Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Savoirs médicales'
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Raz, Michal. "La production des évidences sur l'intersexuation : savoirs et pratiques médicales autour de l'hyperplasie congénitale des surrénales (France, 1950-2018)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0115.
Full textThis dissertation traces the transformations of biomedical knowledge and practice on intersex in France. It studies the 20th century emergence and development of a new apparatus consisting in early medicalization of children with atypical sex. It specifically examines the example of the management the intersex variation CongenitalAdrenal Hyperplasia (CAH). This normalizing apparatus was based on a paradigm shiftinstituted by a new protocol developed at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in the 1950s. Thisresearch analyzes the way this protocol was received and implemented in France. Examining the systematic medical management of “CAH girls” from this historical pointof view reveals a process of medical knowledge production that creates several ideas that come to be self-evident: their unequivocal female sex and the presumed necessity of early medical interventions. These “obvious” ideas are supported by new biomedical techniques as well as by psychological theories on gender and sexuality. Drawing on archives of scientific publications and interviews with key actors in this medical process, this dissertation shows that the multiplication of knowledge and medical intervention technologies paradoxically produces forms of ignorance and resistance within the current French medical field to abandon this paradigm that has now long been criticized. By studying two areas of medical action and knowledge production (prenatal diagnosis and long term follow-up studies), this dissertation focuses on the way these obvious ideas about sex persist despite the uncertain and complex nature of this knowledge that intersexuality destabilizes. This phenomenon can be understood in light of the contemporary context where medicine enjoys social legitimacy and exclusive control over the subject and deploys a variety of mechanisms to reject alternative forms of expertise
Peiretti, Delphine. "Corps noirs et médecins blancs : Entre race, sexe et genre : savoirs et représentations du corps des Africain(e)s dans les sciences médicales françaises (1780-1950)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3097.
Full textThis research focuses on the descriptions of African people's body according to French medical literature from the end of the 18th century to mid-20th century. Though the « black race » is seen as monolithic group in the medical writings at the beginning of the period, the african multiplicity slightly came up under the colonial doctors' pens, in the last third of the 19th century. Beyond the principal human races classification, the french doctors established a hierarchy between the black peoples of Sub-Saharan Africa, from The Cape of Good Hope to Senegambia. A sexual description of the peoples is added to raciological studies in order to clarify the racial classifications, ethnic hierarchies and to develop knowledge on African people. The african diversity is being highlighted all along the studied period, despite the permanency of numerous racial stereotypes as the hypersexuality of black people or the inversion of gender in Africa. Based on medical dictionaries, work about human races or even on colonial medecine work, our work displays, within the descriptions of the black bodies, the overlapping of the theories about race, gender and sex, and also explains the similarity of the rhetorical methods used to define and describe the Other, should they be female and/or black. Moreover, this research highlights how these representations were influenced by the scientific controversies and the political issues of the period, what they influenced in turn. Though the medical speeches stigmatize racial inferiority of the African people, this work also underlines the antithetical opinions and the conflicts between some doctors about these consensual patterns
Gonzalez, Salazar Nancy. "Circulation des savoirs et des pratiques médicaux entre la France et le Rio de la Plata (1828 - 1886)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0093.
Full textAs a key factor in the development of nations, medicine and its organization were at the center of the preoccupations of the political authorities who succeeded one another in Argentina and Uruguay as soon as these territories were conquered by Spain. Yet, once independence has been achieved, repeated economic crises and a chaotic political situation have meant that medicine on both sides of the Plata has struggled to awaken and consolidate. While in Uruguay the erection of a faculty of medicine was not possible until 1875, that of Buenos Aires, erected in 1821, functioned in an intermittent manner until 1852, because of the troubled political situation in the country with the Juan Manuel de Rosas's dictatorship. As a result, many Uruguayans and Argentines have gone to begin or perfect their medical training at the Faculty of Paris. At the same time, in spite of the political unrest and the economic instability of the region, many French doctors decided to establish themselves on the banks of the Plata in the first half of the 19th century.This work examines the links that physicians living on both sides of the Atlantic between 1828 and 1886 developed, maintained and strengthened over the course of the century. This dynamic circulation of knowledge and medical techniques, energetic and permanent, benefited the medicine on both sides of the Atlantic. More specifically, we approach these exchanges by an analysis of the management carried out by the medical corps of Montevideo and Buenos Aires of the epidemics of cholera and yellow fever when they broke out in these towns and of the knowledge that circulated in the area before and after their appearance. We also study the reception given by the members of the French and Rioplatense medical spheres to the speeches related to the crematist system and its establishment, a system that excited the European medical profession at the turn of the 1860s. We show that medicine on both sides of the Atlantic has been enriched by the contact and reciprocal exchanges that these doctors have maintained. Indeed, while Plata's medicine has to a large extent been awakened by the contribution of the French medical actors who brought their knowledge and know-how to the region, French medicine was in turn fueled by the stay of doctors of the Hexagon in the banks of the Plata. Regardless of the length of their stay in the region, the various explorations they have carried out and their direct confrontation with the local pathology have allowed French physicians to increase their knowledge and acquire a singular experience. This experience had a significant impact, not only in their daily practice, but also in the adoption of innovative practices essential to French medical progress in the last quarter of the 19th century
Factor esencial para el desarrollo de las naciones, la medicina y su organización se encontraron en el centro de las preocupaciones de las autoridades políticas del Río de la Plata (Argentina y Uruguay) desde el momento mismo de la conquista española. Sin embargo, una vez adquirida la Independencia, las crisis éconómicas y la inestabilidad política fueron permanentes en los dos países, En consecuencia, el despliegue y la consolidación de la medicina de parte y parte de la Plata se vieron fuertemente comprometidos. Mientras que en Uruguay la facultad de medicina fue creada apenas en 1875, la facultad de Buenos Aires, instalada desde 1821, funcionó de manera irregular hasta 1852, puesto que el régimen dictatorial de Juan Manuel de Rosas entorpeció la enseñanza y puso freno al movimiento científico establecido desde principios de siglo 19. Fue por eso que, con el objetivo de formarse o especializarse en la facultad de medicina de París, numerosos uruguayos y argentinos viajaron a Francia. Paralelamente, y a pesar de las múltiples agitaciones políticas y de la economía vacilante de la Plata, varios médicos franceses decidieron establecerse en la región desde la primera mitad del siglo. Este trabajo explora las relaciones establecidas y consolidadas con el paso del tiempo entre los médicos y estudiantes en medicina rioplatenses y franceses que viajaban entre el viejo continente y la Plata, y que dieron paso a la instauración de una circulación énergica y permanente de saberes, de prácticas y de técnicas médicas, que benefició tanto a la medicina rioplatense como a la medicina francesa. Dicha circulación es ejemplificada a través de la actuación concreta de los cuerpos médicos de Buenos Aires y Montevideo en los momentos en que el cólera y la fiebre amarilla irrumpieron en estas ciudades de forma epidémica, asi como también de la circulación de saberes que, sobre estas enfermedades exóticas, tuvo lugar en la región antes y después de su aparición en la Plata. Asimismo, se analiza la recepción de los discursos y la puesta en práctica de la cremación de cadáveres – sistema que provocó el entusiasmo del cuerpo médico europeo desde finales de los años 1860 – en las esferas médicas francesa y rioplatense. Se espera así recalcar que la medicina de parte y parte del Atlántico se vió enriquecida por el contacto y los intercambios científicos enfectuados entre los médicos franceses y rioplatenses. En efecto, si los médicos franceses, llevando sus conocimientos y su experiencia a la Plata, jugaron un rol clave y estimularon el desarrollo de la medicina rioplatense, la medicina francesa fue, a su turno, alimentada por la estadía de los médicos franceses en la región. En efecto, sin importar el tiempo pasado en la Plata, las múltiples exploraciones geográficas y la confrontación directa avec la patología local enriquecieron los conocimentos de esos médicos y les aportaron una experiencia singular cuyo impacto, altamente significativo en el ejercicio cotidiano de su profesión, repercutió igualmente en el desarrollo de la médicina nacional, estimulando la adopción de prácticas innovantes indispensables al progreso médico francés en el último cuarto del siglo 19
Gutierrez, Eduardo. ""Que una buena botica sin boticario perito puede hacer mucho daño". Formas de hacer en la botica : prácticas farmacéuticas en Santiago de Chile, siglo XVIII." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0176.
