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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Sussangkarn, Chalongphob, and Deunden Nikomborirak. "Thailand: Post-Crisis Rebalancing." Asian Economic Papers 11, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00113.

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Since the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Thailand has become highly dependent on exports as the main engine of economic growth. In 2008, the ratio of export to GDP was about 76.5 percent. The global economic crisis triggered by the sub-prime loans debacle in the United States has prompted Thailand to rethink its high dependence on export. This paper examines the options for external and internal economic rebalancing strategies for Thailand. External rebalancing will require Thailand to rely more on regional markets and less on the Western markets for its exports. The paper examines the possibility of promoting greater intra-regional trade and Thailand's regional trade strategies. As for internal rebalancing, the paper emphasizes the need to boost domestic public and private investment in terms of both quantity and quality to narrow the current saving–investment gap, bearing in mind the need to ensure fiscal sustainability. Finally, the paper examines broader rebalancing strategies that will help Thailand to become less dependent on exports. These include the need to (1) improve productivity; (2) increase economic efficiency; (3) deepen the production structure and create new dynamic industries; and (4) generate new growth poles.
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2

Anoruo, Emmanuel. "Saving-Investment Connection: Evidence from the Asean Countries." American Economist 45, no. 1 (March 2001): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943450104500104.

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The relationship between saving and investment has been sharply debated in the literature following the pioneering work of Feldstein and Horioka (1980). This paper extends this debate to the ASEAN countries by using cointegration procedure in time-series analysis. Specifically, three analyses are conducted. First, saving and investment are tested to determine the order of integration using both the Dickey–Fuller (DF) and augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) approaches. Second, the long-run equilibrium relationship between saving and investment is explored by utilizing the cointegration tests proposed by Johansen and Juselius (1990). Third, Granger–causality tests based on vector error-correction models (VECM) are undertaken to ascertain the direction of causality between the two series. The results indicate that saving and investment are integrated of order one [1(1)]. Based on the cointegration results, saving and investment are found to share long-run equilibrium association. The Granger-causality tests reveal that investment causes saving in the cases of Indonesia and Singapore. For the Philippines, causality runs from saving to investment. As for Malaysia and Thailand, the results suggest bi-directional causality between saving and investment.
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3

Yacout, Dalia M. M., Pramote Sirirote, M. M. Yacout, and Dusanee Thanaboripat. "Assessing the Impacts of Electricity Utilization in Educational Faculties: A Thailand Case Study." Journal of Environmental Science Studies 1, no. 1 (June 6, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/jess.v1i1.416.

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In view of the up-scaling energy crises worldwide, efforts have been focusing on reducing energy consumption and replacing fossil fuels usage with renewable energy sources. Thailand is one of the developing countries that have been facing an increase in energy demand associated to its economic expansion. The development in the educational sector is one of the sectors causing an increasing energy demand.Purpose: This study aims to quantify energy usage and understand its environmental impacts in one of the educational facilities in Thailand in order to identify energy saving opportunities and improvement options related to energy consumption in this sector. Materials and Methods: The investigation included a historical energy analysis for energy utilization of the facility, an onsite energy audit and an environmental impacts assessment. A number of potential energy saving opportunities was identified; related cost savings and CO2 reduction were calculated. Additionally, the environmental impacts of energy utilization were simulated using the life cycle assessment technique. Special attention was given to potential impacts on global warming due to its direct association to fossil fuels combustion.Results and discussion: the pattern of energy utilization was identified and it clarified that the major contributor to energy utilization was energy consumption practices by students and staff of the faculty. Consequently, awareness raising of energy saving opportunities and people involvement was the major area of improvement. Results show that increasing people involvement in energy saving practices could lead to a cost saving of 46,000-120,000 USD/Year with low cost investment and a 100-240 ton CO2 reduction. Other potential savings were using motion sensors which save 30-40% of energy costs in offices and utilizing renewable solar energy as a source for electricity. This will save 13,300-33,300 USD/Year with a 7.5 years payback and 35-50 years lifetime.When assessing the associated environmental impacts to electricity production, five main categories were found to be impacted: fossil fuels depletion, respiratory inorganics formation potential, global worming potential, acidification potential and eutrophication potential. The application of the suggested energy saving opportunities will reduce the electricity consumption, lower generated air emissions from fossil fuels combustion, consequently minimize all associated impacts specially global worming potential.In Conclusion: assessing energy utilization of educational facilities is essential to reduce energy demand in an up-scaling economy. Energy analysis and onsite energy audits are efficient methods for recognizing energy utilization patterns and identifying energy saving opportunities. The implemented investigation in this study can be applied in different educational facilities.
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4

Chinda, Thanwadee. "FEASIBILITY STUDY OF MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION OF CASSAVA PRODUCTS IN THAILAND: SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODELING." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17049.

