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Journal articles on the topic 'Scaling'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 October 2024

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1

Llave, Rafael de la, Arturo Olvera, and Nikola P. Petrov. "Universal scalings of universal scaling exponents." Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 40, no. 23 (May 22, 2007): F427—F434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/40/23/f02.

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2

Zota, Cezar B., Lukas Czornomaz, Jean Fompeyrine, and Stefan Abel. "Scaling without scaling." Europhysics News 49, no. 5-6 (September 2018): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epn/2018504.

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Microelectronics is as pervasive as it is invisible. It is however impacting every moment and aspect of our daily lives and has radically transformed all industries. Yet, this adventure began only about 60 years ago, with the first integrated circuits by J. Kilby and R. Noyce.

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3

Deiminiat, Akram, and Li Li. "Experimental Study on the Reliability of Scaling Down Techniques Used in Direct Shear Tests to Determine the Shear Strength of Rockfill and Waste Rocks." CivilEng 3, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng3010003.

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The determination of shear strength parameters for coarse granular materials such as rockfill and waste rocks is challenging due to their oversized particles and the minimum required ratio of 10 between the specimen width (W) and the maximum particle size (dmax) of tested samples for direct shear tests. To overcome this problem, a common practice is to prepare test samples by excluding the oversized particles. This method is called the scalping scaling down technique. Making further modifications on scalped samples to achieve a specific particle size distribution curve (PSDC) leads to other scaling down techniques. Until now, the parallel scaling down technique has been the most popular and most commonly applied, generally because it produces a PSDC parallel and similar to that of field material. Recently, a critical literature review performed by the authors revealed that the methodology used by previous researchers to validate or invalidate the scaling down techniques in estimating the shear strength of field materials is inappropriate. The validity of scaling down techniques remains unknown. In addition, the minimum required W/dmax ratio of 10, stipulated in ASTM D3080/D3080M-11 for direct shear tests, is not large enough to eliminate the specimen size effect (SSE). The authors’ recent experimental study showed that a minimum W/dmax ratio of 60 is necessary to avoid any SSE in direct shear tests. In this study, a series of direct shear tests were performed on samples with different dmax values, prepared by applying scalping and parallel scaling down techniques. All tested specimens had a W/dmax ratio equal to or larger than 60. The test results of the scaled down samples with dmax values smaller than those of field samples were used to establish a predictive equation between the effective internal friction angle (hereafter named “friction angle”) and dmax, which was then used to predict the friction angles of the field samples. Comparisons between the measured and predicted friction angles of field samples demonstrated that the equations based on scalping scaling down technique correctly predicted the friction angles of field samples, whereas the equations based on parallel scaling down technique failed to correctly predict the friction angles of field samples. The scalping down technique has been validated, whereas the parallel scaling down technique has been invalidated by the experimental results presented in this study.

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Crichlow, Camille. "Scaling Up, Scaling Down." A Peer-Reviewed Journal About 12, no. 1 (September 7, 2023): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aprja.v12i1.140433.

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This article explores the shifting perceptual scales of racial epistemology and anti-blackness in predictive policing technology. Following Paul Gilroy, I argue that the historical production of racism and anti-blackness has always been deeply entwined with questions of scale and perception. Where racialisation was once bound to the anatomical scale of the body, Thao Than and Scott Wark’s conceptualisation of “racial formations as data formations” inform insights into the ways in which “race”, or its 21st century successor, is increasingly being produced as a cultivation of post-visual, data-driven abstractions. I build upon analysis of this phenomena in the context of predictive policing, where analytically derived “patrol zones” produce virtual barriers that divide civilian from suspect. Beyond a “garbage in, garbage out” critique, I explore the ways in which predictive policing instils racialisation as an epiphenomenon of data-generated proxies. By way of conclusion, I analyse American Artist’s 21-minute video installation 2015 (2019), which depicts the point of view of a police patrol car equipped with a predictive policing device, to parse the scales upon which algorithmic regimes of racial domination are produced and resisted.

