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Academic literature on the topic 'Saturated hydrocarbon'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Saturated hydrocarbon"

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Wang, Z., and A. Nur. "Wave velocities in hydrocarbon‐saturated rocks: Experimental results." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 6 (June 1990): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442884.

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This paper contains laboratory measurements of the temperature dependence of velocities, determined by ultrasonic pulse transmission methods, in hydrocarbon liquids and rock samples saturated by the liquids. The samples discussed include 26 hydrocarbons of varying molecular weight, nine mixtures of these hydrocarbons, four heavy oils (tar), three saturated sandstones, and a saturated sand. The data provide encouragement that high‐frequency, high‐resolution seismic techniques may infer formation temperature changes, thereby detecting the progress of thermal enhanced oil recovery processes.
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Mostafa, Aya A., Ahmad K. Hegazy, Nermen H. Mohamed, Rehab M. Hafez, Ehab Azab, Adil A. Gobouri, Hosam A. Saad, Azza M. Abd-El Fattah, and Yasser M. Mustafa. "Potentiality of Azolla pinnata R. Br. for Phytoremediation of Polluted Freshwater with Crude Petroleum Oil." Separations 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8040039.

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The pollution of freshwater resources with crude petroleum oil is a major environmental issue in oil-producing countries. As a result, the remediation of polluted aquatic ecosystems using eco-friendly and cost-effective technology is receiving increased global attention. In this study, the ability of Azolla pinnata R. Br. to remediate petroleum-polluted freshwater was assessed. The remediation potentiality was determined by evaluating the total petroleum hydrocarbon degradation percentage (TPH%) and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions. TPH% was estimated gravimetrically, and changes in the molecular type composition of saturated and aromatic fractions were measured using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The results reveal that A. pinnata has the potential to phytoremediate freshwater polluted with low levels (up to 0.5 g/L) of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs). After seven days of phytoremediation, the degradation rate of total PHs was 92% in the planted treatment compared with 38% in the unplanted positive control. The highest breakdown of PHs for the normal paraffinic saturated hydrocarbon fraction occurred in the presence of A. pinnata combined with Anabena azollaea (A-A), which showed a moderate degradation capacity toward total aromatic hydrocarbons (TAHs) and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicate that A. pinnata effectively removed C18, a saturated PH, and acenaphthene (Ace), an aromatic PH. Therefore, this study suggests that A. pinnata is a useful tool for the remediation of freshwaters contaminated with low pollution levels of crude oil.
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Lăzăroaie, Mihaela. "Investigation of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1." Open Life Sciences 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2009): 469–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-009-0050-0.

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AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1, isolated from Poeni petroleum sludge, was able to tolerate and degrade both saturated (n-hexane, n-heptane, n-hexadecane, cyclohexane) and aromatic (benzene, ethylbenzene, propylbenzene, xylene isomers, styrene) hydrocarbons. Molecular studies have revealed that the high hydrocarbon resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 could be due to the action of members of the HAE1 (hydrophobe/amphiphile efflux 1) family of transporters. It is further possible that additional mechanisms may account for the tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 to hydrocarbons, and a combination of short-term and long-term mechanisms may act together in the adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 cells to saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. β-galactosidase activity measurements revealed that there was significant induction of the lacZ gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 cells grown in the presence of either 5% and 10% (v/v) saturated or aromatic hydrocarbons, compared with control (cells incubated without hydrocarbons). Rhodamine 6G accumulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 cells grown in the presence of 5% and 10% (v/v) saturated hydrocarbons was higher than rhodamine 6G accumulation in cells grown in the presence of 5% and 10% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons. The study of cellular and molecular modifications to Pseudomonas aeruginosa IBBML1 induced by 5% and 10% (v/v) saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons revealed a complex response of bacterial cells to the presence of different hydrophobic substrates in the culture medium.
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Māliņš, Kristaps, Ilze Malina, and Mara Legzdina. "The Synthesis of Renewable Hydrocarbons from Different Vegetable Oils and Soapstock by Hydrotreatment over High Metal Loading Supported Ni Catalyst." Key Engineering Materials 903 (November 10, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.903.81.