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Thailand is one of the world’s top export countries, sharing 72% of the global shipment, mainly in the agricultural and industrial products. Being a major logistics hub in ASEAN, Thai government has initiated several projects to support the transportation of people and goods. Road transportation is a major mode of goods transportation in Thailand. However, it incurs the highest logistics cost compared with water and rail modes. The use of multimode transportation is, therefore, considered to lower the logistics cost and reduce the environmental problems. This study examines the feasibility of multimodal transportation of cassava products in the long-term utilizing the system dynamics modeling approach. Six saving elements, including 1) saving in labor cost, 2) saving in fuel cost, 3) saving in carbon dioxide tax, 4) saving in truck rental cost, 5) saving in reimbursement cost, and 6) saving in accident cost, and four cost elements, including 1) handling cost, 2) tariff cost, 3) product return cost, and 4) product damaged cost, are considered in the dynamics model. The simulation results reveal that at the initial years, the net cash flow is negative due to high investments in double track system. Once the project continues, the savings increase. It is found that the project is feasible when it is continued for 10 years at the internal rate of return of 13.69%. The sensitivity analysis results also show that the saving in truck rental cost and the product damaged cost are two key elements in the multimodal transportation, as they highly affect the internal rate of return of the project. The developed dynamics model of multimodal transportation of cassava products can be used as a guideline for transportation companies and government to plan for their multimodal transportation to reduce logistic costs and achieve benefits in the long term.
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5

Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn, Dayoung Song, Julia Lynch, Jerome H. Kim, Piyameth Dilokthornsakul, Tawee Chotpitayasunondh, and Vittal Mogasale. "Public Health Value of a Hypothetical Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) Introduction: A Case Study." Vaccines 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060950.

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Background: Understanding the public health value of a vaccine at an early stage of development helps in valuing and prioritizing the investment needed. Here we present the potential cost-effectiveness of an upcoming 12 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV 12) in the case study country, Thailand. Methods: The cost-effectiveness analysis included a hypothetical scenario of three doses (2 + 1 regimen) PCV12 introduction in the national immunization program of Thailand compared to no PCV, PCV10, and PCV13 among <6 months old from a societal perspective with a lifetime horizon and one-year cycle length. Data from Thailand, as well as assumptions supported by the literature, were used in the analysis. The price of PCV12 was assumed similar to that of PCV10 or PCV13 for GAVI’s eligible countries based on inputs from stakeholder meeting. A one-way sensitivity analysis was conducted using 0.5–1.5 times the base price of PCV12. Results were presented in incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) in terms of monetary value per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. Results: Vaccination with PCV12 among a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 Thai children is expected to avert a total of 5358 cases which includes 5 pneumococcal meningitis, 43 pneumococcal bacteremia, 5144 all-cause pneumonia, and 166 all-cause acute otitis media compared to no vaccination. The national PCV12 vaccination program is a cost-saving strategy compared to the other three strategies. The one-way sensitivity analysis showed PCV12 is a cost-saving strategy when 1.5 times the base price of PCV12 was assumed. Conclusions: Within the limitations of hypothetical assumptions and price points incorporated, the study indicates the potential public health value of PCV12 in Thailand.
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6

Nguyen, Hoa Thi, and Susilo Nur Aji Cokro Darsono. "The Impacts of Tax Revenue and Investment on the Economic Growth in Southeast Asian Countries." Journal of Accounting and Investment 23, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 128–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jai.v23i1.13270.

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Research aims: This study focuses on the correlation between tax revenue, investment, and economic growth, taking into account the non-linear effects of tax revenue.Design/Methodology/Approach: Macro data of nine countries in ASEAN (including Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) in 2000 - 2020 were extracted from the World Bank database. This research employed panel data estimations.Research findings: This study found statistical evidence of a negative effect of tax revenue on economic growth. However, when considering the non-linear effects of tax revenue, the empirical findings showed that higher tax revenue could reduce the disadvantages of tax impacts to boost economic growth. The negative effect of taxes is as obvious as the economic growth theories, but it depends on the taxation revenue. Lower tax revenue may encourage saving and investment, but it also leads to an increased government deficit, reducing economic growth through government debt, spending and investment. Moreover, this study provides consistent evidence of investment’s positive effect on economic growth in ASEAN countries during the research period.Theoretical contribution/Originality: The theoretical contribution provides evidence on the direct effect of tax revenue and investment on economic growth with a broader understanding of the tax’s non-linear effects and investment contributions in the ASEAN. The study confirms the vital role of government activity in regulating the development of the economy through taxation and investment. Practitioner/Policy implication: The severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased macroeconomic uncertainties, including uncertainty over savings, investment, and spending, potentially leading to tax revenue and investment losses. It, in turn, affects economic activities, so it requires careful consideration. Learned lessons from this study can prepare for future economic shocks and financial crises to reduce negative impacts on economic growth, including their adverse tax revenue effects.Research limitation: This study is limited by looking at the tax revenue ratio overview, which ignores the tax structure due to the lack of data collection. The following studies need to clarify the tax structure of ASEAN countries to determine which tax gives a negative impact/and which tax has a positive effect on economic growth.
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7

Kritsanawonghong, Suapphong, Wei Jun Gao, Pawinee Iamtrakul, and Soichiro Kuroki. "Evaluation of Green Building Technology by Introducing Micro Co-Generation System in Convenience Stores." Advanced Materials Research 935 (May 2014): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.935.57.