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Carroll, J. Douglas, Paul E. Green, and Catherine M. Schaffer. "Comparing Interpoint Distances in Correspondence Analysis: A Clarification." Journal of Marketing Research 24, no. 4 (November 1987): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400414.

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In a recent JMR article, the authors described and illustrated a correspondence analysis scaling that permitted both within-set and between-set squared distance comparisons. This note clarifies the relationship between the proposed scaling and another scaling (popular among the “French school” of data analysts) in which the diagonal matrix of singular values is applied to both X and Y coordinates. Using a data set from Greenacre, the authors examine conceptual and empirical contrasts among three alternative scalings.

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6

ALBAYRAK SARI, Aylin, and Hülya KELECİOĞLU. "Assessment of Achievement and Growth by Vertical Scaling: Comparison of Vertical Scaling Methods." Journal of Educational Sciences Research 6, no. 2 (October 30, 2016): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12973/jesr.2016.62.2.

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7

Hinrichsen, Don. "Scaling Up by Scaling Down." Nature Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (April 1985): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0485-313.

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8

Xie, Wenda, Ting Shi, Bing Ge, and Shusheng Zang. "Effects of scaling laws on flow and combustion characteristics of lean premixed swirl burners." Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society 6 (December 20, 2022): 343–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33737/jgpps/156121.

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Modern heavy gas turbine combustors are always huge, so it is difficult and costly to do experiment. Thus, geometry scaling method has come into sight. In this paper, based on a single lean premixed swirl burner, validated computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model was used to study the effects of different scaling laws on various scalling models from 1/2 to 1/10. Experimental study on prototype combustor and the 3/5 scale model under full operating condition is also carried out to verify the NOx emission under different laws. Results showed that DaI scaling law was able to maintain good similarity under combustion state when scaling factor = 1/2–1/5, while Re scaling law would bring significant changes on flow and flame characteristics. The emission of NOx is also similar to prototype by using Da<sc>i</sc> law. But Re law could keep flow characteristics under non-combustion state. It is suggested that Dai law is suitable for lean premixed swirl combustor geometry scaling.

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9

Adams, Wendy, John P. Frisby, David Buckley, Jonas Gårding, Stephen D. Hippisley-Cox, and John Porrill. "Pooling of Vertical Disparities by the Human Visual System." Perception 25, no. 2 (February 1996): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p250165.

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Two experiments are described in which the effects of scaling vertical disparities on the perceived amplitudes of dome-shaped surfaces depicted with horizontal disparities were examined. The Mayhew and Longuet-Higgins's theory and the regional-disparity-correction theory of Gar̊ding et al predict that scaling should generate a change in perceived depth appropriate to the viewing distance simulated by the scaled vertical disparities. Significant depth changes were observed, by means of a nulling task in which the vertical-disparity-scaling effect was cancelled by the observer choosing a pattern of horizontal disparities that made the dome-shaped surface appear flat. The sizes of the scaling effects were less than those predicted by either theory, suggesting that other cues to fixation distance such as oculomotor information played an appreciable role. In conditions in which 50% of the texture elements were given one value of vertical-disparity scaling and the remaining 50% were left unscaled, the size of the scaling effect on perceived depth could be accounted for by equally weighted pooling of the vertical-disparity information unless the two scalings were very dissimilar, in which case the lower scaling factor tended to dominate. These findings are discussed in terms of a Hough parameter estimation model of the vertical-disparity-pooling process.

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10

Drennan, William M., Peter K. Taylor, and Margaret J. Yelland. "Parameterizing the Sea Surface Roughness." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 835–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2704.1.

