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Journal articles on the topic 'Scandinavia Foreign economic relations'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Suslov, Victor I., and Vera G. Basareva. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND PUBLIC POLICY: SCANDINAVIA AND SIBERIA." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 3, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-3-1-209-218.

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The report provides a comparative analysis of the current state of the countries of Scandinavia and Siberia. The purpose of the study: to show that sound state economic policies of the countries of Northern Europe lead to undeniable socio-economic progress. Based on the World Bank ratings, information from Rosstat of Russia, and expert opinions, the components of such a policy and the possibility of borrowing the experience of other countries in reforming economies are analyzed. Based on the specific tasks facing the system of regional planning and forecasting in the context of current trends in the development of Russia and the increasing impact of negative foreign economic and foreign policy factors on it, taking into account the experience of Scandinavia, the focus is on the role of technological development and innovation, state support of entrepreneurship. Institutional conditions for the implementation of nationwide reforms of federal relations and mechanisms to overcome stagnation in the development of Siberia are discussed.

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2

Stanciu, Cezar. "Scandinavian Perspectives. Overcoming the Cold War Pressures in Romania’s Policy towards Northern Europe." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 1, no. 1 (November 15, 2009): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v1i1_4.

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During the first years of the Cold War, Romania was isolated in terms of foreign policy, and forced to develop relations mainly with the USSR and other socialist states. During the de-Stalinization period, the East-West relations improved and Romania started to rebuilt its relations with the West, especially economic relations. This article briefly presents the re-establishment of Romania's relations with the Scandinavian states, in the context of the improved Romanian-West relations.

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3

Vorotnikov, V. V. "Relations between the Scandinavian-Baltic region states and Ukraine: military-political and economic dimensions." Journal of International Analytics, no. 4 (December 28, 2017): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2587-8476-2017-0-4-18-27.

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The article is devoted to the relations of the Scandinavian-Baltic region states (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden) and Ukraine in the military-political and economic spheres. These countries had engaged in Ukrainian affairs long before 2013−2014. This happened soon after «the Orange Revolution» and, then, the trend became more pronounced during the implementation of the program «Eastern Partnership». The most active actors on the Ukrainian track in their subregions are Sweden (until 2014 — one of the largest investors in its economy) and Lithuania, which in 2015 started to supply lethal weapons to Ukraine. The countries of the Scandinavian-Baltic region provide financial assistance to Ukraine which is symbolic compared to development aid, but considerable for Ukrainian economy. Financing is traditionally directed to promotion of effective public administration, democracy, human rights (including gender equality), systemic economic reforms, sustainable development (including energy efficiency), etc. From a strategic perspective, military cooperation of the Scandinavian-Baltic region countries with Ukraine is nominal as well. Against this background, completely divergent assessment of the situation in Ukraine continues to be the most important stumbling block in the relations between Russia and the states of the region. This does not give any grounds for early softening of their value-based foreign policy towards Russia.

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4

SCHOLZ, MICHAEL F. "East Germany's North European Policy prior to International Recognition of the German Democratic Republic." Contemporary European History 15, no. 4 (October 6, 2006): 553–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777306003547.

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The main aim of the GDR's foreign policy was to promote the survival and stabilisation of the SED dictatorship, and the so-called ‘worldwide revolution’, by seeking external recognition. After it was granted full sovereignty in 1954–5 the East German state carefully cultivated relations with Western countries. The Scandinavian countries received special attention on the basis of common history, natural economic and transport links, a close relationship with their respective communist parties and East German conformity to Soviet policy in the Baltic region. Up to the 1970s the GDR's main aim was to end its own international isolation. Despite a few spectacular successes, not even Sweden was won over and the final breakthrough did not come until the government of the FRG embarked on its new and successful Ostpolitik. In 1972–3 the Scandinavian countries were among the first officially to recognise the GDR.

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5

Yang, Kai, and Stephan Ortmann. "From Sweden to Singapore: The Relevance of Foreign Models for China's Rise." China Quarterly 236 (May 28, 2018): 946–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018000486.

