Journal articles: 'Scale of investment'

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Bekele, Adugna Eneyew, Liesbeth Dries, Wim Heijman, and Dusan Drabik. "Large scale land investments and food security in agropastoral areas of Ethiopia." Food Security 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01131-x.

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AbstractIn Ethiopia, large scale land investments have been expanding into pastoral regions. However, little is known about the consequences of these investments on the food security of the pastoral community. Using Living Standard Measurement Survey data of the World Bank, we find that, on average, about 32% of the respondents from the (agro-)pastoral regions are food insecure. After controlling for confounders, proximity to large scale land investments is associated with additional food intake of up to 745 kcal per day per adult compared to the households located farther away from a large scale land investment. Proximity to large scale land investment has no significant effect on the coping strategies based food security. For households located in proximity to a large scale land investment, food intake significantly increases with access to roads and markets. Proximity to a large scale land investment has a positive effect on household food consumption not necessarily because of direct benefits from large scale land investments, but due to land and soil quality near the large scale land investments.

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Abdallah, Abdul-Hanan, Michael Ayamga, and Joseph Agebase Awuni. "Large-Scale Land Acquisition and Household Farm Investment in Northern Ghana." Land 12, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040737.

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Many studies have investigated the effects of large-scale land acquisition (LSLA) on livelihood, while the effects of LSLA by different actors on investment decisions and levels of investment have largely gone without academic scrutiny. Consequently, information concerning the implications of LSLA by actors on investment is scarce in the literature pertaining to policy. Drawing on information from 664 households selected through a multistage sampling technique, this study examined the relationship between direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities and investment in land-improving techniques. The results show a bi-directional relationship between LSLA and household farm investments. While direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates some forms of farm investments, the reverse causality is also possible where some household farm investments discourage direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities. The results also revealed that LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates investment in all levels of land- and yield-improving techniques, and even in the presence of a high perception of tenure security. Thus, the provision of legal ownership of land to farmers can provide insurance for investments in all land-improving techniques. Government can also step up the fertilizer subsidy program to enable households to increase investment to avoid further exposure to LSLA.

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Cometti, Zoe. "Possibilities of Limiting the Protection of Large-Scale Investments in Farmland." German Law Journal 21, no. 6 (September 2020): 1198–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.68.

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AbstractLarge-scale investments in farmland can generate adverse effects on food security, minority groups, and the environment. Consequently, this Article analyzes to what extent international investment law has the potential to prevent those effects, considering the current investment treaty reform towards a symmetrical mechanism promoting sustainable development. First this Article presents the current substantive standard on expropriation of large-scale investments in farmland and the regulatory space left for host states. This Article then frames a potential public interest clause that would have the effect of granting due protection to investors and the right to regulate to host states, while not undermining the public interest and also preventing the adverse effects of these investments.

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KYSHAKEVCYH,, BOHDAN, and MARYNA NAKHAEVA. "INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF REGIONS IN UKRAINE." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 296, no. 4 (June 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-296-4-8.

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The article proposes a model for the integral assessment of the investment attractiveness of the regions in Ukraine, taking into account seven blocks of their socio-economic development: economic development, investment activity, financial self-sufficiency, labor market and entrepreneurship, infrastructure, socio-economic development, the effectiveness of regional investment policy. The article substantiates the need to take into account the effectiveness of regional investment policy when assessing investment attractiveness and the feasibility of differentiating such assessments depending on the type of investor and the type of investment. The authors propose to take into account such features of the investment process by using DEA-analysis and selection of appropriate weight coefficients that determine the share of each block of indicators regarding socio-economic development of regions in their overall investment attractiveness. Since the VRS assumption or BCC model in DEA analysis provides for a change in efficiency in accordance with a change in the scale of operations, to assess the effectiveness of regional investment policy, we further used the CRS assumption about the constancy of the scale of operations, since the size of investment flows in the Ukrainian economy is still relatively small. As a result, Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk and Kiev regions turned out to be the most attractive for both long-term and short-term investments. The Kherson region turned out to be the least attractive for long-term investments. In the case of short-term investments, the Sumy region showed the lowest value of the integral indicator of investment attractiveness. Some regions showed a significant difference in the value of the integral indicator of investment attractiveness for short and long-term investments, that once again emphasizes the importance of the initial stage of assessing the investment attractiveness of the region, namely, identifying the type of investor, his goals and investment period.

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MacDougall, S. "Strategic timing of commercial-scale tidal energy investment." International Marine Energy Journal 1, no. 1 (Aug) (September 3, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.1.35-40.

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The many uncertainties in tidal energy conversion combine to form a significant barrier to raising private-sector capital. Mitigation and management of risk are essential if the industry is to attract equity investors. One way to manage the risk is through investment timing. The option to time an investment has value, which can be estimated. An analysis of an invest-vs-delay decision revealed a persistent, economicallyrational incentive to delay. Further inquiry identified a strategic rationale for delaying investment in tidal energy projects, given the uncertainty still present in the undertaking. As the largest sensitivity in the value of delay is the volatility of the investment’s expected cash flows, an investigation into the prevalent uncertainties was undertaken. This paper summarizes the real option valuation model. It then reports on results of a qualitative study of the predominant uncertainties facing developers and conditions that would help move the industry along. Predominant uncertainties reported revolve around technology reliability; site and resource knowledge; prospects for buildout; predictability of government policy and supports; prospects of off-take agreements; and supply chain capacity and costs. These are related back to the variables in the real option pricing model. The model is relevant for companies wishing to systematically evaluate timing options and communicate project value to the investment community. It can also be used by governments to evaluate the design of policies and financial supports in a way that is consistent with the priorities of financial markets.

