Relevant bibliographies by topics / Scale of investment

Academic literature on the topic 'Scale of investment'

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Published: 12 May 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Scale of investment"

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Bekele, Adugna Eneyew, Liesbeth Dries, Wim Heijman, and Dusan Drabik. "Large scale land investments and food security in agropastoral areas of Ethiopia." Food Security 13, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01131-x.

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AbstractIn Ethiopia, large scale land investments have been expanding into pastoral regions. However, little is known about the consequences of these investments on the food security of the pastoral community. Using Living Standard Measurement Survey data of the World Bank, we find that, on average, about 32% of the respondents from the (agro-)pastoral regions are food insecure. After controlling for confounders, proximity to large scale land investments is associated with additional food intake of up to 745 kcal per day per adult compared to the households located farther away from a large scale land investment. Proximity to large scale land investment has no significant effect on the coping strategies based food security. For households located in proximity to a large scale land investment, food intake significantly increases with access to roads and markets. Proximity to a large scale land investment has a positive effect on household food consumption not necessarily because of direct benefits from large scale land investments, but due to land and soil quality near the large scale land investments.
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Abdallah, Abdul-Hanan, Michael Ayamga, and Joseph Agebase Awuni. "Large-Scale Land Acquisition and Household Farm Investment in Northern Ghana." Land 12, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12040737.

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Many studies have investigated the effects of large-scale land acquisition (LSLA) on livelihood, while the effects of LSLA by different actors on investment decisions and levels of investment have largely gone without academic scrutiny. Consequently, information concerning the implications of LSLA by actors on investment is scarce in the literature pertaining to policy. Drawing on information from 664 households selected through a multistage sampling technique, this study examined the relationship between direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities and investment in land-improving techniques. The results show a bi-directional relationship between LSLA and household farm investments. While direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates some forms of farm investments, the reverse causality is also possible where some household farm investments discourage direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities. The results also revealed that LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates investment in all levels of land- and yield-improving techniques, and even in the presence of a high perception of tenure security. Thus, the provision of legal ownership of land to farmers can provide insurance for investments in all land-improving techniques. Government can also step up the fertilizer subsidy program to enable households to increase investment to avoid further exposure to LSLA.
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Cometti, Zoe. "Possibilities of Limiting the Protection of Large-Scale Investments in Farmland." German Law Journal 21, no. 6 (September 2020): 1198–227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.68.

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AbstractLarge-scale investments in farmland can generate adverse effects on food security, minority groups, and the environment. Consequently, this Article analyzes to what extent international investment law has the potential to prevent those effects, considering the current investment treaty reform towards a symmetrical mechanism promoting sustainable development. First this Article presents the current substantive standard on expropriation of large-scale investments in farmland and the regulatory space left for host states. This Article then frames a potential public interest clause that would have the effect of granting due protection to investors and the right to regulate to host states, while not undermining the public interest and also preventing the adverse effects of these investments.
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KYSHAKEVCYH,, BOHDAN, and MARYNA NAKHAEVA. "INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF INVESTMENT ATTRACTIVENESS OF REGIONS IN UKRAINE." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 296, no. 4 (June 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-296-4-8.

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The article proposes a model for the integral assessment of the investment attractiveness of the regions in Ukraine, taking into account seven blocks of their socio-economic development: economic development, investment activity, financial self-sufficiency, labor market and entrepreneurship, infrastructure, socio-economic development, the effectiveness of regional investment policy. The article substantiates the need to take into account the effectiveness of regional investment policy when assessing investment attractiveness and the feasibility of differentiating such assessments depending on the type of investor and the type of investment. The authors propose to take into account such features of the investment process by using DEA-analysis and selection of appropriate weight coefficients that determine the share of each block of indicators regarding socio-economic development of regions in their overall investment attractiveness. Since the VRS assumption or BCC model in DEA analysis provides for a change in efficiency in accordance with a change in the scale of operations, to assess the effectiveness of regional investment policy, we further used the CRS assumption about the constancy of the scale of operations, since the size of investment flows in the Ukrainian economy is still relatively small. As a result, Kiev, Dnepropetrovsk and Kiev regions turned out to be the most attractive for both long-term and short-term investments. The Kherson region turned out to be the least attractive for long-term investments. In the case of short-term investments, the Sumy region showed the lowest value of the integral indicator of investment attractiveness. Some regions showed a significant difference in the value of the integral indicator of investment attractiveness for short and long-term investments, that once again emphasizes the importance of the initial stage of assessing the investment attractiveness of the region, namely, identifying the type of investor, his goals and investment period.
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MacDougall, S. "Strategic timing of commercial-scale tidal energy investment." International Marine Energy Journal 1, no. 1 (Aug) (September 3, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36688/imej.1.35-40.