Full textThis thesis studies the existing practices during 18th-century Chile related to the pharmaceutical trade, particularly focusing on the pharmacies of Santiago. To this end, it begins by investigating the relationship between the pharmacy and the city as a space where knowledge converged. Likewise, it analyzes the figure of the apothecary and how it was historically and socially constructed within the city, based on the practices carried out by them, as well as the perception the inhabitants of Santiago had of them.Subsequently, the practices and material uses of the pharmacies are analyzed, along with the creation and dissemination of medical and pharmaceutical knowledge within them. This analysis is based on the inventories of the Jesuit and Juandediana pharmacies of Santiago, the main inventories of the time that have been preserved. In this way, it seeks to understand the internal uses of the pharmacies and how they functioned on a day-to-day basis.The final chapter explores the commercial relationships of the pharmacies in Santiago, both externally, with exports and imports, and internally, focusing on investigating the access that Santiago's residents had to the pharmacy's medicines, as well as the main clients of the pharmacy.This historical journey has demonstrated that pharmaceutical practices, as well as the spaces and economy associated with them, were primarily dominated by the Society of Jesus, which led to a particular relationship between this religious Order and the city's residents regarding their medical needs. Additionally, the importance of Jesuit pharmaceutical work posed an insurmountable challenge for other secular apothecaries who sought to establish themselves in the city. Finally, the construction of "pharmaceutical practices" within the city was defined by the relationship with this Order, the needs of Santiago's inhabitants, and the scarcity of alternative spaces to turn to in times of need other than the Jesuits
Clement, Claire. "Médecine et milieu médical à la cour pontificale d’Avignon (1305-1413)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Avignon, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023AVIG1011.
Full textHow can one caracterize the medical social environment that is progressively emerging in the Avignon region after the papecy established its siege in the city? This question is directing this thesis work, willing to closely scrutinize the actors of this medical socialization. Barbers, surgeons, apothecaries and of course doctors constitute the main protagonists of this study. By establishing a prosopography of 324 Avignon’s health actors, the objective is to replace those actors in their context. The micro-history approach allows us to observe how those practitioners progressively formed a profession. Crossing the sources of practice and the intellectualproductions gives an insight on the close connections existing between the academic medicine – the medicine of treatises and diets – and the reality of the Avignon medical market. In the first place, the social demand of care is coming from the popes and the cardinals. Recruiting academic practitioners with a solid reputation is now becoming a symbol of prestige. Their presence in court is also nourishing the interests of political authorities for the commonweal. We will therefore try to underline the connections between court’s physicians and the ones who practice within the city. Those two figures have frequently been opposed but both of them interact and practice on the same ground. All these elements are attesting the progressive integration of the medical field in society that we can consider as a first form of “medicalization”. After analyzing the characteristics and practices of the Avignon medicalenvironment, we can study it facing major events. The Great Plague and its frequent outbreaks in the 14th century allow the practitioners to spread their intervention field in the city. Subsequently, the plague is an important accelerator of the medical professionalization. In the after-plague period, the collaboration between the health actors and the authorities strengthens. The physician progressively becomes a figure of authority and his expertise exceeds the scope of epidemics. Medicine is therefore an opportunity to integrate court and pope’s and prelates’ domesticity; revealing a seek for social elevation from actors willing to practice their art at the highest level and collect benefits from it
Garibian, Taline. "De la question sexuelle à la sexologie médicale : une histoire des savoirs sur les sexualités (Suisse romande, 1890-1970)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20052.
Full textThe history of sexuality presented here starts at the end of the 19th century when the number of medical books on sexuality increases. In French speaking Switzerland, Auguste Forel is already a well-known psychiatrist when he is publishing The sexual question. During this period there are not only books, which are published, but also numerous private clinics are treating ordinary sexual disorders.During the first decade of the 20th century psychoanalysis and others sciences of the psyche have a great influence on the knowledge of sexuality. In the same time many reformers are spreading a program of Social Hygiene among the population but also among the sanitary authorities. This program includes a struggle for the defence of the family, which seems to them threated by many dangers – including divorce. In this context the sexual pleasure becomes central. An important part of the sexologists are focusing on the heterosexual couple. But this must not hide that some people remain in the margin because of their “abnormal sexuality”. Far from ignore them, the medical science take an active part in the politics of regulation and normalisation of sexuality.During this century, the specialists of sexuality participate in many debates on social and political issues related to their field. This process includes a kind of specialisation and at the end of the sixties sexuality becomes an area of studies in the universities of Lausanne and Geneva
Mahi, Lara. "La discipline médicale : ethnographie des usages de normes de santé et de savoirs médicaux dans les dispositifs de la pénalité." Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100072/document.
Full textIn France, as in most Western countries, prison has been the subject of a growing number of biomedical publications since the 1980s that emphasize the high prevalence of certain chronic conditions among the prison population. Why do so many prisoners have “health” “problems”? This dissertation undertakes to answer this question by approaching health not as a state, but as a norm. At the intersection of the sociology of institutions, the sociology of medicine and the sociology of knowledge, it draws on an ethnographic study combining observations of judicial practices, monographs of prison medical services, interviews, statistics and analyses of scholarly articles. Through a processual approach, it shows how the penal system produces “ill persons” by confronting the individuals caught by its devices with health norms and medical knowledge. By attending to the bureaucratic practices, to the construction of (criminal, managerial and medical) decisions, to the concrete conditions under which biomedical studies are conducted in prison as well as their effects, to the judicial and scientific discourses, to care activities and to the appropriation of such care by prisoners according to their social background, the present investigation allows for an understanding of how medical power currently unfolds, in a discreet and diffuse fashion, in and by institutions that do not primarily mean to cure
Colasse, Sophie. "Hôpital, Territoire, Santé : l'émergence d'un contrôle de gestion médicalisé ?" Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00732241.