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Ramdani, Deni. "Efektivitas Investasi dan Pembiayaan Internal: Fenomena Manajer Terlalu Percaya Diri di Pasar Modal Indonesia." AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review) 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i2.3834.

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Overconfident managers create biases that make them overvalue their company and its investments. This study takes a sample of companies that are listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange, for the years 2013-2017. Companies that are listed on the LQ 45 index have high liquidity so that the stock is active so it doesn't interfere with the accuracy of the research being carried out. The results showed that internal funding has a significant posi-tive relationship with company investment. This shows that the more internal financing, the greater the scale of the investment the company will make. Internal financing and overinvestment have a significant positive correlation. So that companies tend to over-invest. Internal finance has a dual role to play in investment. One side of the bias to im-prove investment efficiency by increasing the scale of investment and reducing the scale of investment, on the other hand it can cause excessive investment.DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i2.3834

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Bayrak, Tuncay. "Evaluating large-scale IT investment decisions." Technology in Society 54 (August 2018): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.04.002.

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Yim, Hyung Rok. "Leapfrogging Under A Sequential Investment Strategy." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 34, no. 3 (May 7, 2018): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v34i3.10167.

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A common FDI pattern observed across Korean parents investing in China is that they invest sequentially. Revoking that Korean parents are intended to achieve production efficiency in China, the economies of scale of a sequential investment strategy is relatively lower compared to a large scale one-shot investment; however, the latest production technologies can be applied to sequentially established subsidiaries, which can open a strategic pathway to leapfrog other competitors in the long run. A game model is constructed to demonstrate that as longer the Korean parents are expected to stay in China, they are better off by pursuing a sequential investment strategy. Unfortunately, this result does not mean that they can leapfrog competitors through sequential investment strategy. This can happen only when they begin with larger resource endowments. The model predicts that, under the lack of resources in establishing Chinese subsidiaries, Korean firms’ leapfrogging through sequential investment strategy can occur if technology shocks occur to follow-up investments after an initial investment is done. A scenario approach is performed to prove this prediction empirically. It turns out that the firm value of those Korean parents that pursue sequential investment strategy increases the most when the longer they operate in China and when their research and development investments are higher at the same time. Also, as they stay longer in China, they are intended to make more sequential investments.

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Hartley, Peter R., and Albert S. Kyle. "Equilibrium Investment in an Industry with Moderate Investment Economies of Scale." Economic Journal 99, no. 396 (June 1989): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234032.

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Kim, Hee-Jun. "A study on Investment of Korean Enterprises in Indonesia and Economic Cooperation for Investment between Korea and Indonesia." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.109.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate about the investment environment in Indonesia and analyze a actual investment condition of Korean enterprises in Indonesia and seek a economic cooperation for Investment between Korea and Indonesia. First, Indonesia's investment environment is divided into positive and negative aspects. Next, the result of analyzing the actual investment situation shows several characteristics. In other words, there are preponderance to manufacturing industry, small-scale investment by small and medium-sized enterprises, preference for joint ventures rather than wholly-owned subsidiary and newly-established corporation rather than M&A of local companies. restricted purpose of investment. Therefore, switchover of industry to service fields, large-scale investment to target the Indonesian domestic market, the promotion of wholly-owned subsidiary investment, and utilization of core competencies of existing companies through M&A can be suggested as alternatives. The economic cooperation measures between Korea and Indonesia for investment shall be manufacturing investment cooperation, use of the public-private partnership(PPP) system, infrastructure development demand and government-private partnership projects, establishment of institutional foundations and conditions, investment-related procedures and information sharing, official development assistance(ODA) support and other economic cooperation for investments.

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Hobrei, Mariia. "ATTRACTING DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN THE REGIONS OF UKRAINE AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series “Economics” 1(13) (2020): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31339/2313-8114-2020-1(13)-147-151.

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The article examines the state and scale of attracted direct investment (equity) in Transcarpathia and Ukraine as a whole. Research of the direct investment market is relevant, because they are the basis for social and economic development of the country and its regions. The purpose of the article is to study the scale of attracted direct investment (equity) in the regions of Ukraine and the distribution of direct investment by type of economic activity in the Transcarpathian region, to investigate their impact on the development of the Transcarpathian region. Increasing the volume and improving the efficiency of attracted direct investment are becoming the main factors of economic development. For a comprehensive study of direct investment in Transcarpathia should take into account the sectors of the economy to which these investments are directed, and the dynamics of changes in direct investment in 2017-2019. Among all attracted direct investments in the economy of the country and regions, in particular the Transcarpathian region, it is necessary to single out those investments that are involved in important for the region types of economy. The article examines how significant are the attracted direct investments in the industrial sector of the Transcarpathian region, investments in which reach more than 80% of the total number of direct investments for each of the studied years. This is a significant indicator and shows the fact that industry is a key economic activity in the Transcarpathian region. Taking into account the specifics of the Transcarpathian region, it would be advisable to increase the volume of direct investment in the recreational sector of the region. Given that every year, during 2017-2019, the share of direct investment in the Transcarpathian region and in Ukraine as a whole was growing, we can understand how important this area is in the future for the economic development of the region. Given that Transcarpathia is a border area, we can focus on cooperation with countries bordering the region to increase the amount of direct investment in the region's economy. The results presented in this study show the importance of direct investment for the development of the region's economy and show the possibility of their growth in the future. Key words: direct investments, investment activity, investment attractiveness, socio-economic development, regional development

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Gao, Ziqi, Xiaoli Fang, Shuqi Liao, and Jihan Wang. "How Analyst Attention Affects Inefficient Investment of Enterprises: The Mediating Role of Financial Constraints." BCP Business & Management 35 (December 31, 2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v35i.3221.