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The many uncertainties in tidal energy conversion combine to form a significant barrier to raising private-sector capital. Mitigation and management of risk are essential if the industry is to attract equity investors. One way to manage the risk is through investment timing. The option to time an investment has value, which can be estimated. An analysis of an invest-vs-delay decision revealed a persistent, economicallyrational incentive to delay. Further inquiry identified a strategic rationale for delaying investment in tidal energy projects, given the uncertainty still present in the undertaking. As the largest sensitivity in the value of delay is the volatility of the investment’s expected cash flows, an investigation into the prevalent uncertainties was undertaken. This paper summarizes the real option valuation model. It then reports on results of a qualitative study of the predominant uncertainties facing developers and conditions that would help move the industry along. Predominant uncertainties reported revolve around technology reliability; site and resource knowledge; prospects for buildout; predictability of government policy and supports; prospects of off-take agreements; and supply chain capacity and costs. These are related back to the variables in the real option pricing model. The model is relevant for companies wishing to systematically evaluate timing options and communicate project value to the investment community. It can also be used by governments to evaluate the design of policies and financial supports in a way that is consistent with the priorities of financial markets.
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Ramdani, Deni. "Efektivitas Investasi dan Pembiayaan Internal: Fenomena Manajer Terlalu Percaya Diri di Pasar Modal Indonesia." AFRE (Accounting and Financial Review) 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i2.3834.

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Overconfident managers create biases that make them overvalue their company and its investments. This study takes a sample of companies that are listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange, for the years 2013-2017. Companies that are listed on the LQ 45 index have high liquidity so that the stock is active so it doesn't interfere with the accuracy of the research being carried out. The results showed that internal funding has a significant posi-tive relationship with company investment. This shows that the more internal financing, the greater the scale of the investment the company will make. Internal financing and overinvestment have a significant positive correlation. So that companies tend to over-invest. Internal finance has a dual role to play in investment. One side of the bias to im-prove investment efficiency by increasing the scale of investment and reducing the scale of investment, on the other hand it can cause excessive investment.DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/afr.v3i2.3834
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Bayrak, Tuncay. "Evaluating large-scale IT investment decisions." Technology in Society 54 (August 2018): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2018.04.002.

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Yim, Hyung Rok. "Leapfrogging Under A Sequential Investment Strategy." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 34, no. 3 (May 7, 2018): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v34i3.10167.

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A common FDI pattern observed across Korean parents investing in China is that they invest sequentially. Revoking that Korean parents are intended to achieve production efficiency in China, the economies of scale of a sequential investment strategy is relatively lower compared to a large scale one-shot investment; however, the latest production technologies can be applied to sequentially established subsidiaries, which can open a strategic pathway to leapfrog other competitors in the long run. A game model is constructed to demonstrate that as longer the Korean parents are expected to stay in China, they are better off by pursuing a sequential investment strategy. Unfortunately, this result does not mean that they can leapfrog competitors through sequential investment strategy. This can happen only when they begin with larger resource endowments. The model predicts that, under the lack of resources in establishing Chinese subsidiaries, Korean firms’ leapfrogging through sequential investment strategy can occur if technology shocks occur to follow-up investments after an initial investment is done. A scenario approach is performed to prove this prediction empirically. It turns out that the firm value of those Korean parents that pursue sequential investment strategy increases the most when the longer they operate in China and when their research and development investments are higher at the same time. Also, as they stay longer in China, they are intended to make more sequential investments.
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Hartley, Peter R., and Albert S. Kyle. "Equilibrium Investment in an Industry with Moderate Investment Economies of Scale." Economic Journal 99, no. 396 (June 1989): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234032.

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Kim, Hee-Jun. "A study on Investment of Korean Enterprises in Indonesia and Economic Cooperation for Investment between Korea and Indonesia." Korea Association for International Commerce and Information 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.2022.24.2.109.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate about the investment environment in Indonesia and analyze a actual investment condition of Korean enterprises in Indonesia and seek a economic cooperation for Investment between Korea and Indonesia. First, Indonesia's investment environment is divided into positive and negative aspects. Next, the result of analyzing the actual investment situation shows several characteristics. In other words, there are preponderance to manufacturing industry, small-scale investment by small and medium-sized enterprises, preference for joint ventures rather than wholly-owned subsidiary and newly-established corporation rather than M&A of local companies. restricted purpose of investment. Therefore, switchover of industry to service fields, large-scale investment to target the Indonesian domestic market, the promotion of wholly-owned subsidiary investment, and utilization of core competencies of existing companies through M&A can be suggested as alternatives. The economic cooperation measures between Korea and Indonesia for investment shall be manufacturing investment cooperation, use of the public-private partnership(PPP) system, infrastructure development demand and government-private partnership projects, establishment of institutional foundations and conditions, investment-related procedures and information sharing, official development assistance(ODA) support and other economic cooperation for investments.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scale of investment"

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Shyriaieva, N. V., and A. Makarenko. "Portfolio diversification on a global scale." Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/43341.

