Journal articles on the topic 'Saturated hydrocarbon'
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1
Wang, Z., and A. Nur. "Wave velocities in hydrocarbon‐saturated rocks: Experimental results." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 6 (June 1990): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442884.
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This paper contains laboratory measurements of the temperature dependence of velocities, determined by ultrasonic pulse transmission methods, in hydrocarbon liquids and rock samples saturated by the liquids. The samples discussed include 26 hydrocarbons of varying molecular weight, nine mixtures of these hydrocarbons, four heavy oils (tar), three saturated sandstones, and a saturated sand. The data provide encouragement that high‐frequency, high‐resolution seismic techniques may infer formation temperature changes, thereby detecting the progress of thermal enhanced oil recovery processes.
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Mostafa, Aya A., Ahmad K. Hegazy, Nermen H. Mohamed, Rehab M. Hafez, Ehab Azab, Adil A. Gobouri, Hosam A. Saad, Azza M. Abd-El Fattah, and Yasser M. Mustafa. "Potentiality of Azolla pinnata R. Br. for Phytoremediation of Polluted Freshwater with Crude Petroleum Oil." Separations 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8040039.
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The pollution of freshwater resources with crude petroleum oil is a major environmental issue in oil-producing countries. As a result, the remediation of polluted aquatic ecosystems using eco-friendly and cost-effective technology is receiving increased global attention. In this study, the ability of Azolla pinnata R. Br. to remediate petroleum-polluted freshwater was assessed. The remediation potentiality was determined by evaluating the total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation percentage (TPH%) and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. TPH% was estimated gravimetrically, and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic fractions were measured using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The results reveal that A. pinnata has the potential to phytoremediate freshwater polluted with low levels (up to 0.5 g/L) of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs). After seven days of phytoremediation, the degradation rate of total PHs was 92% in the planted treatment compared with 38% in the unplanted positive control. The highest breakdown of PHs for the normal paraffinic saturated hydrocarbon fraction occurred in the presence of A. pinnata combined with Anabena azollaea (A-A), which showed a moderate degradation capacity toward total aromatic hydrocarbons (TAHs) and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicate that A. pinnata effectively removed C18, a saturated PH, and acenaphthene (Ace), an aromatic PH. Therefore, this study suggests that A. pinnata is a useful tool for the remediation of freshwaters contaminated with low pollution levels of crude oil.
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Lăzăroaie, Mihaela. "Investigation of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1." Open Life Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-009-0050-0.
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AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1, isolated from Poeni petroleum sludge, was able to tolerate and degrade both saturated (n-hexane, n-heptane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane) and aromatic (benzene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, xylene isomers, styrene) hydrocarbons. Molecular studies have revealed that the high hydrocarbon resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 could be due to the action of members of the HAE1 (hydrophobe/amphiphile efflux 1) family of transporters. It is further possible that additional mechanisms may account for the tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 to hydrocarbons, and a combination of short-term and long-term mechanisms may act together in the adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 cells to saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. β-galactosidase activity measurements revealed that there was significant induction of the lacZ gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 cells grown in the presence of either 5% and 10% (v/v) saturated or aromatic hydrocarbons, compared with control (cells incubated without hydrocarbons). Rhodamine 6G accumulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 cells grown in the presence of 5% and 10% (v/v) saturated hydrocarbons was higher than rhodamine 6G accumulation in cells grown in the presence of 5% and 10% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons. The study of cellular and molecular modifications to Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 induced by 5% and 10% (v/v) saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons revealed a complex response of bacterial cells to the presence of different hydrophobic substrates in the culture medium.
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Māliņš, Kristaps, Ilze Malina, and Mara Legzdina. "The Synthesis of Renewable Hydrocarbons from Different Vegetable Oils and Soapstock by Hydrotreatment over High Metal Loading Supported Ni Catalyst." Key Engineering Materials 903 (November 10, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.903.81.
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The catalytic hydrotreatment of sunflower (SO), linseed (LO), coconut (CO), rapeseed (RO), and its soapstock derived acid oil (RS) over commercial Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated to evaluate utilization feasibility of various vegetable oil feedstocks with different fatty acid content, composition, and saturation for marketable hydrocarbon production. The active metal loading of catalyst was characterized by XRF and its textural properties by N2 sorption analysis. The hydrotreatment tests of different vegetable oils were carried out in solvent free medium, under initial H2 pressure 10 MPa, at operating temperature 340 oC, and residence time 15 min using catalyst amount 5%. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were used for estimation of dominant n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, and other hydrocarbon contents in obtained samples. Under studied hydrotreatment conditions complete conversion of different vegetable oils into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances was achieved. Highly active Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 has remarkable selectivity to hydrocarbons produced by reaction pathways, where elimination of carbonyl groups occurs. The saturation of fatty acids in feedstock determines H2 consumption, but influence on produced hydrocarbon production is insignificant. Depending on the fatty acid composition different saturated linear hydrocarbons with wide range of carbon chain length C5-C19 and similar calorific value 47.16-47.34 MJ/kg were produced in process. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 44.6 % to 78.1 %. The highest overall liquid saturated linear hydrocarbon yield was observed for feedstock with high amount of long chain fatty acids – SO, LO, RO and RS. Pure hydrocarbons obtained from vegetable oils depending on hydrocarbon composition can be used in various areas.
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Kutcherov, V. G., K. S. Ivanov, and A. Yu Serovaiskii. "Deep hydrocarbon cycle." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-3-289-305.
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Research subject. Experimental modelling of the transformation of complex hydrocarbon systems under extreme thermobaric conditions was carried out. The results obtained were compared with geological observations in the Urals, Kamchatka and other regions.Material and methods. The materials for the research were a model hydrocarbon system similar in composition to natural gas condensate and a system consisting of a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons and various iron-containing minerals enriched in 57Fe. Two types of high-pressure equipment were used: a diamond anvils cell and a Toroid-type high-pressure chamber. The experiments were carried out at pressures up to 8.8 GPa in the temperature range 593–1600 K.Results. According to the obtained results, hydrocarbon systems submerged in a subduction slab can maintain their stability down to a depth of 50 km. Upon further immersion, during contact of the hydrocarbon fluid with the surrounding iron-bearing minerals, iron hydrides and carbides are formed. When iron carbides react with water under the thermobaric conditions of the asthenosphere, a water-hydrocarbon fluid is formed. Geological observations, such as methane finds in olivines from ultramafic rocks unaffected by serpentinization, the presence of polycyclic aromatic and heavy saturated hydrocarbons in ophiolite allochthons and ultramafic rocks squeezed out from the paleo-subduction zone of the Urals, are in good agreement with the experimental data.Conclusion. The obtained experimental results and presented geological observations made it possible to propose a concept of deep hydrocarbon cycle. Upon the contact of hydrocarbon systems immersed in a subduction slab with iron-bearing minerals, iron hydrides and carbides are formed. Iron carbides carried in the asthenosphere by convective flows can react with hydrogen contained in the hydroxyl group of some minerals or with water present in the asthenosphere and form a water-hydrocarbon fluid. The mantle fluid can migrate along deep faults into the Earth’s crust and form multilayer oil and gas deposits in rocks of any lithological composition, genesis and age. In addition to iron carbide coming from the subduction slab, the asthenosphere contains other carbon donors. These donors can serve as a source of deep hydrocarbons, also participating in the deep hydrocarbon cycle, being an additional recharge of the total upward flow of a water-hydrocarbon fluid. The described deep hydrocarbon cycle appears to be part of a more general deep carbon cycle.