Full textHeyerdahl, Léonard. "Anthropologie multisituée des économies du risque choléra. Savoirs, pratiques et technologies (Côte d'Ivoire)." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN073.
Full textCholera is an ancient enteric disease originating from the Gange delta, and produces a first pandemic in 1817.The victory on cholera is a story of rich countries (Bourdelais 2003), in the global south, and in Africa in particular (Mengel et al.2014), the bacteria continues to prosper in the 21th century. Influenced by the imaginaries inherited from the 19th century, the contemporary manifestations of cholera are easily interpreted as a sign of a lack of modernity, which complexifies the production of knowledge on cholera and, in the context of scarce resources, favor the design and implementation of technological innovations at the center of the cholera control strategies. Our interest lies in the deployment of surveillance and control technologies (including vaccination) in the African Continent. We discuss the conceptualization and negotiation of surveillance devices, the crafting of the geographical spaces where the disease is anticipated (hotspots) and the innovations deployed. Our focus is also on the beneficiaries themselves, at those who live in the hotspots, at their manner of representing the disease and its’ control strategies, to their negotiation with simultaneous risks (including cholera) and their preventive practices.Our approach consists of following those who track cholera and design control strategies, and those who are labelled as at risk for cholera and targets of said control strategies. We have thus carried out a multisited symmetric ethnography (Falzon 2016), in which participant observation is enriched by an observing participation (Fassin 2017)
Diasio, Nicoletta. "Savoir nomade ou no man's land ? : l'anthropologie médicale : histoires d'un nom, usage d'un concept en France, Grande-Bretagne, Italie, Pays-Bas." Paris, EHESS, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996EHES0072.
Full textThis research is an invitation to an epistemological trip around the notion of medical anthropology. It leads us to wonder about the actual fragmentation of the anthropological sciences; the new occupational field open to anthropologists; the questionnable triumph of biomedicine made of a confrontation of a new scientific knowledge to diverse social practices. Our methodology is comparative, historical and qualitative. We followed the genesis of medical anthropology in france, great britain, italy and netherlands from the xix century to the end of the sixties. We showed what anthropology and medicine had in common at first to clivage later on. We then analysed its setting up by the study of the practices and representations of 60 contemporary physicians and anthropologists involved in medical anthropology. This research allowed us to evaluate the influence of the scientific traditions in the construction of the intellectual identity as well as in the professional practice. Anthropology appears so polysemic that it originates all kind of misunderstandings and conflicts among its practitioners. At the same time it may produce some fruitful fall out
Arborio, Sophie. "Variation des savoirs et des pratiques : à propos de l'épilepsie au Mali." Paris, EHESS, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001EHES0225.
Full textDestruhaut, Florent. "La face cachée des épithèses : construction et transmission des savoirs prothétiques de la face." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0563.
Full textMaxillofacial Prosthetics (MFP) is often defined as the art and science of artificially reconstructing the face after mutilation or dysmorphism. Historical and social anthropology leads us to reconsider this profession in terms of ‟professional culture” focused around a highly symbolic anatomical entity, the face, and another functional organ full of sense, the hand. In this research, rich in bibliographic references drawn from anthropology, sociology, history, arts and medicine, and nourished by an ethnographic enquiry among various French practitioners, most particularly in the MFP department of Toulouse hospital, complemented by open and semi-structured interviews, the author brings to light a broad palette of knowledge, most of which is empirical or not formally expressed, that composes and shapes the profile of an MFP specialist. Beyond this, a study of how such knowledge is transmitted highlights the importance of a selective, filial, master-assistant relationship, close to that frequently found in the trade guilds of old and which guides the young practitioner along the road to professional competence. This research in historical and social anthropology brings together various branches of anthropology : those of learning and knowledge of the body and health, a better understanding of sociocultural considerations of the discipline and an amelioration of the care given to disfigured patients
Viaud, Jean-François. "Préo[c]cupations de santé, savoir médical, et pratiques de soins sous l'Ancien Régime dans le Sud-Ouest atlantique." Bordeaux 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR30038.
Full textHealth concerns and interest in medicine were not typical of only a few privileged people under the “Ancien Régime”. In a rather poorly favored region like the Atlantic Southwest of France, they appear in a majority of first-person writings such as diaries, and in account books. Evidence is also given through purchases of medicine books that are revealed by private library inventories. Books intended for the mass and the press in general provided medicine and therapeutic notions. Thus people acquired knowledge that was useful in case of illness, often succinct, but consistent with the tenets of galenic medicine and not very changing. This knowledge was in agreement with the surgeon’s, the most present practitioner in all social groups and the first to intervene with advice and treatments. However, the patient had a certain decision-making autonomy. He treated himself, often with purgatives, using one of the recipes noted in his diary. He also used practices that were less official or rejected by the regular medicine, and, seduced by charlatans, did not hesitate to buy and use their remedies, giving credit to all therapeutic offers regardless of their nature and origin. And these offers, due to high demands, were particularly numerous. The result was a syncretism in healthcare practices which may not show a total faith in official medicine; yet, even in Atlantic Southwest of France, demonstrated an absence of resignation face to diseases and was an evidence of expectation in taking part actively in the maintenance of one’s health
Commune, Nicolas. "Circulations et recompositions des savoirs thérapeutiques asiatiques : approche socio-anthropologique des praticiens d'ayurvéda en France." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUEL016.
Full textStevenson, Laura. "Le savoir médical dans La peste d'Albert Camus, La quarantaine de J.M.G. Le Clézio et Les trois médecins de Martin Winckler." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35842.
Full textLe, Gac Marie-Pierre. "Le livre, le corps, le savoir : le milieu médical humaniste à Strasbourg au XVIe siècle (1497-1570) à travers la production imprimée." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA040243.
Full textAlsace in the century of the reformation hides many unexplored fields. The medical and humanistic sphere in the sixteenth century is one of these obscure areas. Though the brightness of medical activity in Strasbourg during this period is proved by the quality and the level of printed medicine books edited between 1497 and 1570. Through the analysis of nearly one hundred books about chemistry, anatomy, botany, history of medicine and general medicine, we tried to show the intellectual and mental attitudes of Strasbourg physicians. The study showed, beyond the philological interests, a valorization of nature, of the physical and material reality, which appears in the observation and the pictures. This nascent naturalistic spirit is although unable to change medicine into a science: the influence of astrology and hermetism is still too heavy. It is an art that follows the Christian and civic ideal of assistance toward the neighbor, in which humanism finds its full accomplishment
Fabre, André. "Utilisation médicinale des épices dans l'Empire Romain : plaidoyer pour une utilisation raisonnée du savoir thérapeutique de l' Antiquité." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040098.