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This paper uses the data of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share companies from the CSMAR database. The data range is from 2009 to 2019, studies the relationship between investment efficiency and financing constraints, and expounds on some of the problems faced by small and medium-sized enterprises today. The research uses a model to measure the optimal investment scale of the enterprise in the current period and uses the actual investment scale to gradually approach the optimal investment template to obtain the inefficient investment level of the enterprise. This paper studies the relationship between investment efficiency and financing constraints from an analyst's perspective. Research has found that analyst attention significantly impacts firms' inefficient investments. Analyst Attention and Report Attention can effectively alleviate corporate financing constraints and improve corporate investment efficiency, which is found that analyst attention and report attention have a more significant impact on small and medium-sized enterprises than on large enterprises.

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Lopez-de-Silanes, Florencio, Ludovic Phalippou, and Oliver Gottschalg. "Giants at the Gate: Investment Returns and Diseconomies of Scale in Private Equity." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 50, no. 3 (June 2015): 377–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109015000113.

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AbstractWe document the wide dispersion of private equity investment returns and examine performance determinants using a newly constructed database of 7,500 investments worldwide. One in 10 investments does not return any money, whereas 1 in 4 has an internal rate of return (IRR) above 50%. Quick flips are associated with the highest returns. Performance does not appear scalable: Investments held by private equity firms in periods with a high number of simultaneous investments underperform substantially. Results are consistent with the theoretical literature on organizational diseconomies linked to firm structure. Private equity firms’ actions do not appear to be mechanical or easily scalable.

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KC, Mukti. "Small and Medium Scale Enterprises: Their Role in Economic Growth of Nepal." Economic Review of Nepal 2, no. 1 (September 30, 2019): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ern.v2i1.53130.

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Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) have historically played an important role in contributing to economic growth and development. Naturally, all businesses start as small businesses or even start out of small businesses initiated by individuals. It is imperative to give high priority to Nepalese labor, skill and raw material based domestic investments to promote national level industries for achieving economic growth in the course of SMEs. This study has used Johansen Cointegration, Vector Error Estimates (VAR) and Granger Causality test to investigate relative changes in the position of the Nepalese SMEs and investment to the real GDP since 1989 and 2018 based on secondary data regarding regression analysis. It has examined the dynamic relationship among the total SMEs and investment with real GDP of Nepal and found to be significant and positive relationship in between investment and real GDP of Nepal while insignificant and inverse relationship in between total SMEs and real GDP of Nepal. It implies that real GDP was seemed to be mostly influenced by investment rather than number of SMEs. However, it was and still is contributing significant role in economic growth in Nepal.

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Bychkova, A. A. "Investments in Russia’s transport infractructure." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2022-2-151-159.

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The article considers the investment sources in transport, justifies the need for financial investments on the example of costs on a global and Russian scale. The dynamics of changes in investments by categories of transport routes for 2016–2019 has been analysed. The research of the authors’scientific works on this topic has been given. Renovation and optimisation of the transport structure brings a number of advantages to the Russian transport infrastructure. In addition to the positive aspects of infrastructure modernisation, there is a percentage of losses – these are risks from investments. The methodology of the study presents formulas for calculations, by which the investment programs profitability has been determined. As a solution to the lack of investment funds, the creation of aggregate investment sources has been proposed.

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Paula, Lucas Davi Fernandes Lopes, Luzia Cecília de Souza Silva, Fábio Chaves Nobre, and Liana Holanda Nepomuceno Nobre. "Risk tolerance assessment in real assets investments: a scale validation in Brazil." Revista de Administração da UFSM 15, no. 2 (July 20, 2022): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1983465967123.

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Purpose – Risk tolerance, understood as the willingness of accepting a certain amount of risk which was perceived in an uncertain scenario, has been broadly studied under the framework of personal financial. This research aims to validate a scale for investment risk tolerance when dealing with real assets, in a business context. Design/methodology/approach – A survey was performed with 150 managers, directors, and entrepreneurs who make investment decisions regarding real assets in the commerce, industry, and service sectors. Exploratory factorial analysis was performed was applied to detect the dimensionality of Risk Tolerance construct. Findings – Risk Tolerance in real assets investments is a construct composed by two dimensions, the first factor is related to the familiarity of the decision-maker with the company and its investments, and it was denominated comfort and security, following the original dimension from personal finance research. The second dimension refers to the unpredictability and the complexity of risky investments in real assets, and it was denominated ‘black box effect’. The last factor, however, did not achieve the standards of reliability and it need further research.

