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1
Dinata, Alharia. "IDENTIFIKASI KERENTANAN EROSI TANAH BERDASARKAN PARAMETER MORFOMETRI DI SUB DAS KIKIM." JURNAL ILMIAH BERING'S 7, no. 02 (October 5, 2020): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36050/berings.v7i02.275.
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Soil erosion is an environmental problem that occurs in many parts of the world because it involves ecological, social and economic aspects. Kikim sub-watershed is part of the Musi river area, most of the topographic conditions are flat slopes (54.64%), steep slopes with a total percentage of 12.81%. Meanwhile, hydrological conditions have a maximum daily rainfall with a high category so that the potential for erosion and flooding is very high. The purpose of this study was to identify soil erosion vulnerability based on morphometric parameters. The research data used DEM-SRTM 30 meters and then extracted into a map of the sub-watershed and river networks to calculate morphometric parameters. The method used was the weighted sum analysis (WSA) with a GIS application approach. The DEM data excavation found 11 (eleven) sub-watersheds with an area ranging from 81.26 km2 to 220.50 km2, and the total length of the river was 2221.24 km. Based on the weighted results of the WSA method, two sub-watersheds (SB3 and SB7) had very high soil erosion vulnerability, moderate soil erosion vulnerability in SB1, SB2, SB4, SB8, SB10, and SB11. Furthermore, the low soil erosion vulnerability (SB9), and very low soil erosion vulnerability were at SB5 and SB6. The results of this study could be used for conservation zone planning to control soil erosion.
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Sultana, S., Z. Yeasmin, S. Ahmed, HP Nur, and PR Samaddar. "Characterization and surface activity of soluble sulfonated butanone formaldehyde superplasticizer for cement." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 51, no. 2 (June 12, 2016): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v51i2.28113.
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Water soluble sulfonated butanone formaldehyde (SBF) polycondensate superplasticizer was prepared according to a conventional method. UV-Vis, IR and TGA analyses were performed to analyze the target compound. The surface activity was evaluated. It showed a little surface activity with respect to water as the surface tension decreased very little with increasing the concentration of SBF. Thus there results indicate that SBF behaves like a typical polycondensate superplasticizer such as sulfonated acetone formaldehyde (SAF).Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 51(2), 155-158, 2016
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Upadhyay, R. K., and S. P. Mathur. "Effect of Schiff's Bases as Corrosion Inhibitors on Mild Steel in Sulphuric Acid." E-Journal of Chemistry 4, no. 3 (2007): 408–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/709516.
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Mass loss and thermometric methods have been used to study the corrosion inhibitory effect of synthesised Schiff's basesviz.N-(furfurilidine) – 4- methoxy aniline (SB1),N-(furfurilidine) – 4- methylaniline (SB2),N-(salicylidine) – 4- methoxy aniline (SB3),N-(cinnamalidine) – 4 –methoxy aniline (SB4) andN-(cinnamalidine) - 2-methylaniline (SB5) on mild steel in sulphuric acid solutions. Results show that both methods have good agreement with each other and inhibition efficiency depends upon the concentration of inhibitor as well as that of acid. Maximum inhibition efficiency is shown at highest concentration of Schiff's bases at the highest strength of acid.
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Saxena, N., S. Kumar, M. K. Sharma, and S. P. Mathur. "Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Nitric Acid Media by some Schiff Bases Derived from Anisalidine." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2013-0011.
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Corrosion inhibition performance of mild steel in nitric acid solution containing different concentration of anisalidine derivative Schiff bases viz. N- (4-nitro phenyl) p-anisalidine (SB1), N- (4-chloro phenyl) p-anisalidine (SB2), N- (4-phenyl) p-anisalidine (SB3), N- (4-methoxy phenyl) p-anisalidine (SB4), N- (4-hydroxy phenyl) p-anisalidine (SB5) has been investigated using mass loss, thermometric and potentiostate polarization technique. Inhibition efficiencies of Schiff bases have been evaluated at different acid strength. The inhibition efficiency was found larger than their parent amines. Inhibition efficiencies of synthesized Schiff bases increase with inhibitor concentration. Inhibition efficiency increases up to 98.32% with ansalidine derivative Schiff base.
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Fu, Shizuo, Richard Rotunno, and Huiwen Xue. "Convective updrafts near sea-breeze fronts." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 11 (June 15, 2022): 7727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7727-2022.
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Abstract. Sea-breeze fronts (SBFs) are frequently found to trigger deep convection. The convective updrafts near the SBF are critical in this triggering process. Here, the size and strength of the updrafts near an idealized SBF are investigated with large-eddy simulations. A central focus of this study is to compare the updrafts near the SBF, which are substantially affected by the SBF, to the updrafts ahead of the SBF, which develop in a typical convective boundary layer. It is found that the updrafts near the SBF are larger than but have similar strength to the updrafts ahead of the SBF. The larger updrafts near the SBF are produced through the merger between the postfrontal streaky structures and the updrafts originating near the SBF. Lagrangian budget analysis of vertical momentum reveals that the dynamics experienced by the parcels constituting the updrafts near the SBF is almost the same as that ahead of the SBF, so that the strength of the updrafts near the SBF is similar to that ahead of the SBF. It is also found that when the environmental wind is not included, the size and strength of the updrafts near the SBF scale with the boundary-layer height and the convective velocity scale, respectively, like those in the typical convective boundary layer; however, when the environmental wind is included, the aforementioned scaling breaks down. The present results should also apply to other boundary-layer convergence lines similar to the SBF.
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Zhang, Yunlong, Mineo Mizuno, Masaaki Yanagisawa, and Hiroaki Takadama. "Bioactive behaviors of porous apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramic in two kinds of simulated body fluid." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 2 (February 2003): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0055.
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Simulated body fluid (SBF) has been widely used for assessment of bioactivities of different materials. Those kinds of conventional SBF (C-SBF) have a higher Cl− concentration and a lower HCO3− concentration than those of human blood plasma. Therefore, a revised simulated body fluid (R-SBF), with ion concentrations including those of Cl− and HCO3− exactly equal to those of human plasma, was recently developed. Porous glass-ceramic was used as the testing material to evaluate the two kinds of SBF. Results showed that C-SBF is considered more active than R-SBF because the porous glass-ceramic had a higher apatite formation rate on its surface,while R-SBF is considered to simulate the human body fluid more precisely than C-SBF.
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Fovell, Robert G. "Convective Initiation ahead of the Sea-Breeze Front." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-2852.1.
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Abstract In earlier work, a three-dimensional cloud model was used to simulate the interaction between the sea-breeze front (SBF) and front-parallel horizontal convective rolls (HCRs), resulting in the SBF systematically encountering roll updrafts and downdrafts as it progressed inland. Interestingly, deep convection was spawned above an HCR updraft ahead of the SBF as the front approached, well before the inevitable front–roll merger. Ostensibly, both the sea-breeze and roll circulations were required for deep convection to be present in this case at all because convection was entirely absent when either phenomenon was removed. Further analysis reveals why both circulations were necessary yet not sufficient for the excitation of deep convection in this case. The sea-breeze circulation (SBC) made its upstream (inland) environment more favorable for convection by bringing about persistent if gentle lifting over an extended region stretching well ahead of the SBF. This persistent ascent established a moist and cool tongue of air, manifested by a visible and/or subvisible cloud feature termed the cloud shelf emanating ahead of the front. Though this lifting moistened and destabilized the environment, the roll’s direct and indirect effects on this moist tongue were also required. The former consisted of a moisture plume lofted by the roll updraft, and the latter consisted of obstacle effect gravity waves generated as the roll drafts penetrated through the top of the boundary layer, into the SBC-associated offshore flow farther aloft. These provided the missing spark, which led to rapid growth of cumulus above the roll updraft, drawing first from air located above the boundary layer. Once established, deep convection above the roll updraft modulated cloudiness above the approaching SBF, at first suppressing it but subsequently assuring its reestablishment and eventual growth into deep convection, again prior to the front–roll merger. This resulted from the influence of gravity waves excited owing to heating and cooling within the roll cloud.