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Abstract The concept of an “equivalent surface roughness” over the ocean is useful in understanding the relation between wind speed (at some height) and the net momentum flux from air to sea. The relative performance of different physics-motivated scalings for this roughness can provide valuable guidance as to which mechanisms are important under various conditions. Recently, two quite different roughness length scalings have been proposed. Taylor and Yelland presented a simple formula based on wave steepness, defined as the ratio of significant wave height to peak wavelength, to predict the surface roughness. A consequence of this formula is that roughness changes due to fetch or duration limitations are small, an order of 10%. The wave steepness formula was proposed as an alternative to the classical wave-age scaling first suggested by Kitaigorodskii and Volkov. Wave-age scaling, in contrast to steepness scaling, predicts order-of-magnitude changes in roughness associated with fetch or duration. The existence of two scalings, with different roughness predictions in certain conditions, has led to considerable confusion among certain groups. At several recent meetings, including the 2001 World Climate Research Program/Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (WCRP/SCOR) workshop on the intercomparison and validation of ocean–atmosphere flux fields, proponents of the two scalings met with the goal of understanding the merits and limitations of each scaling. Here the results of these efforts are presented. The two sea-state scalings are tested using a composite of eight datasets representing a wide range of conditions. In conditions with a dominant wind-sea component, both scalings were found to yield improved estimates when compared with a standard bulk formulation. In general mixed sea conditions, the steepness formulation was preferred over both bulk and wave-age scalings, while for underdeveloped “young” wind sea, the wave-age formulation yields the best results. Neither sea-state model was seen to perform well in swell-dominated conditions where the steepness was small, but the steepness model did better than the wave-age model for swell-dominated conditions where the steepness exceeded a certain threshold.

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11

Chen, Yanlong, Jincheng Fan, Guobin Chang, and Siyu Zhang. "Effect of Nonlinear Baseline Length Constraint on Global Navigation Satellite System Compass: A Theoretical Analysis." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (May 22, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6037841.

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GNSS (global navigation satellite system) compass is a low-cost, high-precision, and temporally stable north-finding technique. While the nonlinear baseline length constraint is widely known to be important in ambiguity resolution of GNSS compass, its direct effect on yaw angle estimation is theoretically analyzed in this work. Four different methods are considered with different ways in which the length constraint is made use of as follows: one without considering the constraints, one with simple scaling, one with indirect statistical scaling, and one with direct statistical scaling. It is found that simple scaling does not have any effect on yaw estimation; indirect and direct statistical scalings are equivalent to each other with both being able to increase the precision. The analysis and the conclusion developed in this work can go in parallel for the case of the tilt angle estimation.

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12

Koblischka, M. R., A. Wiederhold, A. Koblischka-Veneva, and C. Chang. "Pinning Force Scaling Analysis of Polycrystalline MgB2." Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism 33, no. 11 (July 21, 2020): 3333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10948-020-05456-8.

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Abstract Flux pinning force scaling $f=F_{p}/F_{p,\max \limits }$ f = F p / F p , max vs. h = Ha/Hirr was performed on a variety of pure MgB2 samples, including a spark plasma sintered (SPS) one and a series of samples sintered at various reaction temperatures ranging between 775 and 950 ∘C. The SPS sample exhibits a well-developed scaling at all temperatures, and also the sintered samples prepared at 950 ∘C; however, the obtained peak positions of the pinning force scalings are distinctly different: The SPS sample reveals dominating pinning at grain boundaries, whereas the dominating pinning for the other one is point-pinning. All other samples studied reveal an apparent non-scaling of the pinning forces. The obtained pinning parameters are discussed in the framework of the Dew–Hughes’ pinning force scaling approach.

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13

Fell, Harriet J., Viera K. Proulx, and Richard Rasala. "Scaling." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 30, no. 1 (March 1998): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/274790.274323.

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14

Gliessman, Steve. "Scaling-out and scaling-up agroecology." Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 42, no. 8 (June 27, 2018): 841–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1481249.

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15

Maksimović, Srđan. "From scaling sets to scaling functions." Applied and Computational Harmonic Analysis 32, no. 2 (March 2012): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acha.2011.05.002.

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16

Sampaio dos Santos, G., G. Gil da Silveira, and M. V. T. Machado. "A study on the isolated photon production in nuclear collisions at the CERN-LHC energies." Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics 49, no. 4 (March 11, 2022): 045005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ac4948.