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Malina, I., K. Malins, M. Strods-Vavilovs, and V. Uleiskis. "Renewable Hydrocarbon Production via Rapeseed Oil Hydrotreatment Over Palladium Catalysts." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 897, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/897/1/012012.
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Abstract The effect of SiO2-Al2O3 (Pd5%/SA), activated carbon (Pd5%/C) and Al2O3 (Pd5%/A) supported palladium (5%) catalysts on renewable hydrocarbon synthesis via rapeseed oil hydrotreatment was investigated. The hydrotreatment experiments were carried out in solvent free medium under initial H2 pressure 100 bar and at 340 °C temperature for 120 min using catalyst amount 5%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were used for estimation of hydrocarbon content in the obtained samples. Pd5%/SA catalyst provided complete conversion of rapeseed oil into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances under studied hydrotreatment conditions. Moreover, all tested Pd catalysts gave narrow range of linear saturated hydrocarbons (n-C15-C19). Pd5%/C and Pd5%/A catalysts gave partial feedstock conversion into hydrocarbons even in long residence time. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 55.3% to 82.3%.
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Dolzhenko, Kirill V., Alexander N. Fomin, and Vasily N. Melenevsky. "Geochemical characteristics of terrestrial organic matter in the Upper Paleozoic complex of the Vilyui syneclise and some features of its transformation under thermobaric conditions at great depths." Georesursy 21, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.4.77-84.
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A combination of geochemical methods were used to study organic matter from Permian rocks in the central part of the Vilyui syneclise (East Siberia) penetrated by the Srednevilyuiskaya-27 ultra-deep well in the depth range of 3370-6458 m. This study discusses variations in the pyrolysis indices (HI, Tmax), hydrocarbon type content (hydrocarbons-resins-asphaltenes), vitrinite reflectance (R0vt, %), organic carbon content (Corg), as well as some trends in the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon compositions of bitumen extracts from the Upper Paleozoic rocks. Below a depth of about 4.5 km (late mesocatagenesis), the hydrocarbon type composition is characterized by a sharp decrease in the content of asphaltenes from < 30 % (at 4.5-5.0 km) to < 15 % (at 5.0-5.5 km), which are not detected at greater depth. In turn, the resins became the dominant constituent (~ 50-70 %), whereas hydrocarbons account for < 20 % at depths down to 5 km and < 40 % at greater depth. These depths are also characterized by a predominance of saturated hydrocarbons over aromatic compounds with a decrease in the relative contents of high molecular weight compounds in both fractions, as indicated by mass chromatograms. The hydrocarbon index (HI) of organic matter decreases to the first tens from the depth of 4.9 km and to the bottomhole (6519 m); the temperature of the maximum hydrocarbon yield (Tmax) varies between 570-580 °C, showing a slightly increasing trend. Our results show that the generative potential of organic matter from the rocks within the studied depth range (4.9-6.5 km) has been exhausted and that the terrestrial organic matter undergoes significant changes under severe temperature and pressure conditions at great depths.
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Pattanayak, Rojalin, Geetanjali Mishra, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Prasant Kumar Rout, Chandra Sekhar Mohanty, and Omkar. "Semiochemical profile of four aphidophagous Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.45.
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AbstractThe emitted aliphatic hydrocarbon profile of four Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) (C7), Coccinella transversalis Fabricius (Ct), Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Ms), and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) (Pd) has been investigated by simple solvent-less headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Identified volatile and non-volatile compounds were confirmed by running corresponding standards and comparing with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Among the 56 identified aliphatic hydrocarbons, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were more in number than unsaturated ones. Among saturated hydrocarbons, methyl branched hydrocarbons were more in number in C7 and Ct than Ms and Pd. Menochilus sexmaculatus and Pd had higher percentages of unsaturated hydrocarbons than C7 and Ct. Among branched chain-hydrocarbons, mono-methylated saturated hydrocarbons were more in number than dimethylated saturated hydrocarbons. Further analysis of the semiochemical profile revealed a closeness between C7 and Ct, and between Ms and Pd. Quantitative analysis revealed that straight chain hydrocarbons form separate clusters to branched chain methylated hydrocarbons. This is the first attempt to identify the semiochemical profile of some Indian coccinellids using the headspace solid phase micro-extraction technique coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. This report will be helpful for various chemotaxonomic studies of the species in the future.
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Shephard, Michael J., Michael N. Paddon-Row, and Kenneth D. Jordan. "Electronic coupling through saturated hydrocarbon bridges." Chemical Physics 176, no. 2-3 (October 1993): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(93)80241-z.
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Nagata, Isamu. "Liquid-liquid equilibria for the acetonitrile + methanol + saturated hydrocarbon and acetonitrile + 1-butanol + saturated hydrocarbon systems." Thermochimica Acta 114, no. 2 (April 1987): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(87)80043-6.
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Nagata, Isamu. "Liquid-liquid equilibria for ternary acetonitrile-ethanol-saturated hydrocarbon and acetonitrile-1-propanol-saturated hydrocarbon mixtures." Thermochimica Acta 119, no. 2 (September 1987): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(87)80272-1.
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Nagata, Isamu. "Liquid-liquid equilibria for the acetonitrile-2-propanol-saturated hydrocarbon and acetonitrile-isobutanol-saturated hydrocarbon systems." Thermochimica Acta 127 (May 1988): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(88)87488-4.
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Malysheva, Anna. "Calculation of a two-phase system of a liquified hydrocarbon gas." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913504003.
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Liquefied hydrocarbon gases are a mixture of chemical compounds, consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon with different molecular structures. The main components of liquefied hydrocarbon gases are propane and butane, containing lighter hydrocarbons (methane and ethane) and heavier ones (pentane) in the form of impurities. All of these components are saturated hydrocarbons. The composition of liquefied hydrocarbon gases can also include unsaturated hydrocarbons: ethylene, propylene, butylene. Butane-butylenes may be present as isomeric compounds (isobutane and isobutylene). When designing and operating liquefied petroleum gas systems, it is necessary to take into account the external equilibrium between the liquid and the gas. The paper analyzes the change in the ratio of components, in which the relative content of lighter hydrocarbons will decrease, while the content of heavier ones will increase. With an intensive flow of gas, the temperature of the liquid will drop sharply, estimation will be disturbed, and the vessel will freeze. Therefore, when operating balloon installations, it is very important to consider safety issues that are associated with containers’ filling, as well as with the change in the composition of hydrocarbon gases mixture. The discussed issues related to the calculation of a two-phase system of liquefied hydrocarbon gas can improve the operating conditions of the systems.
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Tian, Jianxiang, Cuihua Zhang, Laibin Zhang, Mengmeng Zheng, and Shuzhen Liu. "Corresponding state-based correlations for the temperature-dependent surface tension of saturated hydrocarbons." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 28 (October 10, 2017): 1750259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917502591.
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Based on the recent progresses on the corresponding state-based correlations for the temperature-dependent surface tension of saturated fluids [I. Cachadiña, A. Mulero and J. X. Tian, Fluid Phase Equilibr. 442 (2017) 68; J. X. Tian, M. M. Zheng, H. L. Yi, L. B. Zhang and S. Z. Liu, Mod. Phys. Lett. B 31 (2017) 1750110], we proposed a new correlation for saturated hydrocarbons. This correlation includes three fluid-independent parameters and inquires the critical temperature, the triple-point temperature and the surface tension at the triple-point temperature as inputs for each hydrocarbon. Results show that this correlation can reproduce NIST data with absolute average deviation (AAD) less than 1% for 10 out of 19 hydrocarbons and AAD less than 5% for 17 out of 19 hydrocarbons, clearly better than other correlations.