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Anjos, Max, António Lopes, Andrews José de Lucena, and Francisco Mendonça. "Sea Breeze Front and Outdoor Thermal Comfort during Summer in Northeastern Brazil." Atmosphere 11, no. 9 (September 22, 2020): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11091013.
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Characterizing the behaviour of the sea breeze phenomenon is the foremost factor in the reduction in the heat stress and the achievement of the pleasant environment in coastal cities globally. However, this seminal study shows that the Sea Breeze Front (SBF) development can be related to an increase in outdoor thermal discomfort in a northeastern Brazilian city during summer. We explored the relationship between SBF and thermal comfort conditions using in situ meteorological observations, the SBF identification method, local climate zones (LCZs) classification, and the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) thermal comfort index. SBF days and Non-SBF days were characterized in terms of weather conditions, combining meteorological data and technical bulletins. SBF days included hot and sunny days associated with the centre of the Upper Tropospheric Cyclonic Vortices (UTCV). In contrast, Non-SBF days were observed in UTCV’s periphery because of cloudy sky and rainfall. The results showed that the mean temperature and PET in the SBF days were 2.0 °C and 3.8 °C higher, respectively, compared to Non-SBF days in all LCZ sites. The highest PET, of 40.0 °C, was found on SBF days. Our findings suggest that SBF development could be an aggravating factor for increasing heat stress of the people living in the northeastern coast of the Brazilian city, after SBF passage.
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Sica, Pietro, Aline Galvao, Francesco Scariolo, Carmelo Maucieri, Carlo Nicoletto, Cristiane Pilon, Paolo Sambo, et al. "Effects of Drought on Yield and Nutraceutical Properties of Beans (Phaseolus spp.) Traditionally Cultivated in Veneto, Italy." Horticulturae 7, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7020017.
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Beans are often grown in regions with climates that are susceptible to drought during the cultivation period. Consequently, it is important to identify bean accessions tolerant to drought conditions and assess the effect of drought on seeds’ nutraceutical properties. This study evaluated the effect of drought during different development stages (NES = never stressed; ALS = always stressed; SBF = stressed before flowering; SAF = stressed after flowering) on the yield and nutraceutical properties of six local bean varieties: Fasolo del Diavolo, Gialet, Posenati, Secle, D’oro, and Maron. Analysis of variance indicated that Gialet was not significantly affected by drought treatments, and Posenati under SBF and NES treatments had greater yields than under ALS and SAF treatments, whereas Secle under SBF produced 80% more seeds than under NES. Total phenols, antioxidant capacity, and calcium content were significantly different among the local varieties. Yield was significantly and positively correlated with seed calcium content and significantly and negatively correlated with protein, total phenols, and antioxidant capacity. The interaction between local varieties and treatment significantly affected seeds’ Zn content. Gialet and Maron seeds’ Zn contents were about 60 mg kg−1, almost double the average of commercial varieties. In summary, this study paves the way to the identification of potential bean varieties resistant to drought. Further molecular studies will help support these findings.
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Beranič Klopčič, Sabina, Irena Pribošič, and Tomaž Kosmač. "The Formation of an Apatite Coating on Y-TZP Zirconia Ceramics." Key Engineering Materials 330-332 (February 2007): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.330-332.773.
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Apatite-forming ability on a zirconia surface was investigated using a conventional SBF (c-SBF), a 1.4 SBF (concentration of ions 1.4 times higher than in SBF) and a supersaturated Ca/P solution. After 5 days a small amount of hydroxyapatite was formed on the zirconia surface in the 1.4 SBF, whereas no apatite was detected on the zirconia surface exposed to the c-SBF for 5 days. In the supersaturated Ca/P solution some isolated clusters of hydroxyapatite were observed on the zirconia surface after only 2 hours, and after 27 hours of immersion time, the zirconia surface was homogeneously covered with hydroxyapatite. Some of the covered zirconia substrates were heat treated at 1050°C for 1 hour. The thermally treated and untreated samples were immersed in SBF for 7 and 14 days. The results confirmed that additional hydroxyapatite was formed in the SBF in both cases, regardless of whether the covered zirconia substrate was pre-heated or not.
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Goel, Ashok K., Spencer Rugaber, and Swaroop Vattam. "Structure, behavior, and function of complex systems: The structure, behavior, and function modeling language." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 23, no. 1 (December 16, 2008): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060409000080.
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AbstractTeleological modeling is fundamental to understanding and explaining many complex systems, especially engineered systems. Research on engineering design and problem solving has developed several ontologies for expressing teleology, for example, functional representation, function–behavior–structure, and structure–behavior–function (SBF). In this paper, we view SBF as a programming language. SBF models of engineering systems have been used in several computer programs for automated design and problem solving. The SBF language captures the expressive power of the earlier programs and provides a basis for interactive construction of SBF models. We provide a precise specification of the SBF language. We also describe an interactive model construction tool called SBFAuthor.
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Dalayi, Fatemeh, Leila Hajiaghababaei, Alireza Badiei, Elham Boorboor Azimi, Mohammad Reza Ganjali, and Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani. "Tris (2-aminoethyl) Amine Functionalized Nanoporous Silica SBA-15 as a Potential Drug Carrier for Citalopram." International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine 4, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijbsm.2019.06.
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Introduction: Ordered nanoporous silica such as SBA-15 has a great potential for application in controlled drug release systems. Chemical modification of the silanol groups of SBA-15 allows better control over drug loading and release. Therefore, tris(2-aminoethyl) amine-functionalized mesoporous silica SBA-15 was evaluated as a potential carrier for the delivery of citalopram. Methods: Tris (2-aminoethyl) amine-functionalized SBA-15 was synthesized and characterized by various methods. Citalopram was loaded on the functionalized SBA-15 and drug release into simulated body fluid (SBF) solution and phosphate buffers was investigated. Results: The optimal condition for loading of the citalopram was obtained at pH = 9 after stirring for 5 minutes. The release profile of citalopram was monitored in phosphate buffers with three different pH values of 5, 7, and 8. A faster release rate at lower pH value was observed, suggesting a weaker interaction because of the protonation of the amino group of the functionalized SBA15. The average release rate of citalopram from each gram of functionalized SBA-15 was 12 µg h-1 in the SBF. Conclusion: The results showed that loading amount and release rate of citalopram depended on pH value and the release process showed a very slow release pattern. Therefore, tris (2-aminoethyl) amine-functionalized SBA-15 is a suitable carrier for controlled release of citalopram and has a great potential for disease therapy.
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Yarrington, Robert M., Jared S. Rudd, and David J. Stillman. "Spatiotemporal Cascade of Transcription Factor Binding Required for Promoter Activation." Molecular and Cellular Biology 35, no. 4 (December 15, 2014): 688–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01285-14.
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Promoters often contain multiple binding sites for a single factor. The yeastHOgene contains nine highly conserved binding sites for the SCB (Swi4/6-dependent cell cycle box) binding factor (SBF) complex (composed of Swi4 and Swi6) in the 700-bp upstream regulatory sequence 2 (URS2) promoter region. Here, we show that the distal and proximal SBF sites in URS2 function differently. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments show that SBF binds preferentially to the left side of URS2 (URS2-L), despite equivalent binding to the left-half and right-half SBF sitesin vitro. SBF binding at URS2-L sites depends on prior chromatin remodeling events at the upstream URS1 region. These signals from URS1 influence chromatin changes at URS2 but only at sites within a defined distance. SBF bound at URS2-L, however, is unable to activate transcription but instead facilitates SBF binding to sites in the right half (URS2-R), which are required for transcriptional activation. Factor binding atHO, therefore, follows a temporal cascade, with SBF bound at URS2-L serving to relay a signal from URS1 to the SBF sites in URS2-R that ultimately activate gene expression. Taken together, we describe a novel property of a transcription factor that can have two distinct roles in gene activation, depending on its location within a promoter.