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AbstractChina can be described as a “learning state” which has adapted to changing conditions and frequently turned outward for lessons. In recent years, Sweden and Singapore have drawn particularly strong interest from Chinese academics because the two countries represent two different “third ways” between Communism and capitalism and have been useful for developing a socialism “with Chinese characteristics.” Sweden is seen to symbolize the ideals of social equity and harmony while Singapore is seen as a model of authoritarian state-capitalism. China's transformation has resembled the Southeast Asia city state's model more than the Scandinavian social democratic model. Since Xi Jinping assumed power in 2012, interest in Sweden has reached a nadir, while attentiveness to Singapore has peaked. Although Chinese state-capitalism faces many challenges, including rising inequality and persistent corruption, it will be difficult to find an alternative role model that can successfully combine one-party rule with economic modernization.

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6

Kovalov, Denys. "Review of the Monograph by H. Nevynna «German-Finnish Relations in 1933–1939. Kyiv: «Kondor», 2019. 160 p.»." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 67 (2022): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.67.19.

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The book «German-Finnish relations in 1933–1939» authored by H. Nevynna is reviewed. The publication is scientific and is intended for readers with the appropriate level of academic education in the humanities. There is in detail by the author’s scientific style presenting in monograph an analysis of key aspects of relations between Hitler’s Germany (Third Reich) and (the first) Republic of Finland in the difficult interwar period, more specifically – the 1930s. Moreover, there are revealed the basic principles and nature of bilateral relations, domestic political processes in Finland, as well as their direct impact on the foreign policy of this northern European country, including cooperation with the Germans. The author highlights the problem of so-called «Northern neutrality» in the context of unequal relations between the Finns and neighboring Scandinavian countries at the state level. It was noted the German-Finnish cooperation in the field of defense, security, economic and sociocultural spheres during 1933–1939. Despite the lack of visual material, but the abundance of qualitatively presented facts, a conclusion was made about the success of the selected issues and prospects for further study of the topic, taking into account the interest of the target audience.

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7

Kulali, YELIZ. "The Role of Iceland in the International System as a Small State and the Issue of European Union Membership." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v8i1.p104-113.

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This study discusses the role of Iceland -which declared its independence from Denmark in 1944- in the international system and the causes that led the country to withdraw its European Union candidacy in 2015. This country, considered as one of the Scandinavian countries, has in fact its own unique structure. This unique structure has its roots in Iceland’s history, its determination about protecting the elements of national identity, geographical-climatic characteristics and economic factors such as the fishing industry. Iceland, which is the only NATO member without an army, has been through Cod Fish crisis’ with England, and the Ice-Save crisis with England and the Netherlands. The country, which had an important economic crisis in 2008, has shown a more positive attitude about EU as the government has also changed, however with the end of the crisis and another change of government, it has once again opted for a self-sufficient strategy. The country, which became member of the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1994 and of European Free Trade Area (EFTA) in 1970, aims to conduct political and economic relations through territorialisation or bilateral relations instead of participating to a big integration model or developing multilateral relations. Iceland’s primary foreign policy objectives throughout the new century seem to secure full control over its territory (land and waters), improve market access for its fisheries products and guarantee its defense. Although the governments varied from time to time, all political parties subscribed to the same goals though they differ on how to achieve them. Arctic issue seems to gain importance also for this country in 2010s