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The number of small scale buildings such as minimarts and convenience stores in Thailand has increased rapidly in the past few years. The interest of effective energy utilization has not been focused on the implementation of the new technologies due to high investment and lack of skilled workers for the maintenance. Comparing to the energy improvement results from several techniques at the present, the implementation of micro co-generation systems driven by natural gas engines to meet the energy demand of Thailands convenience stores has been proposed in this study by using Primary Energy Saving Ratio (PES) as the assessment index to evaluate the energy performance. The results also showed that PES value can be increased up to 45% due to the utilization of higher efficiencies of micro co-generation system. However, the selection of the reasonable capacity of the system depends on the characteristic of the load profile and the objective of the utilization of micro co-generation system. Furthermore, the electrical and thermal efficiencies of the micro co-generation system are important factors that cannot be ignored in an effect to enhance the performance of micro co-generation systems.
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8

Ananwattanaporn, Santipont, Theerasak Patcharoen, Sulee Bunjongjit, and Atthapol Ngaopitakkul. "Retrofitted Existing Residential Building Design in Energy and Economic Aspect According to Thailand Building Energy Code." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041398.

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Electrical energy usage in buildings is a challenging issue because many old buildings were not originally built to achieve energy efficiency. Thus, retrofitting old buildings to net-zero buildings can benefit both the owner and electric utilities. In this study, the BEC (building energy code) software was used to evaluate energy aspects of retrofitted buildings in compliance with Thailand’s building energy code to achieve a net-zero energy building. In addition, economic aspects were also studied to verify the feasibility for a project’s owner to invest in a retrofitted existing building. An existing residential building in Thailand was used as a case study. The results in terms of energy after retrofitting existing buildings into net-zero energy buildings show that the total energy consumption can be reduced by 49.36%. From an economic perspective, the investment cost for a retrofitted building can be compensated by energy saving in terms of discounted payback period (DPP) for approximately 4.36 years and has an IRR (internal rate of return) value of 19.23%. This result evidences the potential in both energy and economy for a project’s owner to invest in a retrofitted existing building in compliance with the building code, with potential for implementation with benefits on both electrical utilities and the project’s owner.
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9

Lohwanitchai, Kittisak, and Daranee Jareemit. "Modeling Energy Efficiency Performance and Cost-Benefit Analysis Achieving Net-Zero Energy Building Design: Case Studies of Three Representative Offices in Thailand." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 5201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095201.

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The concept of a zero energy building is a significant sustainable strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The challenges of zero energy building (ZEB) achievement in Thailand are that the design approach to reach ZEB in office buildings is unclear and inconsistent. In addition, its implementation requires a relatively high investment cost. This study proposes a guideline for cost-optimal design to achieve the ZEB for three representative six-story office buildings in hot and humid Thailand. The energy simulations of envelope designs incorporating high-efficiency systems are carried out using eQuest and daylighting simulation using DIALux evo. The final energy consumptions meet the national ZEB target but are higher than the rooftop PV generation. To reduce such an energy gap, the ratios of building height to width are proposed. The cost-benefit of investment in ZEB projects provides IRRs ranging from 10.73 to 13.85%, with payback periods of 7.2 to 8.5 years. The energy savings from the proposed designs account for 79.2 to 81.6% of the on-site energy use. The investment of high-performance glazed-windows in the small office buildings is unprofitable (NPVs = −14.77–−46.01). These research results could help architects and engineers identify the influential parameters and significant considerations for the ZEB design. Strategies and technical support to improve energy performance in large and mid-rise buildings towards ZEB goals associated with the high investment cost need future investigations.
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10

Nattanyanob Suksai. "Foreign Population: Guidelines for Studying Migration in Thailand." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 16 (October 9, 2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v16i.8857.

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This article aims to explain the migration factors of the foreign population in Thailand. The migration concepts and the approach of studying the foreign population in the present Thai society found that the migration factors consisted of the need for economic security, life, good quality of life for oneself and one's own family, marriage with a foreign spouse, leisure travel, safety in life and property, seeking business opportunities, access to property and property owners, changing lifestyle, and extending savings for investment funds. As for the guidelines for studying the foreign population, there are three frameworks to consider, which include: (1) the origin, (2) the way to the destination, and (3) the destination. The origin is the study of migration decisions, factors, and objectives. The way to the destination considers the travel process, facilitating travel according to the legal system of the origin country, and labor export policies. Finally, the destination is the study of personal and official networks, relational and contact mechanisms of the community, and lifestyle of the people in the community, including the local impact of the destination country.
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11

Ketkaew, Chavis, Martine Van Wouwe, Ann Jorissen, Danny Cassimon, Preecha Vichitthamaros, and Sasichakorn Wongsaichia. "Towards Sustainable Retirement Planning of Wageworkers in Thailand: A Qualitative Approach in Behavioral Segmentation and Financial Pain Point Identification." Risks 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks10010008.