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Wu, Hai, Anne-Maree Thomas, and Sue Wright. "Using the R&D capitalisation choice to explain the scale benefits of R&D investment." Australian Journal of Management 45, no. 4 (January 25, 2020): 579–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896219897749.

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This paper helps explain a ‘puzzle’ about the scale benefits of R&D investment: although larger firms are less efficient innovators, they spend more on R&D investment and earn more from R&D investment. We find evidence suggesting that large firms enjoy a comparative advantage investing in R&D projects with less chance of success, although they do not experience such scale benefits from R&D investments with more chance of success. We capture managers’ evaluation of the chance of success of an R&D investment using an accounting choice to capitalise or expense the R&D investment. Our results have policy implications for the design of efficient and equitable allocations of R&D tax incentives between large and small firms, and for the usefulness to investors of allowing discretion in the accounting treatment of R&D expenditures. JEL Classification: M41, M48

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Shelud'ko, Nataliya, and Stanislav Shishkov. "Institutions of collective investment in Ukraine: scale and consequences of investment dysfunction." Economy and forecasting 2020, no. 2 (October 12, 2020): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.02.091.

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The development of collective investment institutions (CIIs) in Ukraine is characterized by rather ambiguous and stable trends, which at first glance do not have any objective economic basis. The dynamics of CIIs activities in Ukraine demonstrates their steady invulnerability to the crises in the global and national economy, maintaining positions (in quantity terms) against the background of reduced number of both professional stock market participants and other institutional investors, and despite the decrease in the financial instruments in circulation, and the gradual formation in public consciousness of a neutral negative view of the functioning of the national stock market. The authors' assumption that the key to such institutional viability consists in the tax preferences for the CIIs, which is confirmed by the analysis. It is noted that in this case both the economic sense and the declared "collectivity" of this investment institution are distorted. The use of CIIs solely to ease the tax burden, with gross legal and tax violations creates risks for both the beneficiaries of such tax schemes and for the very existence of the institution. The specificity of "investment areas" outside the stock market, the highly conditional performance of the function of accumulation of investment resources and, correspondingly, the profanation of the CIIs' issuer function, in particular as to the fair distribution of investment income, distortions of the essence of the ideology of collective investment in combination with extremely loyal regulation on the part of the NSSMC all presently call into question the entire possibility of considering CIIs as a full-fledged component of the stock market.

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Shelud`ko, Nataliya, and Stanislav Shishkov. "nstitutions of collective investment in Ukraine: scale and consequences of investment dysfunction." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): 120–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.02.120.

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Assereto, Martina, and Julie Byrne. "The Implications of Policy Uncertainty on Solar Photovoltaic Investment." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 6233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236233.

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Policy and electricity price uncertainty provide disincentives to investors considering renewable energy investments. While electricity price uncertainty impacts on investment decisions relating to any energy investment, whether renewable or non-renewable, policy uncertainty will affect renewable energy investment decisions to a far greater extent. In this study, we consider the two main sources of uncertainty a solar Photovoltaic (PV) project is exposed to: electricity price uncertainty and policy uncertainty. We focus our analysis on utility-scale solar photovoltaics in the Pennsylvania, Jersey, Maryland Power Pool (PJM) electricity market and the New Jersey Solar Renewable Energy Credit (SREC) market. Using Solar Renewable Energy Credits as a proxy for policy, we find that there is considerable volatility in both electricity prices and policy. In a sample covering eleven years, we implement univariate Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedastic (GARCH) and combinations of GARCH models with different weighting schemes and find that combination models provide superior forecasts. In renewable energy markets, policy supports have a significant impact on an investment’s profitability. The implication for policymakers is clear: to foster investment in solar PV, policy stability is critical.

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Yonce, Adam. "US Corporate Investment Over the Political Cycle." Quarterly Journal of Finance 05, no. 01 (March 2015): 1550015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010139215500159.

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The investment behavior of US firms exhibits systematic variation over the political cycle. After controlling for investment opportunities, US firms reduce investment expenditures approximately 2.0% during Presidential election years, 5.3% during periods of single-party government, and 8.7% during Republican presidential administrations. Neoclassical investment theory has little to say about direct links between investment and the political environment. I show that the empirical results arise naturally in a model of investment under regulatory and political uncertainty, provided that (i) regulatory policy affects the cash flows of the firm, (ii) firms have flexibility over the scale of their investments and (iii) regulatory uncertainty resolves quickly.

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VANDERDRIFT, LAURA E., CHRISTOPHER R. AGNEW, and JUAN E. WILSON. "Spanish version of the Investment Model Scale." Personal Relationships 21, no. 1 (August 24, 2013): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pere.12016.

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Greenstreet, Mark, Peter Møller-Nielsen, and Jørgen Staunstrup. "VLSI with a very low scale investment." Integration 5, no. 2 (June 1987): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9260(87)90004-6.

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Dixit, Avinash. "Irreversible investment with uncertainty and scale economies." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 19, no. 1-2 (January 1995): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(93)00784-2.