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Kayukova, Galina P., Zukhra R. Nasyrova, Anastasiya N. Mikhailova, Igor P. Kosachev, Firdavs A. Aliev, and Alexey V. Vakhin. "Composition of Oil after Hydrothermal Treatment of Cabonate-Siliceous and Carbonate Domanic Shale Rocks." Processes 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101798.
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The hydrocarbon compositions of shale oils, generated from two different lithological–facial Domanic deposits of the Tatarstan Republic (Russia), were studied under hydrothermal impact with 30% of water addition in a 350 °С and CO2 environment. The samples were extracted from carbonate–siliceous rocks of the Semiluky–Mendym deposits of the Berezovskaya area, and carbonate deposits of the Dankovo–Lebedyan horizon of the Zelenogorskaya area of the Romashkino oil field. The distinctive features of rocks are in the composition and content of organic matter (OM), its thermal stability, as well as the structural-group composition of the shale oil products. The hydrothermal treatment of the rock samples increased the content of saturates and decreased the content of aromatics, resins and asphaltenes in the composition of crude oil. The decomposition of the polymer-like kerogen structure and destruction processes of high-molecular compounds, such as resins and asphaltenes, are accompanied with the formation of substances highly rich in carbons—carbenes and carboids. The contents of n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids increase in the composition of saturated hydrocarbons. According to the chemical classification of Al. A. Petrov, the character of the molecular mass distribution of such substances corresponds to oil type A1, which is considered paraffinic. The contents of dibenzothiophene, naphthalene and phenanthrene are increased in the composition of aromatic hydrocarbons, while the contents of tri-methyl-alkyl-benzene and benzothiophene are decreased. The increase in the aryl isoprenoid ratio (AIR = С13–С17/С18–С22) and maturity parameter (4-MDBT/1-MDBT) under the influences of hydrothermal factors indicates the increasing thermal maturity degree of the hydrocarbon system. The differences in the distribution behavior of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons—biomarkers in rocks of various lithological-facies types, which are reasoned by different conditions of initial organic matter transformation as well as under the impact of hydrothermal factors—were revealed.
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Hou, Jinjian, Jinze Du, Hong Sui, and Lingyu Sun. "Surfactants Enhanced Heavy Oil–Solid Separation from Carbonate Asphalt Rocks-Experiment and Molecular Dynamic Simulation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 1835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071835.
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In this study, surfactants were used to enhance heavy oil–solid separation, and a detailed mechanism was explored by SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltenes) analysis, element analysis, AFM measurement, and molecular dynamic simulation. Surfactants could effectively decrease oil/solid interaction force and then oil–solid separation would be enhanced. The oil–solid interactive force was in relation to surfactants concentration, pH value, asphaltene content, and salinity. The molecular dynamics simulation results show that the dissociation of saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) on carbonate minerals is gradually weakened for all surfactants. In the process of molecular dynamics simulation of surfactant stripping SARA, firstly, the surfactant molecules adsorb on the surface of SARA molecules. After that, the surfactant peels SARA molecules off the surface of calcite under the influence of molecular thermal motion. In this process, surfactant molecules will not be directly adsorbed on the surface of trace minerals. The results of energy/temperature balance indicated that saturates, aromatics and resins could remain stable when the molecular dynamics simulation time reached 2000 ps with the phenomenon that saturates, aromatics could liberate from minerals totally within 2000 ps. The molecular dynamics simulation of asphaltenes will not liberate from calcite surface within 6000 ps, meanwhile, they could not reach the energy balance/energy balance within 6000 ps. The functional groups of surfactant molecules would have interactions with the SARA functional group, resulting in different dissociation effects of SARA. The results of molecular dynamics simulation are consistent with the experiment results. The separation effect of saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, resin, and asphaltene in five kinds of surfactants were different. The molecular dynamic simulation results were in accordance with the SARA analysis.
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Lohse, David J., Richard T. Garner, William W. Graessley, and Ramanan Krishnamoorti. "Miscibility of Blends of Saturated Hydrocarbon Elastomers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 4 (September 1, 1999): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538819.
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Abstract Over the last several years, a great deal of progress has been made in understanding the basic miscibility between saturated hydrocarbon polymers. This has mainly been accomplished through the use of neutron scattering, but has also benefited by the results from light scattering, pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) measurements, and other techniques. This paper concentrates on the results that apply to elastomers such as polyisobutylene (PIB) and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM).
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Wang, Wei Jin, Feng Wen Yu, Long Chao Gao, Guo Dong Zhang, and Jian Bing Ji. "Effect of Molten Alkali on Pyrolysis of Fatty Acid Sodium Salts to Hydrocarbon." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.182.
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The molten alkali was investigated on the pyrolysis of fatty acid sodium salts; furthermore, the difference of pyrolysate between saturate and un-saturate fatty acid sodium salts was also given. In the presence of molten alkali, the pyrolysis of saturated sodium stearate leaded to high content of alkanes (nearly 60%) and low content of oxygen-containing compounds (almost 3%). But for the pyrolysis of un-saturated sodium oleate, high amount of aromatics (nearly 24%) and low amount of oxygen-containing compounds (1%) were detected. Compared with the pyrolysis without molten alkali, less oxygen-containing compounds were found in liquid pyrolysates. Therefore, molten alkali not only prompted deoxygenation of fatty acid sodium salts to hydrocarbons, but also had effect on the distribution of different compounds. In the process of pyrolysis, molten alkali partly changes into sodium carbonate. And the different raw materials also affected the distributions of pyrolysate.
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Mukhtarova, G. S., Yu A. Abdullayeva, N. G. Alakbarova, S. F. Ahmadbayova, S. A. Aliyeva, N. A. Rzayeva, and N. F. Gafarova. "The study of group hydrocarbon content of oil from Garbi Absheron field." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 12 (December 15, 2022): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2022-12-51-55.
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With the increase of production and processing of the heavy oils, an issue of the complex research of their group hydrocarbon content and properties occurs. An adsorption method of separation of native oil from Garbi Absheron field with KSM brand silicagel was applied to study the group hydrocarbon content. Methane-naphthene and separate groups of aromatic hydrocarbons, asphaltene-resin compounds have been obtained. It was established that this oil consists of 42.40 % saturated (methane-naphtene), 44.46 % aromatic hydrocarbons and 13.14 % asphaltene-resin compounds. The structural group content of the fractions obtained has been studied via the spectral (IR and UV) methods. Due to the fact that by its physico-chemical properties, commercial quality and fractional analysis, this oil is close to the other Azerbaijani heavy oils, their combined transportation and refining is recommended.
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Coleman III, WM, and BM Gordon. "On the Development of a Very Rapid Gas Chromatographic Method for the Analysis of High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Smoke." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 5 (March 1, 2003): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0749.
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AbstractA very rapid, flash-gas chromatographic (GC), quantitative method for the analysis of high molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke has been developed. The method was fast, accurate and precise. Sample turn around times were approximately six minutes, with an accompanying average percent relative standard deviation (%RSD) of less than 10%. Four linear saturated hydrocarbons with 27, 29, 31 and 33 carbon atoms were quantitated in an array of reference cigarettes ranging in “tar” deliveries from approximately 2 to approximately 20 mg. By use of a cyclohexane extraction of cigarette smoke captured on Cambridge filter pads, the extraction efficiency was determined to be greater than 95% for each hydrocarbon. The approach represents a significant advance over current analytical procedures that require, on average, greater than 30-min sample turn around times.
