Relevant bibliographies by topics / Scale free analysis

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Scale free analysis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Scale free analysis"

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MATSUNAGA, Tsutomu, Shuhei KUWATA, and Masaaki MURAMATSU. "Empirical analysis of scale-free patterns of connectivity in medical term occurrence." Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Intelligent Informatics 27, no. 2 (2015): 616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3156/jsoft.27.616.

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Navascués, María A., Cristina Pacurar, and Vasileios Drakopoulos. "Scale-Free Fractal Interpolation." Fractal and Fractional 6, no. 10 (October 16, 2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6100602.

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An iterated function system that defines a fractal interpolation function, where ordinate scaling is replaced by a nonlinear contraction, is investigated here. In such a manner, fractal interpolation functions associated with Matkowski contractions for finite as well as infinite (countable) sets of data are obtained. Furthermore, we construct an extension of the concept of α-fractal interpolation functions, herein called R-fractal interpolation functions, related to a finite as well as to a countable iterated function system and provide approximation properties of the R-fractal functions. Moreover, we obtain smooth R-fractal interpolation functions and provide results that ensure the existence of differentiable R-fractal interpolation functions both for the finite and the infinite (countable) cases.
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Zhang, Jianhua, Bo Song, Zhaojun Zhang, and Mingwei Zhao. "Robustness Analysis of the Scale-free Networks." IERI Procedia 10 (2014): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ieri.2014.09.074.

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Lee, Sang-Youl. "Free Vibration Analysis based on HSDT of Laminated Composite Plate Structures Using Multi-scale Approach." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 1 (2014): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.1.0061.

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Lehnert, R., P. Novák, F. Macieira, M. Kuřec, J. a. Teixeira, and T. Branyik. "Optimisation of lab-scale continuous alcohol-free beer production." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, No. 4 (September 9, 2009): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/128/2009-cjfs.

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In order to study the formation and conversion of the most important flavour compounds, the real wort used in alcohol-free beer fermentation was mimicked by a complex model medium containing glucose, yeast extract, and selected aldehydes. The fermentation experiments were carried out in a continuously operating gas-lift reactor with brewing yeast immobilised on spent grains (brewing by-product). During the continuous experiment, parameters such as oxygen supply, residence time (Rt), and temperature (T) were varied to find the optimal conditions for the alcohol-free beer production. The formation of ethanol, higher alcohols (HA), esters (ES), as well as the reduction of aldehydes and consumption of glucose were observed. The results suggest that the process parameters represent a powerful tool in controlling the degree of fermentation and flavour formation brought about by immobilised biocatalyst. Subsequently, the optimised process parameters were used to produce real alcohol-free beer during continuous fermentation. The final product was compared with batch fermented alcohol-free beers using the methods of instrumental and sensorial analysis.
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Ansótegui , Carlos, Maria Luisa Bonet, and Jordi Levy. "Scale-Free Random SAT Instances." Algorithms 15, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15060219.

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We focus on the random generation of SAT instances that have properties similar to real-world instances. It is known that many industrial instances, even with a great number of variables, can be solved by a clever solver in a reasonable amount of time. This is not possible, in general, with classical randomly generated instances. We provide a different generation model of SAT instances, called scale-free random SAT instances. This is based on the use of a non-uniform probability distribution P(i)∼i−β to select variable i, where β is a parameter of the model. This results in formulas where the number of occurrences k of variables follows a power-law distribution P(k)∼k−δ, where δ=1+1/β. This property has been observed in most real-world SAT instances. For β=0, our model extends classical random SAT instances. We prove the existence of a SAT–UNSAT phase transition phenomenon for scale-free random 2-SAT instances with β<1/2 when the clause/variable ratio is m/n=1−2β(1−β)2. We also prove that scale-free random k-SAT instances are unsatisfiable with a high probability when the number of clauses exceeds ω(n(1−β)k). The proof of this result suggests that, when β>1−1/k, the unsatisfiability of most formulas may be due to small cores of clauses. Finally, we show how this model will allow us to generate random instances similar to industrial instances, of interest for testing purposes.
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Wei, Tie, Daniel Livescu, and Xiaofeng Liu. "Scaling patch analysis of planar turbulent wakes." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 6 (June 2022): 065116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097588.

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A scaling patch approach is used to investigate the proper scales in planar turbulent wakes. A proper scale for the mean axial flow is the well-known maximum velocity deficit [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the free stream velocity and [Formula: see text] is the mean axial velocity at the wake centerline. From an admissible scaling of the mean continuity equation, a proper scale for the mean transverse flow is found as [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the growth rate of the wake width. From an admissible scaling of the mean momentum equation, a proper scale for the kinematic Reynolds shear stress is found as [Formula: see text], which is a mixed scale of the free stream velocity and the mean transverse flow scale. Expressions are derived for the scaled mean transverse velocity and Reynolds shear stress in the far field of planar turbulent wakes. Using a Gaussian function for the mean axial velocity deficit, approximate functions for the scaled mean transverse velocity and Reynolds shear stress are developed and found to agree well with experimental and simulation data. This work reveals that the mean transverse flow, despite its small magnitude, plays an important role in the scaling and understanding of the planar turbulent wake.
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DATTA, DHURJATI PRASAD, and ANUJA ROY CHOUDHURI. "SCALE-FREE ANALYSIS AND THE PRIME NUMBER THEOREM." Fractals 18, no. 02 (June 2010): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x10004853.

