Relevant bibliographies by topics / Scalene

Academic literature on the topic 'Scalene'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Scalene"

1

De Troyer, A., M. Cappello, and J. F. Brichant. "Do canine scalene and sternomastoid muscles play a role in breathing?" Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.242.

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To assess the respiratory function of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in the dog, we studied the effect of graded increases in inspiratory airflow resistance and single-breath airway occlusion on the electrical activity of these muscles in 18 supine anesthetized spontaneously breathing animals. The sternomastoids never showed any activity, and the scalenes showed some inspiratory activity during occlusion in only two animals. The adoption of the prone position and bilateral cervical vagotomy did not affect this pattern. Hypercapnia also did not elicit any sternomastoid activity and induced scalene inspiratory activity during occlusion in only four of nine animals. On microscopic examination, however, both muscles were found to contain large numbers of spindles, suggesting that they have the capacity to respond to stretch. In addition, with increases in inspiratory resistance, both the sternum and ribs were displaced in the caudal direction. As a result, the scalenes demonstrated a gradual inspiratory lengthening and the normal inspiratory lengthening of the sternomastoids was accentuated. Additional studies in three unanesthetized animals showed consistent activity in the scalene and sternomastoid muscles during movements of the trunk and neck but no activity during breathing, including occluded breathing. These observations thus indicate that the alpha-motoneurons of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in the dog have very small central respiratory drive potentials with respect to their critical firing threshold. In this animal, these muscles do not have a significant respiratory function.
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2

Takenaga, Tetsuya, Satoshi Takeuchi, Hideki Murakami, Katsumasa Sugimoto, and Masahito Yoshida. "Throwing can Increase the Stiffness of the Scalene Muscle." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00402.

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Objectives: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) has been reported as a set of symptoms due to the compression of the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels in the region of the thoracic outlet1. As a type of TOS, scalenus anticus syndrome involves the compression of the brachial nerves as they pass through the interval surrounded by the anterior and middle scalene muscles, and the first rib bone or cervical rib2. Recently, exercise-induced TOS is becoming more common in athletes, especially for those who perform repetitive overhead and hyperabduction maneuvers with upper limbs, such as baseball players. However, the effect of throwing on the stiffness of the scalene muscles is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantitatively measure the stiffness of the scalene muscles using real-time shear wave elastography (SWE). The stiffness of scalene muscles was hypothesized to increase for the throwing side of baseball players. Methods: Thirty college baseball players (age range 19 to 21 years) were included for this study. Ultrasonic SWE with a 2-10 MHz linear array probe transducer (Aixplorer; SuperSonic Imagine, Aix-en-Provence, France) was used to assess the stiffness of the anterior and middle scalene muscles. Each participant was sited. The measurements were performed in two arm positions; 1) adducted and neutral rotation of the shoulder 2)90 degree of abduction and external rotation of shoulder with elbow flexed to simulate a clinical examination known as Roos test3. In both of the arm positions, the transducer was positioned just superior to the clavicular bone, parallel to its axis. Transducer was moved superiorly and tilted to visualize the superior surfaces of the anterior and middle scalene muscles parallel to the surface of the fifth cervical nerve simultaneously (Figure 1A). In this position, shear wave elastography was performed to measure the elasticity of each scalene muscle as its stiffness. Each muscle was divided into superior and deep areas. In both areas of each muscle, three 3mm-diameter circles were set to measure the elasticities of the scalene muscles and its averaged data in each area was defined as each stiffness (Figure 1B). A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the elasticity of superior and deep areas in anterior and middle scalene muscles in throwing and non-throwing side. Values of p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: For the throwing side, higher stiffness was found in the deep part of the middle scalene muscle compared to the superior and deep parts of the anterior scalene muscle with an adducted and neutrally rotated shoulder (p=0.0433). Moreover, the muscle stiffness was significantly higher in the superior and deep part of the middle scalene muscle than in the superior and deep parts of anterior scalene muscle in an abducted and externally rotated position of shoulder (p =0.00187). Meanwhile, no significant difference was found in the anterior and middle scalene muscles for the non-throwing side in both arm positions. Conclusion: In professional athletes with TOS who experienced surgical treatment, moderate to severe hypertrophy of the anterior scalenus muscles has been reported to be found4. Meanwhile, although the stiffness of the scalene muscles can be also related to the compression on the brachial plexus and on subclavian vessels in the region of the thoracic outlet, its quantitative measurements in the scalene muscles has not been reported. In this study, at throwing side, the muscle stiffness significantly increased in the superior area of middle scalene muscle in throwing side. While no contribution was identified in the scalene muscles at non-throwing side. As a result, repeat throwing motion can increase the stiffness of the middle scalene muscle. As a result, the brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery could be compressed at the interscalene triangle. Throwing athletes with TOS should be treated, considering the stiffness of the middle scalene muscle, even conservative or surgical treatment. Our study was the first study to evaluate the effects of throwing on the stiffness of the scalene muscles in throwing athletes. Repetitive throwing motion can affect the stiffness of middle scalene muscle. Reduction of the middle scalene muscle should be considered to treat throwing athlete who has TOS. [Figure: see text]
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3

Boran, Nurettin, Fulya Kayikçioğrlu, Gokhan Tulunay, and M. Faruk Kose. "Scalene Lymph Node Dissection in Locally Advanced Cervical Carcinoma: Is it Reasonable or Unnecessary?" Tumori Journal 89, no. 2 (March 2003): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030089160308900213.

