, lack of transparency and delay. If these three problems are tackled effectively, corruption can be checked to a great extent. As far as public sector undertakings are concerned, the “Code of Conduct and Ethics” should facilitate the redesigning of the PSEs.
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Goodwin, Craufurd D. "Economic Man in the Garden of Eden." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 22, no. 4 (December 2000): 405–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710020006181.
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It has always been a puzzle why nineteenth century political economists were quite so gloomy. Why did they picture economic actors as motivated so single-mindedly by self-interest? Why did they see ahead the negative effects of diminishing returns, especially falling profit rates and rising rent shares, while all around them the evidence was pointing in the other direction? Why did they go on about the stationary state at a time when technical change was everywhere the norm? This gloom was hardly foreshadowed by the eighteenth century founders of political economy—Hume, Smith, and the Physiocrats (although for a contrary view see Robert Heilbroner 1973). It seems to have begun with Malthus and Ricardo, but it remained strong in the marginalist economists as well. Alfred Marshall and his followers rested their case for the necessity of careful marginal allocation of resources, and the intolerability of the costs imposed by trade unions and other rent seekers, on the ground that there were just not enough goods and services to go around. The notion of scarcity legitimized gloom.
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Setyaningrum, Endah, Endang Linirin Widiastuti, and Achmad Arifiyanto. "Pelatihan Pembuatan Minuman Herbal untuk Immune Booster Staff Kebun Raya Liwa Di Masa Pandemi Covid-19." Hippocampus: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2022): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47767/hippocampus.v1i2.418.
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The Sars-Cov2 virus, also known as the Covid-19 pandemic, has led in a rise in the usage of immune-boosting supplement items. This situation resulted in higher prices and a scarcity of stock on the market. This program seeks to motivate and educate UPT Liwa Botanical Garden (KRL) employees about the necessity of utilizing herbs to boost body ’s immune system during the Covid-19 outbreak. The activity's target audience is workers, who interact often with tourists from various locations. Twenty persons participated, including KRL officials, Lumbok Seminung Kehati Park Managers, and KRL apprentice students. This activity takes the form of providing content, question and answer sessions, demonstrations on how to make herbal beverages, and training assessment using pre and post-test questionnaires. The results of the training implementation revealed an increase in participants' motivation and understanding of the importance of herbal functions and the skills of making herbal drinks, as evidenced by their enthusiasm in the discussion both before and after the demonstration of making herbal drinks.
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Zhao, Senhao, Hang Hu, Yangchao Huang, Guobing Cheng, Tao Huang, Huizhu Han, and Qi An. "Optimization of Effective Throughput in NOMA-Based Cognitive UAV Short-Packet Communication." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010599.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are considered an important component of 6G wireless technology. However, there are many challenges to the employment of UAVs, one of which is spectrum scarcity. To address this challenge, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and cognitive radio (CR) techniques are employed in UAV short-packet communication systems. In this paper, we consider a NOMA-based cognitive UAV short-packet communication system. Firstly, a mathematical expression for the effective throughput of the secondary users is derived. Then, we aim to maximize the effective throughput of the far secondary user by optimizing the sensing time, power allocation, and information bits under the constraints of the transmission power and effective decoding error probability. A joint optimization algorithm is used to solve this problem, where the bisection method and the one-dimensional linear search algorithm are used to solve the subproblem. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has low complexity and similar performance compared to the exhaustive method. In addition, the necessity of joint optimization is shown in the simulation results.
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Henckens, M. L. C. M., P. P. J. Driessen, and E. Worrell. "Corrigendum to “Metal scarcity and sustainability, analyzing the necessity to reduce the extraction of scarce metals” [Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 93 (December) (2014) 1–8]." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 101 (August 2015): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.06.015.
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Vera-Puerto, Ismael, Hugo Valdés, Marcos Bueno, Christian Correa, Jorge Olave, Marcos Carrasco-Benavides, Flavia Schiappacasse, and Carlos A. Arias. "Reclamation of Treated Wastewater for Irrigation in Chile: Perspectives of the Current State and Challenges." Water 14, no. 4 (February 18, 2022): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14040627.
