Relevant bibliographies by topics / Scale

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Scale'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 October 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Scale"

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Atik, Derya, and Ayşe İnel Manav. "A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY: BRAIN FOG SCALE." PSYCHIATRIA DANUBINA 35, no. 1 (April 13, 2023): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2023.73.

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Landreneau, Eric, and Scott Schaefer. "Scales and Scale-like Structures." Computer Graphics Forum 29, no. 5 (September 21, 2010): 1653–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8659.2010.01774.x.

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Beaton, Albert E., and Nancy L. Allen. "Interpreting Scales Through Scale Anchoring." Journal of Educational Statistics 17, no. 2 (1992): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1165169.

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Jenkins, Stephen P., and Frank A. Cowell. "Parametric Equivalence Scales and Scale Relativities." Economic Journal 104, no. 425 (July 1994): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234983.

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Cloft, H. J., and D. F. Kallmes. "Scaling Back on Scales with a Scale of Scales." American Journal of Neuroradiology 32, no. 2 (December 23, 2010): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a2432.

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Brunell, Amy B., and Melissa T. Buelow. "Homogenous scales of narcissism: Using the psychological entitlement scale, interpersonal exploitativeness scale, and narcissistic grandiosity scale to study narcissism." Personality and Individual Differences 123 (March 2018): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.029.

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Laing, R. A. "Large-Scale Structure: Jets on kiloparsec Scales." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 175 (1996): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900080360.

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This paper examines some of the consequences of the hypothesis that jets in all radio galaxies and quasars are relativistic on small scales, in the sense that the flow velocity >0.5c. This idea is suggested by a number of lines of evidence. Firstly, Unified Models (Urry & Padovani, 1995) imply that the relativistic motion required in core-dominated objects must also occur in a larger parent population consisting of most, if not all, extended sources. Secondly, superluminal motion is detected in the nuclei of extended sources and in the kpc-scale jet of M 87 (Hough, 1994; Biretta, Zhou & Owen, 1995). Thirdly, jets are one-sided in the same sense on pc and kpc scales; at all luminosities, the radio emission tends to become more symmetrical on larger scales, as expected if an initially relativistic flow decelerates (Bridle & Perley, 1984; Bridle et al., 1994a; Parma et al., 1994). Finally, depolarization asymmetry occurs in both low (Parma, de Ruiter & Fanti, 1996) and high (Laing, 1988; Garrington et al., 1988) luminosity sources: the implication is that the brighter jet is on the near side of the source. It is likely that the key difference between radio sources in the two morphological classes defined by Fanaroff & Riley (1974) are that relativistic flow persists to the extremities of FRII sources, but that FRI jets decelerate smoothly on intermediate scales (Laing, 1993; Bicknell, 1995). On kiloparsec scales, we can identify structures which we propose should be called fast jets. These are well-collimated and generally one-sided (in the sense that the jet/counterjet ratio >4:1). They also have longitudinal apparent magnetic field (B||). They occur both in FRII sources, and at the bases of FRI jets (Bridle & Perley, 1984). We suggest that they are relativistic flows, and that this fact is crucial to an understanding of their evolution. A framework for the understanding of the variety of extended structures in extragalactic radio sources in this context is illustrated in Figure 1, which is an improved version of the diagram presented by Laing (1993). A fast jet appears to be able to: decelerate and recollimate to form a slow jet with β << 1 (therefore two-sided unless external effects dominate); disrupt, as in wide-angle tail sources, or hit the external medium and form a hot-spot. Slow jets are probably formed only when a decelerating fast jet can be recollimated by the external pressure gradient (Phinney, 1983; Bowman, Leahy & Komissarov, 1995). This may not be possible for more powerful sources in flatter pressure gradients and it is likely that wide-angle tail sources are formed when a fast jet decelerates rapidly but cannot recollimate. Deceleration by entrainment is efficient when the jet is transonic, and Bicknell (1994) showed that this corresponds to β ≈0.3 − 0.7 for a relativistic jet. If the jet does not slow down sufficiently (e.g. by mass loading; Komissarov 1994), then the flow will remain supersonic until it impacts on the external medium, and an FRII source will result. The radio morphology is therefore determined by a combination of initial jet speed and thrust and the effects of the environment, via the rate of stellar mass loss and the pressure gradient. On the largest scales, a bridge(backflow) or tail (outflow) will be formed. If the jet remains supersonic as far as the end of the lobe (as in an FRII source), then it is inevitable that a backflow (bridge) will be generated. As emphasised by Parma, de Ruiter & Fanti (1996), the majority of FRI sources also show bridges: the residual momentum of the jets, their density contrast with the external medium and the external pressure gradient are all likely to be important in determining their large-scale morphologies.
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Beaton, Albert E., and Nancy L. Allen. "Chapter 6: Interpreting Scales Through Scale Anchoring." Journal of Educational Statistics 17, no. 2 (June 1992): 191–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/10769986017002191.