Full textTwo main purposes were assigned to this study of medicinal prescription of spices at the time of the Roman Empire : analyse Roman pharmacopoeia of spices in reference to modern scientific criteria and assess a new discipline, close to "ethno-botany" and "ethno-pharmacology", aiming to a new approach of drug research : "archeo-pharmacology". The Roman world of spices remains obscure ::most likely, spices were, for the Romans, nothing more than substances with specific aromatic strength and high market prices. The study is conducted on a whole of 2600 quotations from 12 authors: Apicius, Caelius Aurelianus, Cassius Felix, Celsus, Dioscorides, Galen, Marcellus, (Anonymous) Mulomedicina, Pelagonius, Pliny the Elder, Serenus Sammonicus and Scribonius Largus and a set of 33 medicinal spices among which : cyperus, ferulas (Asa foetida), frankincense, pepper, myrrh and saffron. During the last decades, new methods of therapeutic research : ethno-botany and ethno-pharmacology, have been used extensively to explore traditional medicines. A new discipline is ready to emerge : "archeo-pharmacology", aiming towards a drug research based on Ancient texts
Rabier, Christelle. "Les chirurgiens de Paris et de Londres, 1740-1815 : économie, identités, savoirs." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010691.
Full textChalendar, Vérène. "Quand l’animal soigne… Les utilisations thérapeutiques de l’animal dans le corpus médical cunéiforme assyro-babylonien." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEP022.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the use of animals in Mesopotamian therapeutic practices. It explores the animal used as ingredient for the preparation of medications, as well as the animal, which took part in the healing rituals. The first part reviews the cuneiform sources available for the reconstruction of medical practices and offers an exploration of Mesopotamian fauna through an overview of the taxonomy and the symbolic values attached to animals. It also investigates the practical issues resulting from the use of animals in pharmacopoeia (supply, conservation, methods of implementation etc.). The second part of the study consists in establishing a catalogue of animals encountered in the cuneiform medical texts. It lists and highlights the therapeutic uses of each animal and explores the reasons for their use in specific pathological contexts. The third part is devoted to the cultural and intellectual context in which these scientific Mesopotamian tablets were written. On this occasion, the concepts of “secret” and “encryption” of knowledge are considered. The main interest of this third chapter consists of a presentation and a new proposal for Uruanna = maštakal. This text has been the subject of several assumptions, which question the use of animal ingredients in the pharmacopoeia
Duong, Sophie. "Les "hermaphrodites", des phénomènes au carrefour des savoirs et des conceptions scientifiques et philosophiques : une étude sur l'"objectivation" scientifique et médicale des hermaphrodites de la Renaissance au début du XVIIe siècle." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA070025.
Full textThis work aims to propose a conceptual history of hermaphrodism during the 16th and the early 17th centuries, through the study of the scientific and philosophical concepts linked to the existence of human hermaphrodites, in the conceptual evolution of the idea/the notion of « monsters », of generation, of differentiation of sexes and of the organization of genitalia. On the one hand, this study intends to show that during the Renaissance in Europe (Germany, Italy, Spain, France), the ancient and medieval heritage of scholarships and conceptions linked to hermaphrodites and monsters was the subject of scholars' questions and research and was renewed and enriched through the re-discovery of anatomy, in particular for hermaphrodites. On the other hand, its purpose is to demonstrate that an impulse, itself renewed, tried to restore hermaphrodites and monsters only In the domain of natural sciences, excluding them from the domain of divination from the second-naïf of the 16th century onwards, or even attempted to consider hermaphrodites only as human beings certainly presenting an anomaly, but a minor anomaly which nevertheless calls into question one's belonging to one or the other gender. Far from proposing a linear conceptual history, but considering the possible influences of these concepts on the conditions and social status of hermaphrodites, this study highlights two « traditions >; in the interpretation and presentation of hermaphrodites, which coexisted during the 16th century and raised questions still debated during the next centuries, such as the existence of the « perfect » hermaphrodite
Mestre, Claire. "Un hôpital à Madagascar : analyse anthropologique de la confrontation des pouvoirs, des savoirs et des représentations à l'hôpital de Toamasina." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR21018.
Full textBoisvert, Érica. "Environnement, savoir médical et institutionnalisation de la santé l'amélioration de la santé des enfants dans une ville en processus d'industrialisation, Sherbrooke 1885 à 1935." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2006. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/2438.
Full textDeshouillères, Ledez Stéphanie. "Diffusion du savoir médical au Moyen Age : l'exemple du chirurgien John Arderne ; edition du manuscrit Cambridge, Emmanuel College 69, avec introduction, notes et glossaires." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT5041.
Full textThis edition of John Arderne's surgical treatise, preserved in Emmanuel College MS 69, seeks to extend our knowledge of English medical practice in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Knowledge of medicine and medical practices in Europe has its roots in Arab and Græco-Roman traditions, giving rise to a wide range of scientific practices. The author of the present treatise, John Arderne, was the foremost physician of his day in England. Both surgeon and pharmacologist, he sought to draw up and implement ethical rules directly related to his profession, a fact that sets him apart from his contemporaries. No other medieval practitioner is known to have committed his professional experiences to writing. Ms Emmanuel 69 preserves one of the very few vernacular texts of Arderne's work, few studies of which have been published. And yet, MS 69 preserves Arderne's life work. Further study of the manuscript and its text will, it is hoped, facilitate work, not simply on Arderne himself, but on medical practice in England at the end of the Middle Ages
Yazzourh, Sophia. "Apprentissage par renforcement et outcome-weighted learning bayésien pour la médecine de précision : Intégration de connaissances médicales dans les algorithmes de décision." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES139.
Full textPrecision medicine aims to tailor treatments to the characteristics of each patient by relying on the frameworks of Individualized Treatment Regimes (ITR) and Dynamic Treatment Regimes (DTR). ITRs involve a single therapeutic decision, while DTRs allow for the adaptation of treatments over time through a sequence of decisions. For these approaches to be effective, they must be capable of handling complex data and integrating medical knowledge, which is essential for enabling realistic and safe clinical use. This work presents three research projects. First, a state-of-the-art review of methods for integrating medical knowledge into Reinforcement Learning (RL) models was conducted, considering the context of DTR and their specific constraints for application to observational data. Second, a probabilistic method for constructing rewards was developed for RL models, based on the preferences of medical experts. Illustrated by case studies on diabetes and cancer, this method generates data-driven rewards, avoiding the biases of "manual" construction and ensuring consistency with medical objectives in learning treatment recommendation strategies. Third, a Bayesian framework for the Outcome-Weighted Learning (OWL) method was proposed to quantify uncertainty in treatment recommendations, thereby enhancing the robustness of therapeutic decisions, and was illustrated through simulations studies. This contributions aim to improve the reliability of decision-making tools in precision medicine, by integrating medical knowledge into RL models on one hand, and proposing a Bayesian framework to quantify uncertainty in the OWL model on the other. This work is part of a global perspective of interdisciplinary collaboration, particularly among the fields of machine learning, medical sciences, and statistics
El, Houdna Youssef. "Des pratiques scripturales disciplinaires en français dans l’enseignement supérieur : le cas de la formation médicale au Maroc." Thesis, Lille 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL30025.