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Thailand recently reached “aged” society status, signifying that over twenty percent of the population is over sixty. Considering that Thailand has a low literacy rate, a fractured pension system, and no regulations that could provide sufficient income to cover basic needs after retirement, there will be economic repercussions if the situation is not handled soon. The government and financial institutions have been encouraging Thai citizens to prepare retirement plans but lack understanding of the root causes of being unprepared for retirement. The objectives of this qualitative research were to explore the behavior, knowledge, and preparedness towards retirement in governmental and private wageworkers. Moreover, the study aims to identify the pain points of being unprepared for retirement and deliver the optimal solutions and sustainable retirement plans suitable for each segment. This article employed a sample of 46 wageworkers in Khon Kaen, Thailand with ages ranging from 20 to 59 years old. Qualitative semi-structured in-depth interviews and qualitative content analysis were conducted with the respondents asking about their income, expenses, pains, and problems towards saving for retirement, their desired outcome after they retire, and how they would achieve it. The framework used for the in-depth qualitative interview was by utilizing the customer, problem, and solution zoom tool. The research contributions were to facilitate Thai citizens being ready for retirement stages and overcome post-retirement risks sustainably. The results revealed that the sample could be divided into four segments by their characteristics. Two low-income segments share the same traits and behaviors that can prove that financial literacy plays an essential role in retirement readiness. Lower-income wage workers do not have their money put in place to prepare for retirement. Additionally, this article discussed the study’s implications for wageworkers, employers, and the Thai government. This article recommended that Thai citizens should accumulate wealth in various ways, including investment in financial assets and earning additional income from a second job. Employers should provide suitable retirement contribution schemes. The government should launch a policy enabling above-60-year-old seniors to continue working.
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12

Saengsikhiao, Piyanut, Juntakan Taweekun, Kittinan Maliwan, Somchai Sae-ung, and Thanansak Theppaya. "Improving Energy Efficiency in the Supermarket by Retrofitting Low E Glass Doors for Open Refrigerated." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 20, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.20.1.1117.

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This research presents the improving energy efficiency by retrofitting doors for open refrigerated in central Thailand supermarkets that open in the daytime (06.00 am - 6:00 pm) and close in night-time (00.00 am – 6:00 am). The Materials and Methods were open refrigerated 15 cabinet and retrofitting doors for open refrigerated that 41 frames, 82 doors in medium temperature refrigeration system and measure power consumption kW, kWh by power meter data logger for analysis and summarize. The power consumption saving average per 7 days for retrofitting doors was 576 kWh/day, 39.67% that daytime 418 kWh/day, 41.93%, and night-time 116 kWh/day, 33.24%. Besides, the energy of day time more than night time because 1) The time of opening store is longer than closing store 2) In the night time, the refrigerated will close by plastic curtain 3) The request cooling load of day time is longer than day time 4) The sale area/ambient temperature of night time more than day time but the humidity was contrasted. Before retrofitting doors, the maximum and minimum of power consumption was 83.25 kw/hour and 44.73 kw/hour, respectively. Also, the power consumption swing at 38.52 kw/hour, 46.72%, and the maximum and minimum of power consumption after retrofitting doors was 33.15 kw/hour and 30.19 kw/hour, respectively. The power consumption swing at 2.96 kw/hour, 8.93%. In addition, the power consumption swing will after be retrofitting doors will less than before retrofitting doors by 1) The average cooling load will be the same as bolt conditions 2) The request cooling load of doors refrigerated will less than by product load, the swing of sale area temperature and humidity, customer behavior that effect power condition will have the low running operation. This research's investment was 21,694 €, while the payback period of this research was 14 months. Besides, within 1.1 years, that energy saving was 16,020 kWh/Month or 1,542 €/Month, 16,020 kWh/month or 192,220 kWh/Year or 18,503 €/Year.
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13

Suwanpahu, Grissanee, Thanapol Tantisattayakul, Nantamol Limphitakphong, and Orathai Chavalparit. "Greenhouse Gases Reduction Assessment from Energy Efficiency Improvement: Case Study of Power Generation and Distribution." Materials Science Forum 886 (March 2017): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.886.133.