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Reclamation of treated wastewater is considered a viable option for reducing the agricultural and national water deficit, especially in Mediterranean-type and arid climatic conditions. Given that Chile is a country around 40% of whose territory is classified as semi-arid and desert and 20% as Mediterranean, with serious water scarcity problems, and which uses a great deal of the resource in agricultural irrigation, the present paper offers perspectives on the current state of treated wastewater reuse and considers challenges to improving the development of water reclamation for irrigation in Chile as a case study. The methods followed included a systematic literature review to answer two important questions: (a) What is the state of reclamation of treated wastewater for irrigation in Chile? and (b) What criteria/parameters determine the feasibility of reclaiming treated wastewater for irrigation in Chile? The results showed that Chile has been affected by climate change in a short time: a megadrought has occurred over the last ten years, increasing the necessity for the country to secure alternative water sources for irrigation. The country has advanced greatly in wastewater treatment coverage, achieving almost 100% in urban areas, with technologies that can produce quality water as a new water source for irrigation. However, the lack of regulations and limited frameworks could explain the low direct reuse at present—below 1% of total flow. Regarding challenges, the necessity of updates to Chile’s institutional and legal frameworks, besides the inclusion of rural communities and the study of emerging contaminants, will be discussed. By these means, it will be possible to more efficiently utilize recycled wastewater as a new source for irrigation in this country.
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Balawejder, Matłok, Gorzelany, Pieniążek, Antos, Witek, and Szostek. "Foliar Fertilizer Based on Calcined Bones, Boron and Molybdenum—A Study on the Development and Potential Effects on Maize Grain Production." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 5287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195287.
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Phosphorus is a biogenic element with a high importance within the food chain. Regrettably, there are limited amounts of phosphorus within minerals naturally occurring in the environment. Its scarcity leads to a necessity of closed loop economy, where this element could be obtained by the processing of various waste materials. Modern agriculture needs to provide sufficient amounts of phosphorus to plant organisms encountering problems with the bioavailability of nutrition. In this research, a post-processed animal waste material (calcined bone) was utilized to reclaim phosphorus and reintroduce it into the environment in a form of foliar fertilizer. The calcined bones were subjected to chemical transformation with nitric acid solution. The solubilization of bones was followed by laboratory-scale pot experiments, in which the fertilizer was used for the cultivation of maize plants. In the field experiments, the fertilizer was additionally fortified with boron and molybdenum elements. It was observed that the utilization of the fertilizer had a positive impact on maize plants, i.e., improvement in the biomass production of aboveground and underground parts of the plants. The amount of chlorophyll increased in comparison to control plants. Maize grain production was increased by approximately 600 kg ha−1).
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Iqbal Khan, Muhammad Zafar, Kamarularifin Abd Jalil, and Mohd Faisal Ibrahim. "Efficient Energy Optimization Routing for WSN Based on Even-Odd Scheduling." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology 30, no. 2 (March 28, 2022): 1343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.2.27.
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Several routing protocols are being developed and used to develop energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. The necessity of saving energy is the need for technology as well as the scarcity of conventional energy. The wireless sensor nodes are run on battery power with energy limitations; therefore, this study needs to develop wireless sensor networks that can be kept alive for a longer period. From a computer science point of view, a routing mechanism can help in the improvement of the network. This research aims to design and develop a routing protocol that utilizes less energy and keeps sensor networks alive for longer period while using limited energy. An efficient and intelligent even-odd scheduling-based routing protocol influenced by LEACH has been proposed to achieve this goal. During transmission, this protocol alternatively considers evenly or oddly indexed nodes. The concept in this approach is to keep the node into consideration when it is ready to send data and when it is in the queue. Any node that is not in the queue or does not have data will not consume any significant energy, and thus the whole network conserves energy after each transmission round.
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Ruiz de la Cruz, Miguel, Aldo Hugo de la Cruz Montoya, Ernesto Arturo Rojas Jiménez, Héctor Martínez Gregorio, Clara Estela Díaz Velásquez, Jimena Paredes de la Vega, Fidel de la Cruz Hernández-Hernández, and Felipe Vaca Paniagua. "Cis-Acting Factors Causing Secondary Epimutations: Impact on the Risk for Cancer and Other Diseases." Cancers 13, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 4807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13194807.