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The research is aimed to analyze different types of portfolios and identify the one with the lowest level of risk. The first portfolio included US and EU securities. The other one studies crypto currency impact on portfolio riskiness.
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Persson, Atkeyelsh G. M. "Foreign direct investments in large-scale agriculture: the policy environment and its implications in Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23416.

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In most African states, arable land and other natural resources play a pivotal role for economic growth and development. Ethiopia is one of those countries where agriculture is the backbone of the economy. Since the time of Emperor Haile Selassie I, Ethiopia has been attempting to advance the transformation of its agricultural sector by moving away from small-scale subsistence farming to large-scale commercial farming. It thus encouraged Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in largescale agriculture. However, the military government that took power in 1974 reversed this. The current government of Ethiopia seized power from the military regime in 1991. Today the government once again advocates FDI in large-scale agriculture. This has led to an influx of foreign investors, especially in Gambella and Benshanguel-Gumuz Regional States. Various scholars, however, criticize the manner in which these investments have been taking place, arguing that the investments are neither pro-poor nor sustainable. Against this backdrop this research seeks to examine current policies, the patterns of investment they promote, and how these affect land-based resources and the wellbeing of communities. The study intends to provide information that may help improve the performance of FDI in terms of their sensitivity to poverty alleviation and sustainability. It also aims to boost current knowledge on FDI in agriculture in Ethiopia. The study was conducted using multiple data collection methods, including documentation, interviews, focus group discussions with the affected communities and direct observations in the case study areas. The results are analysed using pro-poor and sustainability frameworks for FDI in large-scale agriculture, along with findings of empirical studies on national FDI policies and practices in various parts of the globe. The analyses reveal that the Ethiopian investment policy's support to FDI in large-scale agriculture is inadequate. It focuses on giving incentives to attract FDI rather than ensuring the availability of quality institutions and sufficient infrastructure, which are vital for facilitating the operation and productivity of FDIs. Furthermore, the absence of community participation in the decision-making process for the agricultural investment projects in the case study areas portends significant negative implications for the wellbeing of local communities and the sustainability of the natural environment. The study recommends further research to investigate the economic viability of alternative land-based investments, such as eco-tourism, which is shown to be environmentally sustainable and can be shaped to be pro-poor. Also recommended is additional research into good practices for large-scale agricultural investments, that can be adapted to Ethiopian conditions, should the government opt to continue promoting FDI.
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FOLKE, MATTIAS. "Investment Evaluation for Small ScaleInformation Systems." Thesis, KTH, Organisation och ledning, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189452.

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This paper presents a set of factors to consider when conducting investment evaluations for small scale IT systems. These factors have been derived by combining information from an extensive literature review, a single case study and an external expert. The literature review uses prior research on evaluation of large scale investments to inform and constrain the single case study. The single case study adds depth to the analysis by combining technical and operational perspectives from senior management, middle management and the general workforce. Ultimately an expert was consulted to evaluate the generalizability of the findings from the single case study, before the final list of factors was compiled. These factors should not be applied formulaically, as one of the main findings of this study is the diversity and complexity of small scale IT projects, preventing the application of general models. Instead, decision makers are encouraged to use these factors as a complement to their own experience, and to maintain close communication with potential stakeholders throughout the decision process.
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Alkhorayef, Abdulrahman Nasser M. "Improving decision making on large scale investment projects : a psychological perspective." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8767/.

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Purpose: there is a substantial history of academic and professional interest in the planning, execution and performance of very large projects, typically focussing on underperformance relative to financial and social expectations. However, a lot of evidence in the professional, academic and public media that suggests these projects often underperform. This underperformance is continued to be reported and believed to be at least partly because of poor management and poor decision making. One of the key issues that has been identified as a cause for their underperformance is poor project. estimation. The focus of this thesis is to answer why they still show a poor performance record and to explore the influence of cognitive biases on decision stakeholders that lead to produce inadequate estimates. Theory and methodology: we combine a psychological perspective, the prospect theory in particular, on the decision making undertaken in managing such megaprojects with an in-depth, qualitative investigation of the knowledge of experienced managers and other key stakeholders, up to ministerial level (n= 29). We take this approach in order to complement previous studies of megaproject decision making which have often been undertaken from either a statistical perspective, or an experimental one, based on psychological laboratory studies. Key contributions: our results identify important and practically relevant insights in relation both to cultural specifics and generic issues of management decision making. A theoretical framework was developed and initially validated that explains megaproject poor estimates and poor performance from a psychological perspective along with identifying some underpinning causes for megaproject poor performance.
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Mwansa, Sosthenes. "Comparative investment analysis for small scale broiler and layer enterprises in Zambia." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15903.