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We present an elementary proof of the prime number theorem. The relative error follows a golden ratio scaling law and respects the bound obtained from the Riemann's hypothesis. The proof is derived in the framework of a scale-free nonarchimedean extension of the real number system exploiting the concept of relative infinitesimals introduced recently in connection with ultramemtric models of Cantor sets. The extended real number system is realized as a completion of the field of rational numbers Q under a new non-archimedean absolute value, which treats arbitrarily small and large numbers separately from a finite real number.
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Zheng, Zhao–Chang, Dan Guo, Yeng–Jie Zhang, and Zhi–Chao Hou. "Dynamic analysis of large–scale flexible systems for free—free space structures." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 359, no. 1788 (November 15, 2001): 2209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2001.0883.

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Feng, Liping, Hongbin Wang, Qi Han, Qingshan Zhao, and Lipeng Song. "Modeling Peer-to-Peer Botnet on Scale-Free Network." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/212478.

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Peer-to-peer (P2P) botnets have emerged as one of the serious threats to Internet security. To prevent effectively P2P botnet, in this paper, a mathematical model which combines the scale-free trait of Internet with the formation of P2P botnet is presented. Explicit mathematical analysis demonstrates that the model has a globally stable endemic equilibrium when infection rate is greater than a critical value. Meanwhile, we find that, in scale-free network, the critical value is very little. Hence, it is unrealistic to completely dispel the P2P botnet. Numerical simulations show that one can take effective countermeasures to reduce the scale of P2P botnet or delay its outbreak. Our findings can provide meaningful instruction to network security management.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scale free analysis"

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Weinstein, Lee. "Scale free networks and their power law distribution." Diss., Connect to the thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10066/3880.

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Stevens, M. L. (Michael Louis). "A scale-free analysis of magnetic holes in the solar wind." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39568.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-47).
Magnetic holes are isolated intervals of depleted interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) strength on timescales of several seconds to several hours. These intervals have been seen as often as several times per day in the ecliptic and at high heliospheric latitudes from 1 AU to 5.4 AU. We present a scale-free statistical technique for identifying magnetic holes and evaluating their significance relative to turbulent fluctuations in the solar wind. We apply this technique in a comprehensive search for magnetic holes in the Wind and ACE magnetometer data streams through 2004. Using magnetic field and ion measurements on the Wind spacecraft, we present the first statistical study of magnetic hole plasma signatures on the kinetic scale and we present a comparison of magnetic holes as kinetic and microscale phenomena. Magnetic holes are shown to be pressure-balanced structures with similar properties on all scales. Temperature anisotropy measurements are combined with magnetic field measurements to give direct evidence that the mirror-mode instability in the solar wind is a likely source of magnetic holes. Two-satellite correlations between ACE and Wind indicate that magnetic holes are stationary with respect to the solar wind and elongated along the IMF.
by M.L. Stevens.
S.M.
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Lamanna, Fabio. "Time-related analysis of small world and scale-free transportation networks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/2747.

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2006/2007
Coupled biological and chemical systems, neural networks, social interacting species, the Internet and the World Wide Web are only a few examples of Small World and Scale-free complex networks, i.e. systems composed by a large number of highly interconnected dynamical units. During the last ten years these kinds of systems have been the subject of many studies related to comprehend their common structural properties and their dynamics. Small World and Scale-free networks are supposed to be very stable and robust structures in case of failures or deliberate attacks on the system. Moreover, due to their well-known properties, they allow to model several real networks in order to find the key elements for a complete and efficient communication activity between nodes. This thesis introduced a new mathematical tool developed by the author called Time=net.work. The latter has got the purpose to extend the above mentioned complex networks theories to transportation systems under a new time-related point of view. Analysis have been taken firstly on Berlin Transportation Network and then to several other test cases. The relative results help in finding statistical properties about the connectivity and the structure of such system both topologically and considering the travel time and the frequency of the scheduled services. This is a new approach on robustness of transportation networks which allows to find which and how many nodes have to assurance their functionality in order to provide a desired Level of Service in case of failures or deliberate attacks.
I sistemi biologici e chimici, le interazioni ed i rapporti sociali, Internet e il World Wide Web sono soltanto alcuni esempi dei cosiddetti sistemi complessi Small World e Scale-free; essi sono particolari strutture di rete composte da un gran numero di unità interconnesse tra loro che scambiano informazioni dinamicamente ed evolvendosi nel tempo. Negli ultimi dieci anni questi particolari sistemi fisici sono stati oggetto di numerosi studi tesi a determinare le proprietà comuni a diversi tipi di rete e le loro dinamiche. Le reti Small World e Scale-free ad esempio, sono state analizzate per la loro stabilità e resistenza in caso di avarie o di attacchi mirati verso particolari elementi del sistema. Grazie alle loro proprietà tali sistemi consentono di modellizzare diversi tipi di reti reali al fine di determinare gli elementi chiave necessari a garantire la più completa efficienza nelle comunicazioni tra i nodi. Questa tesi presenta un nuovo strumento matematico sviluppato dall'autore denominato Time=net.work. Quest'ultimo ha l'obiettivo di estendere le teorie che contraddistinguono i sistemi complessi a reti di trasporto in funzione di caratteristiche temporali. Le analisi hanno riguardato la rete di trasporto pubblico di Berlino ed altri casi di studio. I relativi risultati consentono di ricavare numerose proprietà statistiche riguardo la connettività e le proprietà strutturali di tali sistemi, sia da un punto di vista topologico che da quello legato ai tempi di percorrenza ed alla frequenza dei servizi. Si tratta di un nuovo approccio alla resistenza delle reti di trasporto che permette di ricavare quali e quanti elementi della rete devono garantire il loro completo funzionamento al fine di provvedere un desiderato Livello di Servizio in caso di avarie o di attacchi deliberati al sistema.
XX Ciclo
1977
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Chan, Ho-yin, and 陳浩賢. "Semi-analytical and numerical studies on the dynamics of scale-free complex network." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43754569.

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Chan, Ho-yin. "Semi-analytical and numerical studies on the dynamics of scale-free complex network." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2010. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43754569.