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The major purpose of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is to provide a means to compare groups of students both across and within assessment years. A complementary purpose of NAEP is to provide information about what these groups of students know and can do. This purpose has been addressed using the scale anchoring techniques described in this chapter. Scale anchoring involves a statistical component that identifies items that discriminate between successive points on the proficiency scale using specific item characteristics. It also involves a consensus component in which identified items are used by subject-area and educational experts to provide an interpretation of what groups of students at or close to the selected scale points know and can do.
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Lester, David. "The Lester Attitude toward Death Scale." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 23, no. 1 (August 1991): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/me86-bpbe-eve3-ma6n.

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This article publishes the Lester Attitude Toward Death Scale for the first time, together with data on its reliability and validity. The scale is different from other fear of death scales in its use of a scaled value approach that permits a measure of inconsistency in attitudes.
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Zhang, Zhicong, Fengyu Ji, Shouwen Jiang, Zhichao Wu, and Qianghua Xu. "Scale Development-Related Genes Identified by Transcriptome Analysis." Fishes 7, no. 2 (March 12, 2022): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes7020064.

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Scales, as key structures of fish skin, play an important role in physiological function. The study of fish scale development mechanisms provides a basis for exploring the molecular-level developmental differences between scaled and non-scaled fishes. In this study, alizarin red staining was used to divide the different stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) scale development. Four developmental stages, namely stage I (~17 dpf, scales have not started to grow), stage II (~33 dpf, the point at which scales start to grow), stage III (~41 dpf, the period in which the scales almost cover the whole body), and stage IV (~3 mpf, scales cover the whole body), were determined and used for subsequent transcriptome analysis. WGCNA (weighted correlation network analysis) and DEG (differentially expressed gene) analysis were used for screening the key genes. Based on the comparison between stage II and stage I, 54 hub-genes were identified by WGCNA analysis. Key genes including the Scpp family (Scpp7, Scpp6, Scpp5, and Scpp8), the Fgf family (Fgfr1b and Fgfr3), Tcf7, Wnt10b, Runx2b, and Il2rb were identified by DEG analysis, which indicated that these genes played important roles in the key nodes of scale development signal pathways. Combined with this analysis, the TGF-β, Wnt/β-catenin, and FGF signaling pathways were suggested to be the most important signal pathways for scales starting to grow. This study laid a foundation for exploring the scale development mechanism of other fishes. The scale development candidate genes identified in the current study will facilitate functional gene identifications in the future.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Scale"

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Pokorny, Andrew. "Chord-Specific Scalar Material in Classical Music: An Adaptation of Jazz Chord-Scale Theory." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18443.

