Journal articles: 'Scaffold Permeability'

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Prakoso, Akbar Teguh, Hasan Basri, Dendy Adanta, Irsyadi Yani, Muhammad Imam Ammarullah, Imam Akbar, Farah Amira Ghazali, Ardiyansyah Syahrom, and Tunku Kamarul. "The Effect of Tortuosity on Permeability of Porous Scaffold." Biomedicines 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020427.

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In designing porous scaffolds, permeability is essential to consider as a function of cell migration and bone tissue regeneration. Good permeability has been achieved by mimicking the complexity of natural cancellous bone. In this study, a porous scaffold was developed according to the morphological indices of cancellous bone (porosity, specific surface area, thickness, and tortuosity). The computational fluid dynamics method analyzes the fluid flow through the scaffold. The permeability values of natural cancellous bone and three types of scaffolds (cubic, octahedron pillar, and Schoen’s gyroid) were compared. The results showed that the permeability of the Negative Schwarz Primitive (NSP) scaffold model was similar to that of natural cancellous bone, which was in the range of 2.0 × 10−11 m2 to 4.0 × 10−10 m2. In addition, it was observed that the tortuosity parameter significantly affected the scaffold’s permeability and shear stress values. The tortuosity value of the NSP scaffold was in the range of 1.5–2.8. Therefore, tortuosity can be manipulated by changing the curvature of the surface scaffold radius to obtain a superior bone tissue engineering construction supporting cell migration and tissue regeneration. This parameter should be considered when making new scaffolds, such as our NSP. Such efforts will produce a scaffold architecturally and functionally close to the natural cancellous bone, as demonstrated in this study.

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Rasheed, Shummaila, Waqas Lughmani, Muhannad Obeidi, Dermot Brabazon, and Inam Ahad. "Additive Manufacturing of Bone Scaffolds Using PolyJet and Stereolithography Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 9, 2021): 7336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167336.

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In this study, the printing capability of two different additive manufacturing (3D printing) techniques, namely PolyJet and micro-stereolithography (µSLA), are investigated regarding the fabrication of bone scaffolds. The 3D-printed scaffold structures are used as supports in replacing and repairing fractured bone tissue. Printed bone scaffolds with complex structures produced using additive manufacturing technology can mimic the mechanical properties of natural human bone, providing lightweight structures with modifiable porosity levels. In this study, 3D scaffold structures are designed with different combinations of architectural parameters. The dimensional accuracy, permeability, and mechanical properties of complex 3D-printed scaffold structures are analyzed to compare the advantages and drawbacks associated with the two techniques. The fluid flow rates through the 3D-printed scaffold structures are measured and Darcy’s law is applied to calculate the experimentally measured permeability. The Kozeny–Carman equation is applied for theoretical calculation of permeability. Compression tests were performed on the printed samples to observe the effects of the printing techniques on the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed scaffold structures. The effect of the printing direction on the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed scaffold structures is also analyzed. The scaffold structures printed with the µSLA printer demonstrate higher permeability and mechanical properties as compared to those printed using the PolyJet technique. It is demonstrated that both the µSLA and PolyJet printing techniques can be used to print 3D scaffold structures with controlled porosity levels, providing permeability in a similar range to human bone.

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Shi, Chenglong, Nana Lu, Yaru Qin, Mingdi Liu, Hongxia Li, and Haichao Li. "Study on mechanical properties and permeability of elliptical porous scaffold based on the SLM manufactured medical Ti6Al4V." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): e0247764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247764.

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In this paper, we take the elliptical pore structure which is similar to the microstructure of cancellous bone as the research object, four groups of bone scaffolds were designed from the perspective of pore size, porosity and pore distribution. The size of the all scaffolds were uniformly designed as 10 × 10 × 12 mm. Four groups of model samples were prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) and Ti6Al4V materials. The statics performance of the scaffolds was comprehensively evaluated by mechanical compression simulation and mechanical compression test, the manufacturing error of the scaffold samples were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the permeability of the scaffolds were predicted and evaluated by simulation analysis of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The results show that the different distribution of porosity, pore size and pores of the elliptical scaffold have a certain influence on the mechanical properties and permeability of the scaffold, and the reasonable size and angle distribution of the elliptical pore can match the mechanical properties and permeability of the elliptical pore scaffold with human cancellous bone, which has great potential for research and application in the field of artificial bone scaffold.

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Jusoh, Norhana, Muhammad Aqil Mustafa Kamal Arifin, Muhammad Hamizan Hilmi Sulaiman, Muhammad Aiman Mohd Zaki, Nurul Ammira Mohd Noh, Nur Afiqah Ahmad Nahran, Koshelya Selvaganeson, and Amy Nurain Syamimi Ali Akbar. "Permeability of Bone Scaffold with Different Pore Geometries Based on CFD Simulation." Journal of Medical Device Technology 1, no. 1 (October 8, 2022): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jmeditec.v1n1.16.

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Scaffold plays a significant role in promoting cells proliferation and differentiation in bone regeneration. Permeability is one of the factors that affect the function as it is able to extract waste and supply nutrients or oxygen. The aim of this study was to design different pore shapes and to simulate its fluid model in order to predict permeability value of the scaffold. There were few steps in this project which were scaffold design, fluid simulation analysis and permeability calculation. Three different pore shapes were designed, which were circle, triangle, and hexagon by using the Solidworks software. Each scaffold was designed by the combination of three unit cells. Then, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation in the Ansys Fluent software was conducted to obtain the pressure drop from the pressure distribution within the pores. The permeability of scaffold was obtained by applying Darcy's permeability formula at inlet velocity of 0.001 m/s, 0.01 m/s and 0.1 m/s. Based on the calculation, the permeability for hexagon pore shape were 3.96691x10-07 m2, 3.52 x10- 07 and 1.92 x10-07 for 0.001 m/s, 0.01 m/s and 0.1 m/s inlet velocity, respectively. Therefore, by increasing the inlet velocities, permeability decreased for all types of scaffolds. Furthermore. hexagon pore shape showed the highest permeability value when compared with triangle and circle’s pore shape. Nevertheless, all pore shapes demonstrated permeability values that within the range of natural bone permeability.

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Madurantakam, Parthasarathy A., Isaac A. Rodriguez, Koyal Garg, Jennifer M. McCool, Peter C. Moon, and Gary L. Bowlin. "Compression of Multilayered Composite Electrospun Scaffolds: A Novel Strategy to Rapidly Enhance Mechanical Properties and Three Dimensionality of Bone Scaffolds." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/561273.