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Nishihara, Masateru, Hiroyuki Morii, Koji Matsuno, Mami Ohga, Karl O. Stetter, and Yosuke Koga. "Structural analysis by reductive cleavage with LiAlH4of an allyl ether choline-phospholipid, archaetidylcholine, from the hyperthermophilic methanoarchaeonMethanopyrus kandleri." Archaea 1, no. 2 (2002): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/682753.
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A choline-containing phospholipid (PL-4) inMethanopyrus kandlericells was identified as archaetidylcholine, which has been described by Sprott et al. (1997). The PL-4 consisted of a variety of molecular species differing in hydrocarbon composition. Most of the PL-4 was acid-labile because of its allyl ether bond. The identity of PL-4 was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) followed by positive staining with Dragendorff-reagent and fast-atom bombardment–mass spectrometry. A new method of LiAlH4hydrogenolysis was developed to cleave allyl ether bonds and recover the corresponding hydrocarbons. We confirmed the validity of the LiAlH4method in a study of the model compound synthetic unsaturated archaetidic acid (2,3-di-O-geranylgeranyl-sn-glycerol-1-phosphate). Saturated ether bonds were not cleaved by the LiAlH4method. The hydrocarbons formed following LiAlH4hydrogenolysis of PL-4 were identified by gas–liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Four kinds of hydrocarbons with one to four double bonds were detected: 47% of the hydrocarbons had four double bonds; 11% had three double bonds; 14% had two double bonds; 7% had one double bond; and 6% were saturated species. The molecular species composition of PL-4 was also estimated based on acid lability: 77% of the molecular species had two acid-labile hydrocarbons; 11% had one acid-labile and one acid-stable hydrocarbon; and 11% had two acid-stable hydrocarbons. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a specific chemical degradation method for the structural analysis of allyl ether phospholipid in archaea.
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Pikula, P. A., A. K. Golovko, and V. F. Kamyanov. "The Composition and properties of Straight-Run and Mechanoactivated 360-400°C Distillate from Yakut Petroleum." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, no. 3 (March 10, 2007): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj570.
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The group hydrocarbon composition of 360-400°C straight-run distillate of the petroleum from Talakanskoye oil-field (Yakutia − Republic of Saha) has been studied in detail using clathrate formation, liquid adsorption chromatography, thermodiffusion methods and mass spectrometric analysis of obtained thermodiffusion fractions. The fundamental physical constants of all isolated narrow hydrocarbon fractions were measured. The regularities of thermodiffusion separation of saturated hydrocarbons having different amounts of rings in molecules as well as the relations between properties and composition of the concentrates obtained were traced. It is established that a mechanoactivation of petroleum distillate leads to a change of its hydrocarbon composition, first of all to a decrease of its paraffin content, as well as to respective changes of its physicalchemical characteristics (to a decrease in pour point and an increase in density and viscosity values).
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Medellin, David, Vivek Ramachandran Ravi, and Carlos Torres-Verdín. "Pore-size-dependent fluid substitution method for magnetic resonance measurements." GEOPHYSICS 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): D25—D38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0457.1.
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Pore-size distribution and permeability can be accurately estimated from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements acquired in single-fluid-saturated rocks. However, most rocks penetrated by wells contain multiple fluids and are commonly affected by mud-filtrate invasion, which makes the analysis and interpretation of longitudinal ([Formula: see text]) and transverse ([Formula: see text]) relaxation measurements challenging. It is necessary to replace the hydrocarbon NMR response of the original measurements with an equivalent water response to estimate petrophysical quantities of interest. We have developed an improved NMR fluid substitution method that takes into account partial water and hydrocarbon pore saturation and does not require knowledge of permeability and surface relaxivity. The method consists of two steps: first, the hydrocarbon NMR response is removed from the initially water-hydrocarbon-saturated NMR data. Then, the NMR distribution of the resulting hydrocarbon-depleted system is transformed to that of a completely water-saturated system. Four pore-size-dependent saturation distributions are considered in the study. Tests of verification are performed on Berea sandstone and Indiana limestone samples. Our results show that the method can be reliably applied to Berea sandstone but has limited applicability to the Indiana limestone samples.
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Putilina, V. S., I. V. Galitskaya, and T. I. Yuganova. "Plume of oil metabolites in groundwater: formation, evolution, and toxicity." Геоэкология. Инженерная геология. Гидрогеология. Геокриология, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-78092019138-45.
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The transformation of oil hydrocarbons in groundwater is mainly related to the processes of biodegradation. At sites where residual crude oil or petroleum hydrocarbon fuel contaminants are present in the environment, biodegradation reactions result in the formation of partial oxidation products, i.e., metabolites. These transformation products are more soluble than the parent petroleum hydrocarbons, due to their greater polarity and corresponding low volatility. Transformation products from residual source zones are distributed in aqueous phase to form a plume of contamination in groundwater. The content of metabolites depends on the redox conditions and the presence of the terminal electron acceptors, as well as on the structure of the original hydrocarbon compounds. The article considers the conditions for formation of metabolites, their degradation, migration to groundwater and plume formation, toxicity of metabolites. Examples of modeling the migration of metabolites in the saturated zone are given.
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Pilka, M. S. "ECONOMIC SUPPLY OF INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CARBON HEALTH CARE WITH OIL-WEIGHTED SPARE PARTS." Scientific Bulletin of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Series: Economics and Management in the Oil and Gas Industry), no. 1(19) (May 20, 2019): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2409-0948-2019-1(19)-40-52.
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T
The possibilities of attraction of investments for efficient removal of hydrocarbon reserves, which belong to hardrecoverable and mechanisms for attracting investments in the further development of oil and gas deposits in Ukraine, are presented.
The main principles of the ranking of hydrocarbon reserves are considered, deposits structure analysis is needed to evaluate the prospects of transferring their parts to cost-effective ones if some economic conditions will change, as well as the appearance of new methods and technologies for attracting these reserves into development. For oil and gas companies information about the qualitative characteristics of profitable reserves and their distribution in the collectors is very important.
The main advantages of using intelligent oil and gas field technologies, which enable real-time realization of fast processing of large volumes of geological information, modeling of various extraction scenarios, and the adoption of rational management decisions for optimizing oil and gas production are described.
Hydrodynamic modeling, as an instrument for the search and growth of hydrocarbon reserves, its quantitative and qualitative assessment and a detailed comprehensive study of productive collectors based on modern achievements in geological and geophysical sciences is one of the main ways of development of hardrecoverable reserves. The application of existing and the creation of new technological solutions for the efficient production of oil and gas with positive economic indicators, is a logical continuation of a complex of works on low-yielding hydrocarbon deposits. The main source of growth of hydrocarbon reserves in deposits with a long history of development are: unidentified reserves outside the productive part of the deposit and missed oil-saturated intervals; oil-saturated intervals in the productive section, which aren’t attracted in the development.
The development of hardrecoverable reserves is associated with considerable complexity, but the engineering approach, using development monitoring, hydrodynamic modeling, attracting international experience and new technologies, will increase profitability and obtain additional extraction of significant volumes of hydrocarbons, which will ensure not only the achievement of maximum investment efficiency, but also full usage of natural resources of hydrocarbons.