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McClean, Colin John. "The scale-free and scale-bound properties of land surfaces : fractal analysis and specific geomorphometry from digital terrain models." Thesis, Durham University, 1990. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5999/.

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The scale-bound view of landsurfaces, being an assemblage of certain landforms, occurring within limited scale ranges, has been challenged by the scale-free characteristics of fractal geometry. This thesis assesses the fractal model by examining the irregularity of landsurface form, for the self-affine behaviour present in fractional Brownian surfaces. Different methods for detecting self-affine behaviour in surfaces are considered and of these the variogram technique is shown to be the most effective. It produces the best results of two methods tested on simulated surfaces, with known fractal properties. The algorithm used has been adapted to consider log (altitude variance) over a sample of log (distances) for: complete surfaces; subareas within surfaces; separate directions within surfaces. Twenty seven digital elevation models of landsurfaces arc re-examined for self- affine behaviour. The variogram results for complete surfaces show that none of these are self-affine over the scale range considered. This is because of dominant slope lengths and regular valley, spacing within areas. For similar reasons subarea analysis produces the non-fractal behaviour of markedly different variograms for separate subareas. The linearity of landforms in many areas, is detected by the variograms for separate directions. This indicates that the roughness of landsurfaces is anisotropic, unlike that of fractal surfaces. Because of difficulties in extracting particular landforms from their landsurfaces, no clear links between fractal behaviour, and landform size distribution could be established. A comparative study shows the geomorphometric parameters of fractal surfaces to vary with fractal dimension, while the geomorphometry of landsurfaces varies with the landforms present. Fractal dimensions estimated from landsurfaces do not correlate with geomorphometric parameters. From the results of this study, real landsurfaces would not appear to be scale- free. Therefore, a scale-bound approach towards landsurfaces would seem to be more appropriate to geomorphology than the fractal alternative.
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Zha, Xu. "Numerical analysis of lead-free solder joints : effects of thermal cycling and electromigration." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/23446.

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To meet the requirements of miniaturization and multifunction in microelectronics, understanding of their reliability and performance has become an important research subject in order to characterise electronics served under various loadings. Along with the demands of the increasing miniaturization of electronic devices, various properties and the relevant thermo-mechanical-electrical response of the lead-free solder joints to thermal cycling and electro-migration become the critical factors, which affect the service life of microelectronics in different applications. However, due to the size and structure of solder interconnects in microelectronics, traditional methods based on experiments are not applicable in the evaluation of their reliability under complex joint loadings. This thesis presents an investigation, which is based on finite-element method, into the performance of lead-free solder interconnects under thermal fatigue and electro-migration, specifically in the areas as follows: (1) the investigation of thermal-mechanical performance and fatigue-life prediction of flip-chip package under different sizes to achieve a further understanding of IMC layer and size effects of a flip chip package under thermal cycling; (2) the establishment of a numerical method, simulating void-formation/crack-propagation based on the results of finite-element analysis, to allow the prediction of crack evolution and failure time for electro-migration reliability of solder bumps; (3) the establishment of a flow-based algorithm for combination effects of thermal-mechanical and electro-migration that was subsequent implemented in to an FE model to evaluate the reliability assessment of service lives associated with a flip chip package.
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Raghavan, Prasanna. "Multi-scale analysis of elastic and debonding composites by an adaptive multi-level computational model." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1073013372.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 162 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Somnath Ghosh, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-162).
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Sun, Xiaowei. "Comparative Analysis of Urban Morphology: Evaluating Space Syntax and Traditional Morphological Methods." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-15492.

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This thesis examines the urban morphology of fifty cities using spatial syntax analysis. The analysis compares the urban street networks of European, USA, Islamic and East Asian cities. Street connectivity was the main metric and natural roads were the basis for the analysis. The aim of the study was to analyze determine how sensitive space syntax methods are for uncovering the hierarchical patterns of urban street networks and examining their scale-free and small-world properties. Street data was collected from OpenStreetMap. ArcGIS 10 with the Axwoman extension was used to study the hierarchical levels of street networks. Matlab provided the platform to examine the scale-free property of street data. Pajek software was used to measure the small-world behavior. Based on the hierarchical representation, the fifty sample cities were classified into different groups and their scale-free and small-world properties were studied. From a traditionally morphological perspective, it was found that some cities in Europe have a close-knit cellular and organic urban morphology. Cities in the USA exhibit gridiron patterns on the whole. Some Islamic cities have special urban structure with houses grouped around the cul-de-sac lanes. Several of the East Asian cities studied also have grid forms. According to the space syntax analysis, urban street networks that have a connectivity value greater than the average value were less than 40%. The results showed that for most cities, the street connectivity distribution follows a power-law distribution and exhibits scale-free properties. Urban street networks of all sample cities were found to have a small-world property. Space syntax cannot detect all of the morphological patterns recognized in traditional morphological studies. The method can, however, efficiently quantify the spatial configuration of a large sample. Space syntax’s topological and scaling metrics thus provide a way to compare urban street networks. These metrics can thus help classify cities according to their street patterns but also contribute to an understanding of human behavior within and thus the design of urban spaces. For example, an urban street network with a small-world property could have high efficiency for traffic flows at local and global levels and should be considered in further study.
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Oguz, Saziye Deniz. "Protein Domain Networks: Analysis Of Attack Tolerance Under Varied Circumstances." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612518/index.pdf.