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8

Kinyondo, Godbertha, and Yuda Julius Chatama. "Impact of China’s cooperation: the case of Chinese garages in Tanzania." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2015): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-01-2015-0003.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to investigate China ' s motive for its relations with Africa. Within that broad framework, the paper investigates China–Tanzania cooperation from an economic and social development perspective. It analyses the status of Chinese investments and, more specifically, it focuses on the increasing numbers of Chinese garages and assesses whether they have positive spill-over towards achievement of sustainable development. Design/methodology/approach – Case study was used; it involves an up-close, in-depth and detailed examination of the growth of Chinese garages in Tanzania, as well as its related contextual conditions including the overall impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the vehicle repair sector in Tanzania. Scholarly works from various sources including researchers as well as authoritative reports were consulted. Findings – The paper shows that there is an increase in Chinese garage investment which has brought significant benefits such as technology spill-over, increased employment albeit at low-level pay as well as functioning as a stimulus for Tanzanian self-employment. Practical implications – A free market environment which attracts significant FDI including Chinese garages should be strengthened. Chinese garages should not employ Chinese when there are Tanzanians with required expertise. Further research on the long history of relations between Tanzania and Scandinavian countries is better for comparison. Originality/value – The paper presents original findings based on scholarly work related to the growth of Chinese garage investments in Tanzania.

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9

Vuković, Ivan. "Development of European Union and joining perspective of Croatia." Tourism and hospitality management 13, no. 2 (June 2007): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thm.13.2.7.

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In this paper we researched European Union starting with the Agreement from Maastrich from year 1992, even though the European Union has a long traditional history and its origin is founded on regulations of economical integrations in Europe beginning from the 1950’s through the Roman treaty from year 1957 and the forming of the European Union Committee in year 1965. Further we follow her expansion and introduction of the European economic and monetary policy, to last, the joining perspective of Croatia. According to the Agreement from Maastrich, European Union lies on three posts: 1) Legal-political and regulative post, 2) Economical post, where the forming of European economical and monetary policy is in the first plan, especially the introducing of Euro as the unique European currency, 3) Post of Mutual foreign security policy within European Union. In that context we need to highlight the research conducted here and in European Union, including the world, regarding development of European Union and its economical, legal, political and cultural, as well as foreign diplomatic results, which are all perspectives of European Union. All the scientists and researches which were involved in exploring the development of EU with its modern tendencies and development perspective, agree that extraordinary results are achieved regards to economical, legal, political, foreign-security and diplomatic views, even tough many repercussions exist in progress of some particular members and within the EU as a whole. The biggest controversy arises in the perspective and expanding of European Union regarding ratification of the Constitution of EU from particular country members, but especially after the referendum was refused from two European countries, France and Netherlands. According to some estimates, the Constitution of EU would have difficulty to be adopted in Switzerland and some other Scandinavian countries, but also in Great Britain and other very developed countries. However the European Community and European Union were developing and expanding towards third European countries, regardless of Constitutional non-existence, where we can assume that if and when the Constitution of EU will be ratified, the EU will further develop as one of the most modern communities. This will enable economical development, especially development of European business, unique European market and free trade of goods and services, market of financial capital and labour market in free movement of labour. Being that EU has become one of the most largest dominating markets in the world, it offers a possibility to all new members to divide labour by using modern knowledge and high technology which insure economical, social and political prosperity. This results to forming a society of European countries which will guarantee all rights and freedom of development for all nations and ethnic groups. As well as, all European countries with somewhat less sovereignty, but in international relations will be stronger and significant, not only in sense of economics, but also in politics and military diplomatic relations. Therefore, Croatia has no choice and perspective if she does not join the European Union till year 2010, but until than it needs to create its strategy of economical and scientific-technological development, including demographic development, which will insure equal progress of Croatia as an equal member of European Union.

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10

Kyrpychnyk, R. "THE FACTOR OF COOPERATION IN THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES." National Technical University of Ukraine Journal. Political science. Sociology. Law, no. 3(55) (December 21, 2022): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2308-5053.2022.3(55).269548.