Full textThe research has as objective to examine the scriptural practices of 'medical semeiology' students enrolled in their third year of Medecine and Pharmacy, but also to describe their know-how, the writing types solicited, their performances and their mistakes from a comprehensive point of view. We have chosen the medical domain because it is a field where a multitude of practical writing styles persist and because studies in medecine can illustrate what happens in disciplinary practices with professional-qualification and professional orientation, the studies combining theoretical university practices and practical professional, each having its owns specificities. Questions raised on how the disciplinary medical system functions based on these two characteristics interest didacticiens and linguists who can describe it and propose paths of improvement. The major theoretical concept of this study on disciplinary writing and the transition towards practices and professional kinds (genres) of writing is 'le genre disciplinaire' (that we differentiate from the functional linguistic kind (genre) or the communicative rhetoric). Another theoretical tool used throughout this research is the concept of 'dysfonctionnement', useful for an analysis of students' discursive behaviour, which is not anchored in an over drawn conception of the standard
اللذين يتناولان "CIREL-Théodile" هذه الدراسة تدخل في إطار برنامج البحث للمختبرين "اللغة والمجتمع" و(DAUNAY , FLUCKIGER والمحتويات المتخصصة (MESSAUDI ,2010a, 2010b, 2013a) اللغيات التقنية.)& HASSAN, 2015C. الممثلة من طرف السيدة " Composition Theory" كما تتعلق هذه الدراسات أيضا بالميدانية الأمريكية2008 ) التي ترتكز أعمالها في دراسة العلاقة بين "الكتابة والمناهج " و "الكتابة , 2010) DONAHNEالتي تعتمد على تحليل الممارسات في إطار وصفي وليس " Les littéracies Universitaires" والتخصصات " ونقديا.وتتناول هذه الأطروحة الممارسات الكتابية للطلبة المسجلين بالسنة الثالثة بكلية الطب والصيدلة بالرباط، تخصص"السينمائية الطبية". كما تقوم هذه الدراسة بوصف مهارات وقدرات الطلبة في الكتابة وأجناسها مبرزة الجوانب الإيجابيةفي ممارساتهم.لقد اخترنا الميدان الطبي لأنه مجال يتضمن العديد من أجناس الكتابة ولأن الدراسة في هذا المجال جديرة بإعطاءصورة واضحة عما يجري في التخصصات ذات الطابع المهني.هذه الدراسة تجمع بين الممارسة النظرية الجامعية والممارسة التطبيقية المهنية، اللتين لكل منهما ميزاتها الخاصة فيماللممارسات، وهاته الميزات تثير أسئلة أخصائيي التعليم (Le système disciplinaire) يتعلق بالنظام الضابط(الديداكتيكيين) واللسانيين فيما يخص النظام التعليمي بغية تدقيق الوصف واقتراح ممارسات بهدف التحسين.إن المفهوم النظري الرئيسي في هذه الدراسة، فيما يخص الكتابة المتخصصة وكذا فيما يتعلق بالانتقال من الممارساتوأجناس الكتابة النظرية الجامعية إلى الممارسات وأجناس الكتابة المهنية، هو " الجنس" ) الذي نفرقه عن الجنس اللغويوالبلاغي التواصلي(.حيث (Le dysfonctionnement) " كما يعالج البحث - وإن كان بدرجة أقل - مفهوما أساسيا آخر ألا وهو " الخللأنه ضروري لتحليل السلوك الكتابي للطلبة في إطار تحليلي ووصفي بغض النظر عن تقويمه والحكم عليه
Arnaud, Sabine. "Mise en récit et enjeux politiques d'un diagnostic : l'hystérie entre 1730 et 1820 : construction et circulation d'une catégorie médicale." Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0039.
Full textMy work begins with a study of terminology, retracing terms used during the eighteenth century to discuss what would eventually be recognized as hysteria. I t studies doctors' formation of symptoms into a category and efforts to convey an idea of hysteric maladies despite their contradictory expressions. It delves into how power relationships structure encounters between doctors and patients. It analyzes physicians' writing strategies and employ of literary genres. It regards the use of hysteria as a pretext for theorizations around class, sexual difference, geography, and race, and its invocation during the crisis of the Convulsionaries and French Revolution. In theatrical pieces, fables, and anecdotes, symptoms function as a system of signs. In novels, pathology is used to contrast conflicting interpretations of expressions and interrogate representation. French and English medical, political, philosophical and literary texts constitute the corpus of this study
Simonpietri, Caroline. "Acquisition et circulation du savoir « profane » et médical pour la prise en charge des maladies chroniques, en France, à l'essor du numérique et de la « démocratie sanitaire »." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB180/document.
Full textWithin the framework of a "CIFRE convention, this work concerns the acquisition and the circulation of a " lay" and medical knowledge for the care of people who suffer from chronic diseases. Supervised by Dominique Desjeux, emeritus Professor, specialised in consumption and innovation, we have analyzed the diffusion process of three "innovations" of the French health system since the beginning of the 21th century: patients' associations, Therapeutic Education, and finally the ICT, and more exactly the serious games. Respectively social, symbolic and material, these three solutions have, for institutional issues, to decrease the costs of health care and management, by improving the "apprenticeship of life with disease" of patients, but also the professionnals trainning, initial as continuous. For each solution, in a qualitative, comprehensive and inductive approach, we wondered about the roughnesses which can slow down their "reception" by the final user, the patients or the doctors. With a rather original viewpoint, a "socio-anthropological" look at the heart of the branch of occidental industry, we finally reconstructed a part of the "action system" (Crozier, 1963) involved in the circulation of knowledges in health, from patients or medical way, in this transitory period of sanitary crisis and technological explosion
Renet, Sophie. "Patients atteints de maladies chroniques pulmonaires et pharmaciens : identification et modélisation des échanges de savoirs." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100117.