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Liao, Fuyuan, Keying Zhang, Lingling Zhou, Yanni Chen, Jeannette Elliott, and Yih-Kuen Jan. "Effect of Different Local Vibration Frequencies on the Multiscale Regularity of Plantar Skin Blood Flow." Entropy 22, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111288.
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Local vibration has shown promise in improving skin blood flow (SBF). However, there is no consensus on the selection of the best vibration frequency. An important reason may be that previous studies utilized time- and frequency-domain parameters to characterize vibration-induced SBF responses. These parameters are unable to characterize the structural features of the SBF response to local vibrations, thus contributing to the inconsistent findings seen in vibration research. The objective of this study was to provide evidence that nonlinear dynamics of SBF responses would be an important aspect for assessing the effect of local vibration on SBF. Local vibrations at 100 Hz, 35 Hz, and 0 Hz (sham vibration) with an amplitude of 1 mm were randomly applied to the right first metatarsal head of 12 healthy participants for 10 min. SBF at the same site was measured for 10 min before and after local vibration. The degree of regularity of SBF was quantified using a multiscale sample entropy algorithm. The results showed that 100 Hz vibration significantly increased multiscale regularity of SBF but 35 Hz and 0 Hz (sham vibration) did not. The significant increase of regularity of SBF after 100 Hz vibration was mainly attributed to increased regularity of SBF oscillations within the frequency interval at 0.0095–0.15 Hz. These findings support the use of multiscale regularity to assess effectiveness of local vibration on improving skin blood flow.
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KATZ, Abram, Karin EKBERG, Bo-Lennart JOHANSSON, and John WAHREN. "Diminished skin blood flow in Type I diabetes: evidence for non-endothelium-dependent dysfunction." Clinical Science 101, no. 1 (May 24, 2001): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs1010059.
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The purpose of this study was to quantify the extent to which skin blood flow (SBF) responses to application of endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilating agents differ between Type I diabetic patients and healthy subjects. Patients and matched controls were studied after an overnight fast. SBF was determined with laser Doppler perfusion imaging before and after iontophoresis of acetylcholine (Ach; endothelium-dependent) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; endothelium-independent). Basal SBF did not differ significantly between groups. Iontophoresis of ACh and SNP increased SBF 20-fold in controls. In the patients, the increases in SBF following iontophoresis of ACh and SNP were reduced by 18% and 19%, respectively, versus controls (P < 0.05 for both). These data demonstrate that Type I diabetic patients have similar diminished SBF responses to iontophoresis of ACh and SNP, which suggests that non-endothelial-dependent factors are primarily responsible for the diminished SBF responses.
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Goel, Ashok K. "A 30-year case study and 15 principles: Implications of an artificial intelligence methodology for functional modeling." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 27, no. 3 (July 24, 2013): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060413000218.
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AbstractResearch on design and analysis of complex systems has led to many functional representations with several meanings of function. This work on conceptual design uses a family of representations called structure–behavior–function (SBF) models. The SBF family ranges from behavior–function models of abstract design patterns to drawing–shape–SBF models that couple SBF models with visuospatial knowledge of technological systems. Development of SBF modeling is an instance of cognitively oriented artificial intelligence research that seeks to understand human cognition and build intelligent agents for addressing complex tasks such as design. This paper first traces the development of SBF modeling as our perspective on design evolved from that of problem solving to that of memory and learning. Next, the development of SBF modeling as a case study is used to abstract some of the core principles of an artificial intelligence methodology for functional modeling. Finally, some implications of the artificial intelligence methodology for different meanings of function are examined.
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He, Xiangfeng, Xueyan Zhang, Fuyuan Liao, Li He, Xin Xu, and Yih-Kuen Jan. "Using reactive hyperemia to investigate the effect of cupping sizes of cupping therapy on skin blood flow responses." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 34, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-200120.
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BACKGROUND: Various cupping sizes of cupping therapy have been used in managing musculoskeletal conditions; however, the effect of cupping sizes on skin blood flow (SBF) responses is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the effect of three cupping sizes of cupping therapy on SBF responses. METHODS: Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure SBF on the triceps in 12 healthy participants in this repeated measures study. Three cup sizes (35, 40 and 45 mm in diameter) were blinded to the participants and were tested at -300 mmHg for 5 minutes. Reactive hyperemic response to cupping therapy was expressed as a ratio of baseline SBF. RESULTS: All three sizes of cupping cups resulted in a significant increase in peak SBF (p< 0.001). Peak SBF of the 45 mm cup (9.41 ± 1.32 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup (5.62 ± 1.42 times, p< 0.05). Total SBF of the 45 mm cup ((24.33 ± 8.72) × 103 times) was significantly higher than the 35 mm cup ((8.05 ± 1.63) × 103 times, p< 0.05). Recovery time of the 45 mm cup (287.46 ± 39.54 seconds) was significantly longer than the 35 mm cup (180.12 ± 1.42 seconds, p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that all three cup sizes can significantly increase SBF. The 45 mm cup is more effective in increasing SBF compared to the 35 mm cup.
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Purba, D. L. A., I. J. A. Saragih, and D. S. Sosaidi. "Utilization of weather-radar data to observe the Sea Breeze Front (SBF) over the North Coast of Banten-Jakarta (case study in 2018)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 893, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/893/1/012055.
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Abstract One of the important factors in weather and climate dynamics that can trigger precipitation on the coast and the surrounding area is a sea breeze. Sea breeze occurs because of differences in the surface temperature between land and sea due to solar heating which then forms a pressure gradient that leads to a land called the sea breeze circulation. An important part of sea breeze circulation is the Sea Breeze Front (SBF). SBF is a boundary area where wind from the sea direction meets the wind from the land direction, which is marked by significant changes in temperature, humidity, wind and can trigger convective activity. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the SBF on the north coast of Banten-Jakarta in 2018 which were identified using a Doppler weather radar Plan Position Indicator (PPI) product and convective activity using the Coloumn Maximum (CMAX) product. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to determine the SBF parameters such as frequency of occurrence, onset time, duration, length, column depth, and SBF penetration, and convective activity during the occurrence of SBF. The results showed that SBF was detected more in the rainy season January, February, and December 2018, and occur between 08:08 LT and 15:20 LT. SBF can trigger the occurrence of convective clouds and affect the temperature and humidity conditions around the SBF.
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Godbolt, Bryan, and Alan F. Lynch. "An unmanned helicopter control with partial small body force compensation: Experimental results." Robotica 36, no. 10 (July 3, 2018): 1436–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574718000486.
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SUMMARYA generally accepted helicopter model used for control includes the effect of Small Body Forces (SBF) which couple the vehicle's rotational subsystem inputs to its translational dynamics. SBF result from tail rotor thrust and lateral forces due to main rotor flapping. It is well-known that SBF lead to a theoretically challenging stabilization problem for the tracking error dynamics. Hence, much of the existing work has neglected SBF in order to simplify control design. We design a controller that directly compensates the influence of the tail rotor component of the SBF. The design is validated in simulation and flight tests.
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Nagler, Eve M., and Priya Lobo. "Beyond tobacco prevention: A qualitative study of a school-based life skills intervention for economically disadvantaged youth in Mumbai, India." Health Education Journal 78, no. 4 (November 9, 2018): 399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0017896918809113.