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Dogru, Tarik, Sean McGinley, and Woo Gon Kim. "The effect of hotel investments on employment in the tourism, leisure and hospitality industries." International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 32, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 1941–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-11-2019-0913.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to examine the extent to which hotel investments create jobs and, second, to compare whether investment in a particular hotel segment generates more or less jobs in the overall economy and in the tourism, leisure and hospitality industries. Design/methodology/approach The panel autoregressive distributed lag regression model was used to examine the effect of total hotel investments and hotel investments in economy-scale, midscale, luxury-scale and independent hotels on total employment and employment in the tourism, leisure and hospitality industries in the USA. Findings Hotel investments increase employment in both the overall economy and the tourism, leisure and hospitality industries. Midscale hotels make the highest contribution to employment in the overall economy. Economy-scale hotels make the highest contribution to employment in the overall tourism, leisure and hospitality industries. Research limitations/implications The results support the postulations of growth pole theory. As hotel investment increases, not only does the hotel industry see gains in employment but also does related economic sectors see an increase. Midscale hotels have the greatest positive impact on local labor markets, which is consistent with the assertions of middle-out economics. Practical implications Community leaders should encourage the type of investment that benefits the broader area as much as possible by incentivizing the type of growth that is related to employment growth. Originality/value This study investigates the relations between hotel investment and employment from a theoretical and empirical perspective by providing objective claims inferred from statistical inferences.

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Evangelou, Antonios, Sune Ferreira-Schenk, Lorainne Ferreira, and Elizabeth Bothma. "Investment Risk Tolerance amongst South African University Students in the Vaal Triangle Area." International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.11567.

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Analysing students risk tolerance during the investor life cycle is imperative to students and financial planners alike, to facilitate the implementation of suitable investments and investment strategies. Students in universities do not have the required knowledge to invest and this is why an investment framework was created to assist, guide and inform students of what stage of the individual investor life cycle that they are in and suggest suitable investment strategies. The article implemented a quantitative approach, using secondary data analysis. The data used for the analysis is from a self-administered questionnaire in 2017 that was distributed to a sample of 396 students from two higher education institutions in the Vaal Triangle region. Two validated risk tolerance scales were used to analyse students risk tolerance levels. The objective of this paper was to determine the risk tolerance levels of students in the Vaal Triangle region. The two results from the 13-item scale and the single-item scale for measuring risk tolerance indicated that the students have a medium risk tolerance level.

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Popodko, Galina I. "Application of the Project Approach in the Territorial Development of the Eastern Regions of Russia." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 14, no. 12 (December 2021): 1851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0864.

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Natural resources extraction, industrial and social development of the Eastern regions of Russia is associated with great costs and takes a long time. These costs are due to both natural and climatic conditions, and poor-developed infrastructure of the territory. Use of the project approach may accelerate regional development. The project approach assumes the achievement of goals in a short-time period and the use of various investment sources. The Krasnoyarsk Krai applies the project approach for natural resources extraction and industrial development. In the region, large-scale investment projects have been implemented for 20 years. These projects have huge socio-economic effects. The Krasnoyarsk Krai has unique features that make it possible to implement large-scale investment projects based on the principle of public-private partnership, where private investments make up the bulk of the total investment. The regional advantages are its geographical position; huge reserves of hydrocarbons, coal, gold and other minerals; involvement in natural resources development of large companies and investors, such as MMC Norilsk Nickel, Rosneft Oil Company, Rusal, Sberbank and others. Significant industrial and scientific potential also contributes to the successful implementation of large-scale investment projects in Krasnoyarsk Region. The purpose of the study is to assess the socio-economic effects of large-scale investment projects implemented in the Krasnoyarsk Krai. The paper analyzes investment projects for the integrated development of the Lower Angara region, the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Krai and «Yenisei Siberia». The results demonstrate that projects of natural resource use result in the infrastructure development, new jobs creation, an increase in tax revenues, and the acceleration of economic growth. The paper also identifies problems, bottlenecks and risks of the investment projects, which enables the planning and economic authorities of the region to correct investment decisions and prevent negative social, economic and environmental consequences

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Mararitsa, L. V., T. V. Kazantseva, L. G. Pochebut, and A. L. Sventsitskiy. "Altruistic investment as a personal networking strategy: The development of scale and testing its constructive validity." Social Psychology and Society 10, no. 3 (2019): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2019100310.

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The article describes the process of verifying the constructive validity of the “Altruistic Investment Scale”. Altruistic investment is one of the networking strategies that allow scientists to consider the social behavior of an individual in terms of its involvement in the mechanisms of social capital formation and conversion. The results of the empirical research confirm the theoretical model and show that the developed scale corresponds to the components of the strategy, measured in an alternative ways. Testing of this hypothesis was carried out using structural modeling (n = 362). The reliability of the scale was 0.74 (Cronbach’s alpha, n = 670), the grades obtained by the scale do not depend on gender, are not related to social desirability, and correlate in the expected way with other scales of altruism and selfishness. The principal novelty of the construct of altruistic investment was demonstrated. In contrast to the construct of altruism, which is motivational by its essence, altruistic investment is a more complex concept and includes values and behavioral components as well. Moreover, the Altruistic Investment Scale doesn’t measure the ‘first-order’ altruism.

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Liyu, Xia, He Wan, Zhang Qian, and Zeng Bingxin. "Influencing Factors of Investment Scale of Power Grid Enterprises." E3S Web of Conferences 256 (2021): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125601002.