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The article examines the driving forces and factors of the formation of the political culture of the Scandinavian countries in the conditions of interstate cooperation. Peculiarities of socio-political programs of the countries of the Scandinavian region are studied. The social components of state policy that created the political and economic prerequisites for the so-called "Scandinavian cooperation" are singled out. The categorical-conceptual apparatus of the study of the problems of the formation of political culture is concretized. The cumulative effect of objective and subjective factors in the development of political cooperation is clarified, their prospects in the process of political modernization are outlined, with the national characteristics of each country. The historical aspects of the development of political cooperation in the conditions of 2 World Wars and after the war are studied. The interdependence between political and cultural and foreign policy postulates at different historical stages is analyzed. The prospects for the development of interstate cooperation and the joint overcoming of negative social factors, such as the influx of migrants and climate change, are outlined. Security policy reform after the accession of Sweden and Finland to NATO. The fundamental factors of the implementation of interstate cooperation were mostly the factor of survival, since all these countries have a northern location, on the example of Finland until the 50s of the XX century. had an agrarian economy, but at various historical moments were subjected to aggression from stronger neighbors. The conducted analysis leads us to understand that all these features of interstate cooperation are a historical and political result, which distinguishes this phenomenon from the global trend of relations between other countries. Interstate cooperation was based on cultural affinity, commitment to democratic principles, and respect for the national sovereignty of each country. The effectiveness of this phenomenon was determined by the developed political culture of these countries. Which, in turn, formed an established tradition of interstate aid and joint development of the necessary processes for responding to both internal and external threats. Based on the extensive experience of interstate cooperation, the most significant historical and social events and their challenges were overcome without catastrophic consequences for each country.

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11

HUAN, GUOCANG. "China's Foreign Economic Relations." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 519, no. 1 (January 1992): 176–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716292519001013.

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12

Mamenova, K. M. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF ARGENTINA." EurasianUnionScientists 1, no. 5(74) (June 14, 2020): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.1.74.733.

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For Argentina, the export has become the reliance in Economy and International Relationships. Tackling the index of globalisation, called KOF1, Argentina is rated as 66, 51. The ratio, which demonstrates the development of economically-globalised relationships between the state and overseas countries, is sufficiently high. Therefore, considering the evolution of relationships with multiply world markets is fundamental as a method of qualification for bilateral relations and regional links. Argentina has external economic relations with numerous states. The article studies the issues of substantive trade tendencies of Argentina international contacts.

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13

Haggard, S., and M. Noland. "North Korea's foreign economic relations." International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 8, no. 2 (April 5, 2008): 219–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcn005.

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14

Ivanov, N., and A. Loshchakov. "Foreign Economic Relations of CMEA Countries." Problems in Economics 29, no. 1 (May 1986): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-199129013.

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15

Bublik, V. A., and А. V. Gubareva. "SPECIFIC FEATURES OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS." ВЕСТНИК ПЕРМСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА. ЮРИДИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ, no. 36 (2017): 169–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1995-4190-2017-36-169-180.

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16

T. W. Ojo and A. A. Adebayo. "Nigeria's Foreign Economic Relations (1998-2014)." Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance 2, no. 3 (January 4, 2023): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/economit.v2i3.818.

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Since Nigeria gained independence, its foreign policy has been guided by the pursuit of its national interests in bilateral and multilateral relationships. This has remained a reflection of Nigeria's understanding of the external environment and internal dynamics. A government's actions that deal with security, defence, international political ties, and international economic interactions are referred to as its foreign policy as a concept. In order for sovereign states to remain relevant within the context of modern global political economy, the post-cold war international system has highlighted the convergence of sovereign states as a desirable goal. In light of this, a state's relative benefits are primarily determined by the design, focus, and execution of its economic diplomacy. Nigeria's economic diplomacy primarily aims to diversify its economic foundation, increase its global market, draw in foreign investment, and control its debt. This study basically looked at how Nigeria's economic diplomatic interactions have influenced or otherwise hindered its development goals. The research focuses on Nigeria's external trade patterns, the draw of foreign investments, foreign loans, and management of external debt. The qualitative descriptive approach of data analysis revealed that the issue of Nigeria's development has not been considerably addressed by the country's foreign economic ties.

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17

Compston, Hugh. "Union participation in economic policy making in Scandinavia, 1970–1993." West European Politics 18, no. 1 (January 1995): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402389508425059.