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Master of Agribusiness
Department of Agricultural Economics
Allen M. Featherstone
Small scale broiler and layer production constitutes a significant part of the poultry industry in Zambia. However, the contribution of small scale enterprises to broiler production is more pronounced than layers with statistics showing 60 and 30 percent for broilers and layers, respectively. This study was carried out for the purpose of determining the economic profitability of both broiler and layer enterprises and also to evaluate their degree of attractiveness for investment. The thesis used the Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return methods to determine the economic profitability for both broiler and layer enterprises. The data used in the analyses were obtained direct from the market and additional data were extracted from the Cost of Doing Business Manual 2012, a publication of the Zambian Development Agency. Additionally, the study used a capital investment of US $50,000 for each enterprise, 25 percent opportunity cost of capital and an economic life of five years. The data were used in estimating the enterprise budgets for both broiler and layer enterprises from which income statements were generated. The enterprise budget for broiler production estimated revenue from the sale of live broiler chickens at a wholesale price while the layer enterprise budget estimated its revenue from the sale of eggs and culled hens. The sale prices used were US $5 per broiler chicken, US $3.60 per tray of eggs and US $2 per culled hen as obtaining on the market at the time. In addition, production was estimated at 60,000 broilers and 30,000 trays of eggs from 3,000 layers annually. The cost of constructing brooder houses and purchase of production equipment were the major cost components for the two enterprise budget estimates. The estimates indicated that these two cost components amounted to US $27,090 and US $21,095 for boiler and layer enterprises respectively. The other cost component was production cost and it includes the cost of labor, feed, day old chicks, marketing, vaccines, transportation, electricity, debeakers, heaters, stationery, etc. The cost of feed constituted about 65 percent of total production cost for layer enterprises and about 60 percent for broiler enterprises. The total production cost as a percentage of revenue was estimated at 80 percent and 70 percent for broiler and layer enterprises, respectively. The analyses were completed under three alternative scenarios that included optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios. The analyses across all scenarios show that both broiler and layer enterprises are economically viable for investment though the broiler enterprise is more economically profitable than the layer enterprise. They both show positive NPVs and IRRs in excess of the 25 percent opportunity cost of capital used in the analysis. The analysis for broiler enterprise showed a NPV of US $178,242 for the optimistic scenario, US $122,742 for the expected scenario and US $30,550 for the pessimistic scenario. Results obtained from layer enterprise analysis showed NPVs of US $72,388, US $49,260 and US $11,186 for the optimistic, expected and pessimistic scenarios, respectively. Consistent with the decision rules of the NPV and IRR methods, both enterprises were found to be economically viable for investment. On a comparative basis though, the small scale broiler enterprise was found to be more attractive for investment than the small scale layer enterprise as indicated by the results of the NPVs and IRRs. The lucrative nature of the broiler enterprise and easy of management could be used as possible explanation to the current investment trends seen in the Zambian poultry industry.
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Amornvivat, Sutapa 1974. "Infrastructure investment and policy management of water resources for small-scale irrigated agriculture." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29545.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology, Management, and Policy Program, 2003.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-167).
We investigate the options for enhancing the welfare of small farmers in Thailand through subsidies of irrigation infrastructure. Enhanced water storage and irrigation can significantly improve yield and the welfare of the farm community by providing a more reliable water supply during growing periods. Generally speaking, such enhancements require subsidies from the government or other organizations since farmers are not able or willing to finance infrastructure development themselves. In order to maximize the effectiveness of such subsidies it is important to understand how farmers will react to alternative policies. We develop a two-tier approach to this problem. First, we use a government-level optimization model to identify the set of subsidies and water pricing policies that maximizes a stated measure of aggregate social welfare. This government-level model relies on a farm-level model that determines how individual small farmers will react to the policy alternatives. The farm-level model combines hydrologic, economic, and agronomic features since it considers how hydrologic variability affects crop yield, which in turn affects the farmer's utility. Policy decision variables considered in the government subsidy/pricing model include 1) water price and the number of farms served by public storage facilities (i. e. a water supply reservoir and enhanced in-stream storage), 2) maximum sizes of on-farm ponds paid for by the government, and 3) amounts of direct cash subsidies paid to the farmer. The objective is to maximize the aggregate welfare of all farmers served subject to a limit on the total subsidy as well as constraints designed to limit inequities and urban migration. The problem is solved with a deterministic nonlinear programming algorithm.
(cont.) Decision variables considered in the farm-level model include 1) whether or not to accept a government-subsidized on-farm pond (which reduces land available for cultivation), 2) how much to consume in each year, 3) whether to devote time to agriculture or off-farm employment, 4) type of crop and irrigation technique, and 5) amount of water purchased from communal storage facilities. The problem is solved using a finite-horizon discrete-time stochastic programming algorithm. Our modeling approach is tested on a study site in Saraburi Province, Thailand. This site serves as a suitable prototype because of its existing irrigation infrastructure, relatively developed market institutions, secure land-use rights, and weak endowment of water resources. To achieve an economic optimum in which the farmers' aggregate utility of consumption is maximized, the government must provide some farmers with free reservoir water. The remaining farmers, however, help pay for the subsidy at a relatively high price. Consequently, the latter seek urban employment during the dry seasons. This cross-subsidy solution resulting from the social optimum criteria is economically efficient yet markedly inequitable. In order to assure equity, the government should construct the reservoir and sell the storage water at the same price to all farms. However, this solution cannot prevent urban migration ...
by Sutapa Amornvivat.
Ph.D.
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Philipsson, Amanda. "Perceptions on small-scale agricultural development : A qualitative case study made in Babati District, Manyara Region, Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, miljö och teknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-28703.