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Investment is the key driving force for the sustainable growth of power grid enterprises. The rationality of investment scale directly determines the investment efficiency, and affects the quality of enterprise growth. The internal and external environment of investment management of power grid enterprises is constantly changing. Scientific judgment of the importance of various influencing factors can provide strong support for the determination of investment scale. In this paper, the factors affecting the investment scale of power grid enterprises are divided into economic and social development, product industry development, enterprise operation and management, and power grid operation and development. Representative indicators are selected for analysis, and the influence degree of various influencing factors is judged by correlation coefficient test and variable importance evaluation method. The empirical results show that the enterprise management and power grid operation and development have greater impacts on the investment scale. The influence of internal factors is greater than that of external factors.

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Wilson, Kerrie A., Megan C. Evans, Moreno Di Marco, David C. Green, Luigi Boitani, Hugh P. Possingham, Federica Chiozza, and Carlo Rondinini. "Prioritizing conservation investments for mammal species globally." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1578 (September 27, 2011): 2670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0108.

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We need to set priorities for conservation because we cannot do everything, everywhere, at the same time. We determined priority areas for investment in threat abatement actions, in both a cost-effective and spatially and temporally explicit way, for the threatened mammals of the world. Our analysis presents the first fine-resolution prioritization analysis for mammals at a global scale that accounts for the risk of habitat loss, the actions required to abate this risk, the costs of these actions and the likelihood of investment success. We evaluated the likelihood of success of investments using information on the past frequency and duration of legislative effectiveness at a country scale. The establishment of new protected areas was the action receiving the greatest investment, while restoration was never chosen. The resolution of the analysis and the incorporation of likelihood of success made little difference to this result, but affected the spatial location of these investments.

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Laitila, Juha, Robert Prinz, and Lauri Sikanen. "Selection of a chipper technology for small-scale operations – a Finnish case." Journal of Forest Science 65, No. 4 (April 26, 2019): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/26/2019-jfs.

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The objective of this study was to determine the economic performance of alternative chipper choices for small-scale chipping based on unit cost (€ per chip-m3) and net present value (NPV) calculations. For the chipping cost and investment profitability analyses four tractor-powered professional or semi-professional disc chippers and two professional drum chippers mounted on a truck or powered by tractor were selected. Initial investment, operating costs, and the cost of outsourced chipping were the key elements for comparing the profitability of investment alternatives. The average purchase prices, cost factors, and technical details of the chipper units were acquired from machine dealers, specification sheets, a literature review, and interviews with chipping entrepreneurs. The results of the three tractor-powered professional chippers involved in the comparison were very close to each other. The profitable running of a truck-mounted drum chipper calls for high annual chipping volumes: the chipper type is therefore a feasible choice for an entrepreneur in large-scale chipping. Semi-professional disc chippers offer lower investment costs, but their economic feasibility is relatively poor.

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Biddick, Matthew. "Scale-dependent trends in the investment of leaf domatia." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 135, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab154.

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Abstract Theory predicts that plants invest in defences proportional to the value or amount of tissue at risk. Domatia-bearing plants house predatory arthropods that defend against insect and fungal attack. Though leaf domatia represent a direct investment in the defence of leaf tissues, it remains unknown whether domatia production scales with amount of tissue at risk. I investigated how domatia investment scales with leaf size in 20 species of trees and shrubs from the south-west Pacific. Large-leaved species produced more domatia than smaller leaved species. However, domatia production did not consistently scale with leaf area among individuals of the same species, illustrating that trends in domatia investment are scale-dependent. Overall results suggest the processes modulating the allocation of resources to defence at the interspecific level are distinct from those operating at the intraspecific level.

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Mathes, Eugene W. "Investment in Personal Development Scale: A Preliminary Study." Psychological Reports 109, no. 2 (October 2011): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/07.pr0.109.5.389-392.

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Life history theory suggests that reproduction of the species involves three areas of investment: personal development, mating, and nurturing offspring. Using the rational method of test construction, a 29-item scale was constructed to measure investment in personal development, the Investment in Personal Development Scale. Scale scores were statistically significantly correlated with age, year in school, identity commitment, and conscientiousness.

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Wang, Yongli, Yanchao Lu, Jingyan Wang, Xiaohui Wang, Shuo Wang, and Lu Xue. "Forecast of Power Grid Investment Scale Based on Support Vector Machine." E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 06026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016506026.

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Economic transformation creates a new environment for grid investment. In the situation of high quality development, the traditional investment scale prediction model is no longer applicable. Aiming at the problems of single parameter of grid-driven investment scale prediction model and poor linear fitting accuracy, a provincial medium- and long-term investment scale prediction model based on support vector machine was proposed. Aiming at the single parameter and poor line fitting accuracy of the grid-driven investment scale prediction model under the new situation, the new environment, new directions and new requirements for grid investment are analyzed. Based on the support vector machine algorithm, a medium-and long-term investment scale prediction model for provincial grids based on support vector machines is proposed. The scale of provincial grid investment is expected from 2019 to 2022. The empirical results show that the prediction model constructed in this paper is effective and feasible. It is of great significance to explore the prediction model of medium and long-term investment scale of power grid enterprises in the new situation.

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Šušićv, Milan. "Importance and Impact of Foreign Investment on the Economic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina." ECONOMICS 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2018-0007.