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18

Ivanova, Tatyana A. "International Financial Settlements in Foreign Economic Relations." Jurist 8 (July 29, 2020): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3929-2020-8-50-53.

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19

Mamedova, Nina. "Iran’s Foreign Economic Relations in the Region." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 5 (2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080007061-4.

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20

Koo, Youngeun. "The Question of Adoption: “Divided” Korea, “Neutral” Sweden, and Cold War Geopolitics, 1964–75." Journal of Asian Studies 80, no. 3 (February 16, 2021): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911820004581.

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This article examines the early development of South Korean intercountry adoption to Sweden. It focuses particularly on two disruptions in the movement of children between the two nations, drawing on archival sources in Sweden, South Korea, and Denmark. The article demonstrates that South Korean–Swedish adoption was deeply bound up in the shifting Cold War relations within and between the Korean peninsula and Scandinavia in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Further, state actions and strategies during this time reveal that both governments actively utilized their Cold War foreign policy and positionality to shape adoption to meet their respective national interests. This study extends US-centered adoption scholarship by revealing broader implications of Cold War geopolitics in cross-border adoptions to Scandinavia and, more importantly, significant ways in which intercountry adoption challenged, altered, and constituted the Cold War relations and nation-building projects of both sending and receiving states.

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21

Shalanina, Natalia A. "RUSSIA - PAKISTAN: DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS TODAY." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Economics), no. 4 (2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-6646-2020-4-112-117.

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22

Maksimova, M. "Globalization and Foreign Economic Relations in IMEMO Studies." World Economy and International Relations, no. 1 (2007): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2007-1-96-106.

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23

Katanaev, N. T., A. V. Zakharova, and M. N. Simutina. "Economic and mathematic model of foreign trade relations." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 1, no. 2 (January 20, 2007): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-69798.

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The paper examines the economic and mathematical model of intermarket relationships. The intermarket relationship model was illustrated by the example of the stage of transition from planned to market economy in Russia. This phase is associated with crises and distinct contradictions in management theory on all the levels of state structure.

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24

Omiunu, Ohiocheoya (Ohio), and Ifeanyichukwu Azuka Aniyie. "Evolution of subnational foreign economic relations in Nigeria." South African Journal of International Affairs 25, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 365–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10220461.2018.1526111.

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25

Slyusarenko, Kateryna, Irina Maksymova, and Anastasiia Beskrovna. "INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF UKRAINE AND THE EU." Scientific Journal of Polonia University 30, no. 5 (October 29, 2018): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.23856/3007.

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Foreign trade relations between Ukraine and the EU are developing under the terms of the Association Agreement coming into force. The article presents both positive and negative sides. The dynamics of foreign trade between Ukraine and the EU countries is analyzed, Ukraine's export and import structure is represented, as well as the proposed priorities of the development of foreign economic relations between Ukraine and the European Union

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26

Колодинський, С. Б., О. В. Захарченко, and М. А. Заєць. "FREE ECONOMIC ZONES IN THE MODERN SYSTEM OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS." Market economy: modern management theory and practice 18, no. 3(43) (December 16, 2019): 70–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2413-9998.2019.3(43).183647.

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27

Garten, Jeffrey E., Robert B. Reich, and Robert Kuttner. "Rethinking Foreign Economic Policy." Foreign Affairs 70, no. 3 (1991): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20044825.

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28

Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Brazilian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia 29, no. 2 (December 2021): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.29.2.02.

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This article provides an overview of Latvian-Brazilian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Brazil were mainly confined to foreign trade. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however Latvians had been emigrating to Brazil from 1890 and establishing farming colonies. By the end of the 1930s some 8000 Latvians had settled in Brazil. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Brazil was regulated by the 1932 Commercial Agreement. Latvia’s main imports from Brazil in the interwar period were coffee, cocoa, hides and furs, tobacco, raw rubber, and cotton, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Brazil were fish conserves, paper, and rubber goods. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due partly to some similarities in their economic structures, but mainly because of geographical distance.