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Objective: Low socioeconomic status young people in low- and middle-income countries use tobacco at higher rates than their wealthier peers. School-based tobacco use prevention interventions that employ a life skills approach are effective at preventing tobacco use. In India, the Salaam Bombay Foundation (SBF) has implemented a multiyear, multicomponent life skills education programme in Mumbai schools to prevent tobacco use. A quantitative evaluation found that SBF programme exposure was associated with not only reduced tobacco use but also improved life skills, self-esteem and self-efficacy. To illuminate how programme exposure engendered these effects, we compared the experiences and perceptions of eighth and ninth grade students (ages 13–15) between SBF and non-SBF schools. Methods: We divided Mumbai into four quadrants or regions and randomly selected one SBF and non-SBF school from each quadrant; 10 participants were then randomly selected from one class per school. A total of eight group discussions ( N = 80 participants) were conducted using mind-mapping with a focus on students’ daily life, future aspirations and non-academic school programming. Researchers analysed the data thematically. Results: Despite similar home lives, SBF students were profoundly more optimistic about their future than non-SBF students. SBF students attributed this increased optimism and agency to opportunities to actively advocate against tobacco, formal recognition in a published newsletter, a sense of belonging to a ‘Super Army’ and supportive mentorship provided by their Super Army and peer leaders. The SBF programme created a safe space in which to build resilience. Conclusion: These findings can guide development of programmes for vulnerable populations with broader goals than tobacco prevention.
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Cortés-Hernández, Dora A., Haydée Y. López, and D. Mantovani. "Spontaneous and Biomimetic Apatite Formation on Pure Magnesium." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.589.
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In order to decrease its degradation rate, pure magnesium was subjected to the following treatments: (1) heat treatment at 345oC for 15 min and (2) heat treatment at 380°C for 30 min followed by hot rolling at 350°C. The treated samples and non-treated controls were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37oC for different periods of time. In all cases, the magnesium released into the SBF, the weight loss of the specimens and the pH of SBF increased with time of immersion. The hot-rolled samples showed a lower degradation rate and lower pH values. A lower increase of magnesium concentration in the SBF corresponding to the hot-rolled samples was also observed. The main and unexpected positive finding of this work was that in all cases, a layer of Ca, P-rich was formed on the substrates after only 3 days of immersion in SBF. This indicates that metallic magnesium is a potential bioactive material. In the aim to promote the formation of a thicker bioactive layer than the one observed on the samples immersed in single SBF, hot-rolled magnesium was biomimetically-treated using wollastonite ceramics, SBF and a more concentrated solution (1.5 SBF). A homogeneous and dense bone-like apatite layer was observed on the biomimetically-treated samples.
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ODUNSI, A. A., and A. J. GBADAMOSI. "EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSIONS OF PALM OIL AND SHEABUTTER FAT ON GROWTH AND SEXUAL MATURITY OF PULLETS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 28, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v28i1.1848.
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A lesser known vegetable fat, sheabutter fat (SBF) was compared with palm oil (PO) as a dietary ingredient during the rearing phase of pullets. Black Harco grower- pullets (12 weeks old) were assigned to diets in which PO and SBF each quantitatively replaces maize at 2.5 and 5.0% and a fifth diet containing 2.5% each of both PO and SBF. At the 20th week, they were fed a common layer diet until sexual maturity was attained on all treatments. Results at the growing phase did not reveal any significant effects (P>0.05) on feed intake, weight gain, feed/gain and feed cost/weight gain. Sexual maturity was attained by 148, 149, 151, 155 and 158 days for pullets fed 5% Palm Oil, 2.5% SBF, 2.5% PO, 5% SBF and 2.5% SBF/PO diets respectively. PO and SBF at the levels studied were equally tolerated and could replace maize with no adverse effects or growth response. However, a delay in time of lay occurred when both oils were mixed in the diet.
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Minter, C. M., G. Perrott, and E. Legendre. "The effect of feeding varying levels of barley and dried molassed sugar beet feed compared to a commercial creep on the performance of intensively reared Iambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200593594.
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Feed is the major cost of indoor lamb production, it accounts for up to £12/lamb reared (MLC, 1994) which is equivalent to 23% of the output value. Most intensively produced lambs are fed expensive specially formulated lamb creep diets. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect varying the proportions of the starch (barley, WB) and digestible fibre (dried molassed sugar beet feed; SBF) and a protein pellet compared to a commercial lamb creep (LC) on lamb physical and financial performance.180 early weaned lambs, (weaned at 6 weeks of age), weighing on average 17.5 kg liveweight were allocated to one of six treatments; 0% SBF, 20% SBF, 40% SBF, 60% SBF, 80% SBF and LC. Each diet contained 20% protein balancer pellets with the remainder being whole barley. The LC diet was offered alone.
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Minter, C. M., G. Perrott, and E. Legendre. "The effect of feeding varying levels of barley and dried molassed sugar beet feed compared to a commercial creep on the performance of intensively reared Iambs." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 1996 (March 1996): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600031305.
Full textAbstract:
Feed is the major cost of indoor lamb production, it accounts for up to £12/lamb reared (MLC, 1994) which is equivalent to 23% of the output value. Most intensively produced lambs are fed expensive specially formulated lamb creep diets. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effect varying the proportions of the starch (barley, WB) and digestible fibre (dried molassed sugar beet feed; SBF) and a protein pellet compared to a commercial lamb creep (LC) on lamb physical and financial performance.180 early weaned lambs, (weaned at 6 weeks of age), weighing on average 17.5 kg liveweight were allocated to one of six treatments; 0% SBF, 20% SBF, 40% SBF, 60% SBF, 80% SBF and LC. Each diet contained 20% protein balancer pellets with the remainder being whole barley. The LC diet was offered alone.
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Andeden, Enver Ersoy, Sahlan Ozturk, and Belma Aslim. "Antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of toxic cyanobacterial extracts." Interdisciplinary Toxicology 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intox-2018-0026.
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Abstract Cyanobacteria are the rich resource of various secondary metabolites including toxins with broad pharmaceutical significance. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antiproliferative, neurotoxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects of cyanobacterial extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MCLR) in vitro. ELISA analysis results showed that MCLR contents of five cyanobacterial extracts were 2.07 ng/mL, 1.43 ng/mL, 1.41 ng/mL, 1.27 ng/mL, and 1.12 ng/mL for Leptolyngbya sp. SB1, Phormidium sp. SB4, Oscillatoria earlei SB5, Phormidium sp. SB2, Uncultured cyanobacterium, respectively. Phormidium sp. SB4 and Phormidium sp. SB2 extracts had the lowest neurotoxicity (86% and 79% cell viability, respectively) and Oscillatoria earlei SB5 extracts had the highest neurotoxicity (47% cell viability) on PC12 cell at 1000 µg/ml extract concentration. Leptolyngbya sp. SB1 and Phormidium sp. SB2 showed the highest antiproliferative effect (92% and 77% cell death) on HT29 cell. On the other hand, all concentrations of five toxic cyanobacterial extracts induced DNA damage between 3.0% and 1.3% of tail intensity and did not cause any direct mutagenic effect at the 1000 µg/plate cyanobacterial extracts. These results suggest that cyanobacteria-derived MCLR is a promising candidate for development of effective agents against colon cancer.
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Langampol, Kriengkri, Kanabadee Srisomboon, Vorapoj Patanavijit, and Wilaiporn Lee. "Smart Switching Bilateral Filter with Estimated Noise Characterization for Mixed Noise Removal." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (May 28, 2019): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5632145.