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Recently, there has been much interest in the resilience of complex networks to random failures and intentional attacks. The study of the network robustness is particularly important by several occasions. In one hand a higher degree of robustness to errors and attacks may be desired for maintaining the information flow in communication networks under attacks. On the other hand planning a very limited attack aimed at fragmenting a network by removal of minimum number of the most important nodes might have significant usage in drug design. Many real world networks were found to display scale free topology including WWW, the internet, social networks or regulatory gene and protein networks. In the recent studies it was shown that while these networks have a surprising error tolerance, their scale-free topology makes them fragile under intentional attack, leaving the scientists a challenge on how to improve the networks robustness against attacks. In this thesis, we studied the protein domain co-occurrence network of yeast which displays scale free topology generated with data from Biomart which links to Pfam database. Several networks obtained from protein domain co-occurrence network having exactly the same connectivity distribution were compared under attacks to investigate the assumption that the different networks with the same connectivity distribution do not need to have the same attack tolerances. In addition to this, we considered that the networks with the same connectivity distribution have higher attack tolerance as we organize the same resources in a better way. Then, we checked for the variations of attack tolerance of the networks with the same connectiviy distributions. Furthermore, we investigated whether there is an evolutionary mechanism for having networks with higher or lower attack tolerances for the same connectivity distribution. As a result of these investigations, the different networks with the same connectivity distribution do not have the same attack tolerances under attack. In addition to this, it was observed that the networks with the same connectivity distribution have higher attack tolerances as organizing the same resources in a better way which implies that there is an evolutionary mechanism for having networks with higher attack tolerance for the same connectivity distribution.
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Books on the topic "Scale free analysis"

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., ed. Helicopter blade-vortex interaction locations: Scale-model acoustics and free-wake analysis results. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1987.

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Hoad, Danny R. Helicopter blade-vortex interaction locations - scale-model acoustics and free-wake analysis results. Hampton, Va: Langley Research Center, 1987.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Branch., ed. Helicopter blade-vortex interaction locations: Scale-model acoustics and free-wake analysis results. [Washington, D.C.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1987.

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Cinquegrani, Alessandro, Francesca Pangallo, and Federico Rigamonti. Romance e Shoah Pratiche di narrazione sulla tragedia indicibile. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-492-9.

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Over the last 70 years, Holocaust representations increased significantly as cultural objects distributed on a large scale: fictional books, museum sites, artworks, documentaries, and films are only a few samples of those echoes the Holocaust produced in contemporary Western culture. There are some specific patterns in the way the Holocaust has been represented that, however, contrast with the survivors’ account of the same event: for example, the dichotomy between bad and good characters so essential within Holocaust-based media – especially on television and film - does not really match with the testimony’s experience. While storytelling strategies may help to involve the public by emotionally engaging with the story, the risks of altering the real meaning of the Holocaust are quite high: what we often label as a “story” is actually been an outrageous, documented mass-genocide. Furthermore, as the age gap between the present and the past generation progresses, also the collective awareness of Nazi crimes as a real fact gets compromised. This volume explores selected Holocaust narrations by contextualizing the historical, literary, and social influences those texts had in their unique points of view. Starting with some recent examples of Holocaust exploitation through social media, the first chapter explores the paradigm shift when the Holocaust became a cultural, fictional trend rather than a historical massacre. In the second chapter, the analysis examines postmodern representations of Holocaust and Nazi semantics through relevant examples taken from both American and European literature. The third chapter analyses Europe Central by William T. Vollman, as all the narratological and cultural issues considered in the previous two chapters are well outlined in this articulated novel, where the relationship between reality and its representation after the postmodernist period is largely investigated. In chapter four, an account is given of the connections and differences between the narratological category romance, as understood by Northrop Frye, and Holocaust narration features. In chapter five, those elements are used to consider the work of Italian Holocaust survivor and Jewish writer Primo Levi, as his narration around Auschwitz adopts some fictional tools and still refuses undemanding storytelling mechanisms. The sixth and final chapter examines the relevant novel Les Benviellants by Jonathan Littell, considering its Nazi genocide account through the antagonist’s perspective.
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Caldarelli, Guido. Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology. Ebsco Publishing, 2007.

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Caldarelli, Guido. Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology. Oxford University Press, 2013.

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Caldarelli, Guido. Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology. Oxford Finance. Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology (Oxford Finance). Oxford University Press, USA, 2007.

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Mu-tʻŭraensŭ yuji chejo rŭl wihan kisul chiwŏn yŏnʼgu: Yŏnʼgu kyŏlgwa pogosŏ = A researching study on the technical development for the production of trans-free fat in plant scale. [Seoul]: Sikpʻum Ŭiyakpʻum Anjŏnchʻŏng, 2007.

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Haspelmath, Martin. Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0003.

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This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.
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Book chapters on the topic "Scale free analysis"

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Fronczak, Piotr. "Scale-Free Nature of Social Networks." In Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, 1–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7163-9_248-1.

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Fronczak, Piotr. "Scale-Free Nature of Social Networks." In Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, 1616–26. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6170-8_248.

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Fronczak, Piotr. "Scale-Free Nature of Social Networks." In Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining, 2300–2309. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7131-2_248.

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Doi, Shigeo, and Masayuki Yamamura. "An Experimental Analysis of Loop-Free Algorithms for Scale-Free Networks." In Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence, 278–85. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-28646-2_25.

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Albano, Alexandre. "Upper Bound for the Number of Concepts of Contranominal-Scale Free Contexts." In Formal Concept Analysis, 44–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07248-7_4.

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Soulet, Arnaud. "Should We Consider On-Demand Analysis in Scale-Free Networks?" In Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis XXI, 406–18. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-30047-9_32.

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Flaig, Cyril, and Peter Arbenz. "A Highly Scalable Matrix-Free Multigrid Solver for μFE Analysis Based on a Pointer-Less Octree." In Large-Scale Scientific Computing, 498–506. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29843-1_56.

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Ito, Yoichiro. "Cross-Axis Synchronous Flow-Through Coil Planet Centrifuge Free of Rotary Seals for Preparative Countercurrent Chromatography. Part I. Apparatus and Analysis of Acceleration." In Preparative-Scale Chromatography, 179–95. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003210108-10.