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29

Brink, Kristian. "Houses and Hierarchies: Economic and Social Relations in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age of Southernmost Scandinavia." European Journal of Archaeology 16, no. 3 (2013): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1461957113y.0000000033.

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Research on Late Neolithic–Early Bronze Age society in southernmost Scandinavia has to a large extent focused on the creation of social hierarchy and on elite networks upheld by individuals. This has meant that the importance of collective strategies has been underplayed. In the south-west corner of Sweden, about eighty house remains from the Late Neolithic and the earliest Bronze Age have been excavated within a small area. It is the largest concentration of houses from the period so far excavated in southern Scandinavia. The settlement pattern reveals both single farms and one site, Almhov, with a concentration of several contemporary farms with large houses. The aim of this article is to highlight collective aspects, recognizing that both collective and individual strategies are important in the formation of hierarchical societies. House remains as well as graves and their placement in relation to each other within the local landscape are the archaeological material in focus, regarded as materializations of economic and social relations. It is argued that collective strategies were an important part of creating and maintaining economic and social position.

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Blom-Hansen, J. "Macroeconomic Control of Subcentral Governments: Experience from the USA and Scandinavia." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 16, no. 3 (June 1998): 323–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c160323.

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Subcentral governments have gradually become more and more important in the general level of public economic activity in Western nations, To an increasing extent, macroeconomic management implies that the economic activity of subcentral governments is taken into account. But how can central governments coordinate the economic activity of numerous subcentral governments? What kind of intergovernmental arrangement is necessary? The author argues that fiscal federalism, the traditional approach to this problem, cannot answer these questions satisfactorily. The focus of fiscal federalism is on economic incentives in intergovernmental relations. The author argues that this is not sufficient. Fiscal federalism must be supplemented by a focus on political methods of influence. An analysis of Scandinavian and US ways of involving subcentral governments in macroeconomic management shows that the role played by subcentral government associations is crucial in the effectiveness of macroeconomic management.

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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Lithuanian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia 30, no. 1, 2 (December 20, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.30.05.

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This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Lithuanian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Lithuania were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Lithuania, as well as tourism. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Lithuania was regulated by a number of trade treaties and agreements entered into in 1930, 1933, 1935, and 1936. Latvia’s main imports from Lithuania in the interwar period were horses, seed flax, cattle, pigs and piglets, and timber and timber products, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Lithuania were coal, machinery (agricultural and industrial), paper, timber and timber products, rubber goods (including galoshes), cement, as well as radios. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to similarities in their agriculturally based economic structures.

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32

KAYLI, Ya, and V. V. VELIKOROSSOV. "CURRENT STATE AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC COMMERCIAL RELATIONS OF RUSSIA." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 2, no. 6 (2021): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.06.02.021.

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Unsustainable external environment, cyclical and structural risks, pandemic crisis form a new reality, in which the importance of technologies, models and methods of management of foreign economic commercial relations increases. The purpose of the article is to assess the current state and problems of the development of foreign economic commercial relations in Russia. In accordance with the tasks set, the concept and es-sence of foreign economic commercial relations were clarified, the problems of the development of foreign economic commercial relations of Russia were summarized, and the impact of protectionism, innovation and digitalization on the development of international relations and foreign economic relations was revealed.

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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian-Estonian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences Latvia 30, no. 1, 2 (December 20, 2022): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.30.02.

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This paper provides an overview of Latvian-Estonian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Estonia were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Estonia, as well as tourism. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Estonia was regulated by a number of trade treaties and agreements entered into in 1923, 1927, 1928, 1931, 1932, 1935, and 1937. Latvia’s main imports from Estonia in the interwar period were horses, cement, petroleum products from oil shale (including bitumen, crude oil, etc.) – except petrol, petrol, and fabrics (cotton, linen, wool, etc), whilst Latvia’s main exports to Estonia were linoleum, machinery (agricultural and industrial), timber and timber products (including plywood), rubber goods (including galoshes), paints, inks, and paint products, sugar, as well as radios. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to similarities in their agriculturally based economic structures.