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Abstract An analysis of prompt photon production in high energy nuclear collisions at the Large Hadron Collider is performed within the parton saturation picture taking into account the updated phenomenological color dipole models. Comparison between ⟨N coll⟩ scaling for hard scattering in heavy-ion collisions and the N part-scaling based on geometric scaling arguments has been done. The predictions are parameter free in the first case whereas a dependence on the constant of proportionality κ between the number of participants and the nuclear saturation scale appears in the second case. This parameter has been analyzed in the prompt photon spectrum at small transverse momentum even though no fitting procedure was performed. Results are confronted with the measurements made by the ALICE, ATLAS, and CMS experiments in terms of photon transverse momentum at different rapidity bins. We show that the prompt photon production exhibits distinct scalings in AA events associated to geometrical properties of the collision and can be properly addressed in the color dipole formalism. Based on the N part-scaling, an analytical parametrization for the invariant cross section is provided and employed to predict the x T-scaling in measurements. For κ of order of unit the theoretical scaling curve correctly describes data in the range x T ⩽ 5 × 10−2.

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17

Gustafsson, Maiken, Axel Brandenburg, Jean-Louis Lemaire, and David Field. "Probing turbulence in OMC1 at the star forming scale: observations and simulations." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 2, S237 (August 2006): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921307001433.

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AbstractUsing radial velocities of vibrationally excited H2 emission in OMC1 we present the structure functions and the scaling of the structure functions with their order at scales ranging from 70 AU to 30000 AU extending earlier related studies to scales lower by two orders of magnitude. The structure functions for OMC1 show clear deviations from power laws at 1500 AU. The scaling of the higher order structure functions with order deviates from predicted theoretical scalings. Observational results are compared with simulations of supersonic hydrodynamic turbulence. The unusual scaling is explained as a selection effect of preferentially observing the shocked part of the gas. The simulations are unable to reproduce the deviations from power laws of the structure functions.

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18

Zara, Batool, Fareeha Naz, Sohaib Siddique, Aeman Fatima, Feroze Khan, and Beenish Abbas. "Perception of Patients Regarding Dental Scaling and Aesthetics, Attending Dental Care in a Tertiary Care Hospital." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 3 (March 30, 2022): 1138–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs221631138.

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Background: There is no as such previous study that takes a glance on the perceptions of general public regarding effects of scaling. The objective of the study was to disregard the misconceptions about post-scaling sensitivity and tooth mobility, to disregard the belief that scaling’s purpose is to whiten the teeth and to figure out how much awareness is there in our society regarding scaling. There is no information regarding the misunderstanding of dental scaling. This study is conducted on general public in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey conducted via a close ended questionnaire in the twin cities of Pakistan on a random sample of 238 individuals aged from 18 to 60 years age was conducted in April and May 2020. Results: According to the results,72.3% (172/238) participants were females and 27.7% (66/238) were males. More females had received scaling. 21-22 years age group had the highest scaling experience; also education level was related to scaling. About 87.4% (208/238) of the participants had received scaling once in their life, while 12.6% (30/238) had never experienced scaling. Of the subjects with complete data, 47.9% (114/238) got scaling done for teeth whitening, 39.9% (95/238) were advised scaling by their dentists before any procedure (braces, filing) and 12.2% (29/238) to reduce bleeding gums. Of those who had got scaling done, 44.1% (105/238) participants were scared before getting scaling done, 54.2% (129/238) individuals experienced pain and sensitivity during the procedure, 27.3% (65/238) individuals experienced sensitivity before scaling and 72.7% (173/238) had no sensitivity before the procedure. 56.3% (134/238) experienced sensitivity after getting scaling done, and for most of them this sensitivity was relieved within a week after treatment. 46.6% (111/238) individuals were told by their relatives and friends that scaling would increase their pain and loosen their teeth. 71.4% (170/238) patients were informed by their dentist that sensitivity is a normal part of recovery. 93.3% (222/238) patients found the treatment as beneficial and only 6.7% (16/238) marked it harmful. 92% (219/238) patients said that they would recommend scaling to others due to its beneficial effects. Conclusion: This study shows lack of knowledge regarding scaling among general population. The patients should be properly educated about the procedure and its effects, and clear all the misunderstandings, before the procedure. Keywords: Routine scaling and polishing; sensitivity; bleeding; periodontal disease

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19

CAMPOS, PAULO R. A., VIVIANE M. DE OLIVEIRA, and LEONARDO P. MAIA. "EMERGENCE OF ALLOMETRIC SCALING IN GENEALOGICAL TREES." Advances in Complex Systems 07, no. 01 (March 2004): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525904000044.