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One major limitation of electrospun scaffolds intended for bone tissue engineering is their inferior mechanical properties. The present study introduces a novel strategy to engineer stiffer scaffolds by stacking multiple layers and cold welding them under high pressure. Electrospun polydioxanone (PDO) and PDO:nanohydroxyapatite (PDO:nHA) scaffolds (1, 2, or 4 layered stacks) were compressed either before or after mineralizing treatment with simulated body fluid (SBF). After two weeks in SBF, scaffolds were analyzed for total mineral content and stiffness by Alizarin red S and uniaxial tensile testing, respectively. Scaffolds were also analyzed for permeability, pore size, and fiber diameter. Results indicated that compression of multiple layers significantly increased the stiffness of scaffolds while reducing mineralization and permeability. This phenomenon was attributed to increased density of fibers and loss of surface area due to fiber welding. Statistics revealed, the 4-layered PDO:nHA scaffold compressed first followed by mineralization in revised SBF had maximal stiffness, low permeability and pore size, and mineralization second only to noncompressed scaffolds. Within the limitations of permeability and pore size, this scaffold configuration represents an optimal midway for desired stiffness and mineral content for bone tissue engineering.

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Lü, Lanxin, Hongxian Shen, Daichi Kasai, and Ying Yang. "Fabrication and Characterization of Alveolus-Like Scaffolds with Control of the Pore Architecture and Gas Permeability." Stem Cells International 2022 (January 20, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3437073.

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The micrometer scale sac-like alveoli are the most important and essential unit for gas exchange in the lung. Thus, design and fabrication of scaffolds for alveoli regeneration by tissue engineering approach should meet a few topography and functional requests such as large surface area, flexibility, and high gas permeability to their native counterpart. Testing the gas permeability of scaffolds through a fast and simple technique is also highly demanded to assist new scaffold development. This study fabricated alveolus-like scaffolds with regular pore shape, high pore connectivity, and high porosity produced by inverse opal technique alongside randomly distrusted porous scaffolds by salt leaching technique from two different materials (polyurethane and poly(L-lactic acid)). The scaffold surface was modified by immobilization of VEGF. A facile and new technique based on the bubble meter principle enabling to measure the gas permeability of porous scaffolds conveniently has been developed specifically. The cellular response of the scaffolds was assessed by culturing with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and coculturing with lung epithelial NL20 and endothelial HUVECs. Our results showed that the newly designed gas permeability device provided rapid, nondestructive, reproducible, and accurate assessment of gas permeability of different scaffolds. The porous polyurethane scaffolds made by inverse opal method had much better gas permeability than other scaffolds used in this study. The cellular work indicated that with VEGF surface modification, polyurethane inverse opal scaffolds induced alveolus-like tissues and have promising application in lung tissue engineering.

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Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, Laleh, Mohammad Morshed, Khadijeh Karbalaie, Mehr-Afarin Fesharaki, Marziyeh Nematallahi, Mohammad-Hossein Nasr-Esfahani, and Hossein Baharvand. "The Thickness of Electrospun Poly (ε-Caprolactone) Nanofibrous Scaffolds Influences Cell Proliferation." International Journal of Artificial Organs 32, no. 3 (March 2009): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880903200305.

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Nanofibrous scaffolds have morphological similarities to native extracellular matrix and have been considered as candidate scaffolds in tissue engineering. However, there is no report on the effect of the thickness of nanofibrous scaffold on cell behavior. In this study poly (∊-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds with thicknesses of 0.1 and 0.6 mm were fabricated by electrospinning. Properties of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds were measured by contact angle and air permeability measurements while the morphology of the nanofibers was observed by SEM. Mouse embryonal carcinoma stem cells (P19), monkey epithelial kidney cells (Vero), Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) and mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded on PCL nanofibrous scaffolds with thicknesses of 0.1 and 0.6 mm. Air permeability measurements showed that air permeability decreases with the increase in the thickness of nanofibrous scaffolds, and contact angle measurements revealed a contact angle of 118° for electrospun PCL nanofibers. The MTT assays showed that the proliferation of the cells was influenced by the thickness of the nanofibrous scaffold. Scaffolds with a thickness of 0.6 mm were found to provide a better substrate for cell proliferation, possibly due to more dimensional stability. Therefore, regardless of cell origin, thicker scaffolds provide a better substrate for cell proliferation, possibly due to the higher dimensional stability and tightness of thicker scaffolds.

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Boschetti, Pedro J., Orlando Pelliccioni, Mariángel Berroterán, María V. Candal, and Marcos A. Sabino. "Fluid flow in a Porous Scaffold for Microtia by Lattice Boltzmann Method." International Journal of Advances in Medical Biotechnology - IJAMB 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25061/2595-3931/ijamb/2019.v2i1.35.

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The birth deformity of ear, known as microtia, varies from a minimal deformed ear to the absence of auricular tissue or anotia. This malformation has been treated by reconstructing the external ear, mainly by autogenous rib cartilage in auricular repair. The fabrication of the ear framework is a prolonged reconstructive procedure and depends of the surgeon’s skill. In order to avoid these inconveniences and reduce surgery time, it was proposed in a previous work to use implants made with biocompatible materials. One of these is a scaffold made by fused deposition modeling using PLA based in the three-dimensional geometry of the ear cartilage. The aim of this work is to evaluate the feasibility of this scaffold to perform cell culture in a perfusion biorreactor by estimating the flow transport characteristics in porous media using a scaffold with the porous geometry of the human auricular cartilage for microtia. Flow and heat transfer through the scaffold were simulated by the lattice Boltzmann method, and permeability and shear stress distribution were obtained at different Reynolds numbers. The permeability values of the scaffold achieved are in the order of magnitude of scaffolds used for cell culture. Linear dependencies between maximum shear stress and Reynolds number, and between maximum shear stress and permeability were obtained. The values of shear stress achieved correspond to high percentage of cell viability. The scaffolds for microtia treatment with the proposed filling pattern select is appropriate for cell culture in a perfusion bioreactor with characteristics similar to those described herein.

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Dias, Marta, Paulo Fernandes, José Guedes, and Scott Hollister. "SCAFFOLD DESIGN WITH CONTROLLED PERMEABILITY." Journal of Biomechanics 45 (July 2012): S661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(12)70662-0.

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Normahira, Mamat, Razali Khairul Raimi, Fazli Mohd Nashrul Nasir, Abd Razak Norazian, and Hashim Adilah. "Biomimetic Porosity of Gelatin-Hydroxyapatite Scaffold for Bone Tissue." Advanced Materials Research 970 (June 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.3.

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Biomimetic Porosity of Gelatin/hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold was fabricated by using solvent casting method and particulate leaching technique. The composite solution were prepared by adding fixed weight percentages of HA (30wt%) with different concentration a gelatin solution (0.25wt%, 0.30wt%, 0.35wt%, 0.40wt% and 0.50wt%) . Five different composites polymers were poured into a mold with size of 15mm x 15mm x 10mm cube and dried in the oven dryer under 60°C to 90°C. After that, the dry composite scaffolds were immersed in the 8% of glutaraldehyde (GA) solution in a few minute for crosslinking process. Porosity of the scaffold is obtained by doing liquid displacement method. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties (Youngs Modulus) of the scaffolds are obtained by doing compressive test on the scaffold. Lastly, the microstructure and morphology of the composite scaffolds were observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). It was found that, when gelatin concentration were increased in the composite scaffold, percentages of liquid adsorption will increase, thus indicate that, the scaffold which has high percentage of liquid adsorption has poor mechanical properties and excellent permeability. Besides, SEM result shows that, the scaffolds have pore size in the range of 3 μm - 22μm. and do not exhibit uniform pores distribution. Pore size of the scaffold depends upon the sizes of the NaCl particles.