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Traditionally, several existing filters are proposed for removing a specific type of noise. However, in practice, the image communicated through the communication channel may be contaminated with more than one type of noise. Switching bilateral filter (SBF) is proposed for removing mixed noise by detecting a contaminated noise at the concerned pixel and recalculates the filter parameters. Although the filter parameters of SBF are sensitive to type and strength of noise, the traditional SBF filter has not taken the strength into account. Therefore, the traditional SBF filter cannot remove the mixed noise efficiently. In this paper, we propose a smart switching bilateral filter (SSBF) to outperform a demerit of traditional SBF filter. In the first stage of SSBF, we propose a new scheme of noise estimation using domain weight (DW) pattern which characterizes the distribution of the different intensity between a considered pixel and its neighbors. By using this estimation, the types of mixed noises and their strength are estimated accurately. The filter parameters of SBF are selected from the table where the spatial weight and radiometric weight are already learned. As a result, SSBF can improve the performance of traditional SBF and can remove mixed noises efficiently without knowing the exact type of contaminated mixed noise. Moreover, the performance of SSBF is compared to the optimal SBF filter (OSBF) where OSBF sets the optimal value of filter parameters on the contaminated mixed noise and three new filters — block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D), nonlocal sparse representation (NCSR), and trilateral filter (TF). The simulation results showed that the performance of SSBF outperforms BM3D, NCSR, TF, and SBF and is near to optimal SBF filter, even if the SSBF does not know the type of mixed noise.
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Kühn-Velten, Jobst, Matthias Bodenbinder, Raimund Bröchler, Gerhard Hägele, and Friedhelm Aubke. "A 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study of the conjugate BrønstedLewis superacid HSO3FSbF5. Part II." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 80, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1265–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v02-139.
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Solutions of SbF5 in HSO3F with xSbF5 = 0.012 to 0.405 are studied by 500 MHz 1H NMR (299 K) and 471 MHz 19F NMR (213250 K), using NMR tubes fitted with fluoropolymer lining. The initial process during dissolution is the fast solvolysis of monomeric SbF5 in HSO3F according to SbF5 + nHSO3F [Formula: see text] SbF5 n(SO3F)n + nHF (n = 1, 2). All HF formed during solvolysis will no longer be removed by reaction with glass, but will remain in the superacid system. Besides participation in the fast formation of various fluoro-fluorosulfato anions [SbF6 n(SO3F)n] (n = 0, 1, 2) and acidium ions [H2X]+(solv.) (X= F, SO3F), HF is involved in slow-exchange reactions of the type [SbF6 n(SO3F)n](solv.) + HF [Formula: see text] [SbF7 n(SO3F)n 1](solv.) + HSO3F (n = 1, 2) detected because of a delay of 3 months between sample preparation and measurements and confirmed by repeating theses measurements after a further 3 months. There are three notable differences to our earlier study, affecting concentrations of the fluoro-fluorosulfato antimonate anions observed: (i) in dilute solutions [SbF6] is formed in high concentrations (34.776.1%), with [Sb2F11] now clearly detected at intermediate to high SbF5 concentrations (up to 5.8%); (ii) bis-fluorosulfato anions (cis-, trans-[SbF4(SO3F)2]) are found in much lower concentrations only, which decrease further with time, while tris-fluorosulfato anions ([SbF3(SO3F)3]) are now no longer observed; (iii) these reduced concentrations of poly-fluorosulfato anions in dilute solutions are responsible for the formation of fewer µ-SO3F-oligomers at lower concentrations, when more SbF5 is added. As a consequence, the HSO3FSbF5 magic acid system is now less complex than found previously and only seven anionic species are clearly observed. Key words: superacids, antimony(V) fluoroanions, 1H NMR, 19F NMR, solvolysis.
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Vaahtio, Minna, Timo Peltola, Teuvo Hentunen, Heimo O. Ylänen, Sami Areva, and Jukka I. Salonen. "Osteoclast Response of Biomimetically Processed Silica and Carbonate Containing Calcium Phosphate Layers on Bioactive Glass S53P4." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 549–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.549.
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Different silica and carbonate containing calcium phosphate (CaP) layers were prepared on bioactive glass S53P4 in conventional C-SBF and revised R-SBF. In R-SBF the CaP layer formed faster compared to C-SBF, and the CaP layer formed in R-SBF was amorphous compared to the poorly crystalline bonelike HCA formed in C-SBF. In addition, the influence of chemical composition, dissolution and structure of biomimetically processed CaP layers on osteoclast and osteoblast activity was studied. In general, biomimetic CaP layers on bioactive glass S53P4 did not affect so much on bone cell activity as it was expected compared to the untreated glass. Additionally, it was observed that the mechanism for good osteoclast activity is multifactorial. The optimal surface for osteoclast adhesion and growth was an amorphous CaP having mesoporous nanotopography and proper dissolution rate of calcium and silica. Also osteoblasts grew well on such surface.
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Dinç, Yusuf, Rashed Jahangir, Ruslan Nagayev, and Fahrettin Çakır. "Economics of savings-based finance: an interest-free model of rotating savings and credit association in Turkey." Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research 13, no. 2 (December 17, 2021): 338–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jiabr-04-2021-0115.
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Purpose The emerging markets have been witnessing a remarkable revival of rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) serving as alternative informal financing and investment platforms, also known as savings-based finance (SBF) in Turkey. The purpose of this study is to present the SBF model mathematically, analyse the performance of the SBF sector and propose a new Sharīʿah-compliant SBF model for the acquisition of durables. Design/methodology/approach The paper thoroughly reviews the concept and practice of ROSCA across the globe, mathematically models and empirically analyses the performance of Turkish SBF companies using a unique data set. Findings The study formulates a two-person SBF model and proposes a Mudarabah-Wakalah hybrid model with a new investment feature. It is found that the concept of ROSCA is being operationalized in 105 countries across the globe under different names with slight business model modifications. The research also reveals that the demand for financing of durables in Turkey significantly increased in recent years with the demand for housing is twice greater compared to vehicles. Most importantly, a strong significant inter- and intra-comovement is observed between these durables implying that the success of the sector in one segment has attracted the customers to other SBF products. It shows that the SBF institutions can effectively serve as the alternative financing houses for pooling savings and financing the durables, and they have strong potential to capture a larger financial market share in Turkey and even globally. Originality/value The study constructs mathematical models and proposes a new investment wing to an existing SBF wealth fund.
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Tang, Wang, Wang, Cheng, and Guo. "An Investigation on the Comprehensive Property Assessment and Future Directions of Single Bamboo Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites Fabricated by a Non-Woven Paving and Advanced Molding Process." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 19, 2019): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162641.
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The demand for eco-friendly renewable natural fibers has grown in recent years. In this study, a series of polypropylene-based composites reinforced with single bamboo fibers (SBFs), prepared by non-woven paving and a hot-pressing process, were investigated. The influence of the content of SBF on impact strength, flexural strength, and water resistance was analyzed. The properties of the composites were greatly affected by the SBF content. Impact strength increased as SBF content increased. The modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity show an optimum value, with SBF contents of 40% and 50%, respectively. The surface morphology of the fractured surfaces of the composites was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The composites showed poor interfacial compatibility. The water resistance indicates that the composites with higher SBF contents have higher values of water absorption and thickness swelling, due to the hydrophilicity of the bamboo fibers. The thermal properties of the composites were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis and by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermal stability of the composites was gradually reduced, due to the poor thermal stability of SBFs. In the composites, the maximum decomposition temperature corresponding to SBF shows an increasing trend. However, the maximum decomposition temperature of polypropylene was not influenced by SBF content. The melting point of the polypropylene in the composites was lower relative to pure polypropylene, although it was not affected by increasing SBF content.
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Czikó, Melinda, Erzsébet-Sára Bogya, Réka Barabás, Liliana Bizo, and Răzvan Stefan. "In vitro biological activity comparison of some hydroxyapatite-based composite materials using simulated body fluid." Open Chemistry 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0293-5.
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AbstractHydroxyapatite composites are the main biomaterials used for metal implant coatings. Their in vitro study is very important. That is why their behavior was monitored in simulated body fluid (SBF), which is a solution with ion concentrations and pH value similar to those of human blood plasma. Silica, chitosan and gelatin-doped hydroxyapatite-based biomaterials were studied in SBF; the samples were characterized pre-, during and post-SBF immersion using infra-red, scanning and transmission electron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. The solubility of materials in SBF was determined, and the variation of Ca2+ and phosphorus concentration was also recorded during SBF experiments. The results were compared and their in vitro biological activity was determined.