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Chalupa, David, and Jiří Pospíchal. "On the Growth of Large Independent Sets in Scale-Free Networks." In Nostradamus 2014: Prediction, Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems, 251–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07401-6_24.

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Tagore, Somnath. "Epidemic Models: Their Spread, Analysis and Invasions in Scale-Free Networks." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library, 1–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15916-4_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Scale free analysis"

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Vandierendonck, Hans, Kallia Chronaki, and Dimitrios S. Nikolopoulos. "Deterministic scale-free pipeline parallelism with hyperqueues." In SC13: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2503210.2503233.

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Hasheminezhad, Rouzbeh, Moses Boudourides, and Ulrik Brandes. "Scale-free networks need not be fragile." In 2020 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam49781.2020.9381326.

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Pearce, Roger, Maya Gokhale, and Nancy M. Amato. "Faster Parallel Traversal of Scale Free Graphs at Extreme Scale with Vertex Delegates." In SC14: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sc.2014.50.

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Zhihai Rong and Liming Pan. "Load analysis in correlated scale-free networked systems." In 2010 8th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation (WCICA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcica.2010.5554656.

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Xiao, Chang, Zhou Lina, and Hu Feng. "Scale-free analysis of scientific collaboration hyper- networks." In 2020 International Conference on Computer Science and Management Technology (ICCSMT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccsmt51754.2020.00024.

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Juan Zhao, Jian-Ping Li, Ping Guo, Yi-ZHai Zhang, Sen-Hua Wang, and Xian-Li Li. "Optimizing the topology of scale-free networks with redundant edges." In 2009 International Conference on Apperceiving Computing and Intelligence Analysis (ICACIA 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacia.2009.5361104.

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Wang, Dan, and Beilei Li. "Analysis of a local routing in scale-free networks." In 2015 27th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2015.7162236.

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Vijay Mahantesh, S. M., S. Iyengar, M. Vijesh, S. R. Nayak, N. Shenoy, and R. Sundaram. "Prediction of Arrival of Nodes in a Scale Free Network." In 2012 International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2012.89.

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Achiam, Yoav, Inbal Yahav, and David G. Schwartz. "Why not scale free? Simulating company ego networks on Twitter." In 2016 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asonam.2016.7752231.

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Prasad, N., Ayas Kanta Swain, and K. K. Mahapatra. "Design and error analysis of a scale free CORDIC unit with corrected scale factor." In 2012 Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics & Electronics (PRIMEASIA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/primeasia.2012.6458618.

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Reports on the topic "Scale free analysis"

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Filmer, Deon. Long-Lived Consequences of Rapid Scale-Up? The Case of Free Primary Education in Six Sub-Saharan African Countries. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2023/128.

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Across six Sub-Saharan African countries, grade 4 students of teachers who were hired after a free primary education reform perform worse, on average, on language and math tests—statistically significantly so in language—than students of teachers who were hired before the reform. Teachers who were hired just after the reform also perform worse, on average, on tests of subject content knowledge than those hired before the reform. The results are sensitive to the time frames considered in the analysis, and aggregate results mask substantial variation across countries—gaps are large and significant in some countries but negligible in others. Analysis of teacher demographic and education characteristics—including education level or teacher certification—as well as teacher classroom-level behaviors reveals few systematic differences associated with being hired pre- or post-reform.
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Elbehri, Aziz, and Thomas Hertel. A Comparative Analysis of the EU-Morocco FTA vs. Multilateral Liberalization. GTAP Working Paper, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp30.

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An applied general equilibrium model with oligopoly and scale economies, based on detailed plant-level data, is used to contrast the impacts of the Morocco-EU free trade area (FTA) to multilateral trade liberalization on Morocco’s economy. Simulation results show that the FTA agreement is likely to have adverse effects on Morocco due to: (a) deteriorating terms of trade, (b) reductions in output per firm in industries dominated by scale economies, (c) diversion of imports away from relatively low cost, non-EU suppliers, and (d) potentially adverse effects on the aggregate demand for labor which could exacerbate already high levels of unemployment. We contrast this FTA with a multilateral liberalization scenario along the lines of those proposed under the Doha Development Round and find this to be more beneficial to Morocco, despite the associated income transfer from the EU to Morocco. The difference may be attributed to: (a) lesser terms of trade losses, (b) positive scale effects, (c) non-preferential liberalization of imports into Morocco, and (d) a positive impact on aggregate labor demand and hence unemployment. We conclude that Morocco would be better off pursuing trade liberalization in the multilateral arena. JEL classification: F12, F14, F15 Keywords: Applied general equilibrium; Market Structure; Trade liberalization; Developing economies; Morocco
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Katwere Ssemwanga, David, Dominic Lomongin Aballa, Steven Amoko, and Sheila Nduhukire. A Holistic Approach to Accelerated Attainment of Open-Defecation Free Status in Moyo District. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.018.

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This case study was developed to inform subsequent research and analysis of local government leadership and prioritisation of sanitation and hygiene (S&H) in East Africa. Consolidated learning from across the three countries involved can be found in the Sanitation Learning Hub (SLH) Learning Brief: Strengthening sub-national systems for area-wide sanitation and hygiene. From late 2020 to early 2021, the SLH collaborated with local government actors and development partners from three subnational areas to explore ways of increasing local government leadership and prioritisation of S&H to drive progress towards area-wide S&H. For some time, local government leadership has been recognised as key to ensuring sustainability and scale and it is an important component of the emerging use of systems strengthening approaches in the sanitation sector. It is hoped that this work will provide practical experiences to contribute to this thinking. Three case studies were developed to capture local government and development partners’ experiences supporting sub-national governments increase their leadership and prioritisation of S&H in Siaya County (Kenya), Nyamagabe District (Rwanda), and Moyo District (Uganda), all of which have seen progress in recent years. The development partners involved were UNICEF in Kenya, WaterAid in Rwanda, and WSSCC/ Uganda Sanitation Fund in Uganda. The cases were then analysed through three online workshops facilitated with staff from the local governments, central government ministries and development partners involved to explore them in further detail, review experiences and identify levers and blockages to change. Lessons from the workshops are documented in the SLH learning brief mentioned above. This is the case study developed by Moyo District and WSSCC/Uganda Sanitation Fund documenting their experiences and reflections from working together to increase prioritisation of S&H in Moyo District, Uganda.
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Hertel, Thomas, David Hummels, Maros Ivanic, and Roman Keeney. How Confident Can We Be in CGE-Based Assessments of Free Trade Agreements? GTAP Working Paper, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp26.

