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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Scale of investment'

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Published: 12 May 2023

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1

Shyriaieva, N. V., and A. Makarenko. "Portfolio diversification on a global scale." Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/43341.

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The research is aimed to analyze different types of portfolios and identify the one with the lowest level of risk. The first portfolio included US and EU securities. The other one studies crypto currency impact on portfolio riskiness.
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2

Persson, Atkeyelsh G. M. "Foreign direct investments in large-scale agriculture: the policy environment and its implications in Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23416.

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In most African states, arable land and other natural resources play a pivotal role for economic growth and development. Ethiopia is one of those countries where agriculture is the backbone of the economy. Since the time of Emperor Haile Selassie I, Ethiopia has been attempting to advance the transformation of its agricultural sector by moving away from small-scale subsistence farming to large-scale commercial farming. It thus encouraged Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in largescale agriculture. However, the military government that took power in 1974 reversed this. The current government of Ethiopia seized power from the military regime in 1991. Today the government once again advocates FDI in large-scale agriculture. This has led to an influx of foreign investors, especially in Gambella and Benshanguel-Gumuz Regional States. Various scholars, however, criticize the manner in which these investments have been taking place, arguing that the investments are neither pro-poor nor sustainable. Against this backdrop this research seeks to examine current policies, the patterns of investment they promote, and how these affect land-based resources and the wellbeing of communities. The study intends to provide information that may help improve the performance of FDI in terms of their sensitivity to poverty alleviation and sustainability. It also aims to boost current knowledge on FDI in agriculture in Ethiopia. The study was conducted using multiple data collection methods, including documentation, interviews, focus group discussions with the affected communities and direct observations in the case study areas. The results are analysed using pro-poor and sustainability frameworks for FDI in large-scale agriculture, along with findings of empirical studies on national FDI policies and practices in various parts of the globe. The analyses reveal that the Ethiopian investment policy's support to FDI in large-scale agriculture is inadequate. It focuses on giving incentives to attract FDI rather than ensuring the availability of quality institutions and sufficient infrastructure, which are vital for facilitating the operation and productivity of FDIs. Furthermore, the absence of community participation in the decision-making process for the agricultural investment projects in the case study areas portends significant negative implications for the wellbeing of local communities and the sustainability of the natural environment. The study recommends further research to investigate the economic viability of alternative land-based investments, such as eco-tourism, which is shown to be environmentally sustainable and can be shaped to be pro-poor. Also recommended is additional research into good practices for large-scale agricultural investments, that can be adapted to Ethiopian conditions, should the government opt to continue promoting FDI.
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FOLKE, MATTIAS. "Investment Evaluation for Small ScaleInformation Systems." Thesis, KTH, Organisation och ledning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189452.

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This paper presents a set of factors to consider when conducting investment evaluations for small scale IT systems. These factors have been derived by combining information from an extensive literature review, a single case study and an external expert. The literature review uses prior research on evaluation of large scale investments to inform and constrain the single case study. The single case study adds depth to the analysis by combining technical and operational perspectives from senior management, middle management and the general workforce. Ultimately an expert was consulted to evaluate the generalizability of the findings from the single case study, before the final list of factors was compiled. These factors should not be applied formulaically, as one of the main findings of this study is the diversity and complexity of small scale IT projects, preventing the application of general models. Instead, decision makers are encouraged to use these factors as a complement to their own experience, and to maintain close communication with potential stakeholders throughout the decision process.
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4

Alkhorayef, Abdulrahman Nasser M. "Improving decision making on large scale investment projects : a psychological perspective." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8767/.

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Purpose: there is a substantial history of academic and professional interest in the planning, execution and performance of very large projects, typically focussing on underperformance relative to financial and social expectations. However, a lot of evidence in the professional, academic and public media that suggests these projects often underperform. This underperformance is continued to be reported and believed to be at least partly because of poor management and poor decision making. One of the key issues that has been identified as a cause for their underperformance is poor project. estimation. The focus of this thesis is to answer why they still show a poor performance record and to explore the influence of cognitive biases on decision stakeholders that lead to produce inadequate estimates. Theory and methodology: we combine a psychological perspective, the prospect theory in particular, on the decision making undertaken in managing such megaprojects with an in-depth, qualitative investigation of the knowledge of experienced managers and other key stakeholders, up to ministerial level (n= 29). We take this approach in order to complement previous studies of megaproject decision making which have often been undertaken from either a statistical perspective, or an experimental one, based on psychological laboratory studies. Key contributions: our results identify important and practically relevant insights in relation both to cultural specifics and generic issues of management decision making. A theoretical framework was developed and initially validated that explains megaproject poor estimates and poor performance from a psychological perspective along with identifying some underpinning causes for megaproject poor performance.
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Mwansa, Sosthenes. "Comparative investment analysis for small scale broiler and layer enterprises in Zambia." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15903.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Small scale broiler and layer production constitutes a significant part of the poultry industry in Zambia. However, the contribution of small scale enterprises to broiler production is more pronounced than layers with statistics showing 60 and 30 percent for broilers and layers, respectively. This study was carried out for the purpose of determining the economic profitability of both broiler and layer enterprises and also to evaluate their degree of attractiveness for investment. The thesis used the Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return methods to determine the economic profitability for both broiler and layer enterprises. The data used in the analyses were obtained direct from the market and additional data were extracted from the Cost of Doing Business Manual 2012, a publication of the Zambian Development Agency. Additionally, the study used a capital investment of US $50,000 for each enterprise, 25 percent opportunity cost of capital and an economic life of five years. The data were used in estimating the enterprise budgets for both broiler and layer enterprises from which income statements were generated. The enterprise budget for broiler production estimated revenue from the sale of live broiler chickens at a wholesale price while the layer enterprise budget estimated its revenue from the sale of eggs and culled hens. The sale prices used were US $5 per broiler chicken, US $3.60 per tray of eggs and US $2 per culled hen as obtaining on the market at the time. In addition, production was estimated at 60,000 broilers and 30,000 trays of eggs from 3,000 layers annually. The cost of constructing brooder houses and purchase of production equipment were the major cost components for the two enterprise budget estimates. The estimates indicated that these two cost components amounted to US $27,090 and US $21,095 for boiler and layer enterprises respectively. The other cost component was production cost and it includes the cost of labor, feed, day old chicks, marketing, vaccines, transportation, electricity, debeakers, heaters, stationery, etc. The cost of feed constituted about 65 percent of total production cost for layer enterprises and about 60 percent for broiler enterprises. The total production cost as a percentage of revenue was estimated at 80 percent and 70 percent for broiler and layer enterprises, respectively. The analyses were completed under three alternative scenarios that included optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios. The analyses across all scenarios show that both broiler and layer enterprises are economically viable for investment though the broiler enterprise is more economically profitable than the layer enterprise. They both show positive NPVs and IRRs in excess of the 25 percent opportunity cost of capital used in the analysis. The analysis for broiler enterprise showed a NPV of US $178,242 for the optimistic scenario, US $122,742 for the expected scenario and US $30,550 for the pessimistic scenario. Results obtained from layer enterprise analysis showed NPVs of US $72,388, US $49,260 and US $11,186 for the optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. Consistent with the decision rules of the NPV and IRR methods, both enterprises were found to be economically viable for investment. On a comparative basis though, the small scale broiler enterprise was found to be more attractive for investment than the small scale layer enterprise as indicated by the results of the NPVs and IRRs. The lucrative nature of the broiler enterprise and easy of management could be used as possible explanation to the current investment trends seen in the Zambian poultry industry.
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6