Full textIn this period of change characterized by a disruption of information and health systems, the relationship issue of knowledge becomes more essential. The healthcare professional-patient relationship, formerly based on a passive mode, has become an active exchange of knowledge between two individuals and two social worlds, seen as partners. These observations challenge the healthcare professional -patient relationship, between scholar and lay knowledge, and existing practice models. Combining the strengths of Education Sciences to those of mathematical modeling, this work allows us accurately characterizing how patients with asthma or pulmonary arterial hypertension shared information and knowledge with both community and hospital pharmacists. This study uses a triangulation strategy and combines 4 parts: a literature analysis, a brainstorming, a content analysis of 39 semi-directed interviews and a correspondance analysis based on a questionnaire submitted to 124 patients. The nature of knowledge exchange consisted in 3 interrelated dimensions that we modeled : “3C Model: Cure, Care and Coordination”. The exchange intensity and nature varied with the type of pharmacist involved, the pathology, the severity and disease duration, the patient age, the knowledge level. The patient representations towards pharmacists and medicine also influenced the nature. We identified that the partnership between healthcare professionals, patients and caregivers was a fundamental component and a facilitator of knowledge exchange. We found that the knowledge exchange contributed to the self-training of patient to acquire self-care skills and better manage their chronic disease and its impacts. Finally, this study allowed highlighting (1) the pharmacist was a facilitator of patients selftraining, diffuse education and self-made knowledge; (2) the community and hospital pharmacies were the location where all these take place, as a third place
Bascougnano, Sandra. "Savoirs, idéologies traitements différentiels discriminants dans les rapports soignants/soignés : la prise en charge hospitalière du VIH-sida à la Réunion et en Ile de France." Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA070053.
Full textThis work looks into mechanisms and processes relating to the setting up of differentiel discriminating treatments dealing with HIV-Aids patients in hospitals. It is based on research carried out in three hospitals: two of them are located in the Reunion Island and the third one in Ile-de-France. With regard to the analysis of patients and hospital staff views, the study of their interaction and of hospital everyday life, it has been necessary to carry out a work of comparison and integration of the data obtained in the proper context. Thus we have been able to locate the setting up of a differential discriminating treatment at the meeting point of individual and mutual interaction, as well as structural, institutional, social, political, sanitary, medical and cultural reasons. Our study has pointed out the existence of differentiation relating to the care given in hospitals to Aids patients. The study highlights the fact that differentiation is the result of patients being put into categories rather than from being cared for individually. These categories are intrinsically linked to the idea of "risk"; they are born from epidemiology and ordinary social representations. They have been integrated by hospital staff, and have impacted on the global care given to patients. The study underlines the effects of both scientific and ideological knowledge inferred by the existence of categories. It shows that differential discriminating treatments exist in medical care
Pauget, Bertrand. "La connaissance relationnelle comme aide à la compréhension de la structuration d'une organisation." Troyes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TROY0020.
Full textOur inductive step is based on the study of a network of health of an average agglomeration analyzed in its phase of emergence (2001-2004). The “reseau pole memoire” was created to answer the dissatisfactions of the professionals to the difficulty of assumption of responsibility of patients reached of heavy and recurring diseases such Alzheimer. Gathering different kind of actors, the articulation from the various points of view becomes a crucial element of the structuring of this organization created ex nihilo. We develop the concept of relational knowledge analyzed like a relational filter for the actor and/or the organization allowing to support or limit the structuring. It makes possible to answer our problem: how and in what the tensions between the relational processes and systems cans they be structuring for the organizations? Relational knowledge, sight through model SCIP (Structure/Culture/Identité/Pratique), is a means of determining the ways by the actors to structure their organization. It thus reveals the reasons which those chose a method of construction resulting from the professional bureaucracy rather than that of a reticular organization. In fact why the network of health, little innovating, was built around an actor pivot and of a slightly hierarchical abstract structure
Larouche, Catherine. "Santé mentale et modernité en Inde : appropriation contextuelle des pratiques et savoirs biomédicaux par des acteurs d'organisations non-gouvernementales à Mumbai." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27818/27818.pdf.
Full textEyland, Isabelle. "Les savoirs professionnels liés au care chez les infirmiers libéraux : construction d'un outil d'analyse des gestes professionnels liés au care dans des situations de soins." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD012/document.
Full textThe term care has become, in recent years, increasingly popular in various fields such as education, sociology or politics. Historically, the notion of caring, care, has always been attached to the nursing function. The first references to the concept date from the 1970s in the USA and have given rise to many works, writings and definitions. This dissertation in Education Sciences focuses on the organisation of professional gestures related to care provided by nurses in private practice in rural areas. The research question is: In real work situations, what professional gestures related to care do the private practice nurses mobilize and what types of professional knowledge are they based on?The objective, through research carried out, is a double challenge. The first step is to identify the professional gestures related to care in order to make them visible and to question their possible added value in care. Secondly, it is proposed to develop a tool for the analysis of care gestures in order to inform the activity of nurses during care and to approach the concerns of professionals in work situations. In a training context, this tool would permit the analysis of care situations and to identify the mobilization of professional gestures related to care
Alves, Duarte Da Silva Matheus. "Quand la peste connectait le monde : production et circulation de savoirs microbiologiques entre Brésil, Inde et France (1894-1922)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0094.
Full textBetween 1899 and 1900, the bubonic plague bacillus was identified for the first time in Brazil, in the economic heart of the country: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. To fight the scourge, the public authorities created two laboratories responsible to produce both anti-plague sera and vaccines, Butantan and Manguinhos, and implemented a series of hygienic measures, including vaccinations and the destruction of rats. This health policy gradually produces its effects and by 1917 the disease had left these two regions of the country. In 1922, the year of the first centenary of Brazilian independence, scholars turned this episode into the start of a national scientific tradition, initiating then an interpretation that would be later taken up by certain historians.Using sources conserved in institutional, diplomatic and governmental archives in Brazil,France, Italy and Great Britain, the thesis offers another reading of this event. It first shows the dialogue established between actors based in Brazil and the microbiological knowledge developed before 1900 both in Bombay, then the center of the plague pandemic, and in Paris, home of the Pasteur Institute. It then examines how these actors and others, present in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, engaged, between 1900 and 1914, in major international debates on the treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. In this regard, the thesis follows the trajectory of anti-plague sera sent from Butantan to Bombay; the mobilization of statistics about the use of Manguinhos anti-plague serum by scientists from the Pasteur Institute; and the development of anti-plague immunization practices and health policies against rats, first in Bombay, then in the Brazilian cities affected by thescourge, and then in Paris, struck by the disease in 1920.The main conclusions of the thesis are addressed as much to the history of science in Brazil as to the history of microbiology in general. We conclude that the development and stabilization of the major achievements of microbiology serums, vaccines and the destruction of vectors as far as bubonic plague is concerned, are the direct and indirect result of the interactions between groups of scholars based in Brazil, India and France. We also concluded that some of the microbiological knowledge developed in Brazil and India circulated to France, where the scourge presented itself as a constant foreign threat, when the plague became a public health problem in 1920. We finally show that microbiology, seen often as a European science exported to the rest of the world, or as the product of national scientific traditions, has more complex, even global, trajectories