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The catalytic hydrotreatment of sunflower (SO), linseed (LO), coconut (CO), rapeseed (RO), and its soapstock derived acid oil (RS) over commercial Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 catalyst was investigated to evaluate utilization feasibility of various vegetable oil feedstocks with different fatty acid content, composition, and saturation for marketable hydrocarbon production. The active metal loading of catalyst was characterized by XRF and its textural properties by N2 sorption analysis. The hydrotreatment tests of different vegetable oils were carried out in solvent free medium, under initial H2 pressure 10 MPa, at operating temperature 340 oC, and residence time 15 min using catalyst amount 5%. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis were used for estimation of dominant n-pentadecane, n-hexadecane, n-heptadecane, n-octadecane, and other hydrocarbon contents in obtained samples. Under studied hydrotreatment conditions complete conversion of different vegetable oils into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances was achieved. Highly active Ni65%/SiO2-Al2O3 has remarkable selectivity to hydrocarbons produced by reaction pathways, where elimination of carbonyl groups occurs. The saturation of fatty acids in feedstock determines H2 consumption, but influence on produced hydrocarbon production is insignificant. Depending on the fatty acid composition different saturated linear hydrocarbons with wide range of carbon chain length C5-C19 and similar calorific value 47.16-47.34 MJ/kg were produced in process. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 44.6 % to 78.1 %. The highest overall liquid saturated linear hydrocarbon yield was observed for feedstock with high amount of long chain fatty acids – SO, LO, RO and RS. Pure hydrocarbons obtained from vegetable oils depending on hydrocarbon composition can be used in various areas.
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Kutcherov, V. G., K. S. Ivanov, and A. Yu Serovaiskii. "Deep hydrocarbon cycle." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 3 (July 8, 2021): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-3-289-305.

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Research subject. Experimental modelling of the transformation of complex hydrocarbon systems under extreme thermobaric conditions was carried out. The results obtained were compared with geological observations in the Urals, Kamchatka and other regions.Material and methods. The materials for the research were a model hydrocarbon system similar in composition to natural gas condensate and a system consisting of a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons and various iron-containing minerals enriched in 57Fe. Two types of high-pressure equipment were used: a diamond anvils cell and a Toroid-type high-pressure chamber. The experiments were carried out at pressures up to 8.8 GPa in the temperature range 593–1600 K.Results. According to the obtained results, hydrocarbon systems submerged in a subduction slab can maintain their stability down to a depth of 50 km. Upon further immersion, during contact of the hydrocarbon fluid with the surrounding iron-bearing minerals, iron hydrides and carbides are formed. When iron carbides react with water under the thermobaric conditions of the asthenosphere, a water-hydrocarbon fluid is formed. Geological observations, such as methane finds in olivines from ultramafic rocks unaffected by serpentinization, the presence of polycyclic aromatic and heavy saturated hydrocarbons in ophiolite allochthons and ultramafic rocks squeezed out from the paleo-subduction zone of the Urals, are in good agreement with the experimental data.Conclusion. The obtained experimental results and presented geological observations made it possible to propose a concept of deep hydrocarbon cycle. Upon the contact of hydrocarbon systems immersed in a subduction slab with iron-bearing minerals, iron hydrides and carbides are formed. Iron carbides carried in the asthenosphere by convective flows can react with hydrogen contained in the hydroxyl group of some minerals or with water present in the asthenosphere and form a water-hydrocarbon fluid. The mantle fluid can migrate along deep faults into the Earth’s crust and form multilayer oil and gas deposits in rocks of any lithological composition, genesis and age. In addition to iron carbide coming from the subduction slab, the asthenosphere contains other carbon donors. These donors can serve as a source of deep hydrocarbons, also participating in the deep hydrocarbon cycle, being an additional recharge of the total upward flow of a water-hydrocarbon fluid. The described deep hydrocarbon cycle appears to be part of a more general deep carbon cycle.
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Malina, I., K. Malins, M. Strods-Vavilovs, and V. Uleiskis. "Renewable Hydrocarbon Production via Rapeseed Oil Hydrotreatment Over Palladium Catalysts." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 897, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/897/1/012012.

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Abstract The effect of SiO2-Al2O3 (Pd5%/SA), activated carbon (Pd5%/C) and Al2O3 (Pd5%/A) supported palladium (5%) catalysts on renewable hydrocarbon synthesis via rapeseed oil hydrotreatment was investigated. The hydrotreatment experiments were carried out in solvent free medium under initial H2 pressure 100 bar and at 340 °C temperature for 120 min using catalyst amount 5%. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis were used for estimation of hydrocarbon content in the obtained samples. Pd5%/SA catalyst provided complete conversion of rapeseed oil into marketable liquid renewable hydrocarbons without presence of oxygen containing substances under studied hydrotreatment conditions. Moreover, all tested Pd catalysts gave narrow range of linear saturated hydrocarbons (n-C15-C19). Pd5%/C and Pd5%/A catalysts gave partial feedstock conversion into hydrocarbons even in long residence time. Overall liquid hydrocarbon yields were from 55.3% to 82.3%.
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Dolzhenko, Kirill V., Alexander N. Fomin, and Vasily N. Melenevsky. "Geochemical characteristics of terrestrial organic matter in the Upper Paleozoic complex of the Vilyui syneclise and some features of its transformation under thermobaric conditions at great depths." Georesursy 21, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2019.4.77-84.