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Aims and background The aim of this study was to evaluate the routine use of scalene lymph node dissection to determine the degree of disease spread in women with stage IIB-IVA cervical cancer treated at our hospital. Methods and study design Patients with locally advanced cervical carcinoma underwent para-aortic lymph node dissection via the extraperitoneal approach. Patients with clinical evidence of scalene or supraclavicular node metastasis were excluded. If their paraaortic nodes were tumor-positive, patients underwent scalene lymph node dissection. Results Twenty-eight scalene lymph node samplings were performed. Three patients had microscopically positive scalene lymph nodes (10.7%). In one patient the thoracic duct was injured. Conclusion Patients with cervical carcinoma whose only extrapelvic site of metastases is the para-aortic lymph nodes may be eligible for scalene lymph node dissection as part of their pretreatment assessment, especially if extended field radiation is considered.
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Legrand, Alexandre, Melanie Majcher, Emma Joly, Adeline Bonaert, and Pierre Alain Gevenois. "Neuromechanical matching of drive in the scalene muscle of the anesthetized rabbit." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 3 (September 2009): 741–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91320.2008.

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The scalene is a primary respiratory muscle in humans; however, in dogs, EMG activity recorded from this muscle during inspiration was reported to derive from underlying muscles. In the present studies, origin of the activity in the medial scalene was tested in rabbits, and its distribution was compared with the muscle mechanical advantage. We assessed in anesthetized rabbits the presence of EMG activity in the scalene, sternomastoid, and parasternal intercostal muscles during quiet breathing and under resistive loading, before and after denervation of the scalene and after its additional insulation. At rest, activity was always recorded in the parasternal muscle and in the scalene bundle inserting on the third rib (medial scalene). The majority of this activity disappeared after denervation. In the bundle inserting on the fifth rib (lateral scalene), the activity was inconsistent, and a high percentage of this activity persisted after denervation but disappeared after insulation from underlying muscle layers. The sternomastoid was always silent. The fractional change in muscle length during passive inflation was then measured. The mean shortening obtained for medial and lateral scalene and parasternal intercostal was 8.0 ± 0.7%, 5.5 ± 0.5%, and 9.6 ± 0.1%, respectively, of the length at functional residual capacity. Sternomastoid muscle length did not change significantly with lung inflation. We conclude that, similar to that shown in humans, respiratory activity arises from scalene muscles in rabbits. This activity is however not uniformly distributed, and a neuromechanical matching of drive is observed, so that the most effective part is also the most active.
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Legrand, Alexandre, Emmanuelle Schneider, Pierre-Alain Gevenois, and André De Troyer. "Respiratory effects of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 1467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00869.2002.

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Previous studies have shown that in normal humans the change in airway opening pressure (ΔPao) produced by all the parasternal and external intercostal muscles during a maximal contraction is approximately −18 cmH2O. This value is substantially less negative than ΔPao values recorded during maximal static inspiratory efforts in subjects with complete diaphragmatic paralysis. In the present study, therefore, the respiratory effects of the two prominent inspiratory muscles of the neck, the sternomastoids and the scalenes, were evaluated by application of the Maxwell reciprocity theorem. Seven healthy subjects were placed in a computed tomographic scanner to determine the fractional changes in muscle length during inflation from functional residual capacity to total lung capacity and the masses of the muscles. Inflation induced greater shortening of the scalenes than the sternomastoids in every subject. The inspiratory mechanical advantage of the scalenes thus averaged (mean ± SE) 3.4 ± 0.4%/l, whereas that of the sternomastoids was 2.0 ± 0.3%/l ( P < 0.001). However, sternomastoid muscle mass was much larger than scalene muscle mass. As a result, ΔPao generated by a maximal contraction of either muscle would be 3–4 cmH2O, which is about the same as ΔPao generated by the parasternal intercostals in all interspaces.
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Legrand, Alexandre, Vincent Ninane, and André De Troyer. "Mechanical advantage of sternomastoid and scalene muscles in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 5 (May 1, 1997): 1517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.5.1517.