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Jazz chord-scale theory identifies scales that can be used to embellish a particular type of chord. It has fostered the notion that chords can generate their own local scales. This idea as well as many of the scale types that jazz chord-scale theory identifies are essentially foreign to classical music theory, which instead tends to focus on the scales that represent relatively global key areas--that is, the scales that accommodate entire chord successions. Both the jazz and classical perspectives can coexist, and each can inform and supplement the other. This study explores implications of the jazz chord-scale perspective for classical music and classical music theory. The scalar notes and intervals that embellish a particular chord are referred to as chord-specific scalar material (CSSM). Following the suggestion of jazz chord-scale theory and Ramon Satyendra's chord spaces, each chordal zone can exhibit its own local tonal hierarchy potentially consisting of a local tonic note (usually a chord root), chordal notes and intervals, scalar notes and intervals, and sub-scalar notes and intervals. Focusing particularly on the scalar level of these chord-specific tonal hierarchies, CSSM is a relatively foreground phenomenon that can be understood against the backdrop of a deeper, uninterrupted scalar space that is associated with the key of the passage at hand. A chord succession can occupy the deeper scalar space while each chord is embellished with CSSM suggestive of potentially different local scalar spaces. This study considers examples of CSSM spanning the music of Bach through Fauré, and it proposes a classification of four general types of CSSM found in classical repertoire. Each type suggests a different theoretical derivation for examples of CSSM, and each type has its own implications for tonal function (both locally and globally), coherence, and color. The fourth type apparently did not emerge until the Romantic era. Special attention is given to CSSM in the music of Gabriel Fauré, who seemingly developed rather innovative CSSM techniques. Practical benefits of this theoretical approach for today's composers, improvisers, and performers are also considered. Various techniques for generating CSSM are offered, and further scalar possibilities are explored.
2016-09-29
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Dempster, Tim. "Integrated crustal processes : micro-scale to macro-scale." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7147/.