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SUMMARY From the perspective of macroeconomic indicators, investment is a significant determinant of economic development as a whole, as well as the development of economic entities in the micro segment. Investments present an essential element of any economic policy, as their presence provides a platform, not only for economic development, but also create a basic condition for the stability of economic and social trends. Foreign direct investment plays an important role in the financing of the global economy, and the most common presenting the most important tool in financing the national economies of developing countries and countries in transition. Demand for foreign investment in the global market is large and therefore the states are directing significant activities in order to create a more favorable environment to attract investors. The paper pays special attention to direct investmens in financing the economy on a global scale, their importance for the development of the global economy and particulary screens the impact of foreign direct investment in the economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The emphasis is placed on activities that have to be carried out in order to realize more investments. With the use of statistical and quantitative analysis, the paper shows that the inflow of foreign capital is fundamental prerequisite for generating and accelarating of economic development in general. The inflow of foreign capital has an exstraodinary positive impact on the economic development and increase of business activities in visably undeveloped and slow economic in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Al-Darwesh, Hanem Rajab Ibrahem. "The Joint Arabic Investments Role at Aqaba Special Economic Zone: Marsa Zayed as a Model." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 9 (July 20, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n9p22.

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The study addressed the role of Arabic investments in Aqaba special economic zone (ASEZ), and tried to answer the following questions: are the necessary potentials and features available in (ASEZ) to provide an attractive investment climate for the Arabic investments, what is the level of policies effectiveness for improving the investment climate in (ASEZ) to attract the Arabic investments, what is the level of guarantees effectiveness provided by (ASEZ) to encourage Arabic investments, and what is the level of investment privileges and facilities, related to the investments provided by (ASEZ) to attract the Arab investment to it. Data were collected through one study tool that consisted of 30 paragraphs by using Likert fifth scale. Study importance comes from its benefit to decision makers at (ASEZ) to avoid some of the pitfalls and barriers that face the investment in it, where the descriptive analytical approach was used to calculate the arithmetic means, standard deviations, percentages, and T-test on paragraphs of the questionnaire that was distributed by the simple random survey method. Study results showed the existence of distinctive characteristics within the investment climate at (ASEZ), and also concluded that (ASEZA) plays a big role in attracting Arabic investments to Aqaba, the study in return arrived to the existence of some barriers that limit the Arabic investments attraction to Aqaba, the most important of those are: management problems, multiple decision making parties, bureaucratic, and routine. The study recommended to reformulate operation of the united investment window, in a way that makes it a role model, to repair the internal house of government institutions and agencies dealing with investment, entrepreneurship or projects, and train staffs to facilitate the procedures offers for foreign investors, which encourage them to establish their projects there and improve the image of Jordan as an attractive country for investment and investors.

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Mazaraki, Anatolіі, Svitlana Melnychenko, Liudmila Bovsh, Tetiana Tkachuk, Nataliia Zikiі, and Liudmyla Romanchuk. "FINANCIAL AND INVESTMENT PREDICATES OF SECURITY OF HOTEL REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 6, no. 47 (December 30, 2022): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.6.47.2022.3912.

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The article examines the level of safety of investments in hotel real estate, and also develops general recommendations regarding its provision. It is noted that the safety of investments is an integral concept, and its achievement of optimal indicators forms the investment attractiveness of the micro- and macroeconomic environment. It was found that the investment potential of hotel real estate has been decreasing since 2019 due to unavoidable factors, in particular, the coronavirus pandemic and large-scale military aggression on the territory of Ukraine, which caused significant risks of financial capital losses.A negative forecast regarding the level of investment attractiveness of the hotel sector was found, verified on the basis of the method of scanning horizon, which is aggravated by the uncertainty of the war timeframe and the impossibility of predicting the scale of the destruction of social and tourist infrastructure.Globalization and digitalization of all aspects of the economy make it possible to form priority directions for the formation of safe relations regarding the investment of hotel projects adapted to the new conditions of the national economy. The relevant factors determining the conditions of investment in hotel real estate were worked out by the method of scanning the horizon.Therefore, this study aims to assess the conditions and risks of an investment in hotel real estate and to develop potential innovative models of interaction between the investor and the recipient of the investment (a subject of the hotel business), which will increase the attractiveness of hotel real estate for investment. The relevance of the above provisions is confirmed by the prospects of restoration of the hotel business after the end of martial law in Ukraine.

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Nazarczuk, Jarosław Michał, and Wiesława Lizińska. "Level of Investment Attractiveness and Scale of Foreign Investments During the Years 2005-2006." Olsztyn Economic Journal 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10021-009-0011-5.

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Broeders, Dirk W. G. A., Arco van Oord, and David R. Rijsbergen. "Scale economies in pension fund investments: A dissection of investment costs across asset classes." Journal of International Money and Finance 67 (October 2016): 147–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2016.04.003.

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Idehen, Amadin Victor, and Osarumwense Vincent Iguisi. "Effect of Foreign Private Investment on the Development of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nigeria." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 7 (December 12, 2020): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i7.957.