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We investigate the emergence of power-law scalings in genealogical trees. Especially, we study the topological properties of genealogical trees both in the neutral evolution and the selective evolution. In all instances, we observe that the topologies of these trees are well described by a power-law scaling [Formula: see text], where Ak is the number of nodes which are direct or indirect descendants of node k and Ck=∑jAj where the sum is taken over all nodes that contribute to Ak. This relation is well known in transportation networks as well as in metabolic networks, and it is referred to as allometric scaling. Furthermore, we observe a slight dependence of the scaling exponent η on the intensity of selection.

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20

Schwarz, Daniel, Denise Traber, and Kenneth Benoit. "Estimating Intra-Party Preferences: Comparing Speeches to Votes." Political Science Research and Methods 5, no. 2 (December 21, 2015): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2015.77.

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Well-established methods exist for measuring party positions, but reliable means for estimating intra-party preferences remain underdeveloped. While most efforts focus on estimating the ideal points of individual legislators based on inductive scaling of roll call votes, this data suffers from two problems: selection bias due to unrecorded votes and strong party discipline, which tends to make voting a strategic rather than a sincere indication of preferences. By contrast, legislative speeches are relatively unconstrained, as party leaders are less likely to punish MPs for speaking freely as long as they vote with the party line. Yet, the differences between roll call estimations and text scalings remain essentially unexplored, despite the growing application of statistical analysis of textual data to measure policy preferences. Our paper addresses this lacuna by exploiting a rich feature of the Swiss legislature: on most bills, legislators both vote and speak many times. Using this data, we compare text-based scaling of ideal points to vote-based scaling from a crucial piece of energy legislation. Our findings confirm that text scalings reveal larger intra-party differences than roll calls. Using regression models, we further explain the differences between roll call and text scalings by attributing differences to constituency-level preferences for energy policy.

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21

Zhou, Y., and J. C. Vassilicos. "Related self-similar statistics of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface and the turbulence dissipation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 821 (May 25, 2017): 440–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.262.

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The scalings of the local entrainment velocity$v_{n}$of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface and of the turbulence dissipation rate are closely related to each other in an axisymmetric and self-similar turbulent wake. The turbulence dissipation scaling implied by the Kolmogorov equilibrium cascade phenomenology is consistent with a Kolmogorov scaling of$v_{n}$whereas the non-equilibrium dissipation scaling reported for various turbulent flows in Vassilicos (Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., vol. 47, 2015, pp. 95–114), Dairayet al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 781, 2015, pp. 166–195), Goto & Vassilicos (Phys. Lett. A, vol. 379 (16), 2015, pp. 1144–1148) and Obligadoet al.(Phys. Rev. Fluids, vol. 1 (4), 2016, 044409) is consistent with a different scaling of $v_{n}$. We present results from a direct numerical simulation of a spatially developing axisymmetric and self-similar turbulent wake which supports this conclusion and the assumptions that it is based on.

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22

DATTA, ANIMESH, and ANIL SHAJI. "QUANTUM METROLOGY WITHOUT QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT." Modern Physics Letters B 26, no. 18 (June 17, 2012): 1230010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984912300104.

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We scrutinize the role of quantum entanglement in quantum metrology and discuss recent advances in nonlinear quantum metrology that allow improved scalings of the measurement precision with respect to the available resources. Such schemes can surpass the conventional Heisenberg limited scaling of 1/N of quantum enhanced metrology. Without investing in the preparation of entangled states, we review how systems with intrinsic nonlinearities such as Bose–Einstein condensates and light-matter interfaces can provide improved scaling in single parameter estimation.