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Legrand, Alexandre, Vincent Ninane, and André De Troyer. Mechanical advantage of sternomastoid and scalene muscles in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(5): 1517–1522, 1997.—Theoretical studies have led to the prediction that the maximal effect of a given respiratory muscle on airway opening pressure (Pao) is the product of muscle mass, the maximal active muscle tension per unit cross-sectional area, and the fractional change in muscle length per unit volume increase of the relaxed chest wall. It has previously been shown that the parasternal intercostals behave in agreement with this prediction (A. De Troyer, A. Legrand, and T. A. Wilson. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 495: 239–246, 1996; A. Legrand, T. A. Wilson, and A. De Troyer. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 2097–2101, 1996). In the present study, we have tested the prediction further by measuring the response to passive inflation and the pressure-generating ability of the sternomastoid and scalene muscles in eight anesthetized dogs. With 1-liter passive inflation, the sternomastoids and scalenes shortened by 2.03 ± 0.17 and 5.98 ± 0.43%, respectively, of their relaxation length ( P < 0.001). During maximal stimulation, the two muscles caused similar falls in Pao. However, the sternomastoids had greater mass such that the change in Pao (ΔPao) per unit muscle mass was −0.19 ± 0.02 cmH2O/g for the scalenes and only −0.07 ± 0.01 cmH2O/g for the sternomastoids ( P < 0.001). After extension of the neck, there was a reduction in both the muscle shortening during passive inflation and the fall in Pao during stimulation. The ΔPao per unit muscle mass was thus closely related to the change in length; the slope of the relationship was 3.1. These observations further support the concept that the fractional changes in length of the respiratory muscles during passive inflation can be used to predict their pressure-generating ability.
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Fournier, Mario, and Michael I. Lewis. "Functional, cellular, and biochemical adaptations to elastase-induced emphysema in hamster medial scalene." Journal of Applied Physiology 88, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1327–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.88.4.1327.

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The scalene has been reported to be an accessory inspiratory muscle in the hamster. We hypothesize that with the chronic loads and/or dynamic hyperinflation associated with emphysema (Emp), the scalene will be actively recruited, resulting in functional, cellular, and biochemical adaptations. Emp was induced in adult hamsters. Inspiratory electromyogram (EMG) activity was recorded from the medial scalene and costal diaphragm. Isometric contractile and fatigue properties were evaluated in vitro. Muscle fibers were classified histochemically and immunohistochemically. Individual fiber cross-sectional areas (CSA) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were determined quantitatively. Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms were identified by SDS-PAGE, and their proportions were determined by scanning densitometry. All Emp animals exhibited spontaneous scalene inspiratory EMG activity during quiet breathing, whereas the scalene muscles of controls (Ctl) were silent. There were no differences in contractile and fatigue properties of the scalene between Ctl and Emp. In Emp, the relative amount of MHC2Awas 15% higher whereas that of MHC2X was 14% lower compared with Ctl. Similarly, the proportion of type IIa fibers increased significantly in Emp animals with a concomitant decrease in IIx fibers. CSA of type IIx fibers were significantly smaller in Emp compared with Ctl. SDH activities of all fiber types were significantly increased by 53 to 63% in Emp. We conclude that with Emp the actively recruited scalene exhibits primary-like inspiratory activity in the hamster. Adaptations of the scalene with Emp likely relate both to increased loads and to factors intrinsic to muscle architecture and chest mechanics.
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Estenne, M., M. Gorini, A. Van Muylem, V. Ninane, and M. Paiva. "Rib cage shape and motion in microgravity." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 946–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.946.

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We studied the effect of microgravity (0 Gz) on the anteroposterior diameters of the upper (URC-AP) and lower (LRC-AP) rib cage, the transverse diameter of the lower rib cage (LRC-TR), and the xiphipubic distance and on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the scalene and parasternal intercostal muscles in five normal subjects breathing quietly in the seated posture. Gastric pressure was also recorded in four subjects. At 0 Gz, end-expiratory LRC-AP and xiphipubic distance increased but LRC-TR invariably decreased, as did end-expiratory gastric pressure. No consistent effect was observed on tidal LRC-TR and xiphipubic displacements, but tidal changes in URC-AP and LRC-AP were reduced. Although scalene and parasternal phasic inspiratory EMG activity tended to decrease at 0 Gz, both muscle groups demonstrated an increase in tonic activity. We conclude that during brief periods of weightlessness 1) the rib cage at end expiration is displaced in the cranial direction and adopts a more circular shape, 2) the tidal expansion of the ventral rib cage is reduced, particularly in its upper portion, and 3) the scalenes and parasternal intercostals generally show a decrease in phasic inspiratory EMG activity and an increase in tonic activity.
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Nguyen, Vuvi H., Hao (Howe) Liu, Armando Rosales, and Rustin Reeves. "A Cadaveric Investigation of the Dorsal Scapular Nerve." Anatomy Research International 2016 (August 15, 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4106981.

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Compression of the dorsal scapular nerve (DSN) is associated with pain in the upper extremity and back. Even though entrapment of the DSN within the middle scalene muscle is typically the primary cause of pain, it is still easily missed during diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to document the DSN’s anatomy and measure the oblique course it takes with regard to the middle scalene muscle. From 20 embalmed adult cadavers, 23 DSNs were documented regarding the nerve’s spinal root origin, anatomical route, and muscular innervations. A transverse plane through the laryngeal prominence was established to measure the distance of the DSN from this plane as it enters, crosses, and exits the middle scalene muscle. Approximately 70% of the DSNs originated from C5, with 74% piercing the middle scalene muscle. About 48% of the DSNs supplied the levator scapulae muscle only and 52% innervated both the levator scapulae and rhomboid muscles. The average distances from a transverse plane at the laryngeal prominence where the DSN entered, crossed, and exited the middle scalene muscle were 1.50 cm, 1.79 cm, and 2.08 cm, respectively. Our goal is to help improve clinicians’ ability to locate the site of DSN entrapment so that appropriate management can be implemented.
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Farkas, G. A., and D. F. Rochester. "Contractile characteristics and operating lengths of canine neck inspiratory muscles." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.1.220.