Entre 1899 e 1900, o bacilo da peste bubônica é identificado pela primeira vez no Brasil, emSão Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, o coração econômico do país. Para combater a doença, os poderespúblicos criam dois laboratórios voltados para a produção de soros e vacinas antipestosos e colocam em prática uma série de medidas de higiene pública, como vacinações e caça aos ratos. Essa política sanitária produz progressivamente seus resultados e por volta de 1917 a peste desaparece dessas duas regiões do país. En 1922, ano do primeiro centenário da independência brasileira, determinados cientistas fazem desse episódio o início de uma tradição científica nacional, iniciando assim uma leitura que será mobilizada em seguida por alguns historiadores.A partir de fontes conservadas em arquivos intitucionais, diplomáticos e governamentais noBrasil, na França, na Itália e no Reino-Unido, a presente tese propõe uma outra leitura desse evento.Em primeiro lugar, ela mostra o diálogo estabelecido entre atores no Brasil com alguns saberes microbiológicos desenvolvidos tanto em Bombaim, o epicentro da pandemia de peste, quanto em Paris, sede do Instituto Pasteur. A tese examina em seguida a maneira pela qual esses e outros atores, trabalhando em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, se engajaram, entre 1900 e 1914, em importantes debates internacionais sobre o tratamento e a profilaxia da peste. Assim, a tese acompanha a trajetória de soros antipestosos enviados do Butantan até Bombaim; a mobilização de estatísticas sobre o uso do soro de Manguinhos realizada por alguns membros do Instituto Pasteur; e o desenvolvimento de práticas de imunização contra a peste e de políticas sanitárias contra os ratos em Bombaim, nas regiões brasileiras atingidas pela epidemia, e, finalmente, em Paris, atacada pela doença em 1920.As principais conclusões da tese se dirigem tanto à história das ciências no Brasil quanto àhistória da microbiologia em geral. Conclui-se que a criação e a estabilização das principaisinovações da microbiologia no que dizem respeito à peste bubônica - soros, vacinas e a destruição de vetores - resultam da interação direta e indireta entre alguns grupos de cientistas baseados no Brasil, na Índia e na França. A tese estabelece também que alguns saberes elaborados primeiramente no Brasil e na Índia puderam circular na França, onde a doença era uma ameaça estrangeira constante, quando a peste virou um problema de saúde concreto, em 1920. Por último, a tese sustenta que a microbiologia, vista recorrentemente como uma ciência europeia exportada ao resto do mundo, ou como o produto de tradições científicas nacionais, possui na verdade trajetórias mais complexas,talvez globais
Ginsbourger, Thomas. "Exister dans le monde de la santé : Sociologie des jeux de savoir et de pouvoir des experts « activité physique et cancers » en France." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30175.
Full textPhysical activity is a topical issue in the field of public health, especially regarding cancer prevention. Indeed, it has many benefits such as reducing the risks of cancer or their recurrences as well as improving the quality of life. The issue of the relationship between physical activity and cancer emerged in France in the 90's, at a time when a series of health crises, the increasing mobilisation of patients, the criticism of a cold and technical medicine and the global concept of health promoted by the WHO, seemed to give non-medical actors the opportunity to invest a world of health which had so far been dominated by physicians. So, we tried to find out who are the experts recognized as legitimate to tell the truth about the relationship between physical activity and cancer. We then noticed that these experts feel a lack of consideration in the world of health and experience difficulties for existing compared to conventional medicine, believing that what they do is for example 'looked down', 'not a priority' or 'downgraded'. We have updated - beyond the finding of the grip of preventive on curative in our health system - the possible reasons that these experts feel like belonging to a 'small village of indomitable Gauls'. Finally, we were interested at the debates that animate these experts when participating in collective expert assessments - where there are especially representatives of the biomedical and human and social sciences - and their ways to conciliate or not their arguments and interests. This allowed us to understand how they manage to exist compared to conventional medicine and how they work together
Sanchez, Adeline. "De la théorie à la pratique médicale : étude de la transmission du Lilium medicinae de Bernard de Gordon par l’édition des traductions manuscrites françaises." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses.paris-sorbonne.fr/2020SORUL059.pdf.
Full textBernard de Gordon is a doctor from Montpellier, from late 13th into early 14th centuries. His work, the Lilium medicinae, written in Latin, has quickly been subject to many translations in Europe before to be printed in 1480. We are proposing to investigate, via the french editing of handwritten translations, this medieval medicine masterpiece’s transfer and spread. Three fragments are nowadays conserved at the Bibliothèque nationale de France, known as “Français 1288, 1327 and 19989”. The whole corpus, dated from the 15th century, offers special care for language and discourse that meet the requirements of the movement of knowledge and the specific readership. The dissemination and popularization of this work shows the knowledge’s appropriation through translation in order to special uses. A joint edition provides a clear reading of particularities and similarities of each translation and comes close to the context of receiving and dissemination of the french translation of Lilium medicinae
Lellinger, Solène. "Innovation thérapeutique et accident médicamenteux : socio-genèse du scandale du benfluorex (Mediator®) et conditions de reconnaissance d'une pathologie émergente : les valvulopathies médicamenteuses." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG054/document.
Full textThe withdrawal of Mediator®, a drug sold by Laboratoires Servier between 1976 and 2009, occurred after specific pathologies of cardiac valves were identified: the drug induced valvular heart disease. Since then, the incident has been approached from the angle of health and medical scandal, regulation failure and the influence of an industrial company on decision makers (political figures or prescribers). A legal procedure to establish probable violations of criminal laws is under way. To understand the origins and consequences of the benfluorex affair - beyond the fields of legal and political jurisdiction - this thesis proposes an analysis of the process of non-recognition of a serious adverse side effect of a drug for over 30 years and, above all, the effects of this non-recognition on those directly concerned: the people having taken it. Using data from two separate surveys, one of Mediator® users and the other of French cardiologists, this study establishes six different theoretical and analytical "figures" of people exposed to the molecule at the center of the investigation
Lemonnier, Clara. "Quêtes de soins au féminin. Une ethnographie des « maux de femmes » et du pluralisme thérapeutique en Médoc (France)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0084/document.
Full textThis thesis in medical anthropology explores the diversity of knowledge and care practices dedicated to prevention and treatment of health problems considered as specifically feminine in rural France. The ethnography was conducted in the Medoc peninsula, an area where nature related imaginary leads to representations between fantasy and stigmas from the local population. It is also an area discussed for its medical desertification alike other French rural areas. In this context, observations and qualitative interviews were conducted with about sixty women and forty care actors with various profiles in order to understand and present the contours and dynamics of local therapeutic pluralism dedicated to “women health issues”. This operational category stands for all illness, sickness and diseases, often sensitive, taboo and revealed to me in confidence. This thesis enlightens women’s diverse uses of healthcare in their singular therapeutic itineraries, made of biomedical care, specialized or not in the sexual and reproductive health sector, of non-conventional or alternative medicines and of domestic cares. The overall reflection addresses the complementarity of treatments developed by users of therapeutic pluralism in their quest for health, and questions women’s personal quest according to the way treatments normalize or not their practices, make them actor of their own health or not, or re-invent or re-conduct gender norms
Daimaru, Ken. "Préserver la santé des armées dans le Japon moderne : la médecine militaire face à la guerre russo-japonaise." Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100168.