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This Bachelor’s thesis examines if and how the perceptions towards agricultural development differs between small-scale farmers, agricultural advisors and entrepreneurs with various age and level of knowledge. The case study was conducted in Babati District, Tanzania, during three weeks in the spring of 2015. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted, and to analyze the empirical results a theoretical framework was created to explain how poverty traps occur and point at possible strategies to dissolve them. The majority of the respondents expressed that the biggest obstacles and needs for small-scale farmers to be able to develop their farming is lack of capital to invest in inputs and knowledge on how to intensify their land use. The perception towards agricultural development seem to differ between generations, in that young farmers are taking part of new technology and methods when cultivating, unlike the older generation. The respondents’ general attitude towards foreign investments was predominantly negative, arguing that local knowledge is of importance if sustainable agricultural development is to be reached. To ease the agricultural development, increased knowledge on how to intensify the agricultural production and how to organize farmers’ associations is suggested.
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Harris, Joshua A. "Real Estate Investment Trust Performance, Efficiency and Internationalization." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5290.

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Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) are firms that own and manage income producing commercial real estate for the benefit of their shareholders. The three studies in this dissertation explore topics relating to best practices of REIT management and portfolio composition. Managers and investors can use the findings herein to aide in analyzing a REIT's performance and determining optimal investment policies. Utilizing REIT from SNL Real Estate and CRSP, the first two studies examine the role of international diversification upon performance, technical efficiency, and scale efficiency. The third study utilizes REIT data to examine technical and scale efficiency over a 21 year window and investigates characteristics of the REITs that affect the levels of efficiency. CHAPTER 1 – PROFITABILITY OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUST INTERNATIONALIZATION Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) in the United States have grown extremely fast in terms of assets and market capitalization since the early 1990's. As with many industries, U.S. REITs began acquiring foreign properties as their size grew and they needed to seek new investment opportunities. This paper investigates the role of holding foreign assets upon the total return of U.S. based REITs from 1995 through 2010. We find that holding foreign properties in associated with negative relative performance when risk, size, and other common market factors are controlled for. Interestingly, the source of the negative performance is not related to the two largest areas for foreign investment, Europe and Canada. Instead, the negative performance is detected when a REIT begins acquiring properties in other global regions such as Latin America and Asia/Pacific. This paper has broad ramifications for REIT investors and managers alike. CHAPTER 2 – EFFECT OF INTERNATIONAL DIVERSIFICATION BY U.S. REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS ON COST EFFICIENCY AND SCALE As U.S. based Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) have increased their degree and type of holdings overseas, there has yet to a study that has investigated such activity on the REIT's measures of cost efficiency and scale. Using data from 2010, Data Envelopment Analysis techniques are used to estimate measures of technical and scale efficiency that are then regressed against measures of international diversification and other controls to measure the impact of this global expansion. It is determined that REITs with foreign holdings are significantly larger than domestic REITs and are correspondingly 96% of foreign investing REITs are operating at decreasing returns to scale. Further almost every measure of foreign diversification is negative and significantly impacting scale efficiency. However, simply being a REIT with foreign holdings did positively and significantly associate with higher levels of technical efficiencies. Thus REITs that expand globally may have some advantages in operational efficiency but lose considerably in terms of scale efficiency by increasing their size as they move cross-border. ? CHAPTER 3 – THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIES OF SCALE OF REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to measure technical and scale efficiency of 21 years of Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) data. This is the longest, most complete dataset ever analyzed in the REIT efficiency literature and as such makes a significant contribution as prior efficiency studies' data windows end in the early 2000's at latest. Overall, REITs appear to continue to operate at decreasing returns to scale despite rapid growth in total assets. Further, there is some evidence of improving technical efficiency overtime; however the finding is not strong. In summation, it appears that REITs have not improved on a relative basis despite the rapid growth, a finding that suggests a potential of a high degree of firm competition in the REIT industry. Finally, firm characteristics such as debt utilization, management and advisory structure, and property type specialization are tested for their impact upon technical and scale efficiency.
ID: 031001577; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Randy I. Anderson.; Title from PDF title page (viewed August 26, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-134).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Business Administration
Business Administration; Finance
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Parker, Martin. "Crossing the energy efficiency chasm : an assessment of the barriers to institutional investment at scale." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288132.