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A combination of geochemical methods were used to study organic matter from Permian rocks in the central part of the Vilyui syneclise (East Siberia) penetrated by the Srednevilyuiskaya-27 ultra-deep well in the depth range of 3370-6458 m. This study discusses variations in the pyrolysis indices (HI, Tmax), hydrocarbon type content (hydrocarbons-resins-asphaltenes), vitrinite reflectance (R0vt, %), organic carbon content (Corg), as well as some trends in the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon compositions of bitumen extracts from the Upper Paleozoic rocks. Below a depth of about 4.5 km (late mesocatagenesis), the hydrocarbon type composition is characterized by a sharp decrease in the content of asphaltenes from < 30 % (at 4.5-5.0 km) to < 15 % (at 5.0-5.5 km), which are not detected at greater depth. In turn, the resins became the dominant constituent (~ 50-70 %), whereas hydrocarbons account for < 20 % at depths down to 5 km and < 40 % at greater depth. These depths are also characterized by a predominance of saturated hydrocarbons over aromatic compounds with a decrease in the relative contents of high molecular weight compounds in both fractions, as indicated by mass chromatograms. The hydrocarbon index (HI) of organic matter decreases to the first tens from the depth of 4.9 km and to the bottomhole (6519 m); the temperature of the maximum hydrocarbon yield (Tmax) varies between 570-580 °C, showing a slightly increasing trend. Our results show that the generative potential of organic matter from the rocks within the studied depth range (4.9-6.5 km) has been exhausted and that the terrestrial organic matter undergoes significant changes under severe temperature and pressure conditions at great depths.
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Pattanayak, Rojalin, Geetanjali Mishra, Chandan Singh Chanotiya, Prasant Kumar Rout, Chandra Sekhar Mohanty, and Omkar. "Semiochemical profile of four aphidophagous Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)." Canadian Entomologist 148, no. 2 (August 3, 2015): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.45.

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AbstractThe emitted aliphatic hydrocarbon profile of four Indian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), Coccinella septempunctata (Linnaeus) (C7), Coccinella transversalis Fabricius (Ct), Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) (Ms), and Propylea dissecta (Mulsant) (Pd) has been investigated by simple solvent-less headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Identified volatile and non-volatile compounds were confirmed by running corresponding standards and comparing with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Among the 56 identified aliphatic hydrocarbons, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons were more in number than unsaturated ones. Among saturated hydrocarbons, methyl branched hydrocarbons were more in number in C7 and Ct than Ms and Pd. Menochilus sexmaculatus and Pd had higher percentages of unsaturated hydrocarbons than C7 and Ct. Among branched chain-hydrocarbons, mono-methylated saturated hydrocarbons were more in number than dimethylated saturated hydrocarbons. Further analysis of the semiochemical profile revealed a closeness between C7 and Ct, and between Ms and Pd. Quantitative analysis revealed that straight chain hydrocarbons form separate clusters to branched chain methylated hydrocarbons. This is the first attempt to identify the semiochemical profile of some Indian coccinellids using the headspace solid phase micro-extraction technique coupled with the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. This report will be helpful for various chemotaxonomic studies of the species in the future.
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Shephard, Michael J., Michael N. Paddon-Row, and Kenneth D. Jordan. "Electronic coupling through saturated hydrocarbon bridges." Chemical Physics 176, no. 2-3 (October 1993): 289–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0104(93)80241-z.

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Nagata, Isamu. "Liquid-liquid equilibria for the acetonitrile + methanol + saturated hydrocarbon and acetonitrile + 1-butanol + saturated hydrocarbon systems." Thermochimica Acta 114, no. 2 (April 1987): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(87)80043-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Saturated hydrocarbon"

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Wolak, Justyna Ewa. "Polyolefin Miscibility: Solid-State NMR Investigation of Phase Behavior in Saturated Hydrocarbon Blends." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-06292005-162025/.

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Polyolefin blends represent a vital material field due to their economic and commercial importance. Potential new properties such as lighter weight, lower cost and higher strength, motivate research to investigate blends of saturated hydrocarbon polymers. However, many questions remain concerning how polymer chain structure and packing influence local thermodynamics, or more specifically, the interplay between enthalpy and entropy, which ultimately control bulk phase behavior. Solid-state NMR has proven to be an essential tool in these studies due to its ability to selectively observe molecular level conformations and