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This thesis contains a selection of forty-three research papers [1-43], published by the author that investigate key processes in the formation and stabilization of continental crust. The processes are addressed at a micro-scale and linked to crustal processes at a global scale. Many of the studies included in this thesis take an integrated but novel approach, typically combining disciplines in ways different to "traditional" research on crustal rocks and/or studying mineral groups in ways not typically used to investigate crustal processes. Metamorphic equilibrium in rocks is driven by the thermodynamic forces controlling the stability of mineral assemblages, and is inhibited by kinetic inertia of mineral reactions. It is the balance between these two factors that controls metamorphic reactions. Much existing literature on metamorphic processes is concerned with assessing thermodynamically constrained equilibrium conditions. This thesis includes many studies that emphasize the importance of chemical disequilibrium preserved by individual minerals and the kinetic consequences for metamorphic processes [1,2,3,4]. Deformation and volume diffusion are recognized as key factors in allowing thermodynamic equilibrium to be established between minerals and the significance of many metamorphic changes is re-evaluated. It is within polymetamorphic rocks that the kinetic "problems" associated with metamorphic reactions are most apparent, such that only rocks that have experienced multiple events at similar temperatures reliably retain the evidence [5]. The importance of kinetic controls on equilibrium is emphasized both in their effect on major rock-forming minerals and in ground breaking petrological studies of accessory phases. Solid-state diffusion is a key to allowing chemical and isotopic transport within grains, however, communication between grains is typically controlled by the characteristics of grain boundaries such as the presence, absence or geometry of fluids. As such grain edges are probably the most important, but perhaps the least studied, "phase" present in any rock. Innovative approaches have been used to investigate the characteristics of mineral boundaries [8,9], the extent of isotopic exchange within rocks [6] and the role that highly localized fluid infiltration may have on the metamorphic responses of the crust [7,9]. Many of the studies address key factors controlling metamorphic processes and use a variety of different minerals, such as garnet [1], muscovite [2,3,7], apatite [8,9] and zircon [10,11] to assess crustal behaviour. The use of accessory minerals to directly understand a range of metamorphic processes is a unique aspect to the research. Studies included here describe zircon and apatite textures in-situ within rocks. Zircon was previously thought of as an exceptionally stable unreactive mineral, but in a series of studies is shown to be one of the most reactive and hence informative of silicate minerals capable of recording reaction histories and fluid movements through a wide range of crustal conditions [12,13,14,15,16]. In studies of crustal behaviour, time is a key component and investigations of the fundamental controls on metamorphic processes have been integrated with data from thermochronometers to provide insights into the low temperature cooling history of the crust. Rb-Sr and K-Ar geochronology on biotite and muscovite, lower temperature thermochronometers including apatite fission track, U-Th-He on apatite and zircon, together with cosmogenic isotopes are applied in a range of investigations to assess unroofing histories. The impact of spatial and temporal variability of exhumation rates is linked back to metamorphic and structural processes within the deeper crust [17,18,24]. The variation acts as a trigger to structural collapse [19], causes major diachroneity in metamorphic events [18] and facilitates significant lateral heat transfer that impacts on isograd patterns [22]. Surprising general conclusions are reached suggesting that some thermochronometers can not record erosional unroofing but may reveal the thermal influence of fluid movements [20,21]. Factors such as localized uplift, and fluid and magma movements in the crust, are explored further as effective agents for modifying lateral and vertical geothermal gradients in a range of tectonic settings and point to considerable complexity in the geothermal gradients of orogenic belts [22,23,24,25]. The exotic nature of crustal terranes in the British Caledonides is addressed in a range of collaborative studies, through a variety of isotopic determinations, constraining movements, amalgamation histories and events within crustal blocks [26,27,28]. Such studies are then integrated with petrological and stratigraphic evidence to present models for crustal evolution in the Caledonides [29,31,32] and in addition develop general models for the formation of metamorphic terranes in strike-slip environments [30]. The approach of using detailed characterization of minerals to understand metamorphic rock-forming processes is similarly applied to deciphering magmatic processes in the crust. A wealth of published research on the petrogenesis of igneous rocks focusses on bulk rock geochemical and isotopic approaches to study the origin of the melts and examples of such investigations are included here [35,36,37]. However many of the studies included in this thesis emphasise small-scale chemical disequilibrium, question this approach, and open new avenues to investigate magmatic processes. The evolution of slowly cooling granite magma chambers is studied at a range of different scales using zoned feldspars [37,38,39] and accessory minerals [42,43]. Crustal contamination [40], magma mixing [39,42,43], sub-solvus crystallization [37,38], and late stage permeability [42] are all processes that are investigated through detailed textural and geochemical characterization of magmatic minerals. The importance of inefficient diffusion is again emphasized and the controls on melt permeability during crystallization are highlighted. Such techniques may yield unprecedented details of the magmatic processes that complement traditional whole rock geochemical and isotopic investigations. Small-scale processes that operate in magma chambers are also linked to models of large-scale crustal generation processes, including the formation of the enigmatic Late Proterozoic massif anorthosites [41]. The theme throughout the thesis is integration of geological disciplines that are not commonly combined. Metamorphic processes traditionally linked to thermodynamics are investigated via kinetic controls, such as deformation and fluid access [3,4,13,16]. Denudation histories traditionally linked to surface processes are integrated with metamorphic histories and structural evolution [e.g. 18,19,25]. Magmatic systems traditionally investigated using bulk rock geochemical and isotopic approaches are instead studied using disequilibrium crystallization histories of minerals [e.g. 38,39,42,43].
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Marati, Nicoletta. "A scale by scale budget in wall turbulence." Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/917120.

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Songthanasak, Krisanavej. "Relating laboratory scale composter performance to full scale systems." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400854.

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RIETTO, LAURA. "Energy Systems Integration: from building scale to urban scale." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2679885.

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The research activity presented in this thesis focuses on the heating energy demand assessment of a small urban district with buildings connected to the local District Heating Network (DHN). The main goal of the work consisted in determining effective actions that could be applied on both the heating system and on the envelope of five case study buildings in order to reduce the morning peak of the heating system and reduce also the overall energy demand for space heating. The outcomes of this research may be useful to assess the impact of the proposed improvements on the operation of a urban district heating network. A further goal of the work carried out was to develop an Artificial Neural Network useful to forecast, at short term, the indoor temperature of rooms once the weather conditions and the thermal energy supplied by the District Heating Network are known.
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Taylor, Ryland. "Using geomorphology and animal “individuality” to understand ‘scape-scale predator distributions." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38227.