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The neck inspiratory muscles are recruited to support breathing under numerous conditions. To gain insight into their synergistic actions we examined the isometric contractile properties of bundles from canine scalene and sternomastoid muscles. In addition, we also related the length of the neck muscles, measured sonomicrometrically in vivo at different lung volumes and body positions, to their optimal force-producing length (Lo) determined in vitro. We found that the speed of the sternomastoid is somewhat faster than that of the scalene owing to a shorter relaxation rate; the sternomastoid generates higher forces at submaximal stimulation frequencies than the scalene; the maximal tetanic force corrected for cross-sectional area is the same for both neck muscles; the neck muscles are significantly faster than the canine costal diaphragm; at supine functional residual capacity (FRC), the scalene is operating at a length corresponding to 85% Lo, whereas the sternomastoid is significantly shorter at 75% Lo; increasing lung volume shortens both muscles slightly, the length at supine total lung capacity being approximately 5% shorter than at FRC; and in the upright posture, both neck muscles lengthen toward their Lo, with the sternomastoid lengthening more than the scalene. We conclude that the scalene is a more effective force generator than the sternomastoid with the animal lying supine; the neck muscles appear to maintain their force-generating potential regardless of the lung volume; and the force-generating potential of the neck muscles is greatly enhanced with the animal in the upright vs. the supine position. This may contribute to the augmented rib cage motion characteristic of breathing in the upright posture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scalene"

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Saboisky, Julian Peter Clinical School Prince of Wales Hospital Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "Neural drive to human respiratory muscles." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Clinical School - Prince of Wales Hospital, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/42792.

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This thesis addresses the organisation of drive to human upper airway and inspiratory pump muscles. The characterisation of single motor unit activity is important as the discharge frequency or timing of discharge of each motor unit directly reflects the output of single motoneurones. Thus, the firing properties of a population of motor units is indicative of the neural drive to the motoneurone pool. The experiments presented in Chapter 2 measured the recruitment time of five inspiratory pump muscles (diaphragm, scalene, second parasternal intercostal, and third and fifth dorsal external intercostal muscles) during normal quiet breathing and quantified the timing and magnitude of drive reaching each muscle. Chapter 3 examined the EMG activity of a major upper airway muscle (the genioglossus). The single motor units of the genioglossus display activity that can be grouped into six types based on its association or lack of association with respiration. The types of activity are termed: Inspiratory Phasic, Inspiratory Tonic, Expiratory Phasic, Expiratory Tonic, Tonic, and Tonic Other. A new method is presented in Chapter 4 to illustrate large amounts of data from single motor units recorded from respiratory muscles in a concise manner. This single figure displays for each motor unit, the recruitment time and firing frequency, the peak discharge frequency and its time, and the derecruitment time and its frequency. This method, termed the time-and-frequency plot, is used to demonstrate differences in behaviour between populations of diaphragm (Chapter 2) and genioglossus (Chapter 3) motoneurones. In Chapter 5, genioglossus activity during quiet breathing is compared between a group of patients with severe OSA and healthy control subjects. The distribution of central drive is identical between the OSA and control subjects with the same proportion of the six types of motor unit activity in both groups. However, there are alterations in the onset time of Inspiratory Phasic and Inspiratory Tonic motor units in OSA subjects and their peak discharge rates are also altered. Single motor unit action potentials in OSA subjects showed an increased area. This suggests the presence of neurogenic changes and may provide a pathophysiological explanation for the increased multiunit electromyographic activity reported in OSA subjects during wakefulness.
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Pokorny, Andrew. "Chord-Specific Scalar Material in Classical Music: An Adaptation of Jazz Chord-Scale Theory." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18443.

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Jazz chord-scale theory identifies scales that can be used to embellish a particular type of chord. It has fostered the notion that chords can generate their own local scales. This idea as well as many of the scale types that jazz chord-scale theory identifies are essentially foreign to classical music theory, which instead tends to focus on the scales that represent relatively global key areas--that is, the scales that accommodate entire chord successions. Both the jazz and classical perspectives can coexist, and each can inform and supplement the other. This study explores implications of the jazz chord-scale perspective for classical music and classical music theory. The scalar notes and intervals that embellish a particular chord are referred to as chord-specific scalar material (CSSM). Following the suggestion of jazz chord-scale theory and Ramon Satyendra's chord spaces, each chordal zone can exhibit its own local tonal hierarchy potentially consisting of a local tonic note (usually a chord root), chordal notes and intervals, scalar notes and intervals, and sub-scalar notes and intervals. Focusing particularly on the scalar level of these chord-specific tonal hierarchies, CSSM is a relatively foreground phenomenon that can be understood against the backdrop of a deeper, uninterrupted scalar space that is associated with the key of the passage at hand. A chord succession can occupy the deeper scalar space while each chord is embellished with CSSM suggestive of potentially different local scalar spaces. This study considers examples of CSSM spanning the music of Bach through Fauré, and it proposes a classification of four general types of CSSM found in classical repertoire. Each type suggests a different theoretical derivation for examples of CSSM, and each type has its own implications for tonal function (both locally and globally), coherence, and color. The fourth type apparently did not emerge until the Romantic era. Special attention is given to CSSM in the music of Gabriel Fauré, who seemingly developed rather innovative CSSM techniques. Practical benefits of this theoretical approach for today's composers, improvisers, and performers are also considered. Various techniques for generating CSSM are offered, and further scalar possibilities are explored.
2016-09-29
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Carapezzi, Stefania <1970&gt. "Scaled down physical properties of semiconductor nanowires for nanoelectronics scaling up." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6222/.