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Cortizo, Ana M., Graciela Ruderman, Flavia N. Mazzini, M. Silvina Molinuevo, and Ines G. Mogilner. "Novel Vanadium-Loaded Ordered Collagen Scaffold Promotes Osteochondral Differentiation of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells." International Journal of Biomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1486350.

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Bone and cartilage regeneration can be improved by designing a functionalized biomaterial that includes bioactive drugs in a biocompatible and biodegradable scaffold. Based on our previous studies, we designed a vanadium-loaded collagen scaffold for osteochondral tissue engineering. Collagen-vanadium loaded scaffolds were characterized by SEM, FTIR, and permeability studies. Rat bone marrow progenitor cells were plated on collagen or vanadium-loaded membranes to evaluate differences in cell attachment, growth and osteogenic or chondrocytic differentiation. The potential cytotoxicity of the scaffolds was assessed by the MTT assay and by evaluation of morphological changes in cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our results show that loading of VOAsc did not alter the grooved ordered structure of the collagen membrane although it increased membrane permeability, suggesting a more open structure. The VOAsc was released to the media, suggesting diffusion-controlled drug release. Vanadium-loaded membranes proved to be a better substratum thanC0for all evaluated aspects of BMPC biocompatibility (adhesion, growth, and osteoblastic and chondrocytic differentiation). In addition, there was no detectable effect of collagen or vanadium-loaded scaffolds on macrophage viability or cytotoxicity. Based on these findings, we have developed a new ordered collagen scaffold loaded with VOAsc that shows potential for osteochondral tissue engineering.

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Castro, Pires, Santos, Gouveia, and Fernandes. "Permeability versus Design in TPMS Scaffolds." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 22, 2019): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081313.

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Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering are porous structures that serve as support for cellular growth and, therefore, new tissue formation. The present work assessed the influence of the porous architecture of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) scaffolds on their macroscopic permeability behavior, combining numerical and experimental methods. The TPMS scaffolds considered were Schwartz D, Schwartz P, and Gyroid, which have been previously studied for bone tissue engineering, with 70% porosity. On the experimental side, these scaffolds were produced by MultiJet 3D printing and tested for fluid passage to calculate their permeability through Darcy’s Law. On the numerical side, finite element (FE) models of the scaffolds were simulated on ABAQUS® for fluid passage under compression to assess potential fluid concentration spots. The outcomes revealed that the design of the unit cell had a noticeable effect on both calculated permeability and FE computed fluid flow velocity, regardless of the identical porosity, with the Gyroid scaffold having higher permeability and the Schwartz P a lower probability of fluid trapping. Schwartz D had the worst outcomes in both testing modalities, so these scaffolds would most likely be the last choice for promoting cell differentiation onto bone cells. Gyroid and Schwartz P would be up for selection depending on the application and targeted bone tissue.

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Zhu, Junjie, Sijia Zou, Yanru Mu, Junhua Wang, and Yuan Jin. "Additively Manufactured Scaffolds with Optimized Thickness Based on Triply Periodic Minimal Surface." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 12, 2022): 7084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207084.

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Triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) became an effective method to design porous scaffolds in recent years due to their superior mechanical and other engineering properties. Since the advent of additive manufacturing (AM), different TPMS-based scaffolds are designed and fabricated for a wide range of applications. In this study, Schwarz Primitive triply periodic minimal surface (P-TPMS) is adopted to design a novel porous scaffold according to the distribution of the scaffold stress under a fixed load with optimized thickness to tune both the mechanical and biological properties. The designed scaffolds are then additively manufactured through selective laser melting (SLM). The micro-features of the scaffolds are studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and micro-computed tomography (CT) images, and the results confirm that morphological features of printed samples are identical to the designed ones. Afterwards, the quasi-static uniaxial compression tests are carried out to observe the stress–strain curves and the deformation behavior. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of the porous scaffolds with optimized thickness were significantly improved. Since the mass transport capability is important for the transport of nutrients within the bone scaffolds, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used to calculate the permeability under laminar flow conditions. The results reveal that the scaffolds with optimized structures possess lower permeability due to the rougher inner surface. In summary, the proposed method is effective to tailor both the mechanical properties and permeability, and thus offers a means for the selection and design of porous scaffolds in biomedical fields.

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Basri, Hasan, Ardiansyah Syahrom, Amir Putra Md Saad, Adibah AR Rabiatul, Tri Satya Ramadhoni, Risky Utama Putra, and Apreka Diansyah. "The Effect of Degradation Time Variation on Porous Magnesium Implant Bone Scaffold." E3S Web of Conferences 68 (2018): 01019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186801019.

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This paper proposes a modeling approach for biodegradation of implant-bone scaffolds. A Computer simulation was performed to determine the wall shear stress (WSS) and permeability of simulated body fluid (SBF) with a constant flow rate of 0.025 ml/min. In this study, four morphological samples were used to immersion time from 0 to 72 hours. Each specimen was given a different bone strain (1000-3500 μstrain) which created a variation of displacement in the bone scaffold. The method used in the simulation was the fluid-structure interaction (FSI). The pressure drop through the specimen decreases linearly, the permeability increases as the porosity increases, and the mean wall shear stress decreases due to the length of the immersion time. It was obtained that the permeability values of the implant-bone scaffold increases from 7.79×10-10 m2 to 1.09×10-9 m2 and the mean shear stress values decrease from 2.86×10-3 Pa to 1.38×10-3 Pa.

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Basri, Hasan, Jimmy Deswidawansyah Nasution, Ardiyansyah Syahrom, Mohd Ayub Sulong, Amir Putra Md. Saad, Akbar Teguh Prakoso, and Faisal Aminin. "The effect to flow rate characteristic on biodegradation of bone scaffold." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4-2 (December 17, 2017): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4-2.843.