Amornvivat, Sutapa 1974. "Infrastructure investment and policy management of water resources for small-scale irrigated agriculture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29545.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2003.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-167).
We investigate the options for enhancing the welfare of small farmers in Thailand through subsidies of irrigation infrastructure. Enhanced water storage and irrigation can significantly improve yield and the welfare of the farm community by providing a more reliable water supply during growing periods. Generally speaking, such enhancements require subsidies from the government or other organizations since farmers are not able or willing to finance infrastructure development themselves. In order to maximize the effectiveness of such subsidies it is important to understand how farmers will react to alternative policies. We develop a two-tier approach to this problem. First, we use a government-level optimization model to identify the set of subsidies and water pricing policies that maximizes a stated measure of aggregate social welfare. This government-level model relies on a farm-level model that determines how individual small farmers will react to the policy alternatives. The farm-level model combines hydrologic, economic, and agronomic features since it considers how hydrologic variability affects crop yield, which in turn affects the farmer's utility. Policy decision variables considered in the government subsidy/pricing model include 1) water price and the number of farms served by public storage facilities (i. e. a water supply reservoir and enhanced in-stream storage), 2) maximum sizes of on-farm ponds paid for by the government, and 3) amounts of direct cash subsidies paid to the farmer. The objective is to maximize the aggregate welfare of all farmers served subject to a limit on the total subsidy as well as constraints designed to limit inequities and urban migration. The problem is solved with a deterministic nonlinear programming algorithm.
(cont.) Decision variables considered in the farm-level model include 1) whether or not to accept a government-subsidized on-farm pond (which reduces land available for cultivation), 2) how much to consume in each year, 3) whether to devote time to agriculture or off-farm employment, 4) type of crop and irrigation technique, and 5) amount of water purchased from communal storage facilities. The problem is solved using a finite-horizon discrete-time stochastic programming algorithm. Our modeling approach is tested on a study site in Saraburi Province, Thailand. This site serves as a suitable prototype because of its existing irrigation infrastructure, relatively developed market institutions, secure land-use rights, and weak endowment of water resources. To achieve an economic optimum in which the farmers' aggregate utility of consumption is maximized, the government must provide some farmers with free reservoir water. The remaining farmers, however, help pay for the subsidy at a relatively high price. Consequently, the latter seek urban employment during the dry seasons. This cross-subsidy solution resulting from the social optimum criteria is economically efficient yet markedly inequitable. In order to assure equity, the government should construct the reservoir and sell the storage water at the same price to all farms. However, this solution cannot prevent urban migration ...
by Sutapa Amornvivat.
Ph.D.
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7

Philipsson, Amanda. "Perceptions on small-scale agricultural development : A qualitative case study made in Babati District, Manyara Region, Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28703.

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This Bachelor’s thesis examines if and how the perceptions towards agricultural development differs between small-scale farmers, agricultural advisors and entrepreneurs with various age and level of knowledge. The case study was conducted in Babati District, Tanzania, during three weeks in the spring of 2015. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted, and to analyze the empirical results a theoretical framework was created to explain how poverty traps occur and point at possible strategies to dissolve them. The majority of the respondents expressed that the biggest obstacles and needs for small-scale farmers to be able to develop their farming is lack of capital to invest in inputs and knowledge on how to intensify their land use. The perception towards agricultural development seem to differ between generations, in that young farmers are taking part of new technology and methods when cultivating, unlike the older generation. The respondents’ general attitude towards foreign investments was predominantly negative, arguing that local knowledge is of importance if sustainable agricultural development is to be reached. To ease the agricultural development, increased knowledge on how to intensify the agricultural production and how to organize farmers’ associations is suggested.
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8

Harris, Joshua A. "Real Estate Investment Trust Performance, Efficiency and Internationalization." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5290.

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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are firms that own and manage income producing commercial real estate for the benefit of their shareholders. The three studies in this dissertation explore topics relating to best practices of REIT management and portfolio composition. Managers and investors can use the findings herein to aide in analyzing a REIT's performance and determining optimal investment policies. Utilizing REIT from SNL Real Estate and CRSP, the first two studies examine the role of international diversification upon performance, technical efficiency, and scale efficiency. The third study utilizes REIT data to examine technical and scale efficiency over a 21 year window and investigates characteristics of the REITs that affect the levels of efficiency. CHAPTER 1 – PROFITABILITY OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST INTERNATIONALIZATION Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the United States have grown extremely fast in terms of assets and market capitalization since the early 1990's. As with many industries, U.S. REITs began acquiring foreign properties as their size grew and they needed to seek new investment opportunities. This paper investigates the role of holding foreign assets upon the total return of U.S. based REITs from 1995 through 2010. We find that holding foreign properties in associated with negative relative performance when risk, size, and other common market factors are controlled for. Interestingly, the source of the negative performance is not related to the two largest areas for foreign investment, Europe and Canada. Instead, the negative performance is detected when a REIT begins acquiring properties in other global regions such as Latin America and Asia/Pacific. This paper has broad ramifications for REIT investors and managers alike. CHAPTER 2 – EFFECT OF INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION BY U.S. REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS ON COST EFFICIENCY AND SCALE As U.S. based Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) have increased their degree and type of holdings overseas, there has yet to a study that has investigated such activity on the REIT's measures of cost efficiency and scale. Using data from 2010, Data Envelopment Analysis techniques are used to estimate measures of technical and scale efficiency that are then regressed against measures of international diversification and other controls to measure the impact of this global expansion. It is determined that REITs with foreign holdings are significantly larger than domestic REITs and are correspondingly 96% of foreign investing REITs are operating at decreasing returns to scale. Further almost every measure of foreign diversification is negative and significantly impacting scale efficiency. However, simply being a REIT with foreign holdings did positively and significantly associate with higher levels of technical efficiencies. Thus REITs that expand globally may have some advantages in operational efficiency but lose considerably in terms of scale efficiency by increasing their size as they move cross-border. ? CHAPTER 3 – THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to measure technical and scale efficiency of 21 years of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) data. This is the longest, most complete dataset ever analyzed in the REIT efficiency literature and as such makes a significant contribution as prior efficiency studies' data windows end in the early 2000's at latest. Overall, REITs appear to continue to operate at decreasing returns to scale despite rapid growth in total assets. Further, there is some evidence of improving technical efficiency overtime; however the finding is not strong. In summation, it appears that REITs have not improved on a relative basis despite the rapid growth, a finding that suggests a potential of a high degree of firm competition in the REIT industry. Finally, firm characteristics such as debt utilization, management and advisory structure, and property type specialization are tested for their impact upon technical and scale efficiency.
ID: 031001577; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Randy I. Anderson.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 26, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-134).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Business Administration
Business Administration; Finance
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9

Parker, Martin. "Crossing the energy efficiency chasm : an assessment of the barriers to institutional investment at scale." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288132.

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Significant savings in CO2 emissions can be won from fabric upgrades, and improved forms of heating. An increase in the number of building retrofits and installations of energy efficient plant such as biomass boilers or CCHPs must be the aim if the UK is serious in meeting its commitment to CO2 reduction at both the domestic and EU level. A way of achieving this increase, which will need to be significant, would be to tap into the vast funds under management by institutional investors who are required to invest those funds to optimise its monetary return, taking into account the level of risk. The aim of the research is to identify the enabling conditions that would need to exist to attract institutional investment in energy efficiency at scale. The UK Green Investment Bank has invested £50m into three energy efficiency funds, requiring each fund manager to match the amount by attracting investment from institutional investors. It is these funds that have been analysed as a single Green Investment Bank case study. Embedded units of analysis are on two levels with the individual funds being the first, and the institutional investors investing in those funds as the second. A hybrid deductive and inductive qualitative approach to the research was taken employing thematic analysis. The findings of the research reported here indicate that the emerging key enabling conditions that would make energy efficiency an attractive proposition are firstly, the way energy efficiency investments are classified in terms of an investment asset class, secondly the contractual structure of the individual transactions made by the funds, and finally, the experience and familiarity of the fund manager.
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Aguiar, Paulo Ricardo Rua. "Financing green development: 'Climate Bonds’ as a solution for institutional investors engagement." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9821.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This study examines whether ‘climate bonds’ are achieving the desired investment scale to tackle climate change and whether those bonds are being issued with features that are attractive to institutional investors. Several cases of climate bond issuances, especially by companies were analyzed. While investor’s interest in climate bonds exists, this market is still small and investors are not being offered with an attractive investment scale. As the results indicate, both credit enhancements and aggregation vehicles to enable scale investments are possible solutions to boost the climate bond market.
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Mangalpally, Sharat C. "Assessment of integrity of reasoning in large-scale decision systems application to public transit investment project evaluation /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.07Mb, 127 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1428262.

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12

Jansen, Mikhail Chad. "Meaningfulness as a predictor of intergenerational commitment." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/40366.