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Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) are one- or quasi one-dimensional systems whose physical properties are unique as compared to bulk materials because of their nanoscaled sizes. They bring together quantum world and semiconductor devices. NWs-based technologies may achieve an impact comparable to that of current microelectronic devices if new challenges will be faced. This thesis primarily focuses on two different, cutting-edge aspects of research over semiconductor NW arrays as pivotal components of NW-based devices. The first part deals with the characterization of electrically active defects in NWs. It has been elaborated the set-up of a general procedure which enables to employ Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) to probe NW arrays’ defects. This procedure has been applied to perform the characterization of a specific system, i.e. Reactive Ion Etched (RIE) silicon NW arrays-based Schottky barrier diodes. This study has allowed to shed light over how and if growth conditions introduce defects in RIE processed silicon NWs. The second part of this thesis concerns the bowing induced by electron beam and the subsequent clustering of gallium arsenide NWs. After a justified rejection of the mechanisms previously reported in literature, an original interpretation of the electron beam induced bending has been illustrated. Moreover, this thesis has successfully interpreted the formation of NW clusters in the framework of the lateral collapse of fibrillar structures. These latter are both idealized models and actual artificial structures used to study and to mimic the adhesion properties of natural surfaces in lizards and insects (Gecko effect). Our conclusion are that mechanical and surface properties of the NWs, together with the geometry of the NW arrays, play a key role in their post-growth alignment. The same parameters open, then, to the benign possibility of locally engineering NW arrays in micro- and macro-templates.
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Lewis, Gregory. "The scale invariant generator technique and scaling anisotropy in geophysics /." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68198.

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Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the use of scale invariance in the study of geophysical fields. However, very little attention has been paid to the anisotropy that is invariably present in these fields, in the form of stratification, differential rotation, texture and morphology. In order to account for scaling anisotropy, the formalism of Generalized Scale Invariance (GSI) was developed. Until now, only a single analysis technique has been developed which incorporates this formalism and which can be used to study the differential rotation of fields.
Using a two-dimensional representation of the linear approximation to GSI, a new, greatly improved, technique for quantifying anisotropic scale invariance in geophysical fields is developed: the Scale Invariant Generator technique (SIG).
The ability of the technique to yield valid estimates is tested by performing the analysis on multifractal (scale invariant) simulations. It was found that SIG yields reasonable estimates for fields with a diversity of anisotropic and statistical characteristics. The analysis is also performed on three satellite cloud radiances and three sea ice SAR reflectivities to test the applicability of the technique. SIG also produced reasonable estimates in these cases.
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Gartenburg, Michael A. "Scale and TDOA estimation using signal heterodyning and wavelet scaling." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0005/MQ44842.pdf.

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Rossmanith, Eva, Niels Blaum, Manfred Keil, F. Langerwisch, Jork Meyer, Alexander Popp, Michael Schmidt, et al. "Scaling up local population dynamics to regional scales : an integrated approach : [Poster]." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://www.uni-potsdam.de/imaf/events/ge_work0602.html.

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In semi-arid savannas, unsustainable land use can lead to degradation of entire landscapes, e.g. in the form of shrub encroachment. This leads to habitat loss and is assumed to reduce species diversity. In BIOTA phase 1, we investigated the effects of land use on population dynamics on farm scale. In phase 2 we scale up to consider the whole regional landscape consisting of a diverse mosaic of farms with different historic and present land use intensities. This mosaic creates a heterogeneous, dynamic pattern of structural diversity at a large spatial scale. Understanding how the region-wide dynamic land use pattern affects the abundance of animal and plant species requires the integration of processes on large as well as on small spatial scales. In our multidisciplinary approach, we integrate information from remote sensing, genetic and ecological field studies as well as small scale process models in a dynamic region-wide simulation tool.


Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Musterdynamik und Angewandte Fernerkundung
Workshop vom 9. - 10. Februar 2006.
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Mohammed, Abdulwasey. "Scaling up of peatland methane emission hotspots from small to large scales." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15772.