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Electricity industry is one of the most important industries that contributes to Thailand’s economic growth. Power generation requires a huge amount of energy and emits a great number of greenhouse gas emission. Reducing energy consumption by improving its efficiency will be beneficial in both economic and environmental aspect. In this study, ten measures related to power generation and distribution system were assessed and analyzed its emission reduction via clean development mechanism and evaluated its cost effectiveness by using the net present value method. The findings revealed that changing a burner with better efficiency was the best implemented measure providing a great point not only on total energy saving but also on gross emission reduction and on earning back the investment. The results in term of intensity of energy saving and emission reduction, however, demonstrated that replacing an old transformer with a new high efficiency one was the most effective measure because using it for a long time period results in high value of no load loss. The information regarding the potential of greenhouse gas emission reduction on the energy efficiency improvement of each measure would be a useful information for decision makers or other parties in power sector to understanding and planning the suitable strategies in the future.
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Saengsikhiao, Piyanut, and Juntakan Taweekun. "Improving Energy Efficiency in Supermarkets by Retrofitting Low-E Glass Doors for Open Refrigeration Systems with Digital Semi Hermetic Compressor." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 82, no. 1 (April 21, 2021): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.82.1.145157.

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This research will be presenting energy efficiency improvement options by retrofitting doors for open refrigeration systems in Central Thailand supermarkets that open during the daytime (06:00 am – 06:00 pm), and are closed during the night-time (00:00 am – 6:00 am). The materials and methods used consisted of 15 open refrigeration cabinets with 82 retrofitted doors supported by 41 frames, with the temperature set at medium. The power consumption was indicated in kW, kWh through a power meter data logger for analysis and summarization. The investment required was €21,694 /store, while the payback period of this research was determined to be at 14 months. The cost of energy savings was found to be within a period of 1.1 years, at the rate of 192,220 kWh/year or €18,503 annually. The retrofitted doors is expected to reduce the cooling load and over-burdening of the compressor. The research found that the most viable solution was to use a digital semi-hermetic compressor that can operate in unload and full load status, that was being controlled by the evaporator temperature (TEV) which was set at -10 degree, the condenser temperature (TCD) set at 38 degrees, and the superheat temperature (TSH) at 10 degrees. In the unload status, the power consumption of the digital semi hermetic compressor will decrease by 50%, which has a significant impact for energy savings and is important for night-time when low cooling load is required whereby the compressor’s multiple start–stop cycles are not required. The investment for a digital semi-hermetic compressor was determined to be €7,800/store, and is able to yield energy savings of up to 26,890 kWh/year, or €2,589 annually, with a payback period of 2.9 years.
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15

Tran, Long Thanh. "The Impact of Capital Flows from Commercial Banks and FDI on Sustainable Economic Growth in ASEAN Countries." Contemporary Economics 16, no. 3 (September 6, 2022): 361–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.487.

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The paper is aimed at assessing the impact of capital flows from commercial banks and FDI on sustainable economic growth in ASEAN countries. The study has conducted quantitative secondary analysis on data collected from 1980 to 2018 for Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia. Descriptive statistics, correlation and ARDL are applied to measure the impact of each variable on sustainable economic growth. The study has shown a significant long-run relationship of short-term debt, long-term debt, technology, capital flows and savings and investment on sustainable economic growth. Short-term debt is found to have a negative impact in the long run. The short-run relationship between long-term debt, short-term and sustainable economic growth is significant while insignificant for all other variables. The study is useful for countries that are aiming for sustainable economic growth since all the factors are helpful to consider. Future researchers can use other regions to empirically examine the same model. The study is focused on only 3 countries from ASEAN countries and is only focused on one region. As economic and political scenarios different, results might not be same in other parts of the world.
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Grigoriev, L., and A. Ivashchenko. "Global Investment-Saving Balance." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 6 (June 20, 2011): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2011-6-4-19.

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The article analyzes the investment-saving balance in developed and developing countries and groups of countries. Main determinants of investment and saving decisions of different economic agents are derived from well-known theoretic papers. The analysis of pre-crisis investment-saving balance is performed with a focus on specific role of USA and China in the global financial intermediation system. A crisis shift in US households saving behavior is revealed, and it is treated as an additional source of financing American deficits. Maintenance of high personal saving rate of US households is considered to be the key factor to support post-crisis growth.
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17

ARGY, FRED. "SAVING, INVESTMENT AND EXTERNAL BALANCE." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 7, no. 3 (September 1988): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1988.tb00577.x.

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18

Gulley, O. David. "Are saving and investment cointegrated?" Economics Letters 39, no. 1 (May 1992): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(92)90101-4.

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19

Debaere, Peter, and Ufuk Demiroglu. "International Saving, Investment and Trade." Open Economies Review 19, no. 5 (December 27, 2007): 613–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11079-007-9072-2.

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20

Asimakopulos, A. "Finance, Liquidity, Saving, and Investment." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 9, no. 1 (September 1986): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1986.11489601.

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21

Davidson, Paul. "Finance, Funding, Saving, and Investment." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 9, no. 1 (September 1986): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01603477.1986.11489603.

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22

Eckaus, Richard S. "Forced Saving in China." China Quarterly 217 (December 16, 2013): 180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741013001446.