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With the proliferation of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) over the past decade, demand for quantitative analysis of their likely impacts has surged. The main quantitative tool for performing such analysis is Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) modeling. Yet these models have been widely criticized for performing poorly (Kehoe, 2002) and having weak econometric foundations (McKitrick, 1998; Jorgenson, 1984). FTA results have been shown to be particularly sensitive to the trade elasticities, with small trade elasticities generating large terms of trade effects and relatively modest efficiency gains, whereas large trade elasticities lead to the opposite result. Critics are understandably wary of results being determined largely by the authors’ choice of trade elasticities. Where do these trade elasticities come from? CGE modelers typically draw these elasticities from econometric work that uses time series price variation to identify an elasticity of substitution between domestic goods and composite imports (Alaouze, 1977; Alaouze, et al., 1977; Stern et al., 1976; Gallaway, McDaniel and Rivera, 2003). This approach has three problems: the use of point estimates as “truth”, the magnitude of the point estimates, and estimating the relevant elasticity. First, modelers take point estimates drawn from the econometric literature, while ignoring the precision of these estimates. As we will make clear below, the confidence one has in various CGE conclusions depends critically on the size of the confidence interval around parameter estimates. Standard “robustness checks” such as systematically raising or lowering the substitution parameters does not properly address this problem because it ignores information about which parameters we know with some precision and which we do not. A second problem with most existing studies derives from the use of import price series to identify home vs. foreign substitution, for example, tends to systematically understate the true elasticity. This is because these estimates take price variation as exogenous when estimating the import demand functions, and ignore quality variation. When quality is high, import demand and prices will be jointly high. This biases estimated elasticities toward zero. A related point is that the fixed-weight import price series used by most authors are theoretically inappropriate for estimating the elasticities of interest. CGE modelers generally examine a nested utility structure, with domestic production substitution for a CES composite import bundle. The appropriate price series is then the corresponding CES price index among foreign varieties. Constructing such an index requires knowledge of the elasticity of substitution among foreign varieties (see below). By using a fixed-weight import price series, previous estimates place too much weight on high foreign prices, and too small a weight on low foreign prices. In other words, they overstate the degree of price variation that exists, relative to a CES price index. Reconciling small trade volume movements with large import price series movements requires a small elasticity of substitution. This problem, and that of unmeasured quality variation, helps explain why typical estimated elasticities are very small. The third problem with the existing literature is that estimates taken from other researchers’ studies typically employ different levels of aggregation, and exploit different sources of price variation, from what policy modelers have in mind. Employment of elasticities in experiments ill-matched to their original estimation can be problematic. For example, estimates may be calculated at a higher or lower level of aggregation than the level of analysis than the modeler wants to examine. Estimating substitutability across sources for paddy rice gives one a quite different answer than estimates that look at agriculture as a whole. When analyzing Free Trade Agreements, the principle policy experiment is a change in relative prices among foreign suppliers caused by lowering tariffs within the FTA. Understanding the substitution this will induce across those suppliers is critical to gauging the FTA’s real effects. Using home v. foreign elasticities rather than elasticities of substitution among imports supplied from different countries may be quite misleading. Moreover, these “sourcing” elasticities are critical for constructing composite import price series to appropriate estimate home v. foreign substitutability. In summary, the history of estimating the substitution elasticities governing trade flows in CGE models has been checkered at best. Clearly there is a need for improved econometric estimation of these trade elasticities that is well-integrated into the CGE modeling framework. This paper provides such estimation and integration, and has several significant merits. First, we choose our experiment carefully. Our CGE analysis focuses on the prospective Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) currently under negotiation. This is one of the most important FTAs currently “in play” in international negotiations. It also fits nicely with the source data used to estimate the trade elasticities, which is largely based on imports into North and South America. Our assessment is done in a perfectly competitive, comparative static setting in order to emphasize the role of the trade elasticities in determining the conventional gains/losses from such an FTA. This type of model is still widely used by government agencies for the evaluation of such agreements. Extensions to incorporate imperfect competition are straightforward, but involve the introduction of additional parameters (markups, extent of unexploited scale economies) as well as structural assumptions (entry/no-entry, nature of inter-firm rivalry) that introduce further uncertainty. Since our focus is on the effects of a PTA we estimate elasticities of substitution across multiple foreign supply sources. We do not use cross-exporter variation in prices or tariffs alone. Exporter price series exhibit a high degree of multicolinearity, and in any case, would be subject to unmeasured quality variation as described previously. Similarly, tariff variation by itself is typically unhelpful because by their very nature, Most Favored Nation (MFN) tariffs are non-discriminatory in nature, affecting all suppliers in the same way. Tariff preferences, where they exist, are often difficult to measure – sometimes being confounded by quantitative barriers, restrictive rules of origin, and other restrictions. Instead we employ a unique methodology and data set drawing on not only tariffs, but also bilateral transportation costs for goods traded internationally (Hummels, 1999). Transportation costs vary much more widely than do tariffs, allowing much more precise estimation of the trade elasticities that are central to CGE analysis of FTAs. We have highly disaggregated commodity trade flow data, and are therefore able to provide estimates that precisely match the commodity aggregation scheme employed in the subsequent CGE model. We follow the GTAP Version 5.0 aggregation scheme which includes 42 merchandise trade commodities covering food products, natural resources and manufactured goods. With the exception of two primary commodities that are not traded, we are able to estimate trade elasticities for all merchandise commodities that are significantly different form zero at the 95% confidence level. Rather than producing point estimates of the resulting welfare, export and employment effects, we report confidence intervals instead. These are based on repeated solution of the model, drawing from a distribution of trade elasticity estimates constructed based on the econometrically estimated standard errors. There is now a long history of CGE studies based on SSA: Systematic Sensitivity Analysis (Harrison and Vinod, 1992; Wigle, 1991; Pagon and Shannon, 1987) Ho
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Motamed, Ramin, David McCallen, and Swasti Saxena. An International Workshop on Large-Scale Shake Table Testing for the Assessment of Soil-Foundation-Structure System Response for Seismic Safety of DOE Nuclear Facilities, A Virtual Workshop – 17-18 May 2021. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/jjvo9762.