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Significant savings in CO2 emissions can be won from fabric upgrades, and improved forms of heating. An increase in the number of building retrofits and installations of energy efficient plant such as biomass boilers or CCHPs must be the aim if the UK is serious in meeting its commitment to CO2 reduction at both the domestic and EU level. A way of achieving this increase, which will need to be significant, would be to tap into the vast funds under management by institutional investors who are required to invest those funds to optimise its monetary return, taking into account the level of risk. The aim of the research is to identify the enabling conditions that would need to exist to attract institutional investment in energy efficiency at scale. The UK Green Investment Bank has invested £50m into three energy efficiency funds, requiring each fund manager to match the amount by attracting investment from institutional investors. It is these funds that have been analysed as a single Green Investment Bank case study. Embedded units of analysis are on two levels with the individual funds being the first, and the institutional investors investing in those funds as the second. A hybrid deductive and inductive qualitative approach to the research was taken employing thematic analysis. The findings of the research reported here indicate that the emerging key enabling conditions that would make energy efficiency an attractive proposition are firstly, the way energy efficiency investments are classified in terms of an investment asset class, secondly the contractual structure of the individual transactions made by the funds, and finally, the experience and familiarity of the fund manager.
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Aguiar, Paulo Ricardo Rua. "Financing green development: 'Climate Bonds’ as a solution for institutional investors engagement." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9821.

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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
This study examines whether ‘climate bonds’ are achieving the desired investment scale to tackle climate change and whether those bonds are being issued with features that are attractive to institutional investors. Several cases of climate bond issuances, especially by companies were analyzed. While investor’s interest in climate bonds exists, this market is still small and investors are not being offered with an attractive investment scale. As the results indicate, both credit enhancements and aggregation vehicles to enable scale investments are possible solutions to boost the climate bond market.
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Books on the topic "Scale of investment"

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Dixit, Avinash K. Irreversible investment with uncertainty and scale economies. London: Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1992.

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Ibrahim, H. D. Cottage and small scale level investment opportunities in Nigeria. Edited by Raw Materials Research and Development Council (Nigeria). Abuja, Nigeria: Raw Materials Research and Development Council, 2007.

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Frain, John. Estimating investment functions for a small-scale econometric model. Dublin: Economic Analysis, Research and Publications Department, Central Bank of Ireland, 1996.

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Fatimehin, S. Olu. Investment opportunities and profiles of selected small scale enterprises. Ibadan: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), 1994.

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Harpole, George B. Investment limits for small-scale SDR and EGAR sawmills. Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1985.

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Accumulation on a world scale. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Out-of-Print Books on Demand, 1995.

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Zimbabwe. Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning, and Development. Small-scale investment: Policy issues and options for rural industries. Harare: Zimbabwe Environmental Research Organisation, 1991.

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Vogel, Robert C. Mobilizing small-scale savings: Approaches, costs, and benefits. Washington, D.C., U.S.A: World Bank, 1986.

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(Ethiopia), Yamāh̲barāwi ṭenāt madrak, ed. Land to investors: Large-scale land transfers in Ethiopia. Addis Ababa: Forum for Social Studies, 2011.

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Ẓāhir, Ghazzāwī ʻAlī, and Markaz al-Buḥūth al-Iqtiṣādīyah (Jordan), eds. Investment project profiles: With special emphasis on small and medium scale enterprises. Amman, Jordan: Royal Scientific Society, Economic Research Centre, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Scale of investment"

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Agnew, Christopher R., Ezgi Besikci, and Kenneth Tan. "Investment Model Scale." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 2441–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_43.