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AbstractThe explanation offered here for the high rates of saving in China is that much of the saving has been “forced” in two Benthamite senses. Involuntary saving, the first of Bentham's meanings, includes taxes which finance investment. These have made up more than half of the total savings in China in recent years. There is also forced saving in China in the form of Bentham's second sense, conduced saving, resulting from bank loans which have financed investment. While the existence of a savings glut has been suggested for China, a better characterization would be that it has had a high rate of investment.
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23

Keorite, Mathavee, and Huang Pan. "The impacts of Chinese direct investment in Thailand on the Sino-Thai bilateral trade." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 9, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-07-2015-0018.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impacts of Chinese direct investment in Thailand on the Sino-Thai bilateral trade. The economic relationship between Thailand and China has been strengthened through both trade and Chinese direct investment in Thailand for past decades. Design/methodology/approach – AR(p) model was used to examine the effects of Chinese direct investment on both Thailand exports and Thailand imports. Findings – This paper shows that Chinese direct investment in Thailand has contributed to the decrease of intermediate goods of Thailand exports to China. On the other hand, Chinese direct investment has contributed to the increase of finished products of Thailand exports to China. In addition, Chinese direct investment in Thailand has contributed to increase of Thailand imports from China. This suggests that strengthening cooperation for economic growth in either of the two countries can generate mutual benefits through trade. Research limitations/implications – The studies focus only on the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on trade, while the effects of trade on FDI are neglected. Practical implications – Policies should be devised to reduce reliance on exports of raw and semi-raw materials by turning on to final products with more value-added products and should improve the equality of infrastructure in the country to attract more FDI into the economy. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence that Chinese direct investment in Thailand is an important determinant factor of the rapid growth of the bilateral trade. It also shows that the appreciation of Thai Baht against Chinese RMB is associated with a decrease in Thailand trade surplus in the bilateral trade.
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24

Jesdapipat, Sitanon. "Trade, Investment, and the Environment: Thailand." Journal of Environment & Development 6, no. 3 (September 1997): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107049659700600309.

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25

Rondinelli, Dennis A., and Vuthiphong Priebjrivat. "Assessing privatization investment opportunities in Thailand." Thunderbird International Business Review 42, no. 6 (November 2000): 623–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1520-6874(200011/12)42:6<623::aid-tie2>3.0.co;2-8.

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26

PALUMBO, A. "NOTES ON INVESTMENT, SAVING AND GROWTH." Contributions to Political Economy 15, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cpe.a014044.

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27

Zhang, Jie, Junsen Zhang, and Michael C. M. Leung. "Health investment, saving, and public policy." Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique 39, no. 1 (February 2006): 68–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0008-4085.2006.00339.x.

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28

Yadav, Inder Sekhar, and Phanindra Goyari. "Domestic Saving-Investment Relationship in India." Indian Economic Journal 60, no. 4 (January 2013): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019466220130408.

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Genberg, Hans, and Alexander K. Swoboda. "Saving, Investment and the Current Account." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 94, no. 2 (June 1992): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3440459.

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BURBDDGE, JOHN B., WILLIAM M. SCARTH, and PETER J. STEMP. "Saving, Investment and Current Account Dynamics." Economic Record 70, no. 211 (December 1994): 397–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1994.tb01858.x.

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31

Tamborini, Roberto. "MONETARY POLICY WITH INVESTMENT-SAVING IMBALANCES." Metroeconomica 61, no. 3 (November 10, 2009): 473–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-999x.2009.04078.x.

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Sardoni, Claudio. "Saving and Investment Financing: Different Approaches." Review of Political Economy 32, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 474–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2020.1799608.

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Ghatak, Subrata. "Saving, Investment, and Growth in India." Economic Journal 114, no. 493 (February 1, 2004): F166—F168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0133.2004.191_14.x.

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Kasuga, Hidefumi. "Saving–investment correlations in developing countries." Economics Letters 83, no. 3 (June 2004): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2003.11.017.

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Tleppayev, Arsen, and Assel Azhibayeva. "Investment attractiveness of energy saving measures." E3S Web of Conferences 220 (2020): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022001010.

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The problem of energy efficiency of buildings is especially relevant in Kazakhstan. According to the state policy of innovative development of national economy, in recent decades, it has been necessary to solve the problems of saving energy resources, introducing renewable energy technologies and increasing energy efficiency. One of the most important issues of energy saving and energy efficiency is the problem of sustainable functioning and innovative development of housing and communal services in Kazakhstan, which is directly related to the modernization of residential buildings in order to reduce operating costs and improve energy efficiency. Analysis and study of economic approaches to financing energy efficiency measures are especially important in the framework of almost implemented projects for the modernization of housing and communal services.
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Schmidt-Hebbel, K., L. Serven, and A. Solimano. "SAVING AND INVESTMENT: PARADIGMS, PUZZLES, POLICIES." World Bank Research Observer 11, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 87–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/11.1.87.

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AmirKhalkhali, Sal, and Atul Dar. "Trade openness and saving–investment correlations." Economic Modelling 24, no. 1 (January 2007): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.06.003.

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Miller, Stephen M. "Are saving and investment co-integrated?" Economics Letters 27, no. 1 (January 1988): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90215-7.