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Yang, Ming-Xing, Li-Juan Chen, Jing Gao, Yang Gao, Guang-Tao Yu, and Shen Lin. "Three novel MOFs constructed from 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene and dicarboxylate ligands with selective adsorption for C2H2/C2H4 and C2H6/CH4." Dalton Transactions 51, no. 12 (2022): 4862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt04149e.
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Three 3D porous Co-MOFs constructed from 1,3,5-tris(1-imidazolyl)benzene and dicarboxylic acid ligands with selective adsorption for unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules (C2H2, C2H4) and saturated hydrocarbon molecules (C2H6, CH4).
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JANGKAMOLKULCHAI, A., and K. D. LUKS. "THE ISOTHERMAL COMPRESSIBILITY OF GAS-SATURATED HYDROCARBON LIQUIDS." Chemical Engineering Communications 64, no. 1 (February 1988): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448808940236.
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Rauth, T., V. Grill, and T. D. Märk. "Production and identification of saturated hydrocarbon cluster dications." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 139 (November 1994): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(94)90028-0.
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Khandpur, Ashish K., Christopher W. Macosko, and Frank S. Bates. "Transmission electron microscopy of saturated hydrocarbon block copolymers." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33, no. 2 (January 30, 1995): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330209.
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Chen, Junqing, Xiongqi Pang, and Zhenxue Jiang. "Controlling factors and genesis of hydrocarbons with complex phase state in the Upper Ordovician of the Tazhong Area, Tarim Basin, China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 10 (October 2015): 880–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0209.
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Seven hydrocarbon reservoirs have been discovered to date in the Upper Ordovician of the Tazhong Area, a region in which hydrocarbon phase distribution is complex. In the present study, the genesis and controlling factors of the hydrocarbons with complex phase in the Tazhong Area were investigated on the basis of the geological and geochemical conditions required for the formation and distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs, integrated with the source rock geochemistry, natural gas and oil properties, and oil and gas reservoir fluid tests PVT (i.e., pressure, volume, and temperature tests). The results indicate that hydrocarbon reservoir types in the Upper Ordovician of the Tazhong Area transition from unsaturated to saturated condensate-gas reservoirs from west to east and from condensate-gas reservoirs to unsaturated-oil reservoirs from north to south. The crude oil in the region originated primarily from the mixing of Lower–Middle Cambrian and Middle–Upper Ordovician source rocks, while the natural gas was sourced primarily from the cracking gas of Lower–Middle Cambrian crude oil. This hydrocarbon-phase distribution was controlled primarily by temperature and pressure and has been affected by multiple periods of hydrocarbon accumulation and alteration. The high-quality Lower–Middle Cambrian reservoir–cap assemblage may be an important target for future exploration of natural gas in the Tazhong Area.
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Serovaiskii, A. Yu, and V. G. Kutcherov. "The Stability of Cementite in the Presence of Water at Extreme Temperatures and Pressures." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 632, no. 4 (2022): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-632-4-39-42.
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The behavior of cementite (Fe3C) in aqueous environments was investigated in the thermobaric range of 180-950°C and 2-6 GPa. When interacting with water, cementite was transformed into wüstite and magnetite. The gaseous reaction products were represented mainly by saturated hydrocarbons with linear and branched structures up to C7. The composition of the hydrocarbon products synthesized from cementite and water at extreme thermobaric parameters varied from light mixtures similar to "dry" natural gasto complex hydrocarbon systems similar to "wet" natural gas and gas condensate. During the investigation, it was discovered that the chemical reaction between iron carbide and water begins at 220°C under extreme pressure, which is significantly lower than the temperature at which the reaction of cementite with water begins at ambient pressure.
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Martins, Gilberto, Sara Campos, Ana Ferreira, Rita Castro, Maria Salomé Duarte, and Ana J. Cavaleiro. "A Mathematical Model for Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soils." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 11069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122111069.
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Bioremediation of hydrocarbons in soil is a highly complex process, involving a multiplicity of physical, chemical and biological phenomena. Therefore, it is extremely difficult to control and boost the bioremediation of these systems after an oil spill. A mathematical model was developed to assist in the prediction and decision-making regarding the in situ bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils. The model considered the most relevant processes involved in the mass transfer and biodegradation of alkanes over time and along the depth of a flooded soil column. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were chosen since they are less water soluble than aromatics and account for 50–90% of the hydrocarbon fraction in several petroleum products. The effect of adding oxygen, nitrate, iron (III) or sulfate as electron acceptors was then simulated (bioremediation scenarios). Additionally, and to feed the model, batch assays were performed to obtain experimental data on hydrocarbon adsorption to soil particles (more than 60% of hydrocarbons tends to be adsorbed to soil particles), as well as hydrocarbon biodegradation rates in the presence of nitrate (0.114 d−1) and oxygen (0.587 d−1). The model indicates that saturated hydrocarbon removal occurs mainly with adsorption/desorption and transport processes in the upper layers of soil due to methanogenic biodegradation in deeper layers, since the other microbial processes are soon limited by the lack of electron acceptors. Simulation results show that higher initial electron acceptor concentrations led to higher hydrocarbon removal, confirming that the model is performing in accordance with the expected. Close to the surface (at 0.1 m depth), all scenarios predicted more than 83% hydrocarbon removal after two years of simulation. Soil re-aeration results in faster hydrocarbon removal (more than 20% after one year) and surfactants addition (around 15% after one year) may also accelerate soil bioremediation. With this model, the simultaneous contributions of the various physicochemical and biological processes are integrated, facilitating the simulation and comparison of different bioremediation scenarios. Therefore, it represents a useful support tool for the management of contaminated sites.
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Jiang, Lian, and John P. Castagna. "On the rock-physics basis for seismic hydrocarbon detection." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): MR25—MR35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2018-0801.1.
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One of the primary fluid indicators for direct hydrocarbon detection in sandstones using seismic reflectivity is the difference between the saturated-rock P-wave impedance and the rock-frame impedance. This can be expressed in terms of the difference between the observed P-wave impedance squared and a multiplier times the square of the observed S-wave impedance. This multiplier is a fluid discrimination parameter that laboratory and log measurements suggest varies over a wide range. Theoretically, this parameter is related to the ratio of the frame bulk and shear moduli and the ratio of the frame and fluid-saturated rock densities. In practice, empirical determination of the fluid discrimination parameter may be required for a given locality. Given sufficient data for calibration, the parameter can be adjusted so as to best distinguish hydrocarbon-saturated targets from brine-saturated rocks. Using an empirically optimized fluid discrimination parameter has a greater impact on hydrocarbon detection success rate in the oil cases studied than for gas reservoirs, for which there is more latitude. Application to a wide variety of well-log and laboratory measurements suggests that the empirically optimized parameter may differ from direct theoretical calculations made using Gassmann’s equations. Combining laboratory and log measurements for sandstones having a broad range of frame moduli, varying from poorly consolidated to highly lithified, reveals a simple linear empirical relationship between the optimized fluid discrimination parameter and the squared velocity ratio of brine-saturated sandstones.
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Lewars, Errol. "Another possible planar tetracoordinate carbon saturated hydrocarbon, a computational study." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 97, no. 2 (February 2019): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2018-0315.
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Building on earlier computational work by Radom and Rasmussen, the author found a smaller candidate (C17H16) for a hydrocarbon with a planar tetracoordinate carbon atom than the candidate (C23H24) that had been reported by those workers. This molecule is apparently very unstable but nevertheless significant because it may be the smallest neutral hydrocarbon with such a carbon atom and its smaller size makes it easier to study at high computational levels.