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13 | P a g e SUMMARY In South Africa’s rapidly changing social and cultural context, where family dynamics and relationships are changing just as quickly, it is essential to discover which factors contribute to successful relationships that persist over time. Previous research has utilised the Investment Model Scale (Rusbult, 1980) in order to understand commitment processes and the constructs satisfaction, quality of alternatives and investment have been identified as key determinants of commitment in romantic contexts. In the present study however I investigated the primary research question, “How can commitment be measured in the context of family relationships?” Data collection took place through the Family Commitment Scale (which was adapted from the Investment Model Scale) and a new meaningfulness scale was added in an attempt to explore whether meaningfulness would be a better predictor of family commitment than satisfaction, quality of alternatives and investment. The statistical analyses were conducted with the purpose of examining the research question and hypotheses. The findings of the present study contribute to commitment literature by underlining the utility of the Invest Model Scale in nonromantic contexts and providing an instrument which can reliably measure family commitment. Meaningfulness is also highlighted as a motivational feature behind family commitment processes.
Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Educational Psychology
unrestricted
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BERLIN, DANIEL, and MARCUS DINGLE. "Investment framework for large scale underground thermal energy storage : A qualitative study of district heating companies in Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212070.

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The current environmental challenges that face the world put pressure on the heating market to move towards increased share of renewable energy sources as fuel. District heating (DH) is seen as an efficient solution to achieve this in dense urban areas. Thermal energy storage (TES) is seen as a solution to handle the increased amount of intermittent energy sources in the energy system. For the Swedish DH business a large-scale underground TES (UTES) is seen as an interesting solution partly for this reason and partly to utilise more residual heat and heat from under-utilised production facilities. However, the current complexity to invest in large-scale UTES is limiting the further development of DH. The purpose of this report is therefore to fill the current knowledge gap regarding factors needed to analyse an investment in large-scale UTES. An investment framework is presented to be used as decision support mainly for decision-makers in the DH business, but which can be interesting for other stakeholders in the district heating system (DHS). The main findings of the report are that there exists necessary circumstances for an investment in a large-scale UTES and that the criteria needed to evaluate an investment in large-scale UTES are either related to economy or environment. Further, the main function of a large-scale UTES is seasonal storage because this function creates the majority of the revenue. This revenue is created through storage of cheap heat during periods of low heat demand, which replaces expensive peak production during periods of high heat demand. Depending on the size of the created revenue, the large-scale UTES can be profitable as required by the DH companies. However, it is shown in the report that other factors also must be considered for the large-scale UTES to become profitable. Further, the uncertain future of DH poses a challenge for the evaluation of an investment in large-scale TES. The recommendations for further studies therefore focus on limiting these uncertainties through additional research and development.
De nuvarande miljöförändringar som världen står inför ställer krav på värmemarknaden att förändras till ökad användning av förnybara energikällor som bränsle. Fjärrvärme ses som en effektiv lösning för att åstadkomma detta i tätbebyggelse. Termiska energilager (TES) ses som en lösning för att hantera den ökande mängden intermittenta energikällor i energisystemet. För den svenska fjärrvärmen ses ett storskaligt underjordiskt TES (UTES) som en intressant lösning dels av denna anledning dels för att öka användningen av restvärme och värmen från underutnyttjade produktionsanläggningar. Hursomhelst så innebär den nuvarande komplexiteten att investera i storskalig UTES att utvecklingen för fjärrvärme begränsas. Syftet med denna rapport är därför att fylla den kunskapslucka som existerar gällande faktorer att analysera för en investering i ett storskaligt UTES. Ett investeringsramverk presenteras för att användas som beslutsunderlag för huvudsakligen beslutsfattare inom fjärrvärmeverksamheten, men som även kan vara av intresse för andra intressenter i fjärrvärmesystemet. De huvudsakliga upptäckterna från denna rapport är att det existerar nödvändiga förutsättningar för en investering i storskalig UTES och att kriterierna för utvärdering av en investering i storskalig UTES antingen är relaterade till ekonomi eller miljö. Vidare så är den huvudsakliga funktionen av ett storskaligt UTES säsongslagring eftersom denna funktion skapar lejonparten av inkomsten. Inkomsten skapas genom lagring av billig värme under perioder av låg efterfrågan på värme som ersätter dyr spetsproduktion under perioder av hög efterfrågan på värme. Beroende på storleken av den skapade inkomsten så kan ett storskaligt UTES potentiellt klara kravet på att vara lönsamt. Hursomhelst så visar denna rapport på att andra faktorer troligen också behöver tas hänsyn till för att ett storskaligt UTES ska bli lönsamt. Trots att det är nödvändigt så gör den osäkra framtiden för fjärrvärme det svårt att utvärdera en investering i storskalig UTES. Rekommendationerna för framtida studier fokuserar därför på att begränsa dessa osäkerheter genom ytterligare vetenskapligt stöd.
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Morokolo, Matome Enos. "Savings patterns of small-scale farmers in a peri-urban area (Moretele District: North West Province)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26066.

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The study uses the conventional economic approaches to savings behaviour as a point of departure. In the past, agricultural programmes and policies overlooked the importance of savings mobilization in favour of credit extension programmes. This line of economic development approach arose from the assumption that poor rural people cannot save and will not respond to opportunities to save. The latest research results clearly demonstrate that rural people do mobilise significant voluntary savings, even at their low levels of income. The thrust of the study was to research savings behaviour and motivation to save by resource poor farmers, with specific reference to farmers in Moretele District, Northwest Province. The study tested the hypothesis that poor people cannot save, and went further to analyse determinants of savings behaviour, motivations to save, sources of savings mobilization, savings accounts used and motivations to use a specific savings product. The application of the life cycle hypothesis was also analysed. Linear multiple regression, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique, analysis of variance (ANOV A), and factor analysis (FA) were used to analyse the data pertinent to the study. The findings of the study confirmed income as a major determinant of savings mobilization in the district. The extent of dependency, defined as the proportion of the population of a country falling in the age groups of 0-15 and 64 years and older, considered economically unproductive and therefore not counted as part of the country's labour force was found to have a negative effect on the ability of farmers to save. This is due to large family sizes and high levels of dependency in households. Age was also discovered to influence savings behaviour, but not in accordance with the application of the life cycle hypothesis. With regards to motivations to save, it was found that farmers in the district mainly save to cater for emergencies and for grandchildren's education, and not for accumulation/investment purposes. In addition to the abovementioned savings motives, farmers were however found to consider an investment imperative as reflected by an interaction between savings for accumulation and emergency purposes. The low investment imperative may change if other emergency management structures are considered. The main sources of savings mobilization for the farmers were income from livestock sales and government social security grant (government old age pension). These farmers were discovered to prefer ordinary savings plans. The rationale for this choice was found to be motivated by ease of quick access to savings and the liquidity provided by this savings product. The liquidity requirement is regarded as a strategy to address emergencies and any other financial need that might arise. The findings of the study calls for policy instruments that will expedite the implementation of outreach programmes and strategies for voluntary savings mobilization that will cater for investment imperative and emergency needs. Critical to this will be the development of savings products that respond to the various needs of resource poor farmers as well as to serve different categories of rural savers. The decentralization of savings institutions and linking of formal and informal financial institutions will enhance access to financial services by the rural population. Policies intended to discourage large families would help reduce the high rates of dependencies and relieve pressure on household income, which could be used for savings.
Dissertation (MSc (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
unrestricted
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15

Holloway, Jimeka J. "BRINGING SOCIAL INNOVATION TO SCALE: LEVERAGING RELATIONAL CAPITAL AND RISK-TAKING BEHAVIORS OF ACTORS IN COMPLEX ECOSYSTEMS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1487252947628322.

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16

Smithers, Clay. "Managing Geographic Data as an Asset: A Case Study in Large Scale Data Management." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002761.

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17

Husni, Mohammed Hamza. "A multiperiod optimization model to schedule large-scale petroleum development projects." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3218.

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18

Wilson, Joseph Nathanael. "A Utility-Scale Deployment Project of Behind-the-Meter Energy Storage for Use in Ancillary Services, Energy Resiliency, Grid Infrastructure Investment Deferment, and Demand-Response Integration." PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3004.