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Agnew, Christopher R., Ezgi Besikci, and Kenneth Tan. "Investment Model Scale." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_43-1.

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Stein, Michelle B., and Jenelle Slavin-Mulford. "Emotional Investment in Relationships (EIR)." In The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G), 73–88. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315207629-5.

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Hu, Yongmei, and Yipeng Tang. "Forecasting the scale of public investment in higher education." In Research on Investment Scale and Allocation Structure of Chinese Higher Education Finance, 68–96. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003250524-4.

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Akindeire, Ayodeji. "Corruption in Investor-State Arbitration: Balancing the Scale of Culpability." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 1–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-5744-2_111-1.

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Akindeire, Ayodeji. "Corruption in Investor-State Arbitration: Balancing the Scale of Culpability." In Handbook of International Investment Law and Policy, 865–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3615-7_111.

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Stein, Michelle B., and Jenelle Slavin-Mulford. "Emotional Investment in Values and Moral Standards (EIM)." In The Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global Rating Method (SCORS-G), 89–105. New York, NY: Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315207629-6.

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Persson, Atkeyelsh G. M. "Introduction." In Foreign Direct Investment in Large-Scale Agriculture in Africa, 1–6. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge contemporary Africa series ; 15: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429020018-1.

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Persson, Atkeyelsh G. M. "The knowledge base of FDI." In Foreign Direct Investment in Large-Scale Agriculture in Africa, 7–17. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge contemporary Africa series ; 15: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429020018-2.

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Persson, Atkeyelsh G. M. "FDI and agriculture." In Foreign Direct Investment in Large-Scale Agriculture in Africa, 18–31. New York : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge contemporary Africa series ; 15: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429020018-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Scale of investment"

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Vinogradova, Elena, and Dina Shamba. "About the Structural Aspects of Investment." In 2020 13th International Conference Management of large-scale system development (MLSD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd49919.2020.9247712.

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Soto, Daniel. "Consumer investment in watt-scale energy products." In 2014 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ghtc.2014.6970280.

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Syrovatkin, Alexander. "Mixed Investment Portfolio with Limited Asset Selection." In 2020 13th International Conference Management of large-scale system development (MLSD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd49919.2020.9247765.

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Vinogradova, Elena. "On Some Problems in the Investment Sphere." In 2022 15th International Conference Management of large-scale system development (MLSD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd55143.2022.9934295.

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Burkov, V. N., and A. K. Enaleev. "Method of Funding Investment Programs in Network Structures." In 2019 Twelfth International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd.2019.8911023.

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Akinfiev, Valery, and Anatoly Tsvirkun. "Simulation and Optimization Methods for Choosing Investment Decisions." In 2020 13th International Conference Management of large-scale system development (MLSD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd49919.2020.9247730.

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Gorelik, Victor, and Tatiana Zolotova. "Risk Management in Stochastic Problems of Stock Investment." In 2020 13th International Conference Management of large-scale system development (MLSD). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd49919.2020.9247801.

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Benkowski, Jacques. "The system is really in the SoC : new investment opportunities." In 2006 IFIP International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlsisoc.2006.313279.

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Tyukhova, Elena, Dmitry Sizykh, and Alexander Smirnov. "Quality Estimation Model of Investment Portfolio Rebalancing Process." In 2018 Eleventh International Conference "Management of large-scale system development" (MLSD 2018). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd.2018.8551950.

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Ivanyuk, Vera, Konstantin Shuvalov, Tatiana Goroshnikova, Pavel Tereliansky, Kirill Levchenko, and Andrew Sunchalin. "Construction of an Investment Portfolio Based on Stochastic Modeling." In 2022 15th International Conference Management of large-scale system development (MLSD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd55143.2022.9934569.

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Reports on the topic "Scale of investment"

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Abel, Andrew, and Janice Eberly. The Mix and Scale of Factors with Irreversibility and Fixed Costs of Investment. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6148.

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Smalley, Rebecca, Emmanuel Sulle, Ngala Chome, Ana Duarte, and Euclides Gonçalves. Agricultural Investment Corridors in Africa: Does Smallholder and Women's Participation Count? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.021.

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Agricultural development corridors and clusters are highly complex projects that have been driven in Africa by agribusiness and mining corporations, host governments, international donors and development finance institutions. There is interest in whether these projects can support inclusive agribusiness. Evidence shows that involvement of small-scale economic actors in such initiatives is often impeded by a failure to grant them participation or a voice. We therefore investigated if and how recent corridors and clusters in Africa have been able to achieve the meaningful engagement of small-scale economic actors, with a focus on smallholders, including pastoralists, and the women among them.
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Price, Roz. Private Sector Investment in the Clean Energy Sector in the Pacific Islands. Institute of Development Studies, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.132.