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This paper proposes an improved modeling approach for bone scaffolds biodegradation. In this study, the numerical analysis procedure and computer-based simulation were performed for the bone scaffolds with varying porosities in determining the wall shear stresses and the permeabilities along with their influences on the scaffolds biodegradation process while the bio-fluids flow through within followed with the change in the flow rates. Based on the experimental study by immersion testing from 0 to 72 hours of the time period, the specimens with different morphologies of the commercial bone scaffolds were collected into three groups samples of 30%, 41%, and 55% porosities. As the representative of the cancellous bone morphology, the morphological degradation was observed by using 3-D CAD scaffold models based on microcomputed tomography images. By applying the boundary conditions to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) models, the wall shear stresses within the scaffolds due to fluid flow rates variation had been simulated and determined before and after degradation. The increase of fluid flow rates tends to raise the pressure drop for scaffold models with porosities lower than 50% before degradation. As the porosities increases, the pressure drop decreases with an increase in permeability within the scaffold. The flow rates have significant effects on scaffolds with higher pressure drops by introducing the wall shear stresses with the highest values and lower permeability. These findings indicate the importance of using accurate computational models to estimate shear stress and determine experimental conditions in perfusion bioreactors for tissue engineering more accurate results will be achieved to indicate the natural distributions of fluid flow velocity, wall shear stress, and pressure.

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Jusoh, Norhana, Amirul Azri, Auni Nurhaziqah Mohd Noor, Azizul Hakim Khair, Azureen Naja Amsan, Muhammad Husaini Amir Hussein, Muhammad Syahmi Hafizi Abd Shukor, Tariq Muhammad Aminnudin, and Adlisa Abdul Samad. "CFD Simulation on Permeability of Porous Scaffolds for Human Skeletal System." Journal of Human Centered Technology 1, no. 1 (February 6, 2022): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/humentech.v1n1.11.

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Human skeletal system provides the protection of all organs and supports the loads from various daily activities. Therefore, the main objective of bone scaffold is to have mechanical strength to support the load and have the permeability that will have mass fluid transfer to enhance the healing of defects. In this study, we simulated the permeability of hexagonal unit cells at different pore sizes (1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm) and at different inlet velocities (0.001 mm/s, 0.5 mm/s and 1 mm/s) by using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) in Ansys software. Our finding shows that pressure drop from inlet to the outlet of the unit cell’s pore increased corresponding to the decreasing of pores diameter. In contrast, increasing the velocities has increased the pressure drop from inlet to the outlet. The pressure drop at 0.001 mm/s, 0.5 mm/s and 1mm/s inlet velocities were 1.40×10-4 Pa, 7.02×10-2 Pa and 1.41×10-1 Pa, respectively for 1.0 mm pore size. The gradual decreased of the pressure will give the cell and nutrient to be diffused to the inner part of the scaffold. We calculated the permeability for each unit cell, and it can be acceptable based on the upper limit of human bone permeability. The variation in velocities did not gave significant differences for the scaffold permeability. However, the different of pore sizes gave significant effect in the scaffold permeability. The permeability value at 0.001 mm/s for 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm pore size were 2.900×10-8 m2, 4.863×10-8 m2 and 8.529×10-8 m2, respectively. By taking into accounts the pressure drop and permeability value, unit cell with 1 mm pore size is predicted to show a better performance in promoting cell growth due to the better flow characteristics in the scaffold. Permeability prediction will help in producing a functional bone scaffold that crucial in bone regeneration of the human skeletal system.

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Bellucci, Devis, Valeria Cannillo, Andrea Cattini, and Antonella Sola. "A New Generation of Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering." Advances in Science and Technology 76 (October 2010): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.76.48.

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The design of bioceramic scaffolds, i.e. artificial structures employed as temporary templates for cell proliferation, is a crucial issue in bone tissue reconstruction and regeneration. An ideal scaffold should be highly porous and bioactive. Additionally, a resistant and permeable surface is required in order to have manageable samples. The production of scaffolds by means of the widely used replication method can lead to samples with weak and brittle surfaces and poor mechanical properties, therefore alternative preparation procedures are necessary. In this work a new protocol to realize bioceramic scaffolds is presented. The obtained samples have an original structure, characterized by an external resistant surface together with a highly porous internal network. The external surface, which behaves as a load-bearing structure for the entire scaffold, guarantees high permeability and manageability. Here the proposed protocol is briefly discussed, together with an overview on the structure of the realized samples. Finally, some preliminary data regarding the scaffolds in-vitro bioactivity are reported.

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Weyand, Birgit, Meir Israelowitz, James Kramer, Christian Bodmer, Mariel Noehre, Sarah Strauss, Elmar Schmälzlin, et al. "Three-Dimensional Modelling inside a Differential Pressure Laminar Flow Bioreactor Filled with Porous Media." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/320280.

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A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics- (CFD-) model based on a differential pressure laminar flow bioreactor prototype was developed to further examine performance under changing culture conditions. Cell growth inside scaffolds was simulated by decreasing intrinsic permeability values and led to pressure build-up in the upper culture chamber. Pressure release by an integrated bypass system allowed continuation of culture. The specific shape of the bioreactor culture vessel supported a homogenous flow profile and mass flux at the scaffold level at various scaffold permeabilities. Experimental data showed an increase in oxygen concentration measured inside a collagen scaffold seeded with human mesenchymal stem cells when cultured in the perfusion bioreactor after 24 h compared to static culture in a Petri dish (dynamic: 11% O2versus static: 3% O2). Computational fluid simulation can support design of bioreactor systems for tissue engineering application.

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Lipowiecki, Marcin, Marketa Ryvolova, Akos Tottosi, Sumsun Naher, and Dermot Brabazon. "Permeability of Rapid Prototyped Artificial Bone Scaffold Structures." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.607.

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Fluid flow through a bone scaffold structure is an important factor in its ability to build up a living tissue. Permeability is often used as a measure of a structure’s ability to allow for flow of nutrients and waste products related to the growth of new tissue. These structures also need to meet conflicting mechanical strength requirements to allow for load bearing. In this work, the effect of different bone structure morphologies on permeability were examined both numerically and experimentally. Cubic and hexagonal based three dimensional scaffold structures were produced via stereolithography and 3D printing techniques. In particular, porosity percentage, pore size, and pore geometry were examined. Porosity content was varied from 30% to 70% and pore size from 0.34 mm to 3 mm. An adapted Kozeny-Carmen numerical method was applied for calculation of permeability through these structures and an experimental validation of these results was performed via a standard permeability experimental testing set-up. From the results it was determined that increased permeability was provided with the cubic rather than hexagonal structure as well as by utilizing the larger pore size and higher levels of porosity. Stereolithography was found to be the better processing technique, not only for improved micrometer scale dimensional accuracy reasons, but also due to the increase wettability found on the produced surfaces. The appropriate model constants determined in this work will allow for analysis of new alternate structure designs on the permeability of rapid prototyped synthetic bone structures.

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Lipowiecki, Marcin, Marketa Ryvolova, Akos Tottosi, Sumsun Naher, and Dermot Brabazon. "Permeability of Rapid Prototyped Artificial Bone Scaffold Structures." Advanced Materials Research 445 (January 2012): 607–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/scientific5/amr.445.607.

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Lipowiecki, Marcin, Markéta Ryvolová, Ákos Töttösi, Niels Kolmer, Sumsun Naher, Stephen A. Brennan, Mercedes Vázquez, and Dermot Brabazon. "Permeability of rapid prototyped artificial bone scaffold structures." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 102, no. 11 (January 29, 2014): 4127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.35084.