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Electric utilities are increasingly incentivized to integrate new renewable energy generation resources to their systems; however, operations-related issues arise due to the non-dispatchable and stochastic nature of these renewable energy sources. These characteristics lead to a variety of issues for utilities, among which are voltage fluctuations, balancing dispatch against ramping events, short-duration power fluctuations, and the need to invest in peaking generation facilities just to accommodate the renewable energy. A traditional solution to these issues is to employ renewable generation-following techniques using either newly constructed gas peaking plants, or by shifting existing generation resources to this following responsibility. Unfortunately, use of these traditional methods introduces a new set of issues; namely, wear-and-tear due to more frequent cycling, reduced capacity factors, decreased plant efficiency, and additional investment in large-scale captital infrastructure. This thesis proposes an alternate solution: a utility-owned and utility-managed battery energy storage system sited on residential customer premises, deployed at scale to create a 200MW / 1320MWh distributed network of Residential Battery Energy Storage Systems (ResBESS). In partnership with Portland General Electric (PGE) stakeholders, a conceptual design was prepared for a ResBESS unit, a laboratory prototype of a single such storage system was constructed, and an alpha prototype is now being installed in a field demonstration project in Milwaukie, Oregon within PGE's service territory. The motivations, design constraints, and design methodology of the laboratory prototype are presented and discussed, and preliminary work from the field prototype build is examined to demonstrate the results of the thesis project.
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Zheng, Wen. "Investing in high-speed passenger rail networks: insights from complex international supply chain, technologies and multiproduct firms." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44697.

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The growth of population and business during the rapid urbanization process in the twentieth century has generated significant demand for transportation. As the demands have grown, road and air transportation are suffering from significant congestion and delays. Continuing expansion of highways and airports has become both expensive and difficult, along with not being able to provide adequate solutions to the growing congestion. One alternative, which is being pursued by many countries, is to invest in efficient high-speed rail networks to meet the pressing demand for mass passenger transportation. This alternative is also one that may have beneficial impacts by reducing energy consumption and alleviating some of the environmental concerns. But to make these infrastructure investments, governments need to make difficult decisions due to the complexity of the industry and technologies involved. This thesis examines decision making by government for such investments. In order to carefully study the industry, we use a two part approach. First, we examine the HSR industry supply-chain. We create a detailed taxonomy of the industry supply-chain and highlight various aspects of the advanced technologies being used, the sophisticated multiproduct nature of the firms, and the diverse international location of the companies. Second, we gather information on all the international HSR contracts between 2001-2011. These contracts enable us to examine business strategies pursued by the major HSR trainset suppliers and component manufacturers, insights into the size of the orders and type of trainsets being delivered, and the formation of partnerships and collaborations to meet the complex demands imposed by Governments when they invite bids for these expensive projects. A detailed examination of the supply-chain shows that the core technologies and competencies are highly concentrated in those countries which historically have had high demand for high-speed rail. Germany, Japan, France, for example, have the highest number of trainset and component suppliers. In more recent years, South Korea and China have emerged as the new frontiers of trainset and components suppliers. This implies that countries who are outside of this group are highly dependent on either importing these technologies and investments or make a concerted effort to develop them via partnerships and technology transfer agreements. Our examination of contracts shows that the size of HSR investment order is important for both business and government strategy. The order size determines the extent of domestic content and production. While many components will inevitably be imported, a larger order size may allow for various components to be manufactured domestically. Order size also appears to influence the nature of partnerships among the firms in the industry. We observe a growing number of HSR investment partnerships among trainset suppliers over time, possibly due to the need to pool risk in these highly complex and uncertain investments, as well as the changing competitive dynamic of HSR markets.
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Lees, Sven. "Investeringar i småskalig vattenkraft vid befintliga dammar : - En studie av teknik-, ekonomi- och miljöfrågor." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5765.

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In this thesis a method for evaluating investments in small scale hydro power is presented. An analysis of the future position that small scale hydro production will have on the Nordic electricity market is also carried out. This is done by an inventory of technology and economic and environmental aspects. The inventory is also a guide as to how the project should be implemented.

Hydrolyzer is the name of the Excel tool developed to evaluate investments. The tool requests input data from the user and then evaluates the investment and generates a sensitivity analysis. Several projects or scenarios can be entered and are then ranked after profitability. For example a major repair can be compared to a new power station and tailrace excavations are possible to evaluate.

The profitability of small scale hydro power investment mainly depends on the size of the initial investment. The power generation costs average among the lowest among possible future power plants. This trend applies to comparisons between renewable and fossil production plants. Electricity prices will probably not fall back to historic levels, due to fuel shortage and increasing environmental concerns. Price prognosis therefore indicates that investments, which on calculation seem profitable, will also be so.

Small scale hydro investments at existing dams are socio-economically and environmentally sound. The investments contribute with clean power but have local environmental impacts. At existing dams this damage is already done and expensive to undo if at all possible. The

environmental impacts can be dramatically reduced by construction of fish passages etc. In the thesis an example shows that economic resources for environmental constructions often depend on electricity certificates and that residual flows aren’t greater than necessary.

An investment project should start by evaluating possible scenarios that the hydro power permit may result in. The transmission capacity should also be investigated at an early stage. Materials should be chosen with care and evaluated with a star diagram. A synchronous

generator without a speed increaser should be considered for the hydro investment. The turbine type should be suggested by the manufacturer who also has to be able to guarantee efficiencies and cavitation resistance. Submersible turbines should be considered as they significantly reduce building costs. Involved persons need to be experienced and the tenders should be lump sums except for costs which are difficult to determine.


I detta examensarbete presenteras en metod för att enkelt kunna göra en bedömning av om det är lönsamt att investera i småskalig vattenkraft. Det undersöks också hur den småskaliga vattenkraftens förutsättningar på den framtida elmarknaden ser ut. Detta görs genom en inventering av teknik, ekonomi och miljöaspekter. Inventeringen ger också svar på hur ett investeringsprojekt ska genomföras.

Hydrolyzer kallas excelverktyget som utvecklats för att göra lönsamhetsbedömningen. Det fungerar så att indata matas in och sedan beräknas investeringens lönsamhet och en känslighetsanalys genereras. I verktyget kan olika investeringsalternativ läggas in som sedan beräknas och rangordnas. Exempelvis kan en större reparation jämföras med att bygga en helt ny station eller rensningar utvärderas.

Småskalig vattenkrafts lönsamhet och produktionskostnader beror till största del på hur stor grundinvesteringen blir. Produktionskostnaden är i snitt bland de billigaste produktionsslagen som kan komma att byggas i framtiden. Trenden gäller vid jämförelse både bland förnybara

och bland övriga produktionsslag. På elmarknaden pekar det mesta på att priset inte kommer att sjunka tillbaka till historisk nivå. Detta då bränslena är bristvara och att en allt större miljöhänsyn krävs vilket pressar upp priset. Prisutvecklingen talar för att om ett investeringsbeslut tas där kalkylen visar lönsamhet så kommer detta också att infalla.

Investeringar i småskalig vattenkraft vid befintliga dammar bedöms vara samhällsekonomiskt och miljömässigt fördelaktigt. Småskalig vattenkraft producerar ren el men ger miljöstörningar lokalt. Vid befintliga dammar är dock denna skada redan skedd och väldigt kostsamt att återställa om det överhuvudtaget är möjligt. Miljöproblemen kan dock kraftigt minskas genom byggnation av fiskpassager m.m. Möjligheten att bygga vid befintliga dammar kan vara beroende av elcertifikat om de lokala förutsättningarna är dåliga. I rapporten visas också genom ett exempel att ekonomin för miljöförbättrande åtgärder oftast är beroende av elcertifikat och att mintappningar inte är större än nödvändigt.

Investeringsprojektet bör börja med att ta fram scenarion att utvärdera utifrån hur vattendomen kan tänkas bli. Elnätets kapacitet ska också undersökas tidigt. Materialen ska väljas med omsorg och utvärderas med stjärndiagram. En synkron generator utan växel ska

övervägas till kraftverket. Turbintypen ska föreslås av tillverkaren och denna ska kunna garantera verkningsgrader och kavitationsmotstånd. Dränkbara turbiner ska övervägas då dessa kräver väsentligt mindre byggnationsarbeten. Inblandade i projektet ska ha rätt kunskaper och anbuden ska tas in som klumpsummor där visst ansvar tas för svårbestämda kostnader.

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Talhada, Sarrok dos Anjos Cominha Isaquinha. "Understanding innovation : exploring interactions between large-scale land investments and small-scale farmers in Mozambique." Thesis, University of Reading, 2018. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/77844/.