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This study sought to examine the effect of foreign private investment on the development of small and medium scale enterprises (SME’s) in Nigeria. The study adopted a longitudinal research design which made the use of secondary data imperative. The study employed data on the foreign private investments and development of SMEs in Nigeria covering 1991-2018. The variables used are Net Foreign direct investment, Net Foreign Portfolio investment, percentage of foreign direct investment in Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and development of SMEs in Nigeria. The technique adopted in this study is multiple regressions to test the hypotheses. E-view econometric software 3:1 was used for the analysis. The result revealed that the value of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) have a negative relationship with the development of SME’s and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the percentage of gross domestic product and exchange rate have a negative and significant impact on the development of SME’s in Nigeria. It was recommended among others that government should increase its funding of small and medium scale enterprises, SME’s should be encouraged to go on public offer to expand the scope of funds, the exchange rate must be strengthened to encourage SME’s to attract funds and the needs to stabilized the economy to discourage divestment.

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Cai, Yan Song. "Investment and Financing Scale Analysis Model for Balanced Cash Flow." Applied Mechanics and Materials 421 (September 2013): 894–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.421.894.

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Balanced cash flow is the foundation of enterprise survival and growth. Investment and finance activities are the most prominent factors that affect enterprises cash flow. So appropriate investment and finance scale is very important to get appropriate production capacity and healthy cash flow at the same time. In order to determine the suitable investment and finance scale of the enterprise, investment and finance scale analysis model is studied in this paper.

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Orbach, Israel, and Mario Mikulincer. "The Body Investment Scale: Construction and validation of a body experience scale." Psychological Assessment 10, no. 4 (1998): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.4.415.

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Changping, Yin, Zhong Li, and Luo Han. "Industrial-financial Integration, Ownership and Enterprise Investment Scale." Finance Analysis and Management 4, no. 2 (2022): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35534/fam.0402006.

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Bers, Martina, and Thomas Springer. "Economies-of-Scale for Real Estate Investment Trusts." Journal of Real Estate Research 14, no. 3 (January 1, 1997): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1997.12090905.

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Yaoita, Hideomi. "An Investment Analysis for Large Scale Paddy Field." Journal of Rural Problems 26, no. 1 (1990): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7310/arfe1965.26.10.

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Holmstrom, Bengt, and Laurence Weiss. "Managerial Incentives, Investment and Aggregate Implications: Scale Effects." Review of Economic Studies 52, no. 3 (July 1985): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297661.

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Erickson, Brent, Anna Rath, Emmanuel Petiot, and Matthew Carr. "Media roundtable: DOE investment into small-scale biorefineries." Industrial Biotechnology 4, no. 1 (March 2008): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ind.2008.024.

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Chung, Sung Bong, Baekkyu Namkung, Shin Hyoung Park, and Dongsun Kim. "Estimation of Proper Infrastructure Scale for Transportation Investment." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 35, no. 6 (December 31, 2015): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2015.35.6.1347.

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Widiati, Rini, Sudi Nurtini, Suci Paramitasari Syahlani, and Bambang Ariyadi. "INVESTMENT ANALYSIS FOR SMALL SCALE LAYER CHICKEN BUSINESS (Case Study in Triwidadi Village Pajangan Sub District Bantul Yogyakarta)." Buletin Peternakan 41, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i4.25965.

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Chicken eggs are the most popular and nutritious food in human dietary.The production activities require investments that should create benefit for the business holder, especially for small-scale entrepreneurs with capital constraint and risks. The purpose of this study was to determine investment feasibility and to set alternatives in dealing with the risks on the small scale layer business. Survey method was implemented using 73 respondents selected purposively of small scale layer chicken business in Triwidadi village of Bantul district, Yogyakarta as the sample. Data were collected by direct interview to respondents using questionnaires that related to the research problem. Analysis of investment financial feasibility criteria’s using Net Present Value, Benefit Cost Ratio and Internal Rate of Return, followed by sensitivity analysis in facing business risk. The result revealed that the average number of birds raised was 1572 birds. The NPV was IDR 37,377,383 per 5 years of investment, B / C ratio more than 1 and IRR was 20.58%. Based on the existing production management, layer chicken investment by small-scale farmers was profitable, but farmers faced on the risk of losses due to increasing feed prices, decreasing egg prices, and increased mortality. In anticipating the risks, farmers should improve productivity so that the Hen Day Average of egg production at least was 77%, on the increase in feed prices and decrease in egg prices of 5%. Small scale layer businesses could provide employment and welfare for society of lower classes.

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Anwer, Zaheer, Alam Asadov, Nazrol K. M. Kamil, Mehroj Musaev, and Mohd Refede. "Islamic venture capital – issues in practice." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 11, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijif-06-2018-0063.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the structure and underlying contracts of Islamic venture capital (IVC) and to evaluate its prospects. VC can be perceived as an investment vehicle possessing most of the desirable attributes of a Sharīʿah-compliant investment vehicle. There are certain issues involved in the formation, operations and exit strategies of these investments that are discussed in detail in this paper. Design/methodology/approach A detailed review of relevant literature is performed to identify how IVC investments can be made and how related issues may be resolved. Findings IVC investment has potential of incorporating Sharīʿah-compliant investment modes. Additionally, it may offer higher than average returns. These attributes can be desirable for Islamic finance industry that is currently in need of equity-based financing products. The major causes of lesser growth of IVC investments are lack of awareness among the investors and the absence of viable investment opportunities for small- and medium-scale investors. IVC may attract general public if established after extensive research aimed at introducing innovative products. Originality/value This paper provides an overview of a truly Sharīʿah-compliant investment vehicle, furnishes a synthesis of various suggestions made by industry and academia and suggests viable solutions for valuation, risk management and exit strategies.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scale of investment'

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