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Kadakia, Parin U., Emily A. Growney Kalaf, Andrew J. Dunn, Laurie P. Shornick, and Scott A. Sell. "Comparison of silk fibroin electrospun scaffolds with poloxamer and honey additives for burn wound applications." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 33, no. 1 (May 28, 2017): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883911517710664.

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A primary aim in wound-healing research is to construct an inexpensive, biodegradable dermal regeneration template with heightened moisture retention and permeability properties. The presence of moisture is important for optimal burn wound healing as it creates an environment for re-epithelialization and minimizes the risk of infections. Permeability can be achieved through a process known as electrospinning. This scaffold fabrication technique creates a mat of randomly oriented nanofibers that can readily mimic native extracellular matrix. Novel electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds were fabricated with poloxamer 407 (P407) and Manuka honey additives for a burn wound dermal regeneration template application. Enhanced human dermal fibroblast adhesion and cell infiltration were observed with the inclusion of P407, and scaffolds incorporated with Manuka honey demonstrated increased water uptake and a higher cell density within the scaffolds at the end of a 28-day period. Overall, this study established that both the silk fibroin/P407 and silk fibroin/Manuka honey scaffolds have the potential to be successful dermal regeneration templates, with P407 increasing surface wettability and Manuka honey modulating moisture retention.

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Qu, Huawei, Zhenyu Han, Zhigang Chen, Lan Tang, Chongjian Gao, Kaizheng Liu, Haobo Pan, Hongya Fu, and Changshun Ruan. "Fractal Design Boosts Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Bone-Mimicking Radial-Gradient Scaffolds." Research 2021 (November 23, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9892689.

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Although extrusion-based three-dimensional (EB-3D) printing technique has been widely used in the complex fabrication of bone tissue-engineered scaffolds, a natural bone-like radial-gradient scaffold by this processing method is of huge challenge and still unmet. Inspired by a typical fractal structure of Koch snowflake, for the first time, a fractal-like porous scaffold with a controllable hierarchical gradient in the radial direction is presented via fractal design and then implemented by EB-3D printing. This radial-gradient structure successfully mimics the radially gradual decrease in porosity of natural bone from cancellous bone to cortical bone. First, we create a design-to-fabrication workflow with embedding the graded data on basis of fractal design into digital processing to instruct the extrusion process of fractal-like scaffolds. Further, by a combination of suitable extruded inks, a series of bone-mimicking scaffolds with a 3-iteration fractal-like structure are fabricated to demonstrate their superiority, including radial porosity, mechanical property, and permeability. This study showcases a robust strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional EB-3D printers for the design and fabrication of functionally graded scaffolds, showing great potential in bone tissue engineering.

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Chang, Chin Wei, Ya Shun Chen, Wen Yen Wei, and Wen Cheng Chen. "Thermodynamics of Calcium Phosphate Porous Scaffold on Beta Phase Tricalcium Phosphate Effects." Applied Mechanics and Materials 365-366 (August 2013): 983–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.365-366.983.

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Sucrose evaporation technique was applied to prepare porous ceramic scaffolds with multiphasic calcium phosphates. Compositions with Ca/P molar ratios of 1.67 with MgO were synthesized and subjected to a thermal treatment of up to 1050 °C to 1400°C. The results show that various adjustable biphasic and multiphasic calcium phosphates can be prepared through vaporized filler amounts and controlled sintering temperature. The size of the pores in the final fabricated scaffolds with an interconnected network of pores ranged from several micro- to hundred micrometers of open pores. The phase amount of hydroxyapatite (HA) in the sintering process declined with elevated sintering temperature. The permeability of three-dimensional scaffolds used for tissue engineering was significant because it controlled the rate of cell migration and the diffusion of nutrients and waste products in and out of the scaffold.

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Schiavi, A., C. Guglielmone, F. Pennella, and U. Morbiducci. "Acoustic method for permeability measurement of tissue-engineering scaffold." Measurement Science and Technology 23, no. 10 (August 14, 2012): 105702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/10/105702.

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26

Beltran-Vargas, Nohra E., Eduardo Peña-Mercado, Concepción Sánchez-Gómez, Mario Garcia-Lorenzana, Juan-Carlos Ruiz, Izlia Arroyo-Maya, Sara Huerta-Yepez, and José Campos-Terán. "Sodium Alginate/Chitosan Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering: The Influence of Its Three-Dimensional Material Preparation and the Use of Gold Nanoparticles." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 3233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163233.

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Natural biopolymer scaffolds and conductive nanomaterials have been widely used in cardiac tissue engineering; however, there are still challenges in the scaffold fabrication, which include enhancing nutrient delivery, biocompatibility and properties that favor the growth, maturation and functionality of the generated tissue for therapeutic application. In the present work, different scaffolds prepared with sodium alginate and chitosan (alginate/chitosan) were fabricated with and without the addition of metal nanoparticles and how their fabrication affects cardiomyocyte growth was evaluated. The scaffolds (hydrogels) were dried by freeze drying using calcium gluconate as a crosslinking agent, and two types of metal nanoparticles were incorporated, gold (AuNp) and gold plus sodium alginate (AuNp+Alg). A physicochemical characterization of the scaffolds was carried out by swelling, degradation, permeability and infrared spectroscopy studies. The results show that the scaffolds obtained were highly porous (>90%) and hydrophilic, with swelling percentages of around 3000% and permeability of the order of 1 × 10−8 m2. In addition, the scaffolds proposed favored adhesion and spheroid formation, with cardiac markers expression such as tropomyosin, troponin I and cardiac myosin. The incorporation of AuNp+Alg increased cardiac protein expression and cell proliferation, thus demonstrating their potential use in cardiac tissue engineering.

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Li, J. P., J. R. Wijn, Clemens A. van Blitterswijk, and K. de Groot. "Comparison of Porous Ti₆Al₄V Made by Sponge Replication and Directly 3D Fiber Deposition and Cancellous Bone." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 999–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.999.

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The present investigation gives a comparison of the structure and properties of porous Ti6Al4V made by sponge replication (Sponge Ti) and directly 3D fiber deposition (D3DF Ti) and cancellous bone. Although the macrostructure of these two materials differs, their microstructure seems to be similar. Both scaffolds reveal an open pore structure, while D3DF Ti shows a fairly regular open pore structure, sponge Ti6Al4V exhibit an irregular open pore structure similar to that of cancellous bone. The mechanisms resulting in mechanical properties like stiffness or strength are, accordingly, different. The compressive strength and E’ modulus of Ti6Al4V scaffold are higher than that of cancellous bone,. The permeability results show both Ti6Al4V scaffolds are quite comparable with cancellous bone.