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Methane is an important greenhouse gas that is relatively long-lived in the atmosphere, and wetlands are a major natural source of atmospheric methane. Methane emissions from wetlands are variable across both space and time at scales ranging from meters to continents and a comprehensive accounting of wetland methane efflux is critical for quantifying the atmospheric methane balance. Major uncertainties in quantifying methane efflux arise when measuring and modelling its physical and biological determinants, including water table depth, microtopography, soil temperature, the distribution of aerenchymous vegetation, and the distribution of mosses. Further complications arise with the nonlinear interaction between flux and derivers in highly-heterogeneous wetland landscape. A possible solution for quantifying wetland methane efflux at multiple scales in space (‘upscaling’) is repeated observations using remote sensing technology to acquire information about the land surface across time, space, and spectra. These scaling issues must be resolved to progress in our understanding of the role of wetlands in the global atmospheric methane budget from peatlands. In this thesis, data collected from multiple aircraft and satellite-based remote sensing platforms were investigated to characterize the fine scale spatial heterogeneity of a peatland in southwestern Scotland for the purpose of developing techniques for quantifying (‘upscaling’) methane efflux at multiple scales and space. Seasonal variation in pools such as expansion and contraction was simulated with the LiDAR data to investigate the expansion and contraction of the lakes and pools that could give an idea of increase or decrease in methane emissions. Concepts from information theory applied on the different data sets also revealed the relative loss in some features on peatland surface and relative gain on others and find a natural application for reducing bias in multi-scale spatial classification as well as quantifying the length scales (or scales) at which important surface features for methane fluxes are lost. Results from the wavelet analysis demonstrated the preservation of fine scale heterogeneity up to certain length scale and the pattern on peatland surface was preserved. Variogram techniques were also tested to determine sample size, range and orientation in the data set. All the above has implications on estimating methane budget from the peatland landscape and could reduce the bias in the overall flux estimates. All the methods used can also be applied to contrasting sites.
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Miller, W. B. "Localization of Reserve Remobilization During Scalet Formation on Lilium longiflorum Scales." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216050.

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When Lilium longiflorum bulb scales we removed and placed in a moist environment, new bulbs ("scalets") arise from the base of the original scale, providing a practical means of clonal propagation. To determine which region of the scale is responsible for the early development of the new scalet, investigations were conducted on the localization of stanch hydrolysis and accumulation of soluble sugars in basal distal and central regions. Over a six week period starch concentration decreases initially in the distal regions, followed by the central region. Soluble sugars increased in distal areas over this same time period These findings indicate the distal regions of a lily scale are important in the early development of the new scalet, in contrast to the adjacen4 basal region.
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Christidis, Konstantinos. "Characterisation and monitoring of mineral deposits in down-hole petroleum pipelines." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325400.

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Das, Narendra Narayan. "Modeling and application of soil moisture at varying spatial scales with parameter scaling." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2877.

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Books on the topic "Scalene"

1

Oltman, Philip K. Developing homogeneous TOEFL scales by multidimensional scaling. Princeton, N.J: Educational Testing Service, 1991.

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Doherty, Victor W. Scaled curriculum achievement levels test (SCALE) manual. Los Angeles, Calif. (12031 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles 90025-1251): Western Psychological Services, 1992.

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The psychoeducational use and interpretation of the Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised. 2nd ed. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1995.

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Nowak, Stanisław. Życie scalone. Warszawa: Nowy Świat, 2002.

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A, Holdnack James, and Hilsabeck Robin C, eds. Essentials of WMS-IV assessment. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011.

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Charupakorn, Joe. Ultimate guitar scale decoder: Essential scales and modes for guitar. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard, 2014.

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Stillman, Robert D. Callier-Azusa scale: Scales for the assessment of communicative abilities. Dallas, Tex: University of Texas at Dallas, Callier Center for Communication Disorders, 1985.

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Bussiere, Colin. Intensity scale invariant motion estimation with rotation and spatial scaling information. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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Truch, Stephen. The WISC-IV companion: A guide to interpretation and educational intervention. Austin, Tex: PRO-ED, 2005.

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Bas, Vodde, ed. Scaling lean & agile development: Thinking and organizational tools for large- scale Scrum. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Addison-Wesley, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Scalene"

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Champion, Howard R., Nova L. Panebianco, Jan J. De Waele, Lewis J. Kaplan, Manu L. N. G. Malbrain, Annie L. Slaughter, Walter L. Biffl, et al. "Anterior Scalene Syndrome." In Encyclopedia of Intensive Care Medicine, 191. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00418-6_1125.

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Rami-Porta, Ramón, Juan Carlos Trujillo-Reyes, and Roser Saumench-Perramon. "Scalene Fat Pad Biopsy." In The Transcervical Approach in Thoracic Surgery, 3–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54565-8_1.

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Babar, Syed Maqbool Ahmad. "Sternomastoid and Scalene Muscular Injuries." In Neck Injuries, 92–93. London: Springer London, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0787-3_22.

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Curtin, Daniel J. "Euler’s Work on the Surface Area of Scalene Cones." In Proceedings of the Canadian Society for History and Philosophy of Mathematics/ Société canadienne d’histoire et de philosophie des mathématiques, 59–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90983-7_4.

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Jordan, Sheldon E. "Scalene Test Blocks in Patients with Possible Neurogenic TOS." In Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 125–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55073-8_13.

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Jordan, Sheldon E. "Scalene Test Blocks and Interventional Techniques in Patients with TOS." In Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, 133–42. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4366-6_20.

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Pinna, Baingio, and Marco E. Tabacchi. "A Fuzzy Approach to the Role of Symmetry in Shape Formation: The Illusion of the Scalene Triangle." In Fuzzy Logic and Applications, 197–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02282-1_25.