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That small-scale farmers benefit from large-scale land investments (LSLIs) in developing countries is an argument put forward by supporters of LSLIs, which include governments in target countries and development partners, such as the World Bank. The aim of this study is to examine the interactions between LSLIs and small-scale farmers and to evaluate the extent to which these investments support or undermine innovations in small-scale farming, and how they do so. It employs an innovation system framework as an approach to explore interactions between small-scale farmers and LSLIs. With an emphasis on qualitative methods, it combines household surveys, in-depth interviews and group interviews in a mixed method research design. The findings highlight that the government’s paternalistic attitude towards small-scale farmers encourages implementation of LSLIs as a development strategy. However, the findings reveal a complex picture of LSLIs, presenting features of both development opportunities and land grabbing. These two qualities of LSLIs are also related to the cropping system insofar as technological interactions characterise LSLIs and small-scale farmers’ interactions in the vegetable sector, whereas land conflicts are important as a feature of their interactions in the sugarcane sector. The findings concerning the social relations of production in both vegetable and sugarcane sectors indicate that distribution of tasks and responsibilities, within households and associations, are based on age and gender. The older and male village inhabitants are able to control main sources of cash income whereas the female members of the community are for the most part engaged in subsistence agriculture and perform a secondary role in situations in which agriculture is the main source of cash for the household. In addition to this, the way in which small-scale farmers are organised within associations, i.e., as a collective farm in the sugarcane sector and as individual production units in the vegetable sector, affect how and the extent to which LSLIs contribute to innovation in small-scale farming.
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Manda, Simon. "Large-scale agricultural investments and livelihood dynamics on the Zambian 'sugarbelt'." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2019. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/22700/.

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Current discourse on "agriculture for development" generally serves smallholders in developing countries poorly: their visibility in international development and policy processes is minimal and their exclusion from large-scale agricultural investments (LaSAIs) constructed as a "problem." While LaSAIs have brought optimism around agriculture for development, identifying what more national actors can do in sub-Saharan Africa requires further investigation. The dominant narrative is that LaSAIs, value-chain expansion and ensuing coordination schemes for smallholders are development-oriented and inclusive but these claims remain contentious in the context of national politics, power dynamics and institutional processes, and how they shape rural livelihoods and welfare. Grounded in an interdisciplinary case study strategy that integrates the Global Value Chain (GVC) framework and the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA), this thesis explores the extent to which LaSAIs impact local development and rural livelihoods among smallholder sugarcane growers in Zambia. Drawing on multiple frameworks of analysis at national, industry and local level, it takes a mixed methods approach drawing on interviews at multiple levels, together with participatory approaches and a survey at the community level to develop case studies of two structurally different smallholder outgrower schemes linked to Zambia Sugar Plc, a subsidiary of a multinational corporation Illovo plc. Connections are particulalry made between how LaSAIs are framed in the context of national institutional and governance dynamics, inclusionary and exclusionary dynamics, local livelihoods and response pathways among smallholders, and industry practices as they relate to an agribusiness power and influence. This study reveals four key processes that affect LaSAIs and structural transformation in Zambia. First is that possibilities for LaSAIs are created by state institutions but their potential is limited through competing policy developments and governance processes that heighten tensions between and among different institutions. Second is that emerging inclusionary and exclusionary dynamics reflect agribusiness-state-donor relations and that implementation of projects remains problematic for industry and local participation. Third, the livelihood analysis reveals that sugarcane cultivation does enhance household incomes but this focus on financial capital neglects other forms of capital relevant in shaping livelihood response pathways. Schemes that enable access to natural capital such as land beside sugarcane provides greater livelihood impacts across finacial capital and other benefits, but these remain low quality, and fail to produce significant path-changing gains for households. Fourth is the way policy and governance dynamics at macro-level, patterns of inclusion and exclusion at meso-level, and livelihoods at micro-level play out reflect how an agribusiness' power exploits national, regional and local domains to exert control over policy developments, industry governance and influence sustainable development - referred to as "power of presence." Corporations limit smallholder participation through tight controls on production resources and structures which reflect the limits and importance of power dynamics, and domestic institutions in mediating corporate standards and practices. This thesis provides insight into the role of national institutional and governance dynamics in LaSAIs and agricultural expansion and how buyer-grower relations shape control over productive resources and influence at local level. In so doing, it makes visible the centrality of power, politics and institutional processes in LaSAIs and how they shape policy developments, rural social differentiation and agrarian change. The analysis links the implementation and coordination of investments to how mandates, overlaps and responsibilities among state agencies can be made clear and improve decisions around resources. It provides an understanding of how actors can participate in local spaces and closer to schemes to create suportive frameworks for local participants and poverty reduction. Recognition of macro-meso-micro interdependences should inform policies, institutions and investments to enhance rural livelihoods and development, specifically measures on resource availability, access and utilisation. Policy strategies should clarify the role of LaSAIs and their relationships with local participants and key politcal and economic instruments should be strengthened for this purpose. State institutions should advance a state-donor-agribusiness collaboration for policy development, industry structure, and organisation of smallholder outgrower schemes. In particular, strategies and regulatory mechanisms need to be strenghthened to encourage cross-sector cooperation and coordination of policy developments, social and political efforts around "agriculture for development" in Zambia and elsewhere across sub Saharan Africa.
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Birmeta, Adinew Yonas [Verfasser]. "Land rights and large scale agricultural investments in Ethiopia / Yonas Birmeta Adinew." Halle, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149050195/34.

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Boche, Mathieu. "Contrôle du foncier, agricultures d'entreprise et restructurations agraires : une perspective critique des investissements fonciers à grande échelle : Le cas de la partie centrale du Mozambique." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA111018/document.

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La demande croissante pour l’alimentation, l’énergie et les ressources naturelles, combinée à la limitation des ressources et à la libéralisation du commerce sont parmi les facteurs ayant entrainé une nouvelle « ruée sur les terres agricoles » observée depuis quelques années. Alors que certains ont exprimé des inquiétudes sur les implications potentielles de ces projets sur les droits et les moyens de subsistance des populations rurales des pays en développement, d’autres ont souligné le potentiel de ces opportunités dans la lutte pour la sécurité alimentaire et le développement rural que constituait ces annonces d’investissements dans un secteur longtemps négligé. Cette thèse interroge la complexité économique, institutionnelle et sociale des investissements fonciers à grande échelle et leur capacité à engendrer des restructurations agraires et un changement du modèle de développement agricole au Mozambique. En raison de leur fort taux d’échec et des difficultés d’implantation des projets, il apparait que les investissements fonciers à grande échelle n’ont pas entrainé une rupture dans les structures agraires locales marquée par un changement des caractéristiques des exploitations majoritairement productrices dans le secteur agricole national. En revanche, l’intérêt des investisseurs étrangers tend à influencer les autorités nationales vers une réactivation du modèle de développement agricole qui prévalait après l’Indépendance, c’est-à-dire un secteur agricole dual avec des agriculteurs familiaux marginalisés d’une part et des exploitations agricoles à grande échelle établies avec des investissements étrangers de l’autre. Ainsi, non seulement la grande majorité des agriculteurs familiaux ne bénéficient pas de la dynamique actuelle de projets d’investissement, mais les politiques agricoles et foncières et les mesures de soutien tendent à se détourner d’eux au profit de la facilitation des investissements à grande échelle. Nos résultats remettent en cause la capacité des projets actuels à enclencher une trajectoire de développement agricole capable de répondre aux défis des économies africaines
The growing demand for food, energy and natural resources, combined with the limited stock of natural resources available and the process of trade liberalization are among the factors that have triggered a new rush for land observed in the last years. Despite an extensive literature, most analyses of large scale land based investment are politically and ideologically anchored, reflecting strong opposing stances. On one hand, some have expressed some concerns on the potential implications of these projects on peasants’ land rights and livelihood. On the other hand, some other researchers have argued that these projects should be seen as opportunities in the struggle for food security and rural development. This thesis questions the economic, social and institutional complexity of large scale land based investment including their differentiated evolutionary dynamics and implications in terms of agricultural development and agrarian change in Mozambique. Because of a high failure rate and difficulties to establish the production structures, it appears that large scale land based investments haven’t led to a shift from small scale farming to large scale farming as the main farming organization in Mozambique. However, the rising interest of foreign investors tend to influence national authorities in rehabilitating the post-Independence agricultural development model, which was characterized by a dual system composed of marginalized subsistence farmers on one hand and foreign owned large scale farms. So, not only do smallholders benefit little from present agricultural investment dynamics, but also agricultural policies and support measures tend to shift away from the former towards the facilitation of large-scale investment. Our results questions the capacity of actual large scale land based investments to trigger a trajectory of agricultural development able to meet African economies challenges
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Jarden, Kimberly M. "ASSESSING HYDROLOGIC IMPACTS OF STREET-SCALE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS FOR SUBURBAN PARMA, OHIO." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1429133256.