Full textThis thesis analyses the experiences of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), bringing together two historical objects of inquiry: the history of warfare and the history of medicine. Its purpose is to document and understand the organization of the Imperial Japanese Army Sanitary Corps and the medical practices that unfolded within it at the turn of the twentieth century. Focusing on the creation and the institutionalization of the care of the war wounded and sick during the Meiji era (1868-1912) and its implications for the conflict of 1904-1905, this thesis highlights the institutional and social dynamics of military medicine and the cultural production of discourses, objects and images related to war diseases and wounds. Our theoretical framework articulates the entanglement of the various actors’ perceptions (Japanese doctors and international observers) on the wounded and/or diseased body. Our results show how the transformation of the battlefield, induced by increased firepower and the resulting tactical and strategic reorganization, was also a driving force for the medicalization of combat activities, military research and the production of expertise. These processes reshaped the paradigms of combat aimed at maintaining the competitiveness of the military, that the success of preventive medicine serves to legitimize. They also accentuate the fragility of the army and the structure of medicine on the battlefield, which were under increasing stress due to the rapid progress of industrialization. The professional specialization and individual practices observed during the war lead us to discuss the benefits and limits of the strategies adopted by Japanese military surgeons to resist the increasingly destructive realities of industrial warfare
Moll-François, Fabien. "Problématiser les contaminations, mettre en cause les responsables : mobilisations, expertises et recours au droit pénal dans les affaires amiante et dioxines en France (1975-2015)." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0177.
Full textThis thesis focuses on contaminations as the origin of a damage and the consequence of a fault. It is grounded in two specific cases in environmental health, one connected to the presence of asbestos on the university campus of Jussieu (Paris), the other to the pollution generated by a waste incinerator near Albertville (Savoie). By examining the successive disputes generated by these situations since the mid-70s, the thesis concentrates on the central role played by people directly affected by the risks, from the 1990s onwards, in problematizing the contaminations to which they were exposed in terms of preventable damages, raising the criminal responsibility of a number of key players. The thesis examines how the questions of asbestos and dioxins sanitary impacts have been taken into consideration by the administrations regulating environmental toxics, and by the judicial system, which has to rule on possible misconduct. This work analyses a vast body of published documents and archives (from activists, administrations and the legal system), coupled to over fourty semi-structured interviews with the main stakeholders involved in the cases.Using an analysis based on arenas, the thesis explores the different social spaces where the problems were defined and addressed, placing emphasis on the different forms of expertise developed: the knowledge used to lead and feed the contestations; the knowledge used to guide public decisions; the knowledge used to substantiate judicial decisions. The arena of social conflicts, the arena of the administration and the arena of criminal justice are governed by specific principles and challenges, which are brought to light in this work, without, however, considering them as rigid and autonomous spaces. By adopting a micro-historical perspective, and by closely describing the events as they unfolded, this study reveals how the different arenas interacted with each other, and how the rules that govern them evolved as an effect of these affairs. This investigation shows that the degree of autonomy and interconnexion of these arenas is a crucial point, which can explain the trajectory of the cases studied. This trajectory depends on the interactions that take place - or do not take place - between the different arenas, but these processes operate discreetly. On a more structural level, the thesis shows how the administrative arena and the public policy expertise evolved under the influence of the mobilisations and the use of criminal law, resulting in an increased professionalization and the development of risk assessment standards – while highlighting the ambivalent effects that this may have on the recognition of the issues raised. Finally, this thesis reports on the mechanisms, specific to the law and judicial categories, which make the penalisation of public health difficult, particularly because of the reluctance of French criminal law to adopt a probabilistic type of reasoning to legally prove the existence of a damage
Laurant-Berthoud, Claire. "Les herbes de la vie : entre Tlazotéotl et Hippocrate, plantes médicinales et pratiques thérapeutiques des sages-femmes traditionnelles de l’Altiplano central du Mexique." Thesis, Paris 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA030022.
Full textIn Mexico, more specifically in the state of Morelos, traditional midwives compose a heterogeneous group with regards to their cultural and ethnic origins, their therapeutic praxis, their individual personalities, their training, their fees, etc. At crossroads of knowledge sources, midwives draw their competence from Náhuatl medical traditions and benefited from an academic training from occidental medicine as well. They resort to a number of diverse techniques belonging to wise and popular medical traditions which often refer to a priori conflicting systems. Midwives from Morelos demonstrate their capacity to integrate the lore from those different traditions. Their interest towards the therapies relating to the sphere of the present so-called alternative medicines also indicates their openness and the flexibility of their praxis. From a therapeutic point of view, the midwives assume aspecific role with clear characteristics in accompanying women all along the maternity process, from conception to puerperal period. Baths, massage, nutrition and herbal remedies constitute their main therapeutical resources; the range of their pharmacopoeia varies from a dozen to about a hundredplants. The therapeutic system of the midwives is based on the invariant dichotomy of hot and cold
Fréchette, Marie-Josée. "Le dispositif institutionnel et la relation thérapeutique en salle d'accouchement : entre le risque, le savoir hégémonique et les rapports de pouvoir." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13447.
Full textBloch, Valérie. "Corps, pouvoir et douleur chronique : récits de vie de danseurs et de danseuses professionnels." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9142.
Full textThe methodological starting point of this research was participant observation of a patient with «chronic pain» who was being seen for therapy through qigong. The patient’s frequent statements regarding situations of conflict with the family, the employer or doctors led me to consider the similarity between the symptoms described, the uses of the body and mental attitudes related to a mechanistic, dualistic representation of the body. Marcel Mauss was the first to address this relationship between the uses of the body and societal and cultural paradigms. At a time deeply marked by the automation of businesses and services, the dematerialization of documents and the tyranny of new technologies, «chronic pain» calls into question the uses of the contemporary body in a working world based on performance and productivity. The aim of this research is to examine how «chronic pain» may be a symptom of contemporary aporias that go far beyond the sphere of medicine and how it may be «the weapon of the weak» in a context of oppression (Scott, 1985). Ultimately, this research examines Michel Foucault’s statement that «we all have power in our bodies» (1987: 27). The collected life narratives of professional dancers, who were approached because of their ability to describe their feelings, avoid the tendency to relegate to the realm of the psyche whatever cannot be demonstrably proven. The strong credibility of the acccounts makes it possible to better document a complex phenomenon marred by a great many a priori and reveal the dynamics of power at work in a profession that, more than any other, confronts the limits of the body in the exercise of its art. A genealogical approach to these stories of pain and their examination side-by-side allowed me to identify the habits of endurance and rejection of medication and how they influenced the evolution of the pain. A more detailed analysis of the six healed one’s narratives shows that while power is exercised on a body perceived as docile, it may also be reversed to support a recovery at the cost of an insurrection of buried knowledge that is universal but «subjugated» and a change of paradigm. Thus, a better understanding of «chronic pain» makes it possible to envisage its reversibility and a social reintegration, with or without a career change, on the condition that we rethink our modes of representation, production and relation to work and to the uses of the body, and our relationship to the Other and the self.