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Nakajima, Tadaaki, Katsunori Sasaki, Akihiro Yamamori, Kengo Sakurai, Kaori Miyata, Tomoyuki Watanabe, and Yukiko T. Matsunaga. "A simple three-dimensional gut model constructed in a restricted ductal microspace induces intestinal epithelial cell integrity and facilitates absorption assays." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 20 (2020): 5615–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00763c.

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29

Salehi, Majid, Saeed Farzamfar, Farshid Bastami, and Roksana Tajerian. "FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN PLLA/COLLAGEN NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLD COATED WITH CHITOSAN TO SUSTAIN RELEASE OF ALOE VERA GEL FOR SKIN TISSUE ENGINEERING." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 28, no. 05 (October 2016): 1650035. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237216500356.

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Background and aim: Healing of fire-induced wounds has been still a challenge in clinical issues. The aim of this study was to fabricate a nanofibrous poly (L-lactic acid)/collagen (PLLA/COL) scaffold with sustained release of aloe vera (AV) gel using a chitosan (CT)-coated layer for skin tissue engineering applications. Material and methods: Morphology, porosity, tensile strength, hydrophilicity, degradation rate, water vapor permeability and water uptake ratio of the scaffold were characterized. The behaviors of mouse fibroblasts (L929) were evaluated on the scaffold. Results: We observed that although the porosity of the scaffold was decreased, other characteristics were enhanced by coating a CT layer. The scaffold supports attachment, viability and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts. Conclusion: Consequently, the PLLA/COL scaffold coated with CT for sustained release of AV gel can be considered as a desirable scaffold for skin tissue engineering.

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30

Gatti, G., D. D’Angelo, M. Errahali, M. Biasizzo, L. Marchese, and F. Renò. "Functionalization of 3D Polylactic Acid Sponge Using Atmospheric Pressure Cold Plasma." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (February 13, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2575987.

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The deposition of organic functionalities on biomaterials to immobilize biomolecules is a research area of great interest in the medical field. The surface functionalization of a 3D porous scaffolds of PDLLA with carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH2) groups by cold plasma treatment at atmospheric pressure is described in this paper. Two methods of continuous and pulsed plasma deposition were compared to assess the degree of functionalization of the internal porous 3D scaffold. In particular, the pulsed plasma treatment was found to functionalize uniformly not only the sample surface but also inside the open cavities thanks to its permeability and diffusion in the porous 3D scaffold. The species developed in the plasma were studied by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) technique, while the functionalization of the sponges was evaluated by the Diffuse Reflectance Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (DR-FTIR) technique using also the adsorption of ammonia (NH3) and deuterated water (D2O) probe molecules. The functional groups were deposited only on the front of the sponge, then the structural characterization of both front and back of the sponge has demonstrated the uniform functionalization of the entire scaffold.

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Lavanya, P., N. Vijayakumari, R. Sangeetha, and G. Priya. "Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan-Polypyrrole/Strontium-Magnesium Substituted Hydroxyapatite Biocomposite with Potential Application in Tissue Engineering Scaffolds." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 12 (2020): 3113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22936.

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Biocomposite scaffolds of strontium-magnesium substituted hydroxyapatite (SMHA) with a mixture of chitosan/polypyrrole (CS-PPY) have been prepared by solvent casting method. The synthesized SMHA nanoparticles and biocomposite scaffold were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM techniques. The SEM morphology revealed the porous structure of the scaffolds designed for the muticomponents. The biomineralization and cell viability of the biocomposite were assessed via alkaline phosphatase activity and MTT assay on the osteoblast cell line. The study demonstrated improved differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast cells in the designed biocomposite scaffolds. The dye stained fluorescent microscopic photographs apparent the good scattering and permeability of cells onto the scaffolds. However, biocomposite demonstrated good antibacterial activity and the excellent biocompatibility against osteoblast cells offers a possible route for the production of a biocomposite as a viable replacement for regenerative medicine scaffolding substance.

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O’Donnell, Kieran, Adrian Boyd, and Brian J. Meenan. "Controlling Fluid Diffusion and Release through Mixed-Molecular-Weight Poly(ethylene) Glycol Diacrylate (PEGDA) Hydrogels." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 3381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203381.

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Due to their inherent ability to swell in the presence of aqueous solutions, hydrogels offer a means for the delivery of therapeutic agents in a range of applications. In the context of designing functional tissue-engineering scaffolds, their role in providing for the diffusion of nutrients to cells is of specific interest. In particular, the facility to provide such nutrients over a prolonged period within the core of a 3D scaffold is a critical consideration for the prevention of cell death and associated tissue-scaffold failure. The work reported here seeks to address this issue via fabrication of hybrid 3D scaffolds with a component fabricated from mixed-molecular-weight hydrogel formulations capable of storing and releasing nutrient solutions over a predetermined time period. To this end, poly(ethylene) glycol diacrylate hydrogel blends comprising mixtures of PEGDA-575 Mw and PEGDA-2000 Mw were prepared via UV polymerization. The effects of addition of the higher-molecular-weight component and the associated photoinitiator concentration on mesh size and corresponding fluid permeability have been investigated by diffusion and release measurements using a Theophylline as an aqueous nutrient model solution. Fluid permeability across the hydrogel films has also been determined using a Rhodamine B solution and associated fluorescence measurements. The results indicate that addition of PEGDA-2000 Mw to PEGDA-575 Mw coupled with the use of a specific photoinitiator concentration provides a means to change mesh size in a hydrogel network while still retaining an overall microporous material structure. The range of mesh sizes created and their distribution in a 3D construct provides for the conditions required for a more prolonged nutrient release profile for tissue-engineering applications.

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Mitsak, Anna G., Jessica M. Kemppainen, Matthew T. Harris, and Scott J. Hollister. "Effect of Polycaprolactone Scaffold Permeability on Bone Regeneration In Vivo." Tissue Engineering Part A 17, no. 13-14 (July 2011): 1831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0560.

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34

Murata, Masaru, Toshiyuki Akazawa, Katsutoshi Ito, Tomoya Sasaki, Junichi Tazaki, and Makoto Arisue. "Blood Permeability of a Novel Ceramic Scaffold for BMP-2." Key Engineering Materials 309-311 (May 2006): 961–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.309-311.961.

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35

Pasha Mahammod, Babar, Emon Barua, Ashish B. Deoghare, and K. M. Pandey. "Permeability quantification of porous polymer scaffold for bone tissue engineering." Materials Today: Proceedings 22 (2020): 1687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.186.

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36

Li, Shihong, Joost R. de Wijn, Jiaping Li, Pierre Layrolle, and Klaas de Groot. "Macroporous Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffold with High Permeability/Porosity Ratio." Tissue Engineering 9, no. 3 (June 2003): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/107632703322066714.

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37

Wang, Yifan, Sunčica Čanić, Martina Bukač, Charles Blaha, and Shuvo Roy. "Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Poroelastic Cell Scaffolds Used in the Design of an Implantable Bioartificial Pancreas." Fluids 7, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7070222.