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Pokhrel, Keshav Prasad. "A study of present value maximization for the monopolist problem in time scales." [Huntington, WV : Marshall University Libraries], 2008. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=892.

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27

Kambanje, Cuthbert. "Economic impacts of large-scale land investments along the emerging Chisumbanje Sugarcane Bio-ethanol Value Chain in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1737.

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28

Kuusaana, Elias Danyi [Verfasser]. "Large-scale land acquisitions for agricultural investments in Ghana - implications for land markets and smallholder farmers / Elias Danyi Kuusaana." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1118720628/34.

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Mawoko, Zaka Diana. "The influence of large-scale investments in agricultural land on household food security in the Gurué and Monapo districts of Mozambique." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77845.

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Empirical evidence of the impact of large-scale land transfers on household food security is scarce in Africa. Large-scale agricultural investments have the potential to achieve long-term development objectives such as improving access to markets and technology, scaling up physical infrastructure and providing improved opportunities for employment. At times, these investments occur at the expense of rural communities. Displacement and environmental degradation can occur eroding local development. This study investigated the effect of large-scale agricultural investments on food security in the Monapo and Gurué districts of Mozambique as part of a larger project called AFGROLAND that set out to improve the understanding of how changes in the global agricultural, food and energy system affect countries in Africa. The study used both descriptive and statistical models. The sample of 504 households included households (i) in which at least one member was employed by the large-scale investment agent in the areas selected for the study (ii) households in the same area that were not employed by the agribusiness (termed non-engaged households) and (iii) counterfactual households from another community without a large-scale investment. The study made use of seven food security indicators. These were compared and evaluated through the use of Principle Component Analysis. Although a third of households in the factual zones reported having lost land through displacement because of plantation expansion, severe hunger and food insecurity were not commonly observed from the assessment of the seven indicators. Employed households reported better dietary quality (measured as Household Dietary Diversity Score, Food Consumption Score and Women’s Dietary Diversity Score), food security (measured as the Consolidated Approach for Reporting Indicators of Food Security), and resilience in terms of food security (measured as Coping Strategy Index, Monthly Adequate Household Food Provision and Asset ownership ). Overall, the counterfactual households had better dietary quality than non-engaged households in the factual zones. In the case of female-headed households, the dietary quality was worse among employed households as women had less time to gather firewood and prepare food. The study concluded that large-scale agricultural investments may provide employment opportunities in remote areas and improve household food security. It is not possible to draw concrete conclusions on whether the large-scale agricultural investments had a negative effect on household food security as the results could be influenced by a number of factors inclusive of climate change, soil quality and gradient, in addition to human factors such as infrastructure development, health and sanitation. However, policymakers and investors should insist on employment quotas for women when providing access to employment. Food security concerns should remain a key consideration for government assessment of investment opportunities with appropriate policy measures implemented to minimize the risks to households’ food security and livelihoods (such as lost access to land and environmental degradation). Monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of large-scale agricultural investments should be conducted.
Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
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30

Romets, Dmytro [Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Menrad, and Alfons [Gutachter] Balmann. "An empirical analysis of biogas investments in large-scale agricultural companies in Ukraine / Dmytro Romets ; Gutachter: Klaus Menrad, Alfons Balmann ; Betreuer: Klaus Menrad." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142376540/34.

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Romets, Dmytro Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] [Menrad, and Alfons [Gutachter] Balmann. "An empirical analysis of biogas investments in large-scale agricultural companies in Ukraine / Dmytro Romets ; Gutachter: Klaus Menrad, Alfons Balmann ; Betreuer: Klaus Menrad." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1142376540/34.

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32

Herrmann, Raoul Tarik [Verfasser]. "Large-scale foreign investments in African agriculture : evaluating household welfare effects of outgrower schemes, agroindustry employment and spillovers in Malawi and Tanzania / Raoul Tarik Herrmann." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1108808093/34.

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Sipangule, Kacana [Verfasser], Jann [Akademischer Betreuer] Lay, Jann [Gutachter] Lay, Stephan [Gutachter] Klasen, and Rainer [Gutachter] Thiele. "Large-Scale Land Investments and Land-Use Change : Determinants and Impacts on Rural Development / Kacana Sipangule ; Gutachter: Jann Lay, Stephan Klasen, Rainer Thiele ; Betreuer: Jann Lay." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1152077848/34.

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34

Muntrakis, Emelie. "Impacts of large scale sugar investments on local livelihoods seen through the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach : A case study on a multinational sugar company’s presence in Manhiça, Mozambique." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29239.

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Establishment of big companies in rural areas is something that is getting more and more common as the phenomenon of land acquisition is growing. This study is based on a case study in Manhiça where a big scale multinational sugar company, consisting of a sugar factory and sugarcane plantations, has been present for almost 20 years. The theoretical framework is based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) that is made into a method by taking dimensions from the theory and converting them into analytical tools. The aim is to identify and analyse the impacts that the company’s activities have on longer term on the capital basis of the various groups with which the company relates. Using the perspective of SLA helps identify the wide range of impacts – direct and indirect, positive and negative – that matter to local people. The study is qualitative and based on semi-structured interviews made with different groups of outgrower farmers and employees as well as representatives for the company and the municipality. The results are, in accordance with the principles underlying the SLA, focusing on the perceptions of people and the dynamic nature of livelihoods. A pilot study is used to indicate which impacts that are a result of the company’s presence and which only a result of switching to cash crops. The study shows that different groups are affected different from the interactions with the company. People with already weak livelihoods are benefited least since their access to different capital assets decrease.
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Svensson, Jenny. "Internationell jordbruksmark till salu - Nationell suveränitet, fattigdomsbekämpning & visionen om en hållbar utveckling." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2699.

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During 2008 we experienced an expansion of large scale investments in foreign farmland. This increasing trend has become a political hot-spot, but there is not much research available within the field. Due to a lack of research it remains a vital task to outline the potential effects of this trend. Drawing on existing ideas from some of the main actors within the field, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), The World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the latest G8 summit on agriculture, four main purposes are set out for this paper. First, to outline some of the underlying mechanisms behind the trend is considered crucial for the understanding of the nature of these investments. Second, this paper reviews how these actors’ deals with this trend in relation to one of the core objects in the field of Political Science, namely national sovereignty. Furthermore, this paper examines how existing ideas may affect the global vision of reaching a sustainable development and the global commitment to reduce poverty. Using key concepts of sovereignty, globalization theory, development theory and the green theory as a basis for comparison, this study reaches some interesting findings. Some of the key findings are;

- The actors, in the scope of this study, have a common understanding of the trend. Joint commitments and actions can therefore be expected from the international community.

- National sovereignty is not considerd when discussing the regulation of the trend. Furthermore, sovereignty is not equally distributed between rich and poor countries.

- Based on current ideas about development we will very unlikely be able to reduce poverty and at the same time reach the vision on a sustainable society. The two concepts are currently not compatible.

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Hellman, Karl G. "Optimizing Marketing Activities for Different Levels of Customer Relationships." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2013. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/bus_admin_diss/27.

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The discipline of marketing is evolving from a product centric paradigm where all value is invested in the product by the supplier and it is exchanged for a market determined price by means of an arm’s length transaction, to a service centric paradigm where value is co-created by customer and supplier through complex relationships in which the rewards are determined through negotiation. This study recognizes that in practice a supplier will and ought to continue to have some customer relationships that are transactional and others that involve higher levels of value co-creation. A five point continuum of relationships from transactional to strategic alliance is defined. Dyadic data in which customer and supplier are asked to evaluate the same relationship from their respective points of view are analyzed resulting in a portfolio of a supplier’s relationships that include each of the five levels. Three structured equation models are validated: first, the customer’s assessment of the level of relationship as a function of new, behaviorally anchored measures; second, the supplier’s assessment as a function of new, behaviorally anchored measures of investment; third, the differences between customer and supplier assessments as a function of differences in ratings of new, behaviorally anchored measures. Additionally, segmentation of the customer base is identified based on the level of assessment of the current and desired future level of relationship. Servicing processes are defined to enable the supplier to match the right offerings to each level of customer thereby optimizing their investment in their customer portfolio.
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Violi, F. "LA SOVRANITA' PERMANENTE DEGLI STATI SULLE RISORSE NATURALI ED IL FENOMENO DEL LAND GRABBING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/251304.