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Wijnen, Herman, and Bruce Futcher. "Genetic Analysis of the Shared Role of CLN3 and BCK2 at the G1-S Transition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Genetics 153, no. 3 (November 1, 1999): 1131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.3.1131.
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Abstract The transcription complexes SBF and MBF mediate the G1-S transition in the cell cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In late G1, SBF and MBF induce a burst of transcription in a number of genes, including G1- and S-phase cyclins. Activation of SBF and MBF depends on the G1 cyclin Cln3 and a largely uncharacterized protein called Bck2. We show here that the induction of SBF/MBF target genes by Bck2 depends partly, but not wholly, on SBF and MBF. Unlike Cln3, Bck2 is capable of inducing its transcriptional targets in the absence of functional Cdc28. Our results revealed promoter-specific mechanisms of regulation by Cln3, Bck2, SBF, and MBF. We isolated high-copy suppressors of the cln3 bck2 growth defect; all of these had the ability to increase CLN2 expression. One of these suppressors was the negative regulator of meiosis RME1. Rme1 induces CLN2, and we show that it has a haploid-specific role in regulating cell size and pheromone sensitivity. Genetic analysis of the cln3 bck2 defect showed that CLN1, CLN2, and other SBF/MBF target genes have an essential role in addition to the degradation of Sic1.
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Johnson, I. T., G. Livesey, J. M. Gee, J. C. Brown, and G. M. Wortley. "The biological effects and digestible energy value of a sugar-beet fibre preparation in the rat." British Journal of Nutrition 64, no. 1 (July 1990): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900020.
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A sugar-beet fibre preparation (SBF) was incorporated into a semi-synthetic rat diet at a level of 100 g/kg. The material caused no feed aversion, and gain of live weight was unimpaired. SBF appeared to be slightly more fermentable than wheat bran and only marginally less effective as a faecal bulking agent when compared with equalized intakes of non-starch polysaccharide. SBF did not stimulate mucosal cell turnover in the small intestine. Some enlargement of the caecum was observed in animals given SBF, but it was no greater than that of animals given wheat bran. Animals given SBF had a lower serum cholesterol concentration than both the fibre-free controls and those given wheat bran. This hypocholesterolaemic effect was less than that of guar gum however. The partial digestibility of energy for SBF was 0.64, and its partial digestible energy value was 11.3 kJ (2.7 keal)/g. The partial digestibility of energy for non-starch polysaccharide in SBF was estimated to be 0.53 and its partial digestible energy value was 9.1 kJ (2.2 kcal)/g. This value was not significantly different from that expected for unavailable carbohydrate in mixed human diets.
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Taruta, Seiichi, Kazuki Kidokoro, Tomohiko Yamakami, Tomohiro Yamaguchi, Kunio Kitajima, Morinobu Endo, and Naoto Saito. "Deposition of Apatite on Carbon Nanofibers in Simulated Body Fluid." Journal of Nanomaterials 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/935320.
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Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were soaked in 1.5 simulated body fluid (1.5 SBF) in which inorganic ion concentrations are 1.5 times as high as those in the standard SBF. The influence of the CNFs content in 1.5 SBF and pretreatment of the CNFs on the biomimetical deposition of apatite were investigated. The spherical bone-like apatite particles were deposited on the pristine CNFs soaked in 1.5 SBF. Amount of deposited apatite per a unit of CNFs increased with a decrease in the CNFs content in 1.5 SBF, and it decreased markedly when the CNFs were pretreated with concentrated sulfuric acid/nitric acid (3 : 1 v/v) mixture for longer periods. Such results suggest that too many nucleation sites of apatite, which were functional groups, such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, existed on the CNFs in the 1.5 SBF, and most embryos formed on the sites could not grow to critical nuclei and furthermore did not grow to apatite.
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Galea, Nicola, Giulia Cundari, Cristian Borrazzo, Giacomo Pambianchi, Angelica Bracci, Edoardo Rosato, Marco Francone, Iacopo Carbone, and Carlo Catalano. "Splenic Blood Flow Increases after Hypothermic Stimulus (Cold Pressor Test): A Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Study." BioMed Research International 2019 (May 23, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8437927.
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The Cold Pressor Test (CPT) is a novel diagnostic strategy to noninvasively assess the myocardial microvascular endothelial-dependent function using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spleen perfusion is modulated by a complex combination of several mechanisms involving the autonomic nervous system and vasoactive mediators release. In this context, the effects of cold temperature on splenic blood flow (SBF) still need to be clarified. Ten healthy subjects were studied by MRI. MRI protocol included the acquisition of GRE T1-weighted sequence (“first pass perfusion”) during gadolinium administration (0.1mmol/kg of Gd-DOTA at flow of 3.0 ml/s), at rest and after CPT. Myocardial blood flow (MBF) and SBF were measured by applying Fermi function deconvolution, using the blood pool input function sampled from the left ventricle cavity. MBF and SBF values after performing CPT were significantly higher than rest values (SBF at rest: 0.65 ± 0.15 ml/min/g Vs. SBF after CPT: 0.90 ± 0.14 ml/min/g, p: <0.001; MBF at rest: 0.90 ± 0.068 ml/min/g Vs. MBF after CPT: 1.22 ± 0.098 ml/min/g, p<0.005). Both SBF and MBF increased in all patients during the CPT. In particular, the CPT-induced increase was 43% ± 29% for SBF and 36.5% ± 17% for MBF. CPT increases SBF in normal subjects. The characterization of a standard perfusion response to cold might allow the use of the spleen as reference marker for the adequacy of cold stimulation during myocardial perfusion MRI.
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Niu, C., and E. S. Gilbert. "Colorimetric Method for Identifying Plant Essential Oil Components That Affect Biofilm Formation and Structure." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 12 (December 2004): 6951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.12.6951-6956.2004.
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ABSTRACT The specific biofilm formation (SBF) assay, a technique based on crystal violet staining, was developed to locate plant essential oils and their components that affect biofilm formation. SBF analysis determined that cinnamon, cassia, and citronella oils differentially affected growth-normalized biofilm formation by Escherichia coli. Examination of the corresponding essential oil principal components by the SBF assay revealed that cinnamaldehyde decreased biofilm formation compared to biofilms grown in Luria-Bertani broth, eugenol did not result in a change, and citronellol increased the SBF. To evaluate these results, two microscopy-based assays were employed. First, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to examine E. coli biofilms cultivated in flow cells, which were quantitatively analyzed by COMSTAT, an image analysis program. The overall trend for five parameters that characterize biofilm development corroborated the findings of the SBF assay. Second, the results of an assay measuring growth-normalized adhesion by direct microscopy concurred with the results of the SBF assay and CLSM imaging. Viability staining indicated that there was reduced toxicity of the essential oil components to cells in biofilms compared to the toxicity to planktonic cells but revealed morphological damage to E. coli after cinnamaldehyde exposure. Cinnamaldehyde also inhibited the swimming motility of E. coli. SBF analysis of three Pseudomonas species exposed to cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, or citronellol revealed diverse responses. The SBF assay could be useful as an initial step for finding plant essential oils and their components that affect biofilm formation and structure.
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Khoroushi, M., S.-M. Mousavinasab, F. Keshani, and Shirin Hashemi. "Effect of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Containing Bioactive Glass on the Flexural Strength and Morphology of Demineralized Dentin." Operative Dentistry 38, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): E21—E30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-325-l.