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Mungtavesinsuk, Foengfurad, Hung Wen Lin, and Kris Wonggasem. "Textile Factory Energy-Efficiency Improvement in Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 1051 (October 2014): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1051.641.

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The textile industry plays a very important role and this industry is one of the most complicated manufacturing industries. All producing machine occupies almost 50% energy end-use. Hence, improving energy efficiency should be a primary concern for textile factory. This study aims to energy efficiency verification in Thailand textile factory. By real-time data collection for all equipment in factory, and use simulation tool to analyze whole year energy end-use, some of useful improvement strategies and energy saving percentage could be knew. Via change the subsystems, like lighting and insulation material for example, the total energy saving could at least to 10% with 2 years payback time. It will be a good start doing energy saving in textile industry in Thailand.
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Srivastava, Usha, and Srinivas Rao. "SHG Bank Linkage Programme in India and Its Impact on Rural Saving: Literature Review." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 11 (June 13, 2018): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i11.59.

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Individual saving and investment are important for the economy of a developing country. Investment is important for the capital formation and growth of economy. India is a rural based country where 80% of total population is living in rural area. Marginal propensity of saving (MPS) in rural household is very insignificant.SHG Bank linkage programme pioneered by NABARD in 1992 with 500 SHG has become a strong tool for improving the saving habit of rural people specially women. Since 1992 more than 80 lakhs of SHG are linked to various banks. The self help group of 10-15 women is motivated to save money periodically and encouraged to put their saving in some income generating activity or other kind of investment. Bank linkage programme is playing a pivotal role in rural saving and hence their investment. The present study has been carried out to review the literature on the impact of SHG Bank linkage programme on rural people’s saving and investment habit.
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41

Otoo, Henry, Sampson Takyi Appiah, Albert Buabeng, and M. Apodei. "Testing Causality and Cointegration of Savings and Investment In Ghana." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.2.1734.

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This paper sought to identify the causal relationship between saving and investment in Ghana as these econometric indicators serve as a measure for the economic development and wellbeing of developing countries. Annual time series of Saving and Investment in Ghana spanning from 1980 to 2017 were considered. First, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and the Elliott-Rothenberg-Stock (ERS) tests are carried out to determine the integration order of saving and investment data series. The Johansen's trace and maximum eigenvalue tests for cointegration were performed to ascertain the level of cointegration which suggested a long-run relationship between the saving and investment in Ghana despite potential deviations in the short-run. Finally, the Granger Causality test suggested saving as having a causal relationship with investment, while the reverse indicated no relationship. The study, therefore, recommended intensifying saving, both at the national and household level as a crucial direction for consideration if Ghana intends to finance her investments rather than relying mostly on foreign aid.
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Otoo, Henry, Sampson Takyi Appiah, Albert Buabeng, and M. Apodei. "Testing Causality and Cointegration of Savings and Investment In Ghana." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 2 (February 10, 2020): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.2.1734.

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This paper sought to identify the causal relationship between saving and investment in Ghana as these econometric indicators serve as a measure for the economic development and wellbeing of developing countries. Annual time series of Saving and Investment in Ghana spanning from 1980 to 2017 were considered. First, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and the Elliott-Rothenberg-Stock (ERS) tests are carried out to determine the integration order of saving and investment data series. The Johansen's trace and maximum eigenvalue tests for cointegration were performed to ascertain the level of cointegration which suggested a long-run relationship between the saving and investment in Ghana despite potential deviations in the short-run. Finally, the Granger Causality test suggested saving as having a causal relationship with investment, while the reverse indicated no relationship. The study, therefore, recommended intensifying saving, both at the national and household level as a crucial direction for consideration if Ghana intends to finance her investments rather than relying mostly on foreign aid.
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DR. A.N. PAUNIKAR, DR A. N. PAUNIKAR. "Equity Linked Saving Schemes as Tax saving Investment for Salaried Class." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 5 (January 15, 2012): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/may2014/11.

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44

Munir, Kashif. "Macroeconomic determinants of saving in South Asia: Evidence from panel ARDL." International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 10, no. 1 (January 2023): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.01.006.

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The basic purpose of this research is to explore the short and long run macroeconomic determinants of saving in South Asian countries while saving has been disaggregated into gross saving and gross domestic saving. The study applied the panel ARDL model to analyze the short and long run determinants of saving. The study focuses on only four South Asian countries i.e., Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka from 1980 to 2019. The results depicted that GDP per capita growth, export growth, and money supply have positive and significant, while foreign direct investment has a significant and negative effect on gross saving in the long run. On the other hand, GDP per capita growth, money supply, and working age population have positive and significant, while foreign direct investment has a significant and negative effect on gross domestic saving in the long run. Bidirectional causality exists among the gross saving and GDP per capita growth, while unidirectional causality exists from working age population to gross domestic savings. Government has to increase the investment projects that lead to an increase in the employment level and income of the people, as well the government has to encourage local investment by stabilizing the market and discouraging foreign direct investment.
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Ashraf, Muhammad Farhan, Muhammad Mehran Latif, and Hina Kanwal. "Factors Inducing the Investment and Saving Behaviour in Pakistan." iRASD Journal of Economics 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2019.0101.0007.