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Master of Science
Department of Biology
Martha E. Mather
Determining patterns and drivers of organismal distribution and abundance are fundamental and enduring challenges in ecology, especially for mobile organisms at a ‘scape scale. To address the problem presented by individuals whose distributions are dynamic across large geographic areas, here I tracked 59 acoustically-tagged migratory striped bass (Morone saxatilis) with an array of 26 stationary receivers in Plum Island Estuary (PIE), MA. Specifically, I asked (1) how these predators were distributed across the estuarine seascape, (2) if these fish used three types of geomorphic sites (exits, confluences, and non-confluences) differently, (3) if distinct types of individual distributional “types” existed, and (4) if fish within distinct distributional groups used geomorphic site types and regions differently. Based on three components of predator trajectories (site specific numbers of individuals, residence time, and number of movements), striped bass were not distributed evenly throughout PIE. Confluences attracted tagged striped bass although not all confluences or all parts of confluences were used equally. Use of non-confluences sites was more variable than exits or confluences. Thus, geomorphic drivers and regions link mobile organisms to physical conditions across the seascape. Based on spatial and spatial-temporal cluster analyses, these striped bass predators clustered into four seasonally-resident distributional types. These included the (1) Rowley River group (fish that primarily resided in the Rowley River), (2) Plum Island Sound group (fish that primarily resided in the Middle Sound region), (3) Extreme Fidelity group (fish that spent most of their time in PIE at a single receiver location), and (4) the Exploratory group (fish that showed no affiliation with any particular location). These distributional groups used geomorphic site types and regions differently. Thus, my data show a rare link between behavioral (i.e., individual animal personalities) and field ecology (seascape geomorphology) that can advance the understanding of field-based patterns and drivers of organismal distribution.
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Suzuki, Eri. "Small-Scale Statistics and Large-Scale Coherence in Convective Turbulence." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/202424.

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Freihoefer, Adam T. "Linking field-scale phosphorus export to a watershed-scale model /." Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/freihoefer.pdf.

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Lindeberg, Tony. "Scale Selection Properties of Generalized Scale-Space Interest Point Detectors." KTH, Beräkningsbiologi, CB, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101220.

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Scale-invariant interest points have found several highly successful applications in computer vision, in particular for image-based matching and recognition. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the scale selection properties of a generalized framework for detecting interest points from scale-space features presented in Lindeberg (Int. J. Comput. Vis. 2010, under revision) and comprising: an enriched set of differential interest operators at a fixed scale including the Laplacian operator, the determinant of the Hessian, the new Hessian feature strength measures I and II and the rescaled level curve curvature operator, as well as an enriched set of scale selection mechanisms including scale selection based on local extrema over scale, complementary post-smoothing after the computation of non-linear differential invariants and scale selection based on weighted averaging of scale values along feature trajectories over scale. A theoretical analysis of the sensitivity to affine image deformations is presented, and it is shown that the scale estimates obtained from the determinant of the Hessian operator are affine covariant for an anisotropic Gaussian blob model. Among the other purely second-order operators, the Hessian feature strength measure I has the lowest sensitivity to non-uniform scaling transformations, followed by the Laplacian operator and the Hessian feature strength measure II. The predictions from this theoretical analysis agree with experimental results of the repeatability properties of the different interest point detectors under affine and perspective transformations of real image data. A number of less complete results are derived for the level curve curvature operator.

QC 20121003


Image descriptors and scale-space theory for spatial and spatio-temporal recognition
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Lindeberg, Tony. "Discrete Scale-Space Theory and the Scale-Space Primal Sketch." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Numerisk analys och datalogi, NADA, 1991. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-58570.