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Yahuda, Michael. "The Foreign Relations of Greater China." China Quarterly 136 (December 1993): 687–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000032306.

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Greater China refers in the first instance to the close economic ties of trade, technology transfers and investment that have emerged since the second half of the 1980s linking Taiwan and Hong Kong with the rapid development of southern China. But it also suggests that the economic links are buttressed by familial, social, historical and cultural ties of a peculiarly Chinese kind. These ties and links have developed between different Chinese communities whose political divergences had until recently precluded such a development. Consequently the emergence of Greater China poses new challenges and opportunities to the political identities of its three constituent members and to the conduct of relations between them. Greater China and its possible future trajectory affects and is also affected by the rest of the Asia-Pacific region including the major powers of the United States and Japan as well as those in the immediate vicinity of South-east Asia.

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EFREMOVA, E. I. "AUDIT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4, no. 4 (2021): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.04.028.

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Audit plays an important role and is a control mechanism for further reducing the risks and risks of bank-ruptcy of the enterprise. Currently, one of the most important areas in the activities of any state is foreign economic, which includes export and import relations with external states, which requires detailed control and certain audit procedures. To conduct an audit of this type of activity, it is required to use regulatory and audit procedures and mechanisms that are not used in other industries. This article will discuss the main stages and features of conducting, problems and aspects of regulating the audit of foreign economic activity.

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Karnups, Viesturs Pauls. "Latvian–Norwegian Economic Relations 1918–1940." Humanities and Social Sciences: Latvia 29, no. 1 (June 2021): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/hssl.29.1.03.

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This article provides an overview of Latvian–Norwegian economic relations in the interwar period. In the interwar period, economic relations between Latvia and Norwegian were mainly confined to foreign trade, although there were some investments in Latvia from Norway as well. Latvia declared its independence in 1918, however normal trade with Norway did not commence until 1920 after the end of the Latvian War of Independence. It ended with the occupation of Norway in 1940. Latvia’s foreign trade in relation to Norway was regulated by the 1924 Commercial and Navigation treaty. Latvia’s main imports from Norway in the interwar period were herrings, cotton cloth, agricultural and industrial machinery, treated hides, various types of metals and metal products, animal fats and fish oils, drive-belts, stones and wire, whilst Latvia’s main exports to Norway were butter, meat, plywood, pit-props and boards, thread, linoleum, pulpwood, gypsum, paints and paint products, as well as radios. In general, trade and thus economic relations were of marginal significance to both countries in the interwar period due mainly to similarities in their economic structures and geographical distance.

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Velikorossov, Vladimir V., Kirill O. Anufriev, and Yan Kylie. "COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIA’S FOREIGN ECONOMIC COMMERCIAL RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE CULTURE AND THE INCREASE OF MARKET ENTROPY." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/3, no. 124 (2022): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.04.03.011.

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The article is aimed at analyzing foreign economic commercial relations in Russia in the context of high turbulence of the global market. The purpose of the study is to offer recommendations on the development of foreign economic commercial relations of the region. The article uses methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, analogies, observation, expert, logical, monographic, economic-statistical, computational-constructive and sociological methods. The article analyzes the industry specifics of the formation of foreign economic commercial relations in Russia. An assessment of the peculiarities of foreign economic activity and their foreign economic commercial relations was given. It was concluded that the effectiveness of the development of foreign economic commercial relations depends on the adoption of management decisions at the level of the state, region and enterprise, on the development of strategies, policies, mechanisms for optimizing relations, on the degree of innovation in the management and production of goods and services.

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Halevi, Nadav. "Trade, Aid, and Economic Dependence: The Evolution of Israel's Foreign Economic Relations." Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs 5, no. 1 (January 2011): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2011.11446449.