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This study endeavour’s to identify in detail the behaviour of investment and saving in Pakistan's economy. Both investment and saving have a dynamic role in economic growth and development. Gross domestic product, remittances, income, dependency rate, taxes, labor participation rate, national saving, and national investment are included as independent variables for this study; data were obtained from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics and World Bank for the years (1980-2016). The results show that the relationship between Investment and Interest rate is negative, while the relationship between saving and interest rate is positive. There is a dire need to review the monetary policy issued by the State Bank of Pakistan.
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Subhanij, Tientip, and Chitchanok Annonjarn. "Horizontal, Vertical And Conglomerate OFDI: Evidence From Thailand." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 32, no. 3 (May 2, 2016): 747–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i3.9654.

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Thailand is a late comer in international expansion but the pace of overseas investment has accelerated in recent years. This paper is the first attempt in exploring the distribution of Thai outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by types of their investment strategy. Using a unique firm-level FX transaction data, we find that the majority of Thai OFDI is horizontal in nature with vertical and conglomerate investment sharing less than half of the overall total. Horizontal investment is driven mainly by the desire to gain market share and vertical investment by relative factor endowments. Although largely ignored by previous empirical studies, a considerable proportion of Thai OFDI involves conglomerate investment strategy which is driven mainly by financial motives. We also find that Thai companies have simultaneously entered into developed and developing countries, with all types of investment going mostly to developed countries.
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Sricharoen, Thitiwan. "International Migrant Remittances and Saving from Thailand to Neighboring Countries." European Journal of Business and Management Research 6, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2021.6.5.958.

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Remittances are a vital source of income for poor migrant sending countries. The purpose of research is to identify the determinants of remittances of migrant workers in Thailand, that are, Cambodia, Myanmar and Lao migrants. Data collection of 511 migrant workers in central region of Thailand. Methodology uses probit regression analysis. Research results present that the migrants are classified into three groups, which are, first time migration (45.21%), second times migration (26.81%) and third or more times migration (27.98%). Determinants of remittance of Cambodia migrants are first time migration, be registered or documented migrant, single status, household size and number of migrating household members in Thailand. Remittance of Myanmar migrants rely on social assistance, be documented migrant, number of months visit home in the last two years, length of stay in Thailand and number of migrating household members in Thailand. For Lao migrants, remittances are influenced by saving, male status, Income, be documented migrant, household size, real estate owned, and burden of family.
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48

Kim, Sung-Ryong. "A Study on Investment Environment and Foreign Investment Laws in Thailand." Korean Academy Of International Commerce 36, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kaic.2021.36.4.131.

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49

Maghfiroh, Lailatul. "Pengaruh Financial Literacy dan Risk Tolerance Terhadap Keputusan Nasabah Dalam Pemilihan Instrumen Investasi Tabungan Emas di PT Pegadaian (Persero) Cabang Jombang." JFAS : Journal of Finance and Accounting Studies 1, no. 3 (August 25, 2020): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/jfas.v1i3.178.

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Financial literacy is a series of processes or activities to increase the knowledge of an individual so that they are able to manage personal finances for the better future. While risk tolerance is an ability that can be accepted by investors in taking an investment risk. This research is to know: (1) the influence of financial literacy on the saving of investment of customer of gold saving. (2) the influence of risk tolerance on the investment savings of gold saving customers.The population in this study are customers who are registered as active customers in PT Pegadaian (Persero) Jombang Branch. This research uses causal associative method with multiple regression analysis model. The results of this study indicate that: (1) Financial literacy has a positive influence on investment decision of gold saving customers. (2) Risk tolerance has a positive influence on the investment decision of gold saving customers. This research uses causal associative method with multiple regression analysis model.
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Fahlepi, Reza, and Syaparuddin Syaparuddin. "Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi utang luar negeri Indonesia." e-Journal Perdagangan Industri dan Moneter 7, no. 3 (December 26, 2019): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/pim.v7i3.7314.

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The purpose of this study is to (1) see the description of Indonesia's foreign debt, saving-investment gap, current account balance, and the budget deficit for the period 1990-2016. (2) analyze the effect of the saving-investment gap, current account balance, and budget deficit on Indonesia's foreign debt. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative analysis with multiple regression model analysis using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. The results of this research are the average development of Indonesia's foreign debt is 6.21 percent, the Saving-Investment gap is 12.47 percent, the current account balance is 394.19 percent, and the budget deficit is 60.91 percent. Based on the analysis results, the Saving-Investment gap and budget deficit have a positive and significant effect on foreign debt. In contrast, the current account balance has a negative and insignificant effect on foreign debt, with a coefficient of determination of 85.52 percent. Keywords: Foreign debt, Saving-investment gap, Current account, Budget deficit
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