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This thesis, within the subfield of computer science known as computer vision, deals with the use of scale-space analysis in early low-level processing of visual information. The main contributions comprise the following five subjects: The formulation of a scale-space theory for discrete signals. Previously, the scale-space concept has been expressed for continuous signals only. We propose that the canonical way to construct a scale-space for discrete signals is by convolution with a kernel called the discrete analogue of the Gaussian kernel, or equivalently by solving a semi-discretized version of the diffusion equation. Both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional cases are covered. An extensive analysis of discrete smoothing kernels is carried out for one-dimensional signals and the discrete scale-space properties of the most common discretizations to the continuous theory are analysed. A representation, called the scale-space primal sketch, which gives a formal description of the hierarchical relations between structures at different levels of scale. It is aimed at making information in the scale-space representation explicit. We give a theory for its construction and an algorithm for computing it. A theory for extracting significant image structures and determining the scales of these structures from this representation in a solely bottom-up data-driven way. Examples demonstrating how such qualitative information extracted from the scale-space primal sketch can be used for guiding and simplifying other early visual processes. Applications are given to edge detection, histogram analysis and classification based on local features. Among other possible applications one can mention perceptual grouping, texture analysis, stereo matching, model matching and motion. A detailed theoretical analysis of the evolution properties of critical points and blobs in scale-space, comprising drift velocity estimates under scale-space smoothing, a classification of the possible types of generic events at bifurcation situations and estimates of how the number of local extrema in a signal can be expected to decrease as function of the scale parameter. For two-dimensional signals the generic bifurcation events are annihilations and creations of extremum-saddle point pairs. Interpreted in terms of blobs, these transitions correspond to annihilations, merges, splits and creations. Experiments on different types of real imagery demonstrate that the proposed theory gives perceptually intuitive results.

QC 20120119

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Books on the topic "Scale"

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Jetset, Experimental. Full scale, false scale. Amsterdam: Roma Publications, 2019.

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Suteanu, Cristian. Scale. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15733-2.

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Douglas, Pancoast, Architectural League of New York., and Young Architects Forum, eds. Scale. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2000.

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Doherty, Victor W. Scaled curriculum achievement levels test (SCALE) manual. Los Angeles, Calif. (12031 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles 90025-1251): Western Psychological Services, 1992.

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Jin, Chunhua, Zhenmin Gao, and Wenwen Liu. Erxin Scales: Child Developmental Scale of China. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9997-2.

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Widlok, Thomas, and M. Dores Cruz, eds. Scale Matters. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839460993.

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Scale matters. When conducting research and writing, scholars upscale and downscale. So do the subjects of their work - we scale, they scale. Although scaling is an integrant part of research, we rarely reflect on scaling as a practice and what happens when we engage with it in scholarly work. The contributors aim to change this: they explore the pitfalls and potentials of scaling in an interdisciplinary dialogue. The volume brings together scholars from diverse fields, working on different geographical areas and time periods, to engage with scale-conscious questions regarding human sociality, culture, and evolution. With contributions by Nurit Bird-David, Robert L. Kelly, Charlotte Damm, Andreas Maier, Brian Codding, Elspeth Ready, Bram Tucker, Graeme Warren and others.
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Zlokarnik, Marko. Scale-up. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/352760328x.

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Henriksen, Richard N. Scale Invariance. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527687343.

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Lesne, Annick, and Michel Lagües. Scale Invariance. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15123-1.

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Brungardt, Chris J. Scale innovations. [Hays, KS (P.O. Box 1191, Hayes 67601): Longhaired Concepts], 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Scale"

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West, Geoffrey. "3. Die Simplizität, die der Komplexität zugrunde liegt: Kleibers Gesetz, Selbstähnlichkeit und Skaleneffekte." In Scale, 100–103. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-100.

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West, Geoffrey. "4. Allgemeingültigkeit und die das Leben beherrschende magische Zahl 4." In Scale, 103–9. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-103.

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West, Geoffrey. "5. Energie, emergente Gesetze und die Hierarchie des Lebens." In Scale, 109–13. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-109.

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West, Geoffrey. "1. Einführung." In Scale, 11–18. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-11.

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West, Geoffrey. "6. Netzwerke und der Ursprung der allometrischen ¼-Potenz-Skalierung." In Scale, 113–15. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-113.

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West, Geoffrey. "7. Physik trifft Biologie: über das Wesen von Theorien, Modellen und Erklärungen." In Scale, 115–21. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-115.