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WU, JIANGUO, and HARBIN LI. "CONCEPTS OF SCALE AND SCALING." In SCALING AND UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS IN ECOLOGY, 3–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4663-4_1.

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Uludağ, Ömer, Abheeshta Putta, Maria Paasivaara, and Florian Matthes. "Evolution of the Agile Scaling Frameworks." In Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, 123–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78098-2_8.

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AbstractOver the past decade, agile methods have become the favored choice for projects undertaken in rapidly changing environments. The success of agile methods in small, co-located projects has inspired companies to apply them in larger projects. Agile scaling frameworks, such as Large Scale Scrum and Scaled Agile Framework, have been invented by practitioners to scale agile to large projects and organizations. Given the importance of agile scaling frameworks, research on those frameworks is still limited. This paper presents our findings from an empirical survey answered by the methodologists of 15 agile scaling frameworks. We explored (i) framework evolution, (ii) main reasons behind their creation, (iii) benefits, and (iv) challenges of adopting these frameworks. The most common reasons behind creating the frameworks were improving the organization’s agility and collaboration between agile teams. The most commonly claimed benefits included enabling frequent deliveries and enhancing employee satisfaction, motivation, and engagement. The most mentioned challenges were using frameworks as cooking recipes instead of focusing on changing people’s culture and mindset.
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Prosser, Julie L., and Lee A. Rosén. "Marital Attitude Scale/The Marital Scales." In Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15877-8_398-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Scalene"

1

Zhou, Zhefu, Hua Yan, and Hongcheng Yin. "High Frequency RCS Representation of Trihedral Corner Reflectors with Scalene Triangle Aperture." In 2015 IEEE 12th Intl. Conf. on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing, 2015 IEEE 12th Intl. Conf. on Autonomic and Trusted Computing and 2015 IEEE 15th Intl. Conf. on Scalable Computing and Communications and its Associated Workshops (UIC-ATC-ScalCom). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uic-atc-scalcom-cbdcom-iop.2015.295.

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Hudson, Anna L., Janet L. Taylor, Ashima Anand, Simon C. Gandevia, and Jane E. Butler. "Excitability Of Motor Cortical Output To Human Scalene Muscles Is Altered By Lung Volume." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a5286.

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Carranza, Richard G. "A Dynamic Heat Transfer Analysis of a Three Sided Pyramidal Fin of Scalene Triangular Cross-Sectional Area." In ASME 2008 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the Fluids Engineering, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2008-56011.

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A dynamic analysis is performed on a three sided pyramidal fin of scalene triangular cross-sectional area (from here on referred to as a TSPSCA). Finite differences are used to solve the governing equation and produce a temperature profile throughout the TSPSCA as a function of time. Dimensionless variables are used. The characteristics of the temperature profile throughout the TSPSCA as a function of time are dependent upon a dimensionless parameter: the thermal conductance due to convection per the thermal conductance due to conduction. It is assumed that the temperature of the fin is homogenous and equal to the temperature of the convecting fluid at time equal zero. The results show that when the conductance ratio is high, the fin temperature profile reaches steady-state quickly; and that the temperatures through the fin deviate greatly from the fin base. Conversely, as this ratio falls in magnitude, the temperature throughout the fin at steady-state approaches the temperature of the fin base; and is slower to reach steady-state.
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Zhu, X. P., M. R. Liang, Z. H. Yan, and D. N. Huang. "Treatment of 33 cases of anterior scalene muscle syndrome in the area of cervical transverse processes by electro-acupuncture plus tuina." In 2012 International Conference on System Simulation (ICUSS 2012). IET, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2012.0540.

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Lake, L. W. "Scales, Scaling and Scale-Up." In IOR 2005 - 13th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.12.c25.

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Niguse, Yonas G., and Ajay K. Agrawal. "Low Emission, Liquid Fuel Combustion System for Conventional and Alternative Fuels Developed by the Scaling Analysis." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43889.

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The objective of this study is to develop a theoretical basis for scalability considerations and design of a large scale combustor utilizing flow blurring (FB) atomization. FB atomization is a recently discovered twin-fluid atomization concept, reported to produce fine spray of liquids with wide range of viscosities. Previously, we have developed and investigated a small scale swirl-stabilized combustor of 7-kWth capacity. Spray measurements have shown that the FB injector’s atomization capability is superior when compared to other techniques, such as air blast atomization. However, despite these favorable results, scalability of the FB injector and associated combustor design has never been explored for large capacity, for example, for gas turbine applications. In this study, a number of dimensionless scaling parameters that affect the processes of atomization, fuel-air mixing, and combustion are analyzed, and scaling criteria for the different components of the combustion system are selected. Constant velocity criterion is used to scale key geometric components of the system. Scaling of the nonlinear dimensions and complex geometries, such as swirler vanes and internal parts of the injector is undertaken through phenomenological analysis of the flow processes associated with the scaled component. A scaled up 60-kWth capacity combustor with FB injector is developed and investigated for combustion performance using diesel and vegetable oil (soybean oil) as fuels. Results show that the scaled-up injector’s performance is comparable to the smaller scale system in terms of flame quality, emission levels, and static flame stability. Visual flame images at different air to liquid ratio by mass (ALR) show mainly blue flames, especially for ALR > 2.8. Emission measurements show a general trend of lower CO and NOx levels at higher ALRs, replicating the performance of the small scale combustion system. Flame liftoff height at different ALRs is similar for both scales. The scaled-up combustor with FB injector preformed robustly with uncompromised stability for the range of firing rates above 50% of the design capacity. Experimental results corroborate with the scaling methodology developed in this research.
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Kobayashi, Hisato. "System for scaled teleoperation: time-scaling problems." In Applications in Optical Science and Engineering, edited by Hari Das. SPIE, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.142126.