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In seguito alla crisi dei prezzi dei prodotti alimentari tra il 2007 ed il 2008, é emersa sul panorama internazionale una nuova pratica, definita sinteticamente "land grabbing" (letteralmente accaparramento delle terre). Con tale espressione si indica, in prima approssimazione, l'acquisizione o l'affitto in larga scala di terre destinate ad uso agricolo, da parte di investitori stranieri pubblici e privati. Il fenomeno è concentrato prevalentemente nei Paesi in via di sviluppo e, in modo particolare, in Africa. I Pvs, spinti dalla necessità di liquidità ed infrastrutture, hanno posto in essere un politica favorevole agli Investimenti Diretti Esteri, consentendo l’acquisto o l’affitto di terra fertile, per corrispettivi o canoni piuttosto esigui e termini contrattuali particolarmente estesi (generalmente ricompresi in un range temporale tra i trenta e novantanove anni). La conclusione di tali contratti di investimento è formalmente indirizzata alla produzione di materie prime per il fabbisogno alimentare ed energetico dei Paesi d’origine. Prima facie, essi sembrerebbero un “normale” esercizio della sovranità permanente dello Stato di destinazione sulle proprie risorse naturali, che detiene il pieno diritto di regolarne lo sfruttamento. Nella fattispecie, emerge, infatti, in modo preponderante il ruolo degli Stati ospite. Le transazioni si svolgono in maniera formalmente legittima e vengono veicolate dallo Stato recipiente, le cui autorità nazionali o regionali concludono leciti accordi con gli investitori. Numerose perplessità sorgono, però, in merito alla compatibilità di tale pratica con il diritto internazionale vigente. Simili investimenti presentano, infatti, un alto potenziale di rischio a carico delle popolazioni del Paese ospite, in particolare sotto il profilo dell’accesso alla terra, e quindi dell’approvvigionamento alimentare. È possibile che sulle terre oggetto d'investimento insistano già coltivazioni o allevamenti di comunità rurali, che utilizzano la terra in virtù di consuetudini o diritti d'uso, cui solitamente é collegato un minor livello di tutela rispetto ai titoli formali di proprietà, peraltro piuttosto rari. In alcune regioni del mondo, i soggetti titolari risultano quindi particolarmente vulnerabili, considerata la difficoltà di azionare i loro incerti diritti sulla terra e di ottenere, di conseguenza, un’adeguata protezione giurisdizionale. Egualmente preoccupante, sotto il profilo ambientale, é la tendenza, nell'implementazione di questo tipo d'investimenti, a sfruttare la terra per la coltivazione di biocarburanti o la realizzazione di vasti appezzamenti di monoculture, che riducono, evidentemente, la possibilità di mantenere una diversificazione ambientale adeguata. Una volta accertata la rilevanza giuridica del fenomeno della corsa alle terre ed averne individuato una qualificazione autonoma, il lavoro si propone, quindi, di valutare la questione della legittimità dell’esercizio della sovranità permanente da parte del Paese di destinazione, quando l’alienazione di porzioni di territorio oggetto d’investimento si esplichi in modalità tali da generare le esternalizzazioni negative brevemente accennate: l’esercizio della sovranità da parte dello Stato non può, infatti, prescindere da precisi obblighi che su di esso gravano ai sensi del diritto internazionale, inerenti alla tutela dei diritti umani, da una parte, ed alla protezione dell’ambiente, dall’altra.
After the outbreak of the food price crisis in 2007 – 2008 a new practice, known as land grabbing, has emerged on the international scene. The race to land is generally understood as the phenomenon of large-scale investments in land by foreign investors, which include both States and private companies, especially in developing countries. Driven by the necessity to attract foreign capital and finance infrastructure projects, developing countries have implemented favorable Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policies, thus allowing the purchase or lease of fertile land lots, for rather meager rental prices and long terms (usually ranging from thirty to ninety-nine years) . Formally, these investments are directed towards the production of raw materials, necessary to address food and energy requirements, in particular for those countries which are net importers of agricultural products. The host State may well then decide to conclude lawful deals with the investors towards this aim. Prima facie, therefore, the conclusion of investment contracts in land apparently reflects the host country’s exercise of permanent sovereignty over its natural resources, which has the full right to regulate the exploitation thereof. Nevertheless the analysis of the phenomenon of land grabbing raises some doubts in relation to the compatibility of this practice with current international law norms. Such investments potentially carry a number of high risks to the population of the host country, in particular in terms of access to land and food supply. It is likely, in fact, that on the land subject to a given investment, there may already exist crops or herds of rural communities, who use the land by virtue of custom or usage rights, usually granted a lower level of protection if compared to the formal titles of ownership, rare at best in most developing countries. In some regions of the world, the holders are therefore particularly vulnerable to displacement, given the difficulty to exercise their uncertain land rights and to obtain, as a result, adequate judicial protection. Equally worrying, environmentally, is the implementation of investment contracts aimed at exploiting land to farm biofuels or realize large plots of monoculture, thus reducing the possibility to keep adequate land biological diversity. After the analysis of the juridical significance of land grabbing and the identification of its autonomous legal characterization, the thesis examines the question of the legitimacy of the race to land with regards to the exercise of permanent sovereignty over natural resources by the host country, especially in those cases where the alienation of land generates considerably negative externalities on the local population: sovereignty cannot, in fact, be exercised without due regard to the specific obligations incumbent upon States under international law, related, in particular, to the protection of human rights and the environment.
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38

Wang, Yao-Hui, and 王耀輝. "Determinants of Company Investment Scale." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5epkmf.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
財務金融研究所
105
Investment decision, financing decision and dividend decision together make up financial decisions. Investment decision is one of the important financial decisions in a company, and it is the core in financial decisions. Meanwhile investment decision as an important aspect of enterprise value decisions, it would be far-reaching effects on the development of company. Hence, the study of corporate investment behavior has become one of the important issues of academic research. This article is based on the investment behavior of company as the starting point, with the MM theory and information asymmetry theory, learn from domestic and foreign related literature’s research methods and conclusions, using 2007-2016 listed and OTC Taiwanese firms as subjects, to explore the company's share price, liquidity ratio and financing cash flow. How to impact the company's investment scale respectively by multiple linear regression analysis. Empirical studies show that, in general, (1) There is positive correlation between financing cash flow and investment scale. The funds be raise by company can be used for the company's operations and development, it will also drive the company investment. (2) There is negative correlation between liquidity ratio and investment scale. High liquidity ratio indicates that the company has good solvency. But the reverse is the company may prepare too much cash for debt service, leading to funds for investment become insufficient. (3)There is positive correlation between company's share price and investment scale. The share price represents the company's operating conditions, high price will bring the company more funds for business development. Keywords: Investment decision, Stock price, Liquidity ratio, Financing cash flow
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39

Muneer, Wajid. "Large-scale Solar PV Investment Planning Studies." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5837.

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In the pursuit of a cleaner and sustainable environment, solar photovoltaic (PV) power has been established as the fastest growing alternative energy source in the world. This extremely fast growth is brought about, mainly, by government policies and support mechanisms world-wide. Solar PV technology that was once limited to specialized applications and considered very expensive, with low efficiency, is becoming more efficient and affordable. Solar PV promises to be a major contributor of the future global energy mix due to its minimal running costs, zero emissions and steadily declining module and inverter costs. With the expanding practice of managing decentralized power systems around the world, the role of private investors is increasing. Thus, the perspective of all stakeholders in the power system, including private investors, has to be considered in the optimal planning of the grid. An abundance of literature is available to address the central planning authority’s perspective; however, optimal planning from an investor’s perspective is not widely available. Therefore, this thesis focuses on private investors’ perspective. An optimization model and techniques to facilitate a prospective investor to arrive at an optimal investment plan in large-scale solar PV generation projects are proposed and discussed in this thesis. The optimal set of decisions includes the location, sizing and time of investment that yields the highest profit. The mathematical model considers various relevant issues associated with PV projects such as location-specific solar radiation levels, detailed investment costs representation, and an approximate representation of the transmission system. A detailed case study considering the investment in large-scale solar PV projects in Ontario, Canada, is presented and discussed, demonstrating the practical application and usefulness of the proposed methodology and tools.
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40

Chen, Fiyon, and 陳翠. "The Tax Policy to Foreign Investment with International Scale Economics." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63036326764688768776.