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23

JEJJALA, VISHNU, DJORDJE MINIC, Y. JACK NG, and CHIA-HSIUNG TZE. "STRING THEORY AND TURBULENCE." Modern Physics Letters A 25, no. 30 (September 28, 2010): 2541–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732310034109.

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We propose a string theory of turbulence that explains the Kolmogorov scaling in 3+1 dimensions and the Kraichnan and Kolmogorov scalings in 2+1 dimensions. This string theory of turbulence should be understood in light of the AdS/CFT dictionary. Our argument is crucially based on the use of Migdal's loop variables and the self-consistent solutions of Migdal's loop equations for turbulence. In particular, there is an area law for turbulence in 2+1 dimensions related to the Kraichnan scaling.

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24

Glazier, Douglas. "Scaling of Metabolic Scaling within Physical Limits." Systems 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 425–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/systems2040425.

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25

Stolovitzky, G., K. R. Sreenivasan, and A. Juneja. "Scaling functions and scaling exponents in turbulence." Physical Review E 48, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): R3217—R3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.48.r3217.

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26

Faber, M., J. Greensite, and Š. Olejník. "Asymptotic scaling, casimir scaling, and center vortices." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 73, no. 1-3 (March 1999): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)85141-x.

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27

Patrascioiu, A., and E. Seiler. "Scaling, asymptotic scaling and improved perturbation theory." Il Nuovo Cimento A 107, no. 8 (August 1994): 1347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02775773.

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NEFF, PATRIZIO, KWON-IL HONG, and JENA JEONG. "THE REISSNER–MINDLIN PLATE IS THE Γ-LIMIT OF COSSERAT ELASTICITY." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 20, no. 09 (September 2010): 1553–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202510004763.

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The linear Reissner–Mindlin membrane-bending plate model is the rigourous Γ-limit for zero thickness of a linear isotropic Cosserat bulk model with symmetric curvature. For this result we use the natural nonlinear scaling for the displacements u and the linear scaling for the infinitesimal microrotations Ā ∈ 𝔰𝔬(3). We also provide formal calculations for other combinations of scalings by retrieving other plate models previously proposed in the literature by formal asymptotic methods as corresponding Γ-limits. No boundary conditions on the microrotations are prescribed.

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CLARK, T. E., and S. T. LOVE. "ON LOCAL DILATATION INVARIANCE." Modern Physics Letters A 27, no. 30 (September 26, 2012): 1250174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021773231250174x.

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The relationship between local Weyl scaling invariant models and local dilatation invariant actions is critically scrutinized. While actions invariant under local Weyl scalings can be constructed in a straightforward manner, actions invariant under local dilatation transformations can only be achieved in a very restrictive case. The invariant couplings of matter fields to an Abelian vector field carrying a nontrivial scaling weight can be easily built, but an invariant Abelian vector kinetic term can only be realized when the local scale symmetry is spontaneously broken.

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Kobayashi, Yuh, Hideki Takayasu, Shlomo Havlin, and Misako Takayasu. "Robust Characterization of Multidimensional Scaling Relations between Size Measures for Business Firms." Entropy 23, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23020168.

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Although the sizes of business firms have been a subject of intensive research, the definition of a “size” of a firm remains unclear. In this study, we empirically characterize in detail the scaling relations between size measures of business firms, analyzing them based on allometric scaling. Using a large dataset of Japanese firms that tracked approximately one million firms annually for two decades (1994–2015), we examined up to the trivariate relations between corporate size measures: annual sales, capital stock, total assets, and numbers of employees and trading partners. The data were examined using a multivariate generalization of a previously proposed method for analyzing bivariate scalings. We found that relations between measures other than the capital stock are marked by allometric scaling relations. Power–law exponents for scalings and distributions of multiple firm size measures were mostly robust throughout the years but had fluctuations that appeared to correlate with national economic conditions. We established theoretical relations between the exponents. We expect these results to allow direct estimation of the effects of using alternative size measures of business firms in regression analyses, to facilitate the modeling of firms, and to enhance the current theoretical understanding of complex systems.