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SUMMARY Introduction: Recently, bioactive materials have been incorporated into glass ionomer cements to promote the precipitation of calcium phosphates in surrounding tooth structures. This in vitro study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) containing bioactive glass (RMGI-BAG) on the flexural strength (FS) of demineralized dentin. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 dentin bars (2×2×6 mm) were prepared from sound human third molars. Of these, 60 bars were immersed in a demineralizing solution for 96 hours. This produced dentin in two demineralization conditions (DC): untreated and demineralized. Each dentin bar was immersed for 14 days in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C. Three immersion conditions (IC) were investigated: IC1–SBF only; IC2–SBF + an RMGI bar; IC3–SBF + an RMGI-BAG bar. The combination of the DCs and ICs produced six groups (n=20). FS values of the specimens were measured using a three-point bending test. The microstructural changes and the elemental contents of dentin surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effects of the two independent variables, ie, DC and IC, on mean flexural strength. Tukey multiple comparison tests and simple main effects models were used as needed. The significance level of all tests was set at α=0.05. Results: Both DC (p=0.001) and IC (p=0.049) significantly influenced FS (two-way ANOVA). The interaction between DC and IC did not significantly affect FS (p=0.36). For undemineralized dentin, IC did not affect the mean FS (simple main effects model; p=0.4). However, for demineralized dentin, IC significantly affected FS (small main effects model; p=0.008). The Tukey test showed that for demineralized dentin, the mean FS produced by immersion in SBF + RMGI-BAG was significantly stronger than that produced by either immersion in SBF only (p=0.011) or in SBF + RMGI (p=0.034). Scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed more calcium and phosphate ions on the surface of dentin immersed in SBF + RMGI-BAG than on dentin immersed in SBF + RMGI. Conclusion: Immersion in SBF + RMGI-BAG increased the FS of demineralized dentin more than immersion in SBF + RMGI.
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Minkwitz, Rolf, Petra Garzarek, and Hans Preut. "Über die Darstellung von CH3C6H4S(O)2NCl2H+SbF-6 und die Kristallstruktur von CH3C6H4S(O)2NCl2 / On the Synthesis of CH3C6H4S(O)2NCl2,H+SbF-6 and the Crystal Structure of CH3C6H4S(O)2NCl2." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 52, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1997-0118.
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The crystal structure of CH3C6H4S(O)2NCl2 is reported. Crystals are monoclinic, space group P21/c, with a = 710.0(7), b = 1615.3(13), c = 867.2(7) pm, V = 988(2) pm3 and Z = 4. The reaction with HF/SbF5 yields CH3C6H4S(O)2NCl2H+SbF-6 the first protonated dichloroamine salt, its vibrational -and NMR spectra are discussed
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Trampuz, Andrej, Gerd Laifer, Markus Wenk, Zarko Rajacic, and Werner Zimmerli. "Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Gatifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus in a Granulocyte-Rich Exudate." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 11 (November 2002): 3630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.11.3630-3633.2002.
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ABSTRACT The pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin were assessed in serum and in skin blister fluid (SBF), as was the pharmacodynamic activity in SBF. Five hours after a single dose of gatifloxacin, SBF killed 2.5 logs of Streptococcus pneumoniae and 1.5 log of Staphylococcus aureus during a 2-h incubation ex vivo.
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Mattes, Rainer, and Klaus Holz. "SbF2+ als Lewis-Säure in Na(SbF)PO4 ·nH2O (n n= 2-4) und NH4(SbF)PO4 ·H2O." Angewandte Chemie 95, no. 11 (January 17, 2006): 898–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19830951114.
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Khorasani-Motlagh, Mozhgan, Meissam Noroozifar, and Asieh Moodi. "Isolation and characterization of new heme analogues with weakly coordinating anions: Formation of monoimidazole complex, OEPFe(Im)(SbF6)." Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines 11, no. 09 (September 2007): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1088424607000795.
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The effects of weakly coordinating anions, BF 4, AsF 6 and SbF 6, as axial ligands on the formation and coordination chemistry of heme analogues have been examined. Three new five-coordinate and stable iron(III) heme analogues, OEPFeX , where OEP is the dianion of octaethylporphyrin and X = BF 4, AsF 6 and SbF 6, have been isolated. The compounds have been characterized by different spectroscopic methods as well as elemental analysis. 1 H NMR spectroscopy and magnetic moment measurements show that the OEPFeX are paramagnetic and iron is five-coordinate. In addition, monoimidazole ferric-porphyrin complex, OEPFe ( Im )( SbF 6) has been prepared in solution, by starting with OEPFe ( SbF 6). The electrochemical properties of OEPFeX ( X = BF 4, AsF 6, SbF 6) have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse polarography.
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Cho, S. B., Sang Bae Kim, Keon Joon Cho, Ill Yong Kim, Chikara Ohtsuki, and Masanobu Kamitakahara. "In Vitro Aging Test for Bioactive PMMA-Based Bone Cement Using Simulated Body Fluid." Key Engineering Materials 284-286 (April 2005): 153–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.284-286.153.
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Novel PMMA-based bone cement using bioactive sol-gel derived CaO-SiO2 powder in order to induce bioactivity as well as to increase its mechanical property. The novel PMMA-based bone cements formed apatite on their surfaces in Simulated Body Fluid(SBF). In the present study, a change in mechanical property of the cement was evaluated using SBF. Before soaking in SBF, its compressive strength showed 80.6±2.1MPa. After soaking in SBF for 2 weeks, 8weeks and 9 weeks, its compressive strength were changed to 83.6±1.6MPa, 87.3±2.4MPa and 85.6±1.8MPa, respectively. It is clear that from the above result, there is no decrease in its compressive strength within 9 weeks soaking in SBF. That it hardly decreases in compressive strength of 7P3S bone cement in SBF is due to the relative small amount of gel powder or its spherical shape and monosize. Therefore, the newly developed PMMA-based cement can bond to the living bone and also be effectively used as bioactive bone cement without decrease in mechanical property.
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Costanzo, Michael, Oliver Schub, and Brenda Andrews. "G1 Transcription Factors Are Differentially Regulated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by the Swi6-Binding Protein Stb1." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 14 (July 15, 2003): 5064–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.14.5064-5077.2003.
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ABSTRACT Stage-specific transcriptional programs are an integral feature of cell cycle regulation. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, over 120 genes are coordinately induced in late G1 phase by two heterodimeric transcription factors called SBF and MBF. Activation of SBF and MBF is an upstream initiator of key cell cycle events, including budding and DNA replication. SBF and MBF regulation is complex and genetically redundant, and the precise mechanism of G1 transcriptional activation is unclear. Assays using SBF- and MBF-specific reporter genes revealed that the STB1 gene specifically affected MBF-dependent transcription. STB1 encodes a known Swi6-binding protein, but an MBF-specific function had not been previously suspected. Consistent with a specific role in regulating MBF, a STB1 deletion strain requires SBF for viability and microarray studies show a decrease in MBF-regulated transcripts in a swi4Δ mutant following depletion of Stb1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirm that Stb1 localizes to promoters of MBF-regulated genes. Our data indicate that, contrary to previous models, MBF and SBF have unique components and might be distinctly regulated.
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Kay, R. M., P. H. Simmins, and J. I. Harland. "The use of molassed sugar beet feed in growing pig diets and the effect of inclusion rates on subsequent performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600019346.
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Previously, sugar beet feed (SBF) was thought to be of limited value for feeding to growing pigs due to its high fibre content. Maximum inclusion rates recommended were 5 and 10 per cent for pigs from 20 to 45 and 45 to 90 kg live weight respectively (MAFF, 1986). However, the fibre is highly digestible and more recently Longland et al (1988) showed that replacement of cereals with SBF may be possible up to levels of 15 and 30 per cent for pigs of 20 and 75 kg live weight respectively. It was also shown that the performance of older pigs fed SBF was enhanced if SBF was introduced into their diets at an early stage. The work was undertaken on individually housed pigs over a wide range of inclusion rates. The experiment reported here investigated the effect of providing SBF to group-housed pigs from 15 to 35 kg live weight and its effect on subsequent performance during the finishing stage. A further objective was to determine the optimum inclusion rate of SBF when fed to finishing pigs.