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Petrov, Sergey M., Alfiya I. Lakhova, Aliya G. Safiulina, Nikita E. Ignashev, Mohammed A. Khelkhal, and Alexey V. Vakhin. "Conversion of Organic Matter of Carbonate Deposits in the Hydrothermal Fluid." Processes 9, no. 11 (October 25, 2021): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111893.
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This present paper investigates the conversion of organic matter in carbonate rocks of the Semiluksko-Mendymsky horizon Volga-Ural Basin under hydrothermal conditions with excess water in subcritical conditions at 613–653 K and 170–200 Bar. It has been found that the content of hydrocarbon extracts increases (relatively) which indicates the oil-generating potential of the studied deposits. Besides, it has been shown that organic matter undergoes oxidation reactions under hydrothermal conditions, as indicated by the presence of oxidized structures in the extracted hydrocarbons. Moreover, our results indicate that increasing the temperature and pressure of the used hydrothermal fluid leads to an increase in the content of n-alkanes C25-C30 and asphaltenes in the extracts. On the other hand, it has been found that saturated, aromatic hydrocarbons and resins content decreases at this stage. The obtained data about the geochemical parameters dependencies of the hydrocarbons obtained from the studied carbonate rock on temperature and pressure associated to hydrothermal effect show possible pathways of migration, genesis, and formation of hydrocarbon deposits.
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Kovaleva, L. A., Z. Yu Stepanova, I. M. Kamaltdinov, and Yu S. Zamula. "The influence of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on the adsorption processes in porous media." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 9, no. 2 (2012): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2012.2.052.
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The experimental results of the polar hydrocarbon adsorption in saturated porous media after radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) influence and the thermal heating for comparison are presented. Temperature dependences of the extracted volume of hydrocarbons from models are shown. Comparing the obtained data an additional influence of RF EM field on the desorption of asphaltenes from the porous media surface has been found, that leads to an increase of the extraction of hydrocarbons from the models. The thermodynamic substantiation and mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer in a saturated porous media under RF EM influence are used as the basis of theoretical study. The equation of sorption kinetics based on the Henry’s Law includes a summand that represents the contribution of thermal and EM fields is to be considered. Researches have discovered that the adsorption process slows down under RF EM field influence, which has a positive effect on the filtration ability of the saturated rock. Investigation of the field influence on the asphaltene adsorption process using atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to identify the mechanism of adsorption and desorption of polar components on the surface of the porous medium under the RF EM field influence.
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Zhang, Liu, Jin-xiu Zhao, Li-fang Yue, Hong-xing Zhou, and Chun-li Ren. "Cycle performance evaluation of various R134a/hydrocarbon blend refrigerants applied in vapor-compression heat pumps." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 168781401881956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018819561.
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Blend refrigerants combing hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbons are good substitutes to decrease the flammability of hydrocarbons while reducing the global warming potential of hydrofluorocarbons. Four hydrofluorocarbon/hydrocarbon blends (R134a/R290, R134a/R600, R134a/R600a, and R134a/R1270) with various compositions are investigated in vapor-compression heat pump cycles. The effects of hydrocarbon fraction on the blend properties, including critical temperature, critical pressure, latent heat, saturated liquid line, and azeotropic behavior, are comparatively analyzed. Thermodynamic models are established for heat pump simulation. For each R134a/hydrocarbon blend, both the cooling and heating coefficient of performances generally first decrease and then increase with the hydrocarbon mass fraction. The coefficient of performances of R134a/R600 and R134a/R600a have dramatic changes within the hydrocarbon mass fraction of 0.2–1.0, while those of R134a/R290 and R134a/R1270 have dramatic changes within the fraction of 0.0–0.4. Lower condensing or higher evaporating temperatures lead to higher coefficient of performances. In addition, the volumetric capacities first increase and then decrease with the increase of hydrocarbon fraction. R134a/R290 and R134a/R1270 show much higher volumetric capacities as compared to R134a/R600 and R134a/R600a under higher hydrocarbon fractions, which can greatly reduce the required compressor size of pure R134a. The discharge temperatures are kept in the range of 43.0°C–72.3°C for all the blends. To obtain low global warming potential R134a/hydrocarbon blends, the hydrocarbon fraction need to be greater than 0.9, at which R134a/R1270 performs the best, with cooling/heating coefficient of performances of 5.25/4.70 and cooling/heating volumetric capacities of 4.78/3.53 MJ/m3. Generally, R134a/R290 and R134a/R1270 perform much better than R134a/R600 and R134a/R600a at the low global warming potential composition. This study can contribute to the determination of hydrofluorocarbon/hydrocarbon compositions based on comprehensive considerations of cycle efficiency, volumetric capacity, and low global warming potential target.
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Tharimela, Raghava. "Improving exploration efficiency in frontier basin using CSEM." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19182.
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In underexplored frontier offshore basins one of the key challenges is to identify areas with the greatest probability of success (Pg) within set budgetary and time constraints. Frontier exploration permits are generally large, with limited geophysical data and limited knowledge of a working petroleum system. Play concepts can be formulated using data at hand but will require augmenting by new datasets. The nature and extent of additional data is generally linked to budgetary constraints and exploration history of the area and will set the strategy to identify and manage key risks before major investment for block development. Often this preliminary evaluation does not address fluid-related risk which has a major impact on assessment of Pg. Seep evaluation could indicate presence of hydrocarbons in the system, but the absence of seeps cannot be a reason to condemn the area. Resistivity is a key attribute that has a reliable relation with hydrocarbon saturation. Subsurface resistivity imaging using the controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) method, can indicate in situ saturated hydrocarbon accumulations and when correlated with available seismic data, absence of a resistive anomaly at the prospect location is a direct indication of a lack of significant hydrocarbons and associated leads/plays can be downgraded. The presence of a resistive anomaly could mean saturated hydrocarbons or other lithological effects that needs to be further evaluated. CSEM 2D data acquired along key seismic lines covering promising play types can be an effective means of screening the frontier block and identifying areas that should be the focus of further exploration activities.
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Venkateswaran, Kasthuri, and Shigeaki Harayama. "Sequential enrichment of microbial populations exhibiting enhanced biodegradation of crude oil." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-106.
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The distribution of oil-degrading bacteria in the coastal water and sediments of Hokkaido, Japan, was surveyed. The potential of mixed microbial populations to degrade weathered crude oil was not confined to any ecological components (water or sediment) nor to the sampling stations. One microbial culture that was stable during repeated subculturing degraded 45% of the saturates and 20% of the aromatics present in crude oil in 10 days during the initial screening. The residual hydrocarbons in this culture were extracted by chloroform and dispersed in a fresh seawater-based medium and subsequently inoculated with microorganisms from the first culture. After full growth of the second culture, the residual hydrocarbons were again extracted and dispersed in a fresh medium in which microorganisms from the second culture had been inoculated. This sequential process was carried out six times to enrich those microorganisms that grew on the recalcitrant components of crude oil. After repeated exposure of the residual crude oil to the enriched microorganisms, about 80% of the initially added crude oil was degraded. The cultures obtained after each enrichment cycle were kept, and the degradation of fresh crude oil by the enriched microorganisms was examined. The degradative activity of the enriched cultures increased as the number of enrichment cycles increased. A microbial population that had been selected six times on the residual crude oil could degrade 70% of the saturates and 30% of the aromatics of crude oil. Thus, growth of a microbial population on residual crude oil improved its ability to biodegrade crude oil.Key words: crude oil, biodegradation, sequential enrichment, saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon.