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James, Francois, Meissa M’Baye, Khawla Msheik, and Duc Nguyen. "A lubrication equation for a simplified model of shear-thinning fluid." ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys 70 (2021): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc/202107010.

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A lubrication equation is obtained for a simplified shear-thinning fluid. The simplified rheology consists of a piecewise linear stress tensor, resulting in a two-viscosity model. This can be interpreted as a modified Bingham fluid, which can be recovered in a specific limit. The lubrication equation is obtained in two steps. First two scalings are performed on the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, namely the long-wave scaling and the slow motion scaling. Second, the resulting equations are averaged along the vertical direction. Numerical illustrations are provided, bringing to light the different possible behaviours.

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Nicol, Poppy. "Pathways to Scaling Agroecology in the City Region: Scaling out, Scaling up and Scaling deep through Community-Led Trade." Sustainability 12, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 7842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12197842.

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Scaling agroecology has the potential to support more sustainable and just food futures. This article investigates a case of community-led trade operating in the city region of London. Drawing upon interviews with stakeholders and practice-based ethnographic fieldwork, challenges and opportunities for agroecology are examined. Three dimensions of scaling agroecology are identified as pathways to sustainable and just food futures in the city region: scaling out, scaling up and scaling deep. Findings suggest scaling out agroecology requires access to secure, affordable land and infrastructure for agroecological communities of practice, alongside investment in capacity building for agroecological communities of practice via learning platforms (such as training programmes) and knowledge exchange (such as farmer-to-farmer and trader-to-trader learning). Second, scaling up agroecology requires transformations in policy, planning and legislation that value and invest in agroecological practices and divest in unsustainable and unjust food systems, supported via translocal networks for exchange of good practice. Third, scaling deep agroecology requires investment both in transformative learning opportunities and networks that support agroecological communities of practices, including those with lived experience of food injustice. Findings have implications for the question regarding scaling agroecology in the city region.

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Saravanankumar P, Sakthi, Mahendran Ellappan, and Mehanathen N. "CPU Resizing Vertical Scaling on Cloud." International Journal of Future Computer and Communication 4, no. 1 (February 2015): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijfcc.2015.v4.355.

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Deiminiat, Akram, Li Li, Feitao Zeng, Thomas Pabst, Paul Chiasson, and Robert Chapuis. "Determination of the Shear Strength of Rockfill from Small-Scale Laboratory Shear Tests: A Critical Review." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8890237.

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Determining the shear strength of rockfill is a key task for the design and stability analysis of rockfill structures. When direct shear tests are performed, the well-established ASTM standard requires that specimen width and thickness must be at least 10 and 6 times the maximum particle size (dmax), respectively. When the value of dmax is very large, performing such tests in laboratory with field rockfill becomes difficult or impossible. Four scaling-down techniques were proposed in the past to obtain a modeled sample excluding oversize particles: scalping, parallel, replacement, and quadratic. It remains unclear which of the four scaling-down techniques yields reliable shear strength of field rockfill. In this paper, an extensive review is presented on existing experimental results to analyze the capacity of each scaling-down technique to determine the field rockfill shear strength. The analyses show that previous researches followed an inappropriate methodology to validate or invalidate a scaling-down technique through a direct comparison between the shear strengths of modeled and field samples. None of the four scaling-down techniques was shown to be able or unable to predict the field rockfill shear strength by extrapolation. The analyses further show that the minimum ratios of specimen size to dmax dictated by well-established standards are largely used but are too small to eliminate the specimen size effect. In most cases, this practice results in shear strength overestimation. The validity or invalidity of scaling-down techniques based on experimental results obtained by using the minimum ratios is uncertain. Recommendations are given for future studies.

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Walundungo, Gloria, Marline Paendong, and Tohap Manurung. "Penggunaan Analisis Multidimensional Scaling Untuk Mengetahui Kemiripan Rumah Makan Di Manado Town Square Berdasarkan Kerakteristik Pelanggan." d'CARTESIAN 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2014): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/dc.3.1.2014.3806.