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Epigenetics affects gene expression and contributes to disease development by alterations known as epimutations. Hypermethylation that results in transcriptional silencing of tumor suppressor genes has been described in patients with hereditary cancers and without pathogenic variants in the coding region of cancer susceptibility genes. Although somatic promoter hypermethylation of these genes can occur in later stages of the carcinogenic process, constitutional methylation can be a crucial event during the first steps of tumorigenesis, accelerating tumor development. Primary epimutations originate independently of changes in the DNA sequence, while secondary epimutations are a consequence of a mutation in a cis or trans-acting factor. Secondary epimutations have a genetic basis in cis of the promoter regions of genes involved in familial cancers. This highlights epimutations as a novel carcinogenic mechanism whose contribution to human diseases is underestimated by the scarcity of the variants described. In this review, we provide an overview of secondary epimutations and present evidence of their impact on cancer. We propose the necessity for genetic screening of loci associated with secondary epimutations in familial cancer as part of prevention programs to improve molecular diagnosis, secondary prevention, and reduce the mortality of these diseases.
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Ern, Christina, Vera Krump-Konvalinkova, Denitsa Docheva, Stefanie Schindler, Oliver Rossmann, Wolfgang Böcker, Wolf Mutschler, and Matthias Schieker. "Interactions of Human Endothelial and Multipotent Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cocultures." Open Biomedical Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (October 11, 2010): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874120701004010190.
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Current strategies for tissue engineering of bone rely on the implantation of scaffolds, colonized with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC), into a recipient. A major limitation is the lack of blood vessels. One approach to enhance the scaffold vascularisation is to supply the scaffolds with endothelial cells (EC). The main goal of this study was to establish a coculture system of hMSC and EC for the purposes of bone tissue engineering. Therefore, the cell behaviour, proliferation and differentiation capacity in various cell culture media as well as cell interactions in the cocultures were evaluated. The differentiation capacity of hMSC along osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineage was impaired in EC medium while in a mixed EC and hMSC media, hMSC maintained osteogenic differentiation. In order to identify and trace EC in the cocultures, EC were transduced with eGFP. Using time-lapse imaging, we observed that hMSC and EC actively migrated towards cells of their own type and formed separate clusters in long term cocultures. The scarcity of hMSC and EC contacts in the cocultures suggest the influence of growth factor-mediated cell interactions and points to the necessity of further optimization of the coculture conditions.
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McKim, Aaron J., and R. Bud McKendree. "Programmatic Involvement and Emerging Educational Outcomes: An Exploratory Study." Career and Technical Education Research 45, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5328/cter45.2.3.
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Preparing students in school-based agricultural education (SBAE) to respond to emerging challenges impacting – and being impacted by – agriculture, food, and natural resource systems (e.g., climate change, water scarcity, soil degradation) is essential. Therefore, student involvement in SBAE was investigated in relation to metacognition, problem-solving abilities, and systems thinking, three educational outcomes deemed "emerging" due to their necessity in addressing complex problems. Overall, results from this investigation suggest involvement in SBAE is related to higher levels of metacognition, problem-solving ability, and systems thinking when compared to no involvement. However, when comparing more advanced levels of involvement (e. g., participating in state or national level FFA contests) to foundational involvement (e.g., participating in local/chapter level FFA contests), advanced involvement did not consistently relate to increased attainment of the emerging educational outcomes. In congruence with the Theory of Student Involvement, recommendations for practice and research are highlighted. Principal among the recommendations is a call for educators to invest resources to encourage a broader range of students to be involved in SBAE at more foundational levels rather than investing resources in the advanced involvement of a select few students.
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Mendes, Luiz Fernando Rosa, and Marcelo Silva Sthel. "Thermoelectric Power Plant for Compensation of Hydrological Cycle Change: Environmental Impacts in Brazil." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000471.
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Brazil has abundant water resources and depends on them for hydroelectric power generation. In 2011, 81.9% of the electricity in the country was produced by hydropower. A significant change in the Brazilian hydrological cycle reduced this percentage to 64% in 2015. The scarcity of rain decreased the volumes in the reservoirs of the hydroelectric power plants located mainly in the Southeast, Center-West and Northeast regions. In this scenario, the National Operator System authorized the use in full load of thermoelectric plants powered by natural gas, biomass and coal. As a result, thermoelectric generation grew 329%, increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The intensification in the use of thermoelectric energy leads to a vicious energy–environment cycle, as it increases the CO2 emissions. Brazilian government is aware of the necessity of electricity generation, and future uncertainties generated by the instabilities of hydrological cycles may jeopardize the country’s energy security. The country has proposed programs to encourage energy generation by other renewable sources (wind and solar) and avoid the use of thermoelectric plants, which increase the generation costs and environmental impacts. This could compromise the goals of reducing carbon emissions signed by Brazil at Paris Conference (COP21).