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Most Pacific small island developing states (SIDS) have ambitious renewable energy targets which call for huge investment, a significant part of which is expected to come from the private sector (IFC, 2021). Although there are around 40 renewable energy projects across the Pacific SIDS either already operating, under construction, or planned for commissioning in the next decade, they are still heavily reliant on imported fuel. Given the huge funding gap in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate objectives in developing countries, private financing has been advocated for as the solution for the shortfall, as it has a large pool of capital available and catalytic properties that could effectively scale-up the “reach” and the scope of influence of public financing (Samuwai, 2021). Private sector partners are particularly critical to supporting SIDS as they often struggle to access international capital markets due to their high debt levels, lack of creditworthiness or small market size (UN-OHRLLS, 2022). However, there is still a general lack of private sector financing in the renewable energy sector in the Pacific SIDS (PIFS, 2018; Samuwai, 2021). Whether private finance mobilisation for clean energy is realistic at the scales needed in the Pacific SIDS is not answered clearly in the literature, although much of it is based on the assumption that there is no real alternative to private sector investment. This rapid review hence explores some of the key drivers, constraints and opportunities to the mobilisation and scale-up of this private sector investment.
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Bailey, Martha, Hilary Hoynes, Maya Rossin-Slater, and Reed Walker. Is the Social Safety Net a Long-Term Investment? Large-Scale Evidence from the Food Stamps Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26942.

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Bulkeley, Harriet, and Bregje van Veelen. Financing net zero: how can investment meet the climate challenge? Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55203/yuxz6822.

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Achieving net zero carbon emissions requires the engagement of the finance system to address climate considerations in more strategic ways. In December 2019, the Society hosted a discussion forum, Financing net zero: how can investment meet the climate challenge, where geographers met with experts from the finance and investment sectors to explore these challenges in more depth. Our briefing report summarises the action needed by government, the financial sector, business and the third sector to meet the scale and pace of change needed.
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Banya, Roland Mwesigwa. Landscape Analysis of Social Investment in East Africa. Centre on African Philanthropy and Social Investment, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47019/2022.rr13.

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ocial investment in East Africa is a nascent but fast-growing phenomenon with immense potential to realize the achievement of the sustainable development goals. It plays a very important role in the financing of a plethora of development sectors in East Africa, for instance, financial inclusion and poverty eradication, health and well-being, education, responsible energy production and consumption in the region. This article applies a mixed methods approach to carry out a non-exhaustive landscape analysis of the social investment market in East Africa with a keen focus on Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Based on relevant literature, available secondary data and a survey administered to social investors, this article applies the basic social investment market framework to highlight the dominant players in the demand and supply market spheres. The findings show that the supply of investment capital is misaligned with the demand from organizations and businesses and demand outweighs the supply. This article further analyses the challenges faced by the social investment players and also provides viable recommendations to drive the scale of social investment in East Africa.
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Blackford, Johanna. Paradigm Shifts in Large-Scale Educational Change: Uncovering the Oregon Education Investment Board's Theory of Change-in-Action. Portland State University Library, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7293.

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Ikeda, John, Marcello Basani, Mathieu De Kervenoael, and Sudhir Murthy. Innovations in Commercial Finance for the Water and Sanitation Sector: The Potential of Investment Platforms for Mobilizing Financing for Development at Scale. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002627.

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Wilson, Joseph. A Utility-Scale Deployment Project of Behind-the-Meter Energy Storage for Use in Ancillary Services, Energy Resiliency, Grid Infrastructure Investment Deferment, and Demand-Response Integration. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.3005.

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Guerrero, Isabel, and Johanan Rivera. Scaling, Innovations in Development: The Experience of IDB Lab. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004847.

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The approach to scaling up innovations in development is broken due to insufficient skills and funding for intermediation. Intermediation involves the essential technical assistance required by organizations and projects to achieve scale, such as strategic planning, convening, and coordinating stakeholders, and investment packaging. This report derives lessons on how to effectively scale innovations in development through an analysis of 39 IDB Lab projects and approximately 100 interviews. It proposes adhering to four principles for enhancement: establishing a consistent and systematic definition of scale, measuring success based on the maturity of the solution, acknowledging, and fostering the intermediation function, and investing in agile tracking while learning from errors. By implementing these strategies, development organizations can seamlessly incorporate scaling up innovation into their operations.
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