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Wurster, Christopher M., Michael I. Bird, Ian Bull, Charlotte Bryant, and Philippa Ascough. "A Protocol for Radiocarbon Dating Tropical Subfossil Cave Guano." Radiocarbon 51, no. 3 (2009): 977–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034056.
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We present accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates on several organic fractions isolated from tropical guano deposits recovered from insular Southeast Asia. Differences were observed between 14C measurements made on bulk guano as well as bulk lipids, the saturated hydrocarbon fraction, solvent-extracted guano, and insect cuticles extracted from the same bulk sample. We infer that 14C dates from the bulk lipid fraction and saturated hydrocarbon fractions can be variably contaminated by exogenous carbon. In contrast, 14C measurements on solvent-extracted guano and isolated insect cuticles appear to yield the most robust age determinations.
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Saenger, Erik H., Stefan M. Schmalholz, Marc-A. Lambert, Tung T. Nguyen, Arnaud Torres, Sabrina Metzger, Robert M. Habiger, Tamara Müller, Susanne Rentsch, and Efraín Méndez-Hernández. "A passive seismic survey over a gas field: Analysis of low-frequency anomalies." GEOPHYSICS 74, no. 2 (March 2009): O29—O40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3078402.
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Passive seismic low-frequency (from approximately [Formula: see text]) data have been acquired at several locations around the world. Spectra calculated from these data, acquired over fields with known hydrocarbon accumulations, show common spectral anomalies. Verification of whether these anomalies are common to only a few, many, or all hydrocarbon reservoirs can be provided only if more and detailed results are reported. An extensive survey was carried out above a tight gas reservoir and an adjacent exploration area in Mexico. Data from several hundred stations with three-component broadband seismometers distributed over approximately [Formula: see text] were used for the analysis. Severalhydrocarbon reservoir-related microtremor attributes were calculated, and mapped attributes were compared with known gas intervals, with good agreement. Wells drilled after the survey confirm a predicted high hydrocarbon potential in the exploration area. A preliminary model was developed to explain the source mechanism of those microtremors. Poroelastic effects caused by wave-induced fluid flow and oscillations of different fluid phases are significant processes in the low-frequency range that can modify the omnipresent seismic background spectrum. These processes only occur in partially saturated rocks. We assume that hydrocarbon reservoirs are partially saturated, whereas the surrounding rocks are fully saturated. Our real data observations are consistent with this conceptual model.
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Akpan, Aniefiok Sylvester. "Assessment of updated low frequency model in delineating bypassed hydrocarbon reservoir: A 4D seismic study of ’X’ - field, offshore, Niger Delta, Nigeria." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 36 (September 26, 2020): 3738–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v13i36.770.
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Aim/objectives: The aim of this research is, to use Time lapse (4D) seismic and investigate the influence of low frequency update in deterministic model-based seismic inversion employed in delineating a prospect saturated with bypassed hydrocarbon accumulation. Method: The dataset employed in this study incorporates 4D seismic volumes with fifteen (15) years production, interval between 2001 baseline and 2016 monitor seismic vintages. The inversion was carried out using full bandwidth of the updated low frequency and bandpass filtered low frequency approaches. The seismic vintages (baseline and monitor) were simultaneously inverted into acoustic impedance volumes for the two approaches. The formation fluid and lithology were discriminated through fluid replacement modelling (FRM) based on the colour separation between brine and gas saturation scenarios. Findings: The two inversion methods employed reveal six (6) zones suspected to be saturated with bypassed hydrocarbons. The delineated bypassed zones are masked in the full bandwidth approach,depicting the effect of the updated low frequency model. Meanwhile, the bandpass filtered approach result presents a better delineated bypassed reservoir as the zones are more pronounced when compared with the full bandwidth approach. Porosity estimate reveals that the bandpass filtered approach is characterized with excellent porosity in the suspected bypassed zones. The results equally gave more reliable and full delineated bypassed zones. Originality and novelty: The dataset employed in this study were obtained from a producing hydrocarbon field which, interest is to maximize the production of oil/gas. The study will bridge the inherent gab observed in using model-based seismic inversion approach to analyse and interpret seismic data in order to delineate hydrocarbon prospects. The research reveals that,the model-based seismic inversion method is still very effective in delineating hydrocarbon prospect when the updated low frequency is bandpass filtered to remove the model effect which influences the inverted acoustic impedance results. Keywords: Porosity; frequency; bypassed; reservoir and impedance
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Pevneva, G. S., N. G. Voronetskaya, and N. N. Sviridenko. "Composition of Hydrocarbons in Maltenes from Naphthenic Crude Oil after Cracking with WC/NI–CR Additive." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 629, no. 1 (2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2022-629-1-34-40.
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Using GCMS the composition of hydrocarbons in maltenes from heavy naphthenic crude oil (Usa oilfield) after cracking in the presence of WC/Ni–Cr additive and without it has been studied. Cracking of maltenes carried out at 450°С within 2 hours in isothermal mode. Using WC/Ni–Cr additive during cracking contributes to the deepening of the destruction reactions in hydrocarbons and resins. It is shown, the content of low-molecular alkanes С11–С19, alkylbenzenes С9–С10 increases essentially in the maltenes cracked with the additive while that of cyclohexanes and bicyclanes decreases, tri-, tetra- and pentacyclic saturated hydrocarbons destruct completely as compared with maltenes cracked without the additive. There are changes in the composition of naphthenic hydrocarbons. The reactions of condensation occur along with destruction reactions, leading to the formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon.
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VYZHVA, Sergiy, Ihor SOLOVYOV, Ihor МYKHALEVYCH, Viktoriia KRUHLYK, and Georgiy LISNY. "APPLICATION OF DIRECT HYDROCARBON INDICATORS FOR OIL AND GAS PROSPECTING IN THE DNIPRO-DONETS DEPRESSION." Ukrainian Geologist, no. 1-2(44-45) (June 30, 2021): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53087/ug.2021.1-2(44-45).238953.
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Based on the results of numerous seismic studies carried out in the areas and fields of the Dnipro-Donets depression, the strategy to identify hydrocarbon traps in this region has been developed taking into account modern requirements for prospecting and exploration of gas and oil fields. The studies are designed to determine the favorable zones of hydrocarbon accumulations based on the analysis of the structural-tectonic model. A necessary element for solving such a problem is to aaply direct indicators of hydrocarbons to predict traps of the structural, lithological or combined type. It was determined that an effective approach to identify hydrocarbon traps in the region is attribute analysis employing seismic attributes such as seismic envelope, acoustic impedance or relative acoustic impedance. In most cases of practical importance, the analysis of the distribution of the values of these attributes turned out to be sufficient for performing the geological tasks. It is given an example of extracting additional useful information on the spatial distribution of hydrocarbon traps from volumetric images obtained from seismograms of common sources with a limited range of ray angles inclinations. To analyze the distributions of seismic attribute values, it is recommended to use the Geobody technology for detecting geological bodies as the most effective when using volumetric seismic data. The distributions of various properties of rocks, including zones of increased porosity or zones of presence of hydrocarbons are determined depending on the types of seismic attributes used in the analysis,. The use of several seismic attributes makes it possible to identify geological bodies saturated with hydrocarbons with increased porosity and the like. The paper provides examples of hydrocarbon traps recognition in the areas and fields of the Dnipro-Donets depression practically proved by wells. A generalization on the distribution of promising hydrocarbon areas on the Northern flank of the Dnipro-Donets depression and the relationship of this distribution with the identified structural elements of the geological subsoil is made.