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West, Geoffrey. "8. Netzwerkprinzipien und der Ursprung der allometrischen Skalierung." In Scale, 121–27. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-121.

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West, Geoffrey. "9. Die Stoffwechselraten und Kreislaufsysteme von Säugetieren, Pflanzen und Bäumen." In Scale, 127–31. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-127.

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West, Geoffrey. "10. Exkurs über Nikola Tesla, Impedanzanpassung und AC/DC." In Scale, 131–34. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-131.

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West, Geoffrey. "11. Zurück zu den Stoffwechselraten, den schlagenden Herzen und den Herz-Kreislauf-Systemen." In Scale, 134–35. Verlag C.H.BECK oHG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17104/9783406741920-134.

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Conference papers on the topic "Scale"

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Lake, L. W. "Scales, Scaling and Scale-Up." In IOR 2005 - 13th European Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.12.c25.

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Smith, P. S., C. C. Clement, and A. Mendoza Rojas. "Combined Scale Removal and Scale Inhibition Treatments." In International Symposium on Oilfield Scale. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/60222-ms.

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Gibbons, Phillip B. "Big data: Scale down, scale up, scale out." In 2015 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipdps.2015.123.

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Iyer, Chander, Christopher Carothers, and Petros Drineas. "Randomized Sketching for Large-Scale Sparse Ridge Regression Problems." In 2016 7th Workshop on Latest Advances in Scalable Algorithms for Large-Scale Systems (ScalA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scala.2016.013.

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Kokkinos, Iasonas, and Alan Yuille. "Scale invariance without scale selection." In 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2008.4587798.

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Tjomsland, T., M. N. Grotle, and O. Vikane. "Scale Control Strategy and Economical Consequences of Scale at Veslefrikk." In International Symposium on Oilfield Scale. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/68308-ms.

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Mukundakrishnan, K., R. Gandham, K. P. Esler, D. Dembeck, J. Shumway, and V. Natoli. "Scale Out vs. Scale Up for Ultra-Scale Reservoir Simulation." In Third EAGE Workshop on High Performance Computing for Upstream. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201702313.

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Kowalczyk, Alexandra, Sebastian Schwede, Mandy Gerber, and Roland Span. "Scale Up of Laboratory Scale to Industrial Scale Biogas Plants." In World Renewable Energy Congress – Sweden, 8–13 May, 2011, Linköping, Sweden. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp1105748.

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Meybodi, Mahdi Kalantari, Oscar Vazquez, Kenneth S. Sorbie, Eric J. Mackay, and Khosro Jarrahian. "Equilibrium Modelling of Interactions in DETPMP-Carbonate System." In SPE Oilfield Scale Symposium. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218704-ms.

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Abstract Scale inhibitor (SI) squeeze treatments are widely used for the prevention of inorganic scale deposition in oil and gas production operations. This may be an expensive operation and its efficiency depends on the degree of SI retention in the formation. Carbonate formations are known to be highly reactive, where the SI retention is driven by both adsorption and precipitation of SI and SI-Ca/Mg complexes. To design and carry out this type of squeeze treatment, a comprehensive model capable of simulating SI retention in carbonate formations is required. In this study, a model has been developed to fully characterize the retention of DETPMP in a carbonate system. This model considers all the equilibrium reactions coupled with precipitation and adsorption processes to simulate the equilibrium of a DETPMP-Calcite-brine system containing free Ca2+ and Mg2+ cations. To equilibrate this system, the following coupled reactions were considered: (i) the full aqueous carbonate system, (ii) SI speciation by dissociation (SI is considered as a weak n-poly acid, HnA), (iii) SI impurities and their reactions, (iv)SI-Ca and SI-Mg complexation, (v)the associated adsorption and precipitation of the SI/Ca/Mg complexes. These reactions may be coupled together through the equilibrium equations, the mass balance of base species and the system charge balance. After some algebra, the system of equations is reduced and solved by Newton Raphson to find the concentration of key primary species from which the concentration of all other species is calculated and the equilibrium of the entire couple system is characterized. In the entire system, there may be up to ~100 species involved in the chemical equilibrium equation set. The adsorption process is characterized by an adsorption isotherm, Γ(C), which can be a reversible process. In the examples presented, the adsorption is considered to proceed in both directions of adsorption and desorption. Precipitation (denoted Π) is coupled with the adsorption (and the rest of the system) to satisfy the SI solubility by removing further SI from the solution, if required, through the complex SI species that may physically precipitate. Finally, the proposed model was validated against coupled adsorption-precipitation experiments. The results showed very good agreement between the model and experiments and confirmed the reliability and validity for various conditions and DETPMP concentrations.
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Jarrahian, Khosro, Eric Mackay, Mike Singleton, Shabnam Mohammadi, Stephen Heath, and Frederick Pessu. "Scale Control in Geothermal Wells – What are the Options for Effective and Economic Scale Management?" In SPE Oilfield Scale Symposium. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/218737-ms.