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We present a multi-scale mathematical model and a novel numerical solver to study blood plasma flow and oxygen concentration in a prototype model of an implantable Bioartificial Pancreas (iBAP) that operates under arteriovenous pressure differential without the need for immunosuppressive therapy. The iBAP design consists of a poroelastic cell scaffold containing the healthy transplanted cells, encapsulated between two semi-permeable nano-pore size membranes to prevent the patient’s own immune cells from attacking the transplant. The device is connected to the patient’s vascular system via an anastomosis graft bringing oxygen and nutrients to the transplanted cells of which oxygen is the limiting factor for long-term viability. Mathematically, we propose a (nolinear) fluid–poroelastic structure interaction model to describe the flow of blood plasma through the scaffold containing the cells, and a set of (nonlinear) advection–reaction–diffusion equations defined on moving domains to study oxygen supply to the cells. These macro-scale models are solved using finite element method based solvers. One of the novelties of this work is the design of a novel second-order accurate fluid–poroelastic structure interaction solver, for which we prove that it is unconditionally stable. At the micro/nano-scale, Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) simulations are used to capture the micro/nano-structure (architecture) of cell scaffolds and obtain macro-scale parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity/permeability, from the micro-scale scaffold-specific architecture. To avoid expensive micro-scale simulations based on SPH simulations for every new scaffold architecture, we use Encoder–Decoder Convolution Neural Networks. Based on our numerical simulations, we propose improvements in the current prototype design. For example, we show that highly elastic scaffolds have a higher capacity for oxygen transfer, which is an important finding considering that scaffold elasticity can be controlled during their fabrication, and that elastic scaffolds improve cell viability. The mathematical and computational approaches developed in this work provide a benchmark tool for computational analysis of not only iBAP, but also, more generally, of cell encapsulation strategies used in the design of devices for cell therapy and bio-artificial organs.

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Fénelon, Mathilde, Sylvain Catros, Christophe Meyer, Jean-Christophe Fricain, Laurent Obert, Frédéric Auber, Aurélien Louvrier, and Florelle Gindraux. "Applications of Human Amniotic Membrane for Tissue Engineering." Membranes 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060387.

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An important component of tissue engineering (TE) is the supporting matrix upon which cells and tissues grow, also known as the scaffold. Scaffolds must easily integrate with host tissue and provide an excellent environment for cell growth and differentiation. Human amniotic membrane (hAM) is considered as a surgical waste without ethical issue, so it is a highly abundant, cost-effective, and readily available biomaterial. It has biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, adequate mechanical properties (permeability, stability, elasticity, flexibility, resorbability), and good cell adhesion. It exerts anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antimutagenic properties and pain-relieving effects. It is also a source of growth factors, cytokines, and hAM cells with stem cell properties. This important source for scaffolding material has been widely studied and used in various areas of tissue repair: corneal repair, chronic wound treatment, genital reconstruction, tendon repair, microvascular reconstruction, nerve repair, and intraoral reconstruction. Depending on the targeted application, hAM has been used as a simple scaffold or seeded with various types of cells that are able to grow and differentiate. Thus, this natural biomaterial offers a wide range of applications in TE applications. Here, we review hAM properties as a biocompatible and degradable scaffold. Its use strategies (i.e., alone or combined with cells, cell seeding) and its degradation rate are also presented.

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39

Rohde, Felix, Karin Danz, Nathalie Jung, Sylvia Wagner, and Maike Windbergs. "Electrospun Scaffolds as Cell Culture Substrates for the Cultivation of an In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Model Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 1308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14061308.

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The human blood–brain barrier (BBB) represents the interface of microvasculature and the central nervous system, regulating the transport of nutrients and protecting the brain from external threats. To gain a deeper understanding of (patho)physiological processes affecting the BBB, sophisticated models mimicking the in vivo situation are required. Currently, most in vitro models are cultivated on stiff, semipermeable, and non-biodegradable Transwell® membrane inserts, not adequately mimicking the complexity of the extracellular environment of the native human BBB. To overcome these disadvantages, we developed three-dimensional electrospun scaffolds resembling the natural structure of the human extracellular matrix. The polymer fibers of the scaffold imitate collagen fibrils of the human basement membrane, exhibiting excellent wettability and biomechanical properties, thus facilitating cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Cultivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) on these scaffolds enabled the development of a physiological BBB phenotype monitored via the formation of tight junctions and validated by the paracellular permeability of sodium fluorescein, further accentuating the non-linearity of TEER and barrier permeability. The novel in vitro model of the BBB forms a tight endothelial barrier, offering a platform to study barrier functions in a (patho)physiologically relevant context.

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40

Liu, Hao, Chengyuan Qian, Tao Yang, Yanqing Wang, Jian Luo, Changli Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, Xiaoyong Wang, and Zijian Guo. "Small molecule-mediated co-assembly of amyloid-β oligomers reduces neurotoxicity through promoting non-fibrillar aggregation." Chemical Science 11, no. 27 (2020): 7158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc00392a.

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A rational design of pincer-like scaffold-based small molecule with blood-brain barrier permeability that can specifically co-assemble with low molecular weight Aβ oligomers to form non-fibrillar, degradable, non-toxic co-aggregates.

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41

Saleh Al-Hammadi, Abdullah Sharaf, Syafiqah Saidin, and Muhammad Hanif Ramlee. "Simulation Analyses Related to Human Bone Scaffold: Utilisation of Solidworks® Software in 3D Modelling and Mechanical Simulation Analyses." Journal of Human Centered Technology 1, no. 2 (August 6, 2022): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/humentech.v1n2.28.

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Bone loss is risen due to fractures, surgeries and traumatic injuries. Scientists and engineers work over the years to find solutions to heal and accelerate bone regeneration. Bone grafting technique has been utilised which projects significant improvement in bone regeneration area. An extensive study is essential on the relation between the mechanical properties of bone scaffolds and the design of bone scaffolds in forecasting permeability access to promote bone growth and nutrient distribution. In reducing cost and time, mechanical simulation analyses are beneficial to simulate the relation. There are abundant of review works on the mechanical simulation analyses towards orthopaedic metallic implants. While the review on simulation analyses towards bone scaffolds are scarce. Therefore, this review study is intended to expose the utilisation of computer simulation analysis, specifically Solidworks® software in modelling three-dimensional (3D) scaffold models, performing mechanical simulation and analysing bone scaffold structure. The data were collected from three main sources of Google search, Scopus search and Science Direct search. From this review procedure, there are various computational software have been combined and used to perform several types of simulation analyses on bone scaffolds including Solidwork, Ansys, Abaqus, COMSOL Multiphysics, MATLAB etc. Among the simulation analyses, two main tests that can be simulated are mechanical test and fluid modelling. Solidwork® as one of the computer-aided design softwares has been extensively used to design two and 3D models. The advancement of this software on the performance of mechanical simulation analyses has also extended its application towards variety of applications including on bone scaffold evaluation. There are several parameters which are necessary to be set prior to the conduction of mechanical simulation analysis such as applied forces, material properties, mesh properties and boundary condition. As a conclusion, Solidwork® software is applicable to be used as a 3D modelling software to design bone scaffolds and to perform mechanical simulation analyses.