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Aging infrastructure within the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) nuclear facilities poses a major challenge to their resiliency against natural phenomenon hazards. Examples of mission-critical facilities located in regions of high seismicity can be found at a number of NNSA sites including Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Nevada National Security Site. Most of the nation’s currently operating nuclear facilities have already reached their operating lifetime, and most currently operating nuclear power plants (NPPs) have already reached the extent of their operating license period. While the domestic demand for electrical energy is expected to grow, if currently operating NPPs do not extend their operations and additional plants are not built quickly enough to replace them, the total fraction of electrical energy generated from carbon-free nuclear power will rapidly decline. The decision to extend operation is ultimately an economic one; however, economics can often be improved through technical advancements (McCarthy et al. 2015) and research and development (R&D) activities. Similarly, the operating lifetime of the current DOE- and NNSA-owned critical infrastructure can be extended using the Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) framework to systematically identify the risk associated with designing and operating existing facilities and building new ones. Using this framework consists of several steps, including (1) system analysis considering the interaction between components, such as evaluating the soil-foundation-structure system response; and (2) assessment of areas of uncertainty. Both of these steps are essential to assessing and reducing risks to the DOE and NNSA nuclear facilities. While the risks to the DOE’s facilities are primarily due to natural hazard phenomena, data from large-scale tests of the soil-foundation-structural system response to seismic shaking is currently lacking. This workshop aimed to address these key areas by organizing an international workshop focused on advancing the seismic safety of nuclear facilities using large-scale shake table testing. As a result, this workshop, which was held virtually, brought together a select group of international experts in large-scale shake table testing from the U.S., Japan, and Europe to discuss state-of-the-art experimental techniques and emerging instrumentation technologies that can produce unique experimental data to advance knowledge in natural hazards that impact the safety of the DOE’s nuclear facilities. The generated experimental data followed by research and development activities will ultimately result in updates to ASCE 4-16, one of the primary design guides for DOE nuclear facilities per DOE-STD-1020-2016. The ultimate objective of the workshop was to develop a “road map” for the future experimental campaign and innovative instrumentations using the newly constructed DOE-funded large-scale shake table facility at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) as well as other large-scale shake table testing facilities. This new facility resulted from a collaborative project engagement between UNR and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (LBNL). This report summarizes the proceedings of the workshop and highlights the key outcomes from presentations and discussions.
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Mizrahi, Itzhak, and Bryan A. White. Uncovering rumen microbiome components shaping feed efficiency in dairy cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600020.bard.

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Ruminants provide human society with high quality food from non-human-edible resources, but their emissions negatively impact the environment via greenhouse gas production. The rumen and its resident microorganisms dictate both processes. The overall goal of this project was to determine whether a causal relationship exists between the rumen microbiome and the host animal's physiology, and if so, to isolate and examine the specific determinants that enable this causality. To this end, we divided the project into three specific parts: (1) determining the feed efficiency of 200 milking cows, (2) determining whether the feed- efficiency phenotype can be transferred by transplantation and (3) isolating and examining microbial consortia that can affect the feed-efficiency phenotype by their transplantation into germ-free ruminants. We finally included 1000 dairy cow metadata in our study that revealed a global core microbiome present in the rumen whose composition and abundance predicted many of the cows’ production phenotypes, including methane emission. Certain members of the core microbiome are heritable and have strong associations to cardinal rumen metabolites and fermentation products that govern the efficiency of milk production. These heritable core microbes therefore present primary targets for rumen manipulation towards sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. We then went beyond examining the metagenomic content, and asked whether microbes behave differently with relation to the host efficiency state. We sampled twelve animals with two extreme efficiency phenotypes, high efficiency and low efficiency where the first represents animals that maximize energy utilization from their feed whilst the later represents animals with very low utilization of the energy from their feed. Our analysis revealed differences in two host efficiency states in terms of the microbial expression profiles both with regards to protein identities and quantities. Another aim of the proposal was the cultivation of undescribed rumen microorganisms is one of the most important tasks in rumen microbiology. Our findings from phylogenetic analysis of cultured OTUs on the lower branches of the phylogenetic tree suggest that multifactorial traits govern cultivability. Interestingly, most of the cultured OTUs belonged to the rare rumen biosphere. These cultured OTUs could not be detected in the rumen microbiome, even when we surveyed it across 38 rumen microbiome samples. These findings add another unique dimension to the complexity of the rumen microbiome and suggest that a large number of different organisms can be cultured in a single cultivation effort. In the context of the grant, the establishment of ruminant germ-free facility was possible and preliminary experiments were successful, which open up the way for direct applications of the new concepts discovered here, prior to the larger scale implementation at the agricultural level.
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Zhu, Xian-Kui, Brian Leis, and Tom McGaughy. PR-185-173600-R01 Reference Stress for Metal-loss Assessment of Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011516.