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Abstract The drive towards net zero by 2050 has instigated the development of alternative energy sources to fossil fuels which has resulted in a big focus on geothermal energy projects. Geothermal brines typically contain dissolved minerals and gases that can cause scale deposition in wells and topside plant equipment. The presence of scale within a geothermal system can cause various issues leading to decreased efficiency of thermal energy production due to inefficiency of heat exchangers and turbines and the potential for reduced flow capacity in injection wells. In geothermal systems, the conditions and brine chemistry of each geothermal plant can vary greatly, and the selection of a suitable scale management process will be crucial for the sustainable production of geothermal energy. As with all scaling issues in the energy industry, prevention via chemical inhibition and/or chemical removal is the preferable method of dealing with scale compared to costly mechanical removal although non-chemical methods now offer an attractive alternative especially for reducing CO2 footprint. Chemical treatment can be by continuous topside chemical injection, scale squeeze or batch treatment in the injection and/or production wells. The high temperatures of geothermal wells coupled with high water throughput can create quite a challenge for chemical scale control and removal. Any selected scale inhibitor/dissolver will need to be thermally stable to up to 250°C, preferably biodegradable (although this is not essential) and display good efficiency against calcium carbonate and silica/silicate scales. Geothermal brines contain dissolved CO2 and H2S and this can make fluids corrosive so the interaction between scale and corrosion inhibitors will also need to be considered as part of any scale or corrosion management strategy. This may also require modified laboratory test methods, especially for geothermal plants with water re-injection. This paper will review geothermal scale and its mechanisms of formation and will highlight the options available for scale management including both chemical and non-chemical treatments. In addition, the impact of well completion, high water production, corrosion, CO2 footprint and the challenges for chemical treatments in terms of thermal stability and laboratory testing will be discussed.
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Reports on the topic "Scale"

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Nelms, M., R. Carson, N. Bertin, and J. Lind. Cross-Scale Modeling for Component Scale Simulations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2005103.

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Josephson, Gary B., and Joseph H. Westsik. Goethite Bench-scale and Large-scale Preparation Tests. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1029091.

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Truong, Thanh-Tam, and Roderick Fuentes. Bench-Scale Electrolytic Dissolution of Quarter-Scale FCA Cans. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2406185.

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Wardle, Kent E., Kurt Frey, and Candido Pereira. FY10 Report on Multi-scale Simulation of Solvent Extraction Processes: Molecular-scale and Continuum-scale Studies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1118139.

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Muralidharan, Karthik, and Paul Niehaus. Experimentation at Scale. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23957.

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Barrera, J., D. C. Smith, and D. J. Devlin. Nano-scale materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/555226.

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de Visser, C. L. M., and R. van Ree. Small-scale Biorefining. Wageningen: Wageningen University & Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/405718.

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Rearden, B. T., and Matthew Anderson Jessee. SCALE Code System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1424483.

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Rearden, Bradley T., and Matthew Anderson Jessee. SCALE Code System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1426571.

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Wieselquist, William, Robert Lefebvre, and Matthew Jessee. SCALE Code System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1616812.

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