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Andreyeva, E. L., A. G. Canen, A. V. Ratner, and V. V. Zakharova. "Region Foreign Economic Relations as a Factor of Reindustiralization." R-economy 1, no. 2 (2015): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/recon.2015.2.018.

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Kozlova, G. V. "REGIONAL FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS AS ATTRIBUTE OF REGIONAL ECONOMY." Social - Economic Phenomena and Processes 11, no. 1 (2016): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1819-8813-2016-11-1-26-32.

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DYOMINA, Y. V. "FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF MONGOLIA: CHANGING A KEY PARTNER." World Economy and International Relations 62, no. 8 (August 2018): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2018-62-8-104-109.

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Vokhidova, Mehri. "CHARACTERISTICS OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS OF CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 4, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 82–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2021-9-12.

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This article provides an analysis of the structure of foreign economic relations of Central Asian countries, in particular, the geography and structure of exports and imports. The analysis of the commodity composition of foreign trade of Central Asian countries highlights a number of common features:-The share of mineral resources, fuel and energy resources in the structure of exports of countries is very high, they specialize in these products;-The share of finished and semi-finished products in exports is low and in some countries their share is growing;-Countries have a high share of imports of machinery, equipment and vehicles, as well as components, as well as their increase, and this is directly related to foreign investment;-The share of chemical and chemical products, metals and metal products in the country's imports remains high.Keywords: Central Asia, export, import, foreign trade, export geography, trade partners.

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Portyakov, V. Ya. "Foreign Economic Relations of the People’s Republic of China." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 90, no. 6 (November 2020): 670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331620060076.

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dobson, alan p. "The Export-Import Bank and U.S. Foreign Economic Relations." Diplomatic History 29, no. 2 (April 2005): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.2005.00486.x.

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Chubb, Danielle. "South Korea’s rise: economic development, power and foreign relations." Asian Studies Review 40, no. 2 (March 16, 2016): 313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2016.1156474.

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Vladimir PORTYAKOV. "Foreign Economic Relations of the People's Republic of China." Far Eastern Affairs 47, no. 004 (December 31, 2019): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/fea.56992456.

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Rosenthal, Glenda G. "Review: Europe: Foreign Economic Relations of the European Community." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 47, no. 1 (March 1992): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209204700113.

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Shkolyar, Nikolay. "Mexico: towards a new agenda in foreign economic relations." Latinskaia Amerika, no. 10 (2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0044748x0001038-0.

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Gambarova, R., and S. Gambarova. "DEVELOPMENT DIRECTIONS OF AZERBAIJAN'S FOREIGN TRADE REGULATION." EurasianUnionScientists 7, no. 9(78) (October 30, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/esu.2413-9335.2020.7.78.1026.

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Foreign economic relations include foreign trade, foreign lending and borrowing, attraction of foreign investment, participation in international production cooperation, implementation of joint research programs, etc. is a system of economic relations. The development of national economies of countries trying to build a market system in modern times is closely linked not only with domestic opportunities, but also with the effective use of foreign trade, which is the main form of international economic relations. In this regard, the article shows and analyzes the current state of the country's foreign trade relations.

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Liu, Yifei, and Zhantao Guo. "The importance of foreign economic relations to the economy of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1976." Advances in Education, Humanities and Social Science Research 1, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.56028/aehssr.1.1.139.

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From 1949 to 1976, the economy of the people's republic of China is constantly affected by its foreign economic relations. However, economic historians have been arguing about how vital foreign economic relationship is to China's economy. This paper aims to demonstrate that China’s foreign economic relations were essential to its economy from 1949 to 1976. The Cobb Douglas function will be used to analyse how foreign economic relations influence the Chinese economy. And the Chinese economy’s performance is measured by real GDP per capita and total industrial and agricultural outputs. The importance of foreign economic relations to China’s economy during this period will be assessed firstly by how the Soviet economic conceptions, mainly Stalinist, influenced the Chinese domestic economy. Secondly, by the different trading partners China held and how they affected its economic performance.

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