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Rodríguez-Beltrán, P., A. Vazdekis, M. Cerviño, and M. A. Beasley. "Surface brightness fluctuations to constrain secondary stellar populations: revealing very low-metallicity stars in massive galaxies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 507, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 3005–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2330.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to explore the potential of surface brightness fluctuations (SBF) for studying composite stellar populations (CSP). To do so, we have computed the standard (mean) and SBF spectra with E-MILES stellar population synthesis code. We have created a set of models composed by different mass fractions of two single stellar populations, as a first approximation of a CSP scenario. With these models we present an ensemble of SBF colour–colour diagnostic diagrams that reveal different secondary populations depending on the bands used. For this work we focus on those colours capable of unveiling small fractions of metal-poor components in elliptical galaxies, which are dominated by old metal-rich stellar populations. We fit a set of synthetic models and a selection of nearby elliptical galaxies to our CSP models using both mean and SBF colours. We find that the results are highly improved and return small secondary components when mean and SBF values are applied simultaneously, instead of employing them separately or as a constraint. Finally, we explore the possibility of tracking chemical enrichment histories by including in the analysis a variety of SBF colours. For this purpose we present an example where, with two different SBF colour–colour diagrams, we untangle a small contribution of a young solar population and an old metal-poor component from an old solar principal population. The results we have found are promising, but limited by the available data. We highlight the urgent need for new, better, and more consistent SBF observations.
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Wellhöner, P., D. Rolle, P. Lönnroth, L. Strindberg, M. Elam, and C. Dodt. "Laser-Doppler flowmetry reveals rapid perfusion changes in adipose tissue of lean and obese females." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 291, no. 5 (November 2006): E1025—E1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00120.2006.
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The present study aimed to evaluate adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) by means of laser-Doppler flowmetry (LDF) in humans. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and straining known to affect epidermal blood flow through the autonomic nervous system were performed in 11 lean and 11 obese female volunteers. ATBF changes were compared between both groups and also discriminated from skin blood flow (SBF) responses of the immediate vicinity. Additionally, LDF measurements were compared with flow measurements using 133xenon washout in 10 lean subjects during whole body cooling. LDF estimations of SBF and ATBF showed a positive correlation to 133Xe during cooling. SBF and ATBF were reduced to the same extent in both lean and obese subjects during LBNP. Straining induced divergent changes in SBF and ATBF: initially SBF decreased while ATBF increased, but toward the end of straining SBF increased above baseline and ATBF returned down to baseline level. Those changes were similar in both weight groups. Interestingly, only in obese subjects, both LBNP and straining were followed by ATBF augmentation, while SBF levels remained stable. In conclusion, LDF compares with 133Xe washout in monitoring ATBF during tonic perfusion changes. Its strength, however, lies in the detection of rapid flow alterations within the subcutaneous tissue, allowing the evaluation of reflex responses of the subcutaneous microcirculation. Interestingly, those rapid changes in SBF and ATBF can be both concordant and discordant. With regard to ATBF, vasoconstrictor components of the reflex responses were similar in lean and obese subjects, whereas vasodilatory responses were more pronounced in obese volunteers.
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van den Beucken, Jeroen J. J. P., X. Frank Walboomers, Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh, Matthijn F. J. Vos, Nico A. J. M. Sommerdijk, Roeland J. M. Nolte, and John A. Jansen. "DNA-Coatings: Bioactive Properties and Effects on Osteoblast-Like Cells." Key Engineering Materials 361-363 (November 2007): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.361-363.605.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate potential effects of DNA-coatings on calcium phosphate (CaP) nucleation from simulated body fluids (SBF) and subsequently the effects of DNA-coatings and SBF-immersed DNA coatings on the behavior of osteoblast-like cells. DNAcoatings demonstrated to enhance the nucleation and deposition of CaP from SBF compared to titanium controls. The behavior of osteoblast-like cells was affected on SBF-immersed DNAcoatings, showing an increased deposition of the extracellular matrix protein osteocalcin compared to titanium controls. These results indicate bone-bonding capacity of DNA-coatings, which needs to be confirmed using future animal experiments.
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Dubnika, Arita, and Vita Rudovica. "Evaluation of Silver Ion Bioavailability from Silver Doped Hydroxyapatite." Key Engineering Materials 604 (March 2014): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.604.200.
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Thein vitrobehavior of silver doped hydroxyapatite (HAp/Ag) prepared by two wet precipitation routes were studied in water and simulated body fluid (SBF). In order to evaluate the silver ion bioavailability from HAp/Ag, the samples were soaked in SBF or water and kept at 37°C for fixed periods of time up to one year. After fixed periods of time, analyses of SBF and water solutions were performed and silver ion concentration within the solutions determined. According to silver release data from dense and porous HAp/Ag ceramic scaffolds, release rate of silver ions were reduced in water as the ion exchange there was slower compared to SBF solution. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis approved the formation of hydroxyapatite type layer on the surfaces of scaffolds after one year soaking in SBF.
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Chou, Shih Yang, and Ming Hua Ho. "The In Vivo Study of Biomimetic Chitosan Substrates’ Osteoinduction Effects." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.805.
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In this study, the chitosan scaffold was modified with the simulated body fluid (SBF) which would create a biomimetic layer on the interface between tissues and scaffolds for the bone formation. To investigate the in vivo osteoinduction, the chitosan scaffolds immersed in the SBF for different times were implanted into the calf muscle in male Wistar rats. The tissues blocks containing the scaffolds were harvested at different periods for bone induction assay and examined histologically. Hematoxyline and Eosin staining (H & E staining), Masson’s Trichriome staining and alkaline phosphatase staining (ALPase), were performed for the observation of in vivo biocompatibility, collagen deposition and ALPase activity. Immunohistochemical staining of osteopontin (OPN) and bone sialoprotein (BSP) were used to examine gene expression of these bone proteins and to determine possible development stage of osteoinduction in the specimens with SBF modification. The results in this research suggested that the SBF modification would improve the biocompatibility of chitosan scaffolds, revealed by the decrease in foreign body reaction. With the SBF treatment, the expression of osteoblastic differentiation, including ALPase, OPN and BSP, would be also enhanced. Besides, the above tendencies would be more significant with the longer time for SBF immersion. In conclusion, the chitosan scaffolds modified by using SBF bioreactor would possess excellent biocompatibility and high potential in the promotion of bone regeneration.
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Nimkerdphol, A. Rakngarm, Teerawat Loanapakul, Yuichi Otsuka, and Yoshiharu Mutoh. "Effect of Apatite Precipitation on Failure Behavior of Hydroxyapatite Coating Layer on Titanium Substrate." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.61.
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High reliable hydroxyapatite (HAp) coating on commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) substrate with and without mixed hydroxyapatite/Titanium (HAp/Ti) bond coat was successfully developed by using plasma spraying. The four-point bending with Acoustic Emission attachment (AE) for evaluating failure behavior of the two kinds coated specimens was conducted to investigate the effect of bond coat layer on failure of the coating. The effect of apatite precipitation by immersing in conventional simulated body fluid (c-SBF) on failure behavior of the coated specimens were also investigated. The AE patterns obtained during four-point bending test of the specimens with apatite precipitation after immersion in c-SBF was compared with those of the specimens without apatite precipitation. After a week immersion in c-SBF, the AE patterns obtained from four-point bending test of HAp top coating specimens with and without bond coat clearly showed faster failure of the coating compared to those without c-SBF immersion. In addition, under c-SBF, the bond coating contributed to the retarded failure of the HAp top coating compared to that without bond coat. From XRD analysis, the as-sprayed layer composed of HAp coexisted with CaO. After c-SBF immersion, CaO dissolved into c-SBF and the as-sprayed HAp top coating changed to bone-like apatite which might contribute to the faster failure of the coating.