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Abstract Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a technique that can be used in multiple variables to determine the position of other objects based on similarity assessment. The purpose of this study is to obtain a description of the restaurant and the customers know the similarities between the restaurants as object of research. The result of Multidimensional Scaling map shows that WarungPojok and Solaria restaurant have a same rate in taste of food category due to the distance is near each other. As for the restaurant Bakmi Naga, Ayam Penyet and Kawan Baru have relative position between each other which means the three restaurants unsimillarity. Keywords : Multidimensional Scaling, Mapping, Map Perception, Restaurant . Abstrak Multidimensional Scalling (MDS)merupakan salah satu teknik peubah ganda yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan posisi suatu objek lainnya berdasarkan penilaian kemiripannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh deskripsi pelanggan terhadap rumah makan serta mengetahui kemiripan antara rumah makan yang dijadikan objek penelitian. Hasil dari peta analisis Multidimensional Scaling dapat dilihat bahwa rumah makan Warung Pojok dan Solaria memiliki tingkat kemiripan di cita rasa makanankarena jarak yang saling berdekatan. Sedangkan untuk rumah makan Bakmi Naga, Ayam Penyet dan Kawan Baru menempati posisi relatif saling berjauhan antar satu dengan yang lain yang berarti ketiga rumah makan ini tidak mempunyai kemiripan atau ketakmiripan. Kata kunci : Multidimensional Scaling, Pemetaan, Peta Persepsi, Rumah Makan

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Rastetter, Edward B. "Ecological Scaling." Ecology 74, no. 8 (December 1993): 2470–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939601.

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Gower, J. C., F. Cox, and M. A. A. Cox. "Multidimensional Scaling." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 159, no. 1 (1996): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2983485.

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Jeffers, J. N. R., and Mark L. Davison. "Multidimensional Scaling." Statistician 34, no. 2 (1985): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2988171.

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Luhan, Gregory. "Scaling Intelligence." Technology|Architecture + Design 5, no. 2 (July 3, 2021): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2021.1967048.

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Stone, Rebecca. "Scaling Up." Exchanges: The Interdisciplinary Research Journal 8, no. 4 (August 3, 2021): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/eirj.v8i4.876.

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This reflective article explores the aftermath of the Then & Now project and demonstrates how the Faculty of Arts at the University of Warwick has sought to open up the opportunity to a greater number of students whilst simultaneously retaining the key learning elements of the programme. This piece demonstrates the compromises and challenges inherent in ‘scaling up’ a student intervention of this kind, alongside detailing the opportunities for improvement presented by repeating the engagement opportunity with a new group of students. The article also considers some of the difficulties presented by running the programme during the 2020/21 Covid-19 pandemic and reflects on learning opportunities and future plans.

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Bray, Carys. "Scaling Never." Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 44, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/dialjmormthou.44.4.0176.

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Ryan, Kay. "DYNAMIC SCALING." Yale Review 103, no. 3 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tyr.2015.0059.

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Moradi, Fatemeh, Mikael Wiberg, and Mikael Hansson. "Scaling interaction---." Interactions 25, no. 6 (October 25, 2018): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3274574.

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Paul, Gerald. "Coefficient scaling." Physical Review E 59, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 4847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.59.4847.

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Rastetter, Edward B. "Scaling-up." Ecology 80, no. 1 (January 1999): 354–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0354:su]2.0.co;2.

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Mahajan, Sanjoy. "Scaling exponents." American Journal of Physics 87, no. 12 (December 2019): 947–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/10.0000188.

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Ebert, Christof, and Maria Paasivaara. "Scaling Agile." IEEE Software 34, no. 6 (November 2017): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ms.2017.4121226.

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Zimdahl, Winfried, and Diego Pavón. "Scaling Cosmology." General Relativity and Gravitation 35, no. 3 (March 2003): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1022369800053.

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Lundgren, Thomas S. "Turbulent scaling." Physics of Fluids 20, no. 3 (March 2008): 031301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2870109.

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Greenhalgh, T. "Scaling up." BMJ 325, no. 7365 (September 21, 2002): 665a—665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7365.665/a.

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