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Ma, Yan, and Guang Xi. "Effects of Reynolds Number and Heat Transfer on Scaling of a Centrifugal Compressor Impeller." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-23372.

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In this paper, the influence of Reynolds number and heat transfer on scaling of a small scale centrifugal compressor impeller was investigated. The flow solver EURANUS, integrated in the FINE/Turbo interface, was used in the numerical simulation. With the application of the similarity principle, the baseline impeller was scaled with a factor of 1/5 and 5 respectively. Using the baseline impeller as reference, an exponential relation between efficiency loss and Reynolds number was used in this study. By comparing Reynolds exponent n of the scaled-up and the scaled-down impellers under adiabatic wall condition, the effect of Reynolds number on scaling of this small scale impeller was studied. The effect of heat transfer was investigated by comparing the results under two different wall conditions (isothermal and adiabatic). This work provides general guidelines for performing scaling designs for small scale centrifugal impellers.
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Henderson, Tristan, and Fehmi Ben Abdesslem. "Scaling measurement experiments to planet-scale." In the 1st ACM International Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1651428.1651436.

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Jin, Yuyang, Haojie Wang, Teng Yu, Xiongchao Tang, Torsten Hoefler, Xu Liu, and Jidong Zhai. "SCALANA: Automating Scaling Loss Detection with Graph Analysis." In SC20: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sc41405.2020.00032.

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Reports on the topic "Scalene"

1

Riley, Brad. Scaling up: Renewable energy on Aboriginal lands in north west Australia. Nulungu Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32613/nrp/2021.6.

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This paper examines renewable energy developments on Aboriginal lands in North-West Western Australia at three scales. It first examines the literature developing in relation to large scale renewable energy projects and the Native Title Act (1993)Cwlth. It then looks to the history of small community scale standalone systems. Finally, it examines locally adapted approaches to benefit sharing in remote utility owned networks. In doing so this paper foregrounds the importance of Aboriginal agency. It identifies Aboriginal decision making and economic inclusion as being key to policy and project development in the 'scaling up' of a transition to renewable energy resources in the North-West.
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Araujo, María Caridad, Marta Rubio-Codina, and Norbert Schady. 70 to 700 to 70,000: Lessons from the Jamaica Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003210.

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This document compares three versions of the same home visiting model, the well-known Jamaica model, which was gradually scaled-up from an efficacy trial (proof of concept) in Jamaica, to a pilot in Colombia, to an at-scale program in Peru. It first describes the design, implementation and impacts of these three programs. Then, it analyzes the threats to scalability in each of these experiences and discusses how they could have affected program outcomes, with a focus on three of the elements of the economic model of scaling in Al-Ubaydli, et al. (Forthcoming): appropriate statistical inference, properties of the population, and properties of the situation. The document reflects on the lessons learned to mitigate the threats to scalability and on how research and evaluation can be better aligned to facilitate and support the scaling-up process of early child development interventions. It points out those attributes that interventions must maintain to ensure effectiveness at scale. Similarly, political support is also identified as indispensable.
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Piepel, Gregory F., Aimee E. Holmes, Alejandro Heredia-Langner, Kearn P. Lee, and Steven E. Kelly. Scaling Relationships Based on Scaled Tank Mixing and Transfer Test Results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1118108.

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Piepel, Gregory F., Aimee E. Holmes, and Alejandro Heredia-Langner. Scaling Relationships Based on Scaled Tank Mixing and Transfer Test Results. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1097939.

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Wells, Beric E., James A. Fort, Phillip A. Gauglitz, David R. Rector, and Philip P. Schonewill. Preliminary Scaling Estimate for Select Small Scale Mixing Demonstration Tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1105103.

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Wang, Lin-Wang, Zhengji Zhao, and Juan Meza. Linear Scaling 3D Fragment Method for Large-Scale ElectronicStructure Calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/918121.

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Chang, A. Scaling Law for Cloud-Rise Velocity vs. Scaled Height of Burst (SHOB). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1658701.

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Albert, Walter G., William J. Phalen, David M. Selander, Martin J. Dittmar, and Ian F. Rouse. Large-Scale Laboratory Test of Occupational Survey Software and Scaling Procedures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada417281.

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Zhao, Zhengji, Juan Meza, Byounghak Lee, Hongzhang Shan, Erich Strohmaier, David Bailey, and Lin-Wang Wang. The linearly scaling 3D fragment method for large scale electronic structure calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/979800.

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Saltman, A. The Scaling of the No Scale Potential and de Sitter Model Building. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/826752.

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