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41

Kasajima, Shuiji. "Externalities, increasing return to scale, factor proportions, and foreign direct investment." 1997. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/38814742.html.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1997.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 318-325).
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42

Abebe, Tesfaye Abate. "Laws of investment and environmental protection : the case of Ethiopian largescale agriculture." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/24738.

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A contradiction between the Ethiopian law of investment and environmental law is prevalent since law of investment promotes development while environmental law protects the environment. The thesis investigates the general legal issue: How do the investment and environmental laws of Ethiopia promote large-scale agricultural development without adversely affecting the environment? In the research, comparative legal research methodology is employed: comparison is made between the internationally accepted principles of large-scale agricultural investment and Ethiopian laws; the laws and experiences of Brazil and South Africa are showed that law of sustainable large-scale agricultural investment is vital to promote agricultural development and protect the environment. International law on investment and environment are also considered. International legal principles of solving the contradiction between environmental law and investment law are analysed. Legal and document analysis of Ethiopian laws, policies and government documents have been made. Interviews have been made, data through questionnaires have been collected and analysed, and 12 large-scale agricultural investment farms have been observed and critically analysed. The thesis identified that law of large-scale agricultural investment promotes development while Ethiopian environmental law protects the environment. The law has a role in promoting large-scale agricultural development by recognising the right to development and providing incentives and creating conducive environment. Thus, the law should be used to promote both the right to development and environmental protection. The nexus between investment law and environmental law should be strengthening. It is identified that the law of sustainable large-scale agricultural development could protect the environment while promoting large-scale agricultural development. The thesis identified the Ethiopian law and the practices do not promote sustainable large-scale agricultural development. Thus, it is recommended that precautionary principle, like EIA should be made a requirement for large-scale agricultural investment, implementing efficiently and effectively the large-scale agricultural law principles, and laws to achieve sustainable large-scale agriculture.
Public, Constitutional and International Law
LL. D.
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43

Lin, Hsin-chen, and 林欣瑱. "foreign direct investment with differentiated intermediate inputs and variable returns to scale technology." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08009478947348798441.

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44

Ho, Tsung-yi, and 何宗益. "The Study on the Economy Scale of Real Estate Investment Trusts in Taiwan." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8nnkhb.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
財務金融系碩士班
91
The problem of over-banking in Taiwan has initiated the disorder of the financial industry. Many of the problems were caused by the sluggish real estate market. Besides the improvement of the investment environment, the implementation of real estate securitization system has become an urgent appeal to vitalize and reduce the liquidity risk of the real estate market. At this moment, authorities in Taiwan have accomplished the drafting of “Real Estate Securitization Article.” After the legislation of the real estate securitization, such problems of the real estate investments as liquidity, economy scale and professional management are expected to be relieved. The economy scale analysis prior to the establishment of a new industry is important. This research tends to measure the economy scale of the real estate investment trusts in Taiwan. This study collects the data of public listed real estate and construction companies from 1987 to 2001, and employs three models for empirical analysis for comparison. Results show that dividends and debt ratio are not significant factors in explaining the economy scale. The most significant factors are assets and costs. The findings also indicate that the most appropriate scale of the real estate investment trusts in Taiwan is around NT$400 to 600 billion in total. The most appropriate capitalization for individual company is around NT$12.5 to 15 billion, and the economy scale number is around 30 to 40 companies.
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45

CHANG, CHUN-HAIO, and 章君豪. "Utilizing Profit Improvement Method to Build the Investment Models in Taiwan Large Scale Stocks." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2s6j2p.

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碩士
中原大學
資訊管理研究所
103
Stock investment has relatively lower entrance barrier and funding requirement. According to the statistics from TWSE, by the end of 2014, 9.3 million people have been doing stock investment, and it has clearly becoming a popular way of money investing among Taiwanese people. Since the Taiwanese government largely increased the limit for the foreign investment institution in year 1999, the chip analysis of institutional investors had become more and more important. Many researcher have been trying to build up a model for stock selecting. Most of them are used fundamental analysis and technical analysis, and chip analysis were less discussed. The following experiment use fundamental analysis and chip analysis factors as researching factors, started from 2008 to 2013, discussing how these factors affect Taiwanese large scale stocks, large scale electronics stocks and large scale traditional industries stocks in three stages. First of all, we use single factor performance analysis to find out the dominant single factor. Then we use double factor summation method and multiply sorting method to find out how every single factor effect on each other. Finally, we impress on profit improvement method to find out the most powerful combination.
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46

Huang, Shin-Yi, and 黃心怡. "The Policy Analysis of Large-scale production and Total Quantity Control for Foreign Direct Investment." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86270341314364618684.

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47

Huang, Ching-ya, and 黃靖雅. "The Influence Factors on Scale and Returns of Real Estate Investment Trusts Funds in Taiwan." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40099955915581404026.

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碩士
南華大學
財務金融學系財務管理碩士班
99
This study explored the influence of location and characteristics of real estate toward the scale of real estate investment fund, and then discussed the impact of real estate investment trust fund scale, the internal factors and external environmental factors toward the return of Taiwan shares of REITs. Finally, the influenced variables on the rental yields were also investigated. The daily data of listed real estate investment trust funds in Taiwan from May 16, 2007 to December 2009 were compiled as study samples. Through OLS model, the daily returns of real estate investment trust funds in Taiwan were used to explore the factors influence the reward of real estate investment trust funds. The empirical results showed that: firstly, the location in the north present significant positive correlation toward the scale of the fund, and the office characteristics also showed significant impact to the fund scale. Secondary, the real estate climate index, interest rates, consumer price index and the financial crisis also showed significant impact toward the fund scale when joined Non-financial surface have significant impact to the fund scale. Thirdly, in TTR the explanatory ability part demonstrated the data finance surface all not presents the remarkable influence; Moreover the fund scale variable joins the discovery not to have the significance, therefore the fund scale''s size will not affect the date return rate the fluctuation. Fourth ,the variables of the real estate climate index, interest rates, price indices also affected the rental yields significantly.
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48

Tan, Benjamin Lin-Boon. "Scale and timing of foreign direct investment of Japanese electronics firms in the U.S. and Canada." Thesis, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/32492495.html.

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49

Hsu, Wei-Yu, and 徐偉育. "Choices of Scale Strategies Made by Domestic Securities Businesses in the Process of Developing Investment Banks." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72985361297999661157.

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碩士
嶺東科技大學
高階主管企管碩士在職專班
101
This research aims to study the choices of scale strategies made by securities businesses in Taiwan in the process of developing investment banks. We adopted game theory to establish the committed capital and entry deterrence dynamic game model and argued the in-depth connotations of the scale strategies choosen by securities companies domestically in the process of developing investment banks on this theoretical basis. Results of this research indicated: 1. Maximization of the capital structure and scale expansion for domestic securities companies is achieved through the securities financing and margin trading system on top of the existing scale. 2. Augmentation of the scale is achieved through mergers and consolidation in the industry; this includes converging of resources held by domestic securities companies, as well converging of international resources through foreign investment banks. 3. Considerations of cross-industry operations arise, that is, the thinking of domestic securities companies integrated with their market positioning to consolidate the financial resources in the market and jointly establish financial holding companies.
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50

Tang, Hsiao-Cheng, and 唐筱錚. "The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment Scale and Export Performance-An Examination of TFT-LCD Manufacturers." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83786090591262522207.

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碩士
國立成功大學
企業管理學系碩博士班
94
The strategic movement of Taiwanese high technology firms to China has been developing for several years. TFT-LCD manufactures are motivated to invest in China for both resource-seeking and efficiency-seeking reasons. In the past, foreign direct investment was seen as the final stage of internationalization. Previous literature focused primarily on individual aspects of foreign direct investment. Many of them discussed the motivating forces behind foreign investment, and the factors that attract multinational companies to invest in specific countries. Country attractiveness, industry differences and firm specific characteristics could all be factors influencing foreign direct investment. This article studies the determinants of foreign direct investment scale and export based performance at the firm level. This study employs multiple regression to analyze quarterly data of 13 TFT-LCD manufacturers from 2003-2005. The results indicate that those manufacturers who invested in China through vertical foreign direct investment utilize lower production cost and seek location specific advantages. Foreign productions and exports of parent companies are complementary. However, scaled back operations in their home country in order to expand abroad. The technological competence and management competency did not demonstrate a significant relationship with the firms’ export performance.
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