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Lachenmeier, Dirk W., Gerd Mildau, Anke Rullmann, Gerhard Marx, Stephan G. Walch, Andrea Hartwig, and Thomas Kuballa. "Evaluation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetics and cosmetic raw materials using 1H NMR spectroscopy." F1000Research 6 (May 16, 2017): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11534.1.
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Mineral hydrocarbons consist of two fractions, mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). MOAH is a potential public health hazard because it may include carcinogenic polycyclic compounds. In the present study, 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was introduced, in the context of official controls, to measure MOSH and MOAH in raw materials or pure mineral hydrocarbon final products (cosmetics and medicinal products). Quantitative determination (qNMR) has been established using the ERETIC methodology (electronic reference to access in vivo concentrations) based on the PULCON principle (pulse length based concentration determination). Various mineral hydrocarbons (e.g., white oils, paraffins or petroleum jelly) were dissolved in deuterated chloroform. The ERETIC factor was established using a quantification reference sample containing ethylbenzene and tetrachloronitrobenzene. The following spectral regions were integrated: MOSH δ 3.0 – 0.2 ppm and MOAH δ 9.2 - 6.5, excluding solvent signals. Validation showed a sufficient precision of the method with a coefficient of variation <6% and a limit of detection <0.1 g/100 g. The applicability of the method was proven by analysing 27 authentic samples with MOSH and MOAH contents in the range of 90-109 g/100 g and 0.02-1.10 g/100 g, respectively. It is important to distinguish this new NMR-approach from the hyphenated liquid chromatography-gas chromatography methodology previously used to characterize MOSH/MOAH amounts in cosmetic products. For mineral hydrocarbon raw materials or pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetic products, NMR delivers higher specificity without any sample preparation besides dilution. Our sample survey shows that previous methods may have overestimated the MOAH amount in mineral oil products and opens new paths to characterize this fraction. Therefore, the developed method can be applied for routine monitoring of consumer products aiming to minimize public health risks.
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Lachenmeier, Dirk W., Gerd Mildau, Anke Rullmann, Gerhard Marx, Stephan G. Walch, Andrea Hartwig, and Thomas Kuballa. "Evaluation of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH) in pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetics and cosmetic raw materials using 1H NMR spectroscopy." F1000Research 6 (August 22, 2017): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11534.2.
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Mineral hydrocarbons consist of two fractions, mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). MOAH is a potential public health hazard because it may include carcinogenic polycyclic compounds. In the present study, 400 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was introduced, in the context of official controls, to measure MOSH and MOAH in raw materials or pure mineral hydrocarbon final products (cosmetics and medicinal products). Quantitative determination (qNMR) has been established using the ERETIC methodology (electronic reference to access in vivo concentrations) based on the PULCON principle (pulse length based concentration determination). Various mineral hydrocarbons (e.g., white oils, paraffins or petroleum jelly) were dissolved in deuterated chloroform. The ERETIC factor was established using a quantification reference sample containing ethylbenzene and tetrachloronitrobenzene. The following spectral regions were integrated: MOSH δ 3.0 – 0.2 ppm and MOAH δ 9.2 - 6.5, excluding solvent signals. Validation showed a sufficient precision of the method with a coefficient of variation <6% and a limit of detection <0.1 g/100 g. The applicability of the method was proven by analysing 27 authentic samples with MOSH and MOAH contents in the range of 90-109 g/100 g and 0.02-1.10 g/100 g, respectively. It is important to distinguish this new NMR-approach from the hyphenated liquid chromatography-gas chromatography methodology previously used to characterize MOSH/MOAH amounts in cosmetic products. For mineral hydrocarbon raw materials or pure mineral hydrocarbon-based cosmetic products, NMR delivers higher specificity without any sample preparation besides dilution. Our sample survey shows that previous methods may have overestimated the MOAH amount in mineral oil products and opens new paths to characterize this fraction. Therefore, the developed method can be applied for routine monitoring of consumer products aiming to minimize public health risks.
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Pamungkas, Alvian Yogi, Mohammad Syamsu Rosid, and Mochammad Wahdanadi Haidar. "Identification of Hydrocarbon Gas and Discriminate CO2 Using Lame Parameter and Batzle-Wang Model." E3S Web of Conferences 125 (2019): 15003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912515003.
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Drilling activities in 2016 were carried out at 34 points with only achieving a success ratio of 26%. It affects the decreasing in natural gas reserves. In addition, the presence of CO2 raises problems during production and environmental problems. So, it is necessary to identify hydrocarbon gas and to discriminate CO2. The method used for gas identification is the Lame parameter where the parameters can distinguish the effects caused by lithology and fluid. The Batzle-Wang model is applied to distinguish between hydrocarbon gases and CO2 gas by estimating the fluid’s properties of CO2 gas. Based on the analysis of result the parameters Lambda-Rho and Mu-Rho, both parameters can distinguish the lithology and identify the hydrocarbon fluid content. The area around the C4 is indicated hydrocarbon in 9930 - 10000 ft depth with Lambda-Rho 30 – 31.79 GPa*g/cc and Mu-Rho 27 – 43 GPa*g/cc. Based on the Batzle-Wang Vp analysis, saturated CO2 gas is vulnerable at 16000-17000 ft/s where it is still in range Vp saturated hydrocarbon gas and distributed around the C4 well based on LMR analysis.
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Casey, Charles P., and Jay D. Audett. "Synthesis and reactivity of saturated hydrocarbon-bridged dinuclear complexes." Chemical Reviews 86, no. 2 (April 1986): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00072a003.
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Lindner, Ekkehard, Thomas Leibfritz, Riad Fawzi, and Manfred Steimann. "Dinuclear metal complexes with saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon bridges." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 541, no. 1-2 (August 1997): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-328x(97)00048-x.
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Leseigneur, Guillaume, Jean-Jacques Filippi, Nicolas Baldovini, and Uwe Meierhenrich. "Absolute Configuration of Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Enantiomers Identified by Gas Chromatography: Theorized Application for Isoprenoid Alkanes and the Search of Molecular Biosignatures on Mars." Symmetry 14, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14020326.
Full textAbstract:
Acyclic saturated hydrocarbon enantiomers were resolved by gas chromatography using a β-cyclodextrin-based chiral stationary phase. The stereospecific synthesis of single enantiomers of 4-methyloctane allowed to assign the absolute stereochemical configuration to the resolved enantiomers. Data show that the (S)-4-methyloctane shows higher chromatographic retention as compared to the (R)-4-methyloctane due to stronger van der Waals interactions with the β-cyclodextrin chiral selector. This introductive research presents future prospects for the separation of stereoisomers of larger branched hydrocarbons. We discuss the importance of chiral hydrocarbons, more precisely the stereochemistry of the isoprenoid alkanes pristane and phytane, as potential biosignatures stable on geological timescales. The origins of pristane and phytane in Earth sediments are presented, and we detail the implications for the search of extinct or extant life on Mars. The data presented here will help to systematically investigate the chirality of hydrocarbon enantiomers in biological and nonbiological samples and in samples to be analyzed by the ESA’s ExoMars rover to trace the chiral precursors of life in 2023.