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42

Saleh Al-Hammadi, Abdullah Sharaf, Syafiqah Saidin, and Muhammad Hanif Ramlee. "Simulation Analyses Related to Human Bone Scaffold: Utilisation of Solidworks® Software in 3D Modelling and Mechanical Simulation Analyses." Journal of Human Centered Technology 1, no. 2 (August 6, 2022): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/humentech.v1n2.28.

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Bone loss is risen due to fractures, surgeries and traumatic injuries. Scientists and engineers work over the years to find solutions to heal and accelerate bone regeneration. Bone grafting technique has been utilised which projects significant improvement in bone regeneration area. An extensive study is essential on the relation between the mechanical properties of bone scaffolds and the design of bone scaffolds in forecasting permeability access to promote bone growth and nutrient distribution. In reducing cost and time, mechanical simulation analyses are beneficial to simulate the relation. There are abundant of review works on the mechanical simulation analyses towards orthopaedic metallic implants. While the review on simulation analyses towards bone scaffolds are scarce. Therefore, this review study is intended to expose the utilisation of computer simulation analysis, specifically Solidworks® software in modelling three-dimensional (3D) scaffold models, performing mechanical simulation and analysing bone scaffold structure. The data were collected from three main sources of Google search, Scopus search and Science Direct search. From this review procedure, there are various computational software have been combined and used to perform several types of simulation analyses on bone scaffolds including Solidwork, Ansys, Abaqus, COMSOL Multiphysics, MATLAB etc. Among the simulation analyses, two main tests that can be simulated are mechanical test and fluid modelling. Solidwork® as one of the computer-aided design softwares has been extensively used to design two and 3D models. The advancement of this software on the performance of mechanical simulation analyses has also extended its application towards variety of applications including on bone scaffold evaluation. There are several parameters which are necessary to be set prior to the conduction of mechanical simulation analysis such as applied forces, material properties, mesh properties and boundary condition. As a conclusion, Solidwork® software is applicable to be used as a 3D modelling software to design bone scaffolds and to perform mechanical simulation analyses.

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43

Casa, Stefanie, and Maged Henary. "Synthesis and Applications of Selected Fluorine-Containing Fluorophores." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041160.

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The synthesis of fluorine-containing small molecules has had numerous benefits of improving the quality and efficiency of many applications of these compounds. For example, fluorine adds promising functionalities in various areas of imaging (MRI, PET, and NIR); gives cell-targeting properties; and has demonstrated improvements in cell permeability, solubility, and other pharmacologic properties. For these and other numerous reasons, fluorination of molecules has grown in popularity in various fields of chemistry. Many reports show the effects observed from increasing the number of fluorine atoms on a fluorophore scaffold. This report will cover the most significant applications and improvements that fluorine has contributed to in various dye scaffolds such as BODIPY, rhodamine, phthalocyanine, and cyanine in the recent decade.

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44

Zhou, Xinqi, Rui Lai, Jon R. Beck, Hui Li, and Cliff I. Stains. "Nebraska Red: a phosphinate-based near-infrared fluorophore scaffold for chemical biology applications." Chemical Communications 52, no. 83 (2016): 12290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc05717a.

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We present a series of phosphinate-based NIR fluorophores with remarkable photostability and brightness, this new scaffold is leveraged to design derivatives with varying cell permeability as well as a proof-of-principle reagent for self-reporting ROS-induced small molecule delivery.

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45

Jacob, Binu, Alicia Vogelaar, Enrique Cadenas, and Julio A. Camarero. "Using the Cyclotide Scaffold for Targeting Biomolecular Interactions in Drug Development." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 6430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196430.

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This review provides an overview of the properties of cyclotides and their potential for developing novel peptide-based therapeutics. The selective disruption of protein–protein interactions remains challenging, as the interacting surfaces are relatively large and flat. However, highly constrained polypeptide-based molecular frameworks with cell-permeability properties, such as the cyclotide scaffold, have shown great promise for targeting those biomolecular interactions. The use of molecular techniques, such as epitope grafting and molecular evolution employing the cyclotide scaffold, has shown to be highly effective for selecting bioactive cyclotides.

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Rand, Arthur C., Siegfried S. F. Leung, Heather Eng, Charles J. Rotter, Raman Sharma, Amit S. Kalgutkar, Yizhong Zhang, et al. "Optimizing PK properties of cyclic peptides: the effect of side chain substitutions on permeability and clearance." MedChemComm 3, no. 10 (2012): 1282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2md20203d.

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47

Nechaev, A., P. Eremin, and I. Gilmutdinova. "BIOACTIVE BIOPLASTIC MATERIAL BASED ON ION-TRACK WOUND COATINGS AND CHITOSAN NANO-SCAFFOLD." http://eng.biomos.ru/conference/articles.htm 1, no. 19 (2021): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37747/2312-640x-2021-19-22-24.

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The paper presents the results of the development of a bioactive bioplastic material (BIO) based on ion-track wound coatings (ITRP) and a nano-scaffold of chitosan obtained by electroforming. The water and gas permeability, the ultimate strength, bacteriostaticity, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of BIO ITPR were investigated.

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48

Eremin, P. S., A. V. Poddubikov, I. R. Gilmutdinova, and A. N. Nechaev. "Bioplastic material based on ion-track wound coatings and chitosan nano-scaffold." Biotekhnologiya 37, no. 5 (2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2021-37-5-55-60.

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Abstract-A bioplastic material based on a titanium-metallized ion-track wound coating and a chitosan nano-scaffold has been created, which has high strength, elasticity, as well as water and gas permeability. Its strength characteristics were studied and its bacteriostaticity, bactericidal activity, cytotoxicity and biocompatibility were evaluated. This material is non-toxic and, after preclinical and clinical trials, can serve as a platform for a new generation of wound coatings in regenerative medicine. Key words: bioplastic material, ion-track wound coatings, chitosan, nano-scaffold The work was supported by a grant for JINR young researchers (no. 21-502-02).

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Wang, Yiwei, Paul E. Tomlins, Allan G. A. Coombes, and Martin Rides. "On the Determination of Darcy Permeability Coefficients for a Microporous Tissue Scaffold." Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods 16, no. 2 (April 2010): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0116.

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50

Pennella, F., G. Cerino, D. Massai, D. Gallo, G. Falvo D’Urso Labate, A. Schiavi, M. A. Deriu, A. Audenino, and Umberto Morbiducci. "A Survey of Methods for the Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Scaffold Permeability." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 41, no. 10 (April 24, 2013): 2027–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-013-0815-5.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Scaffold Permeability'

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