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This project focused on quantifying the reference stress to be used in predictive models for assessing the effects of metal loss on pipeline integrity. The results of this project will work in concert with the outcomes of project EC-2-7 that examined sources of scatter in metal-loss predictions with respect to the metal-loss defect geometry. The methodology for developing a new reference stress included empirical and finite element analyses along with comparison of full-scale experimental results that indicate the failure behavior of defect-free pipe has dependence on the strain hardening rate, n, of the pipe steel. Since the strain hardening rate is often unreported in qualification test records and mill certification reports, the development of a new reference stress will seek to include the utilization of the ratio of yield-to-tensile strength (Y/T) as a surrogate for n. This approach ideally would be insensitive to pipe grade, and thus, allow broad application of the reference stress without increasing scatter or bias across grade levels. This work also compared the resulting metal-loss criterion with the new reference stress relative to the B31G and Modified B31G models using a dataset of approximately 75 full-scale burst test results for test vessels containing isolated defects. This comparison was performed by C-FER Technologies under sub-contract to EWI and quantified the prediction bias and prediction variability of the new criterion relative to those widely in use.
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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey, and Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.

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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.
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Moreda, Fekadu, Benjamin Lord, Mauro Nalesso, Pedro Coli Valdes Daussa, and Juliana Corrales. Hydro-BID: New Functionalities (Reservoir, Sediment and Groundwater Simulation Modules). Inter-American Development Bank, November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009312.

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The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) provides financial and technicalsupport for infrastructure projects in water and sanitation, irrigation, flood control, transport, and energy, and for development projects in agriculture, urban systems, and natural resources. Many of these projects depend upon water resources and may be affected negatively by climate change and other developments that alter water availability, such as population growth and shifts in land use associated with urbanization, industrial growth, and agricultural practices. Assessing the potential for future changes in water availability is an important step toward ensuring that infrastructure and other development projects meet their operational, financial, and economic goals. It is also important to examine the implications of such projects for the future allocation of available water among competing users and uses to mitigate potential conflict and to ensure such projects are consistent with long-term regional development plans and preservation of essential ecosystem services. As part of its commitment to help member countries adapt to climate change, the IDB is sponsoring work to develop and apply the Regional Water Resources Simulation Model for Latin America and the Caribbean, an integrated suite of watershed modeling tools known as Hydro-BID. Hydro-BID is a highly scalable modeling system that includes hydrology and climate analysis modules to estimate the availability of surface water (stream flows) at the regional, basin, and sub-basin scales. The system includes modules for incorporating the effects of groundwater and reservoirs on surface water flows and for estimating sediment loading. Data produced by Hydro-BID are useful for water balance analysis, water allocation decisions, and economic analysis and decision support tools to help decision-makers make informed choices among alternative designs for infrastructure projects and alternative policies for water resources management. IDB sponsored the development of Hydro-BID and provides the software and basic training free of charge to authorized users; see hydrobidlac.org. The system was developed by RTI International as an adaptation of RTI's proprietary WaterFALL® modeling software, based on over 30 years of experience developing and using the U.S. National Hydrography Dataset (NHDPlus) in support to the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In Phase I of this effort, RTI prepared a working version of Hydro-BID that includes: (1) the Analytical Hydrography Dataset for Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC AHD), a digital representation of 229,300 catchments in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean with their corresponding topography, river, and stream segments; (2) a geographic information system (GIS)-based navigation tool to browse AHD catchments and streams with the capability of navigating upstream and downstream; (3) a user interface for specifying the area and period to be modeled and the period and location for which water availability will be simulated; (4) a climate data interface to obtain rainfall and temperature inputs for the area and period of interest; (5) a rainfall-runoff model based on the Generalized Watershed Loading Factor (GWLF) formulation; and (6) a routing scheme for quantifying time of travel and cumulative flow estimates across downstream catchments. Hydro-BID generates output in the form of daily time series of flow estimates for the selected location and period. The output can be summarized as a monthly time series at the user's discretion. In Phase II of this effort, RTI has prepared an updated version of Hydro-BID that includes (1) improvements to the user interface; (2) a module to simulate the effect of reservoirs on downstream flows; (3) a module to link Hydro-BID and groundwater models developed with MODFLOW and incorporate water exchanges between groundwater and surface water compartments into the simulation of sur
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IDS Annual Review 2020-21. Institute of Development Studies, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.044.

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This has been an extraordinary year for the Institute. The Covid-19 pandemic and its health, social, economic and political impacts have created massive disruptions, transforming how people live and organisations function throughout the world. The challenges it has brought to how we at IDS contribute to creating a more equitable and sustainable world, where people everywhere are free from poverty and injustice, have been compounded by the UK Government’s recent cuts to overseas aid. These have been imposed hastily and there can be no doubt that they will have drastic effects. Our strategy drives the structure of this Annual Review, which highlights our progress towards each of our five strategic priorities. We share impact stories from across the Institute that demonstrate our work towards these priorities. Not surprisingly, many of our key impacts this year relate to the pandemic. These include the wide-reaching influence of the Sanitation Learning Hub’s Handwashing Compendium, the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform on Covid-19 response, and our work to provide rapid analysis and facilitated learning to the UK Government to support pandemic recovery. Other stories highlight exciting impacts such as large-scale successes in pedagogical advancement in Africa through equitable partnerships, and addressing digital exclusion that is affecting the most marginalised communities in our home city, Brighton, in the UK. We also marked 50 years of collaborative research with pastoralists, whose insights are prompting some major, and timely, rethinking of approaches to land management and climate change.
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