Journal articles: 'Scale'

1

Atik, Derya, and Ayşe İnel Manav. "A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY: BRAIN FOG SCALE." PSYCHIATRIA DANUBINA 35, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2023.73.

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Landreneau, Eric, and Scott Schaefer. "Scales and Scale-like Structures." Computer Graphics Forum 29, no. 5 (September 21, 2010): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01774.x.

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Beaton, Albert E., and Nancy L. Allen. "Interpreting Scales Through Scale Anchoring." Journal of Educational Statistics 17, no. 2 (1992): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1165169.

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Jenkins, Stephen P., and Frank A. Cowell. "Parametric Equivalence Scales and Scale Relativities." Economic Journal 104, no. 425 (July 1994): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234983.

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Cloft, H. J., and D. F. Kallmes. "Scaling Back on Scales with a Scale of Scales." American Journal of Neuroradiology 32, no. 2 (December 23, 2010): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a2432.

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Brunell, Amy B., and Melissa T. Buelow. "Homogenous scales of narcissism: Using the psychological entitlement scale, interpersonal exploitativeness scale, and narcissistic grandiosity scale to study narcissism." Personality and Individual Differences 123 (March 2018): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.029.

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7

Laing, R. A. "Large-Scale Structure: Jets on kiloparsec Scales." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 175 (1996): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900080360.

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This paper examines some of the consequences of the hypothesis that jets in all radio galaxies and quasars are relativistic on small scales, in the sense that the flow velocity >0.5c. This idea is suggested by a number of lines of evidence. Firstly, Unified Models (Urry & Padovani, 1995) imply that the relativistic motion required in core-dominated objects must also occur in a larger parent population consisting of most, if not all, extended sources. Secondly, superluminal motion is detected in the nuclei of extended sources and in the kpc-scale jet of M 87 (Hough, 1994; Biretta, Zhou & Owen, 1995). Thirdly, jets are one-sided in the same sense on pc and kpc scales; at all luminosities, the radio emission tends to become more symmetrical on larger scales, as expected if an initially relativistic flow decelerates (Bridle & Perley, 1984; Bridle et al., 1994a; Parma et al., 1994). Finally, depolarization asymmetry occurs in both low (Parma, de Ruiter & Fanti, 1996) and high (Laing, 1988; Garrington et al., 1988) luminosity sources: the implication is that the brighter jet is on the near side of the source. It is likely that the key difference between radio sources in the two morphological classes defined by Fanaroff & Riley (1974) are that relativistic flow persists to the extremities of FRII sources, but that FRI jets decelerate smoothly on intermediate scales (Laing, 1993; Bicknell, 1995). On kiloparsec scales, we can identify structures which we propose should be called fast jets. These are well-collimated and generally one-sided (in the sense that the jet/counterjet ratio >4:1). They also have longitudinal apparent magnetic field (B||). They occur both in FRII sources, and at the bases of FRI jets (Bridle & Perley, 1984). We suggest that they are relativistic flows, and that this fact is crucial to an understanding of their evolution. A framework for the understanding of the variety of extended structures in extragalactic radio sources in this context is illustrated in Figure 1, which is an improved version of the diagram presented by Laing (1993). A fast jet appears to be able to: decelerate and recollimate to form a slow jet with β << 1 (therefore two-sided unless external effects dominate); disrupt, as in wide-angle tail sources, or hit the external medium and form a hot-spot. Slow jets are probably formed only when a decelerating fast jet can be recollimated by the external pressure gradient (Phinney, 1983; Bowman, Leahy & Komissarov, 1995). This may not be possible for more powerful sources in flatter pressure gradients and it is likely that wide-angle tail sources are formed when a fast jet decelerates rapidly but cannot recollimate. Deceleration by entrainment is efficient when the jet is transonic, and Bicknell (1994) showed that this corresponds to β ≈0.3 − 0.7 for a relativistic jet. If the jet does not slow down sufficiently (e.g. by mass loading; Komissarov 1994), then the flow will remain supersonic until it impacts on the external medium, and an FRII source will result. The radio morphology is therefore determined by a combination of initial jet speed and thrust and the effects of the environment, via the rate of stellar mass loss and the pressure gradient. On the largest scales, a bridge(backflow) or tail (outflow) will be formed. If the jet remains supersonic as far as the end of the lobe (as in an FRII source), then it is inevitable that a backflow (bridge) will be generated. As emphasised by Parma, de Ruiter & Fanti (1996), the majority of FRI sources also show bridges: the residual momentum of the jets, their density contrast with the external medium and the external pressure gradient are all likely to be important in determining their large-scale morphologies.

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Beaton, Albert E., and Nancy L. Allen. "Chapter 6: Interpreting Scales Through Scale Anchoring." Journal of Educational Statistics 17, no. 2 (June 1992): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986017002191.

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The major purpose of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is to provide a means to compare groups of students both across and within assessment years. A complementary purpose of NAEP is to provide information about what these groups of students know and can do. This purpose has been addressed using the scale anchoring techniques described in this chapter. Scale anchoring involves a statistical component that identifies items that discriminate between successive points on the proficiency scale using specific item characteristics. It also involves a consensus component in which identified items are used by subject-area and educational experts to provide an interpretation of what groups of students at or close to the selected scale points know and can do.

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9

Lester, David. "The Lester Attitude toward Death Scale." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 23, no. 1 (August 1991): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/me86-bpbe-eve3-ma6n.

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This article publishes the Lester Attitude Toward Death Scale for the first time, together with data on its reliability and validity. The scale is different from other fear of death scales in its use of a scaled value approach that permits a measure of inconsistency in attitudes.

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10

Zhang, Zhicong, Fengyu Ji, Shouwen Jiang, Zhichao Wu, and Qianghua Xu. "Scale Development-Related Genes Identified by Transcriptome Analysis." Fishes 7, no. 2 (March 12, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020064.

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Scales, as key structures of fish skin, play an important role in physiological function. The study of fish scale development mechanisms provides a basis for exploring the molecular-level developmental differences between scaled and non-scaled fishes. In this study, alizarin red staining was used to divide the different stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) scale development. Four developmental stages, namely stage I (~17 dpf, scales have not started to grow), stage II (~33 dpf, the point at which scales start to grow), stage III (~41 dpf, the period in which the scales almost cover the whole body), and stage IV (~3 mpf, scales cover the whole body), were determined and used for subsequent transcriptome analysis. WGCNA (weighted correlation network analysis) and DEG (differentially expressed gene) analysis were used for screening the key genes. Based on the comparison between stage II and stage I, 54 hub-genes were identified by WGCNA analysis. Key genes including the Scpp family (Scpp7, Scpp6, Scpp5, and Scpp8), the Fgf family (Fgfr1b and Fgfr3), Tcf7, Wnt10b, Runx2b, and Il2rb were identified by DEG analysis, which indicated that these genes played important roles in the key nodes of scale development signal pathways. Combined with this analysis, the TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, and FGF signaling pathways were suggested to be the most important signal pathways for scales starting to grow. This study laid a foundation for exploring the scale development mechanism of other fishes. The scale development candidate genes identified in the current study will facilitate functional gene identifications in the future.

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11

Giller, P. S. "scale, pattern & process." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 121, no. 4 (August 13, 1991): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/121/1991/515.

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Pereira, Paulo, José Brilha, and Diamantino Pereira. "Scale issues in geoconservation." Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 66 (May 28, 2010): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/sdgg/66/2010/79.

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13

Sharma, Mahadev, Harold E. Burkhart, and Ralph L. Amateis. "Scaling Taper Relationships from Miniature-Scale to Operational-Scale Stands of Loblolly Pine." Forest Science 53, no. 5 (October 1, 2007): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/53.5.611.

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Abstract Taper relationships for trees grown in miniature- and operational-scale stands of loblolly pine were established using stem analysis data from 106 and 173 trees, respectively. Tree taper was modeled using segmented polynomial and dimensionally compatible taper equations. The relationship was then scaled from miniature to operational scale using the profiles obtained from these taper equations. Stump diameter was used in the taper equations instead of dbh in scaling the relationship. A simple linear regression equation described well the taper relationship between trees grown at miniature and operational scales. The fit statistics for both the segmented polynomial and dimensionally compatible taper equations were comparable at both scales. In terms of predictive accuracy, however, the segmented polynomial taper equation was superior to the dimensionally compatible taper equation in scaling the taper relationship for trees from miniature- to operational-scale plots.

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Gunjan Kumar, Payal Dash, Jayeshmit Patnaik, and Gitanjali Pany. "SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS SCALE-MODIFIED KUPPUSWAMY SCALE FOR THE YEAR 2022." International Journal of Community Dentistry 10, no. 1 (June 10, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.56501/intjcommunitydent.v10i1.26.

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Socioeconomic status is one of the most essential indicators to evaluate the health status and nutritional status of a family. Many composite indexes have been proposed. Few international scales are Hollingshead scale, Nakao and Treas scale, Blishen, Carroll, and Moore scale, In India, the scales can be categorised into those scales applicable in rural, urban or both. The various scales are Rahudkar scale, B. G Prasad scale, Udai Parikh scale, Jalota scale, Kuppuswamy scale, Gaur classification and Bhardwaj scale for children, SC Tiwari and Amrish Kumar and Agarwal scale. Updated modified Kuppuswamy scales is the most commonly and widely socioeconomic status scale in India in urban settings. But due to rapidly growing economic rate, the available scales have been ineffective. Therefore, in this review article the Kuppuswamy scale has been updated for the year 2022.

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Kiørboe, Thomas. "Formation and fate of marine snow: small-scale processes with large- scale implications." Scientia Marina 65, S2 (December 30, 2001): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2001.65s257.

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PALMER, MICHAEL W. "A Large-Scale Scale Book." BioScience 50, no. 4 (2000): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0372:alssb]2.3.co;2.

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17

Morgan, Benjamin. "Scale in Tess in Scale." Novel 52, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 44–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-7330092.

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Azimi, Reza, Tyler Fox, Wendy Gonzalez, and Sherief Reda. "Scale-Out vs Scale-Up." ACM Transactions on Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Computing Systems 3, no. 4 (September 15, 2018): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3232162.

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19

Vassilicos, John C. "Beyond Scale-by-Scale Equilibrium." Atmosphere 14, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14040736.

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Homogeneous turbulence and turbulence in scale-by-scale equilibrium, played a leading role in the turbulence research of the second half of the twentieth century, and Jack Herring was an important contributor to these developments. The research activity which has followed these developments over the past ten to fifteen years concerns turbulence, which is out of scale-by-scale equilibrium either because it is non-stationary or because it is non-homogeneous or both. This paper is a short review of recent progress in this relatively new direction of turbulence research.

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20

Song, Qiang. "Affine Texture Analysis with Scale-Area Histogram." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 1183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.1183.

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A major problem of texture analysis is that textures in the real world are often not uniform due to variations in orientation, scale, or other visual appearance. In this paper, affine texture analysis with texel scale-area histogram is presented. A textural image is decomposed into a set of scale images and each scale image consists of square texels of the same size. The scale-area histogram of texel is used as texture feature for multi-scale texture analysis and dominant texture scale analysis. Measurement of the dominant texel sizes of textural images with different rotation angles and spatial scales indicates that rotational and scaled transformations of textural image result in the motion of translation in scale-area histogram.

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Pietras, B. W., and S. J. Bolanowski. "Low cost video scaler and gray scale integrator." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 41, no. 7 (July 1994): 698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/10.301738.

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22

Aiken, Lewis R. "Book Review: Scales Curriculum Achievement Levels Test(SCALE)." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 14, no. 3 (September 1996): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073428299601400314.

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23

Nishi, S., N. Hashimoto, T. Todaka, and A. Nomura. "A Microguide Wire with a Scale (Scaler Guide)." Interventional Neuroradiology 3, no. 2_suppl (November 1997): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15910199970030s246.

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There are various methods for measuring an affected vascular size during embolization or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Metallic balls, electrodes, grids, coins on the skin were simple and useful in this sense, but not stable and exact for measuring. A 0.014 “or 0.016” microguide wire with 5 gold markers in the tip is newly developed and used clinically (a scaler guide). One marker measures 1 mm in length. There is a distance of 4 mm between two neighboring markers. A microcatheter is navigated using a standard microguide wire into the vessels of the lesion. Bilateral digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is performed after exchange of a microguide wire with a scaler guide. Magnification ratio between distance measured by DSA and real distance from markers is calculated. Thereafter, the size of the vessels will be measured. With this method, the size of vessels was measured in patients with aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation or stenotic lesion. Selection of coils or PTA balloons could be made easily and effectively. Interventions were more safely performed with this new scaler guide.

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Stacey, Barrie G. "The Depression Scale of the Psychogeriatric Assessment Scales." Australasian Journal on Ageing 17, no. 3 (August 1998): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.1998.tb00054.x.

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Wagner, C. "An eddy viscosity scaled dynamic scale similarity model." ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 81, S3 (2001): 491–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.20010811525.

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MASUDA, Sachiko, and Hirohisa NOGUCHI. "Dual-scale Meshfree Method." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2003.16 (2003): 953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2003.16.953.

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W. Virnstein, Robert. "Seagrass management in Indian River Lagoon, Florida: dealing with issues of scale." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 4 (1999): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000299.

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The major theme of this paper is that management of seagrass must deal with issues of geographic scale. Approaches at several scales are needed. Examples are drawn primarily from management programmes for the 250 km long Indian River Lagoon system on the south-east coast of Florida. The Lagoon has several attributes of spatial variation that require approaches at various scales (e.g., from 1:1 000 000 to 1:1). Risks and errors of scaling up and scaling down are described. For large-scale approaches, remote-sensing mapping methods are generally appropriate. In the Indian River Lagoon, true-colour aerial photographs. are typically taken every 2?3 years at 1 :24 000 scale. Such Lagoon-wide maps have fuzzy boundaries and cannot be scaled down to fine scale, but they can be scaled up. At large scale, seagrass restoration/protection targets (to a depth of 1.7 m) are reasonable, but are unreasonable at fine scale. For monitoring change within a bed or meadow at metre to 500 m scale, monitoring of fixed transects is a powerful tool. However, the technique has limited power for comparisons among beds, which requires multiple transects. To build a predictive model, a site-specific study examined the relationships among light, water quality, and seagrasses. The link between seagrass and water quality is made through a light attenuation model incorporating both water column and epiphytes. Extensive sampling is required to test the robustness of the model at all scales. No single scale is appropriate for all approaches, and no approach applies over all scales. If such considerations of scale are not incorporated, errors of measurement, inappropriate techniques for assessment, implementation of wrong solutions, and a lack of understanding of the system under study can result.

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Shen, Zhiyuan, Thomas R. Neil, Daniel Robert, Bruce W. Drinkwater, and Marc W. Holderied. "Biomechanics of a moth scale at ultrasonic frequencies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 48 (November 12, 2018): 12200–12205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1810025115.

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The wings of moths and butterflies are densely covered in scales that exhibit intricate shapes and sculptured nanostructures. While certain butterfly scales create nanoscale photonic effects, moth scales show different nanostructures suggesting different functionality. Here we investigate moth-scale vibrodynamics to understand their role in creating acoustic camouflage against bat echolocation, where scales on wings provide ultrasound absorber functionality. For this, individual scales can be considered as building blocks with adapted biomechanical properties at ultrasonic frequencies. The 3D nanostructure of a full Bunaea alcinoe moth forewing scale was characterized using confocal microscopy. Structurally, this scale is double layered and endowed with different perforation rates on the upper and lower laminae, which are interconnected by trabeculae pillars. From these observations a parameterized model of the scale’s nanostructure was formed and its effective elastic stiffness matrix extracted. Macroscale numerical modeling of scale vibrodynamics showed close qualitative and quantitative agreement with scanning laser Doppler vibrometry measurement of this scale’s oscillations, suggesting that the governing biomechanics have been captured accurately. Importantly, this scale of B. alcinoe exhibits its first three resonances in the typical echolocation frequency range of bats, suggesting it has evolved as a resonant absorber. Damping coefficients of the moth-scale resonator and ultrasonic absorption of a scaled wing were estimated using numerical modeling. The calculated absorption coefficient of 0.50 agrees with the published maximum acoustic effect of wing scaling. Understanding scale vibroacoustic behavior helps create macroscopic structures with the capacity for broadband acoustic camouflage.

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TARBANOV, A. O., A. T. KHABIEV, and Ye O. AYAPBERGENOV. "PREVENTING INORGANIC SCALE FORMATION IN THE UZEN AND ZHETYBAI FIELDS BY USING SCALE INHIBITORS." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 74, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2021-1/2710-1185.28.

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Development of the oil industry in Kazakhstan at the current stage is characterized by a decrease in the quality of the raw material base. In the total balance of fields under development, the fields that have entered the late stage of development prevail and, consequently, there is a significant deterioration in their structure, an increase in the share of hard-to-recover oil reserves, watering of beds and well production.One of the main challenges during the development of the field is the deposition of inorganic salts in the oilfield equipment. This article describes the main reasons for the formation of solid inorganic deposits in oil fields, methods of scale inhibitors, as well as the classification of scale inhibitors. Presents the physical and chemical characteristics of the objects under study: the properties of oils and watersof Uzen and Zhetybai oil fields and the chemical reagents – inhibitors of scale formations. Based on the results of laboratory studies, scale inhibitors were selected, which showed high efficiency (90 - 100 %) to prevent the precipitation of CaCO3, CaSO4 and BaSO4 under the conditions of Uzen and Zhetybai oil fields. The study was conducted in the center of scientific and laboratory research branch of KMG Engineering LLP "KazNIPImunaygas".

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Rodgers, Theron M., Judith A. Brown, and Joseph E. Bishop. "Multiscale analysis in solids with unseparated scales: fine-scale recovery, error estimation, and coarse-scale adaptivity." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Multiscale Mechanics 3, no. 4 (2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtamm.2021.10044913.

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Bishop, Joseph E., Judith A. Brown, and Theron M. Rodgers. "Multiscale analysis in solids with unseparated scales: fine-scale recovery, error estimation, and coarse-scale adaptivity." International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Multiscale Mechanics 3, no. 4 (2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijtamm.2021.120799.

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Kalloe, Su A., Bas Hofland, and Bregje K. Van Wesenbeeck. "Scaled versus real-scale tests: Identifying scale and model errors in wave damping through woody vegetation." Ecological Engineering 202 (May 2024): 107241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2024.107241.

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Amateis, Ralph L., Mahadev Sharma, and Harold E. Burkhart. "Using miniature-scale plantations as experimental tools for assessing sustainability issues." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-163.

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Decisions concerning ecosystem management, forest certification, and sustainable management require stand- and tree-level information that reflects current silvicultural and management practices. Typical forest stands, however, take years to mature making timely data collection, analyses, and reporting difficult. Further, collecting and evaluating certain forest stand information that affects sustainability such as belowground biomass response or response to changing climatic factors is often intractable. One modeling tool that may be useful for supplying future informational needs at the tree and stand level is the use of miniature scale plantations. Data from a miniature scale spacing trial for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) that was established at 1:16 scale to an operational study suggest that important stand characteristics associated with forest productivity develop similarly at the two scales. Once models are formulated that relate the size of trees (spatially scaled models) and the rates of growth (temporally scaled models) grown at miniature scale to their operational scale counterparts, it may become feasible to conduct experimentation in miniature and make inferences to operational scales.

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Agostini, Lionel, and Michael Leschziner. "The connection between the spectrum of turbulent scales and the skin-friction statistics in channel flow at." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 871 (May 17, 2019): 22–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.297.

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Data from a direct numerical simulation for channel flow at a friction Reynolds number of 1000 are analysed to derive statistical properties that offer insight into the mechanisms by which large-scale structures in the log-law region affect the small-scale turbulence field close to the wall and the statistical skin-friction properties. The data comprise full-volume velocity fields at 150 time levels separated by 50 wall-scaled viscous time units. The scales are separated into wavelength bands by means of the ‘empirical mode decomposition’, of which the two lowest modes are considered to represent the small scales and three upper modes to represent the large scales. Joint and conditional probability density functions are then derived for various scale-specific statistics, with particular emphasis placed on the streamwise and shear stresses conditional on the large-scale fluctuations of the skin friction, generally referred to as ‘footprinting’. Statistics for the small-scale stresses, conditional on the footprints, allow the amplification and attenuation of the small-scale skin friction, generally referred to as ‘modulation’, to be quantified in dependence on the footprints. The analysis leads to the conclusion that modulation does not reflect a direct interaction between small scales and large scales, but arises from variations in shear-induced production that arise from corresponding changes in the conditional velocity profile. This causal relationship also explains the wall-normal change in sign in the correlation between large scales and small scales at a wall-scaled wall distance of approximately 100. The effects of different scales on the skin friction are investigated by means of two identities that describe the relationship between the shear-stress components and the skin friction, one identity based on integral momentum and the other on energy production/dissipation. The two identities yield significant differences in the balance of scale-specific contributions, and the origins of these differences are discussed.

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Suzaki, Tatsuya, and Kazunori Kuwana. "OS24-5 Flow Induced by a Fire Whirl : Scale-Model Experiment(Scale modeling on heat and mass transfer,OS24 Scale modeling,FLUID AND THERMODYNAMICS)." Abstracts of ATEM : International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics : Asian Conference on Experimental Mechanics 2015.14 (2015): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeatem.2015.14.293.

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Ryyan, A., and G. Bastian. "Small-Scale Solar Cogeneration Systems." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 6, no. 5 (September 2018): 377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2018.6.5.493.

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Bremer, Hanna. "Small-scale forms of weathering." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplementary Issues 54, no. 1 (May 1, 2010): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg_suppl/54/2010/36.

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Gradstein, F. M., J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz, and G. M. Ogg. "On the Geologic Time Scale." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 53, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/nos/2020/0634.

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Emeis, S. "Who created Réaumur’s thermometer scale?" Meteorologische Zeitschrift 9, no. 3 (August 29, 2000): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/metz/9/2000/185.

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Gradstein, Felix M., Frits P. Agterberg, James G. Ogg, Jan Hardenbol, and Sven Backstrom. "On the Cretaceous time scale." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 212, no. 1-3 (July 6, 1999): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/212/1999/3.

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Gryschka, Micha, and Björn Etling Witha. "Scale analysis of convective clouds." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 17, no. 6 (December 9, 2008): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2008/0345.

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Gradstein, Felix M., James G. Ogg, and Frits J. Hilgen. "On The Geologic Time Scale." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2012/0020.

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Tong, Christopher K. "Scale." Journal of Chinese Cinemas 10, no. 1 (January 2, 2016): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17508061.2016.1139799.

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Fyfe, Paul. "Scale." Victorian Literature and Culture 46, no. 3-4 (2018): 848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150318001006.

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John W. Evans. "Scale." Missouri Review 33, no. 2 (2010): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2010.0027.

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Sibbald, R. Gary, Diane L. Krasner, and James Lutz. "SCALE." Advances in Skin & Wound Care 23, no. 5 (May 2010): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asw.0000363537.75328.36.

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&NA;. "SCALE." Advances in Skin & Wound Care 23, no. 5 (May 2010): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asw.0000363540.98198.d4.

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Mercer, Kenneth L. "Scale." Journal - American Water Works Association 112, no. 4 (April 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1474.

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Ning, Mingqiang, Jinsong Tang, Heping Zhong, Haoran Wu, Peng Zhang, and Zhisheng Zhang. "Scale-Aware Network with Scale Equivariance." Photonics 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9030142.

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The convolutional neural network (CNN) has achieved good performance in object classification due to its inherent translation equivariance, but its scale equivariance is poor. A Scale-Aware Network (SA Net) with scale equivariance is proposed to estimate the scale during classification. The SA Net only learns samples of one scale in the training stage; in the testing stage, the unknown-scale testing samples are up-sampled and down-sampled, and a group of image copies with different scales are generated to form the image pyramid. The up-sampling adopts interpolation, and the down-sampling adopts interpolation combined with wavelet transform to avoid spectrum aliasing. The generated test samples with different scales are sent to the Siamese network with weight sharing for inferencing. According to the position of the maximum value of the classification-score matrix, the testing samples can be classified and the scale can be estimated simultaneously. The results on the MNIST and FMNIST datasets show that the SA Net has better performance than the existing methods. When the scale is larger than 4, the SA Net has higher classification accuracy than other methods. In the scale-estimation experiment, the SA Net can achieve low relative RMSE on any scale. The SA Net has potential for effective use in remote sensing, optical image recognition and medical diagnosis in cytohistology.

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Sittenthaler, Sandra, Eva Traut-Mattausch, Christina Steindl, and Eva Jonas. "Salzburger State Reactance Scale (SSR Scale)." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 223, no. 4 (October 2015): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000227.

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Abstract. This paper describes the construction and empirical evaluation of an instrument for measuring state reactance, the Salzburger State Reactance (SSR) Scale. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis supported a hypothesized three-factor structure: experience of reactance, aggressive behavioral intentions, and negative attitudes. Correlations with divergent and convergent measures support the validity of this structure. The SSR Subscales were strongly related to the other state reactance measures. Moreover, the SSR Subscales showed modest positive correlations with trait measures of reactance. The SSR Subscales correlated only slightly or not at all with neighboring constructs (e.g., autonomy, experience of control). The only exception was fairness scales, which showed moderate correlations with the SSR Subscales. Furthermore, a retest analysis confirmed the temporal stability of the scale. Suggestions for further validation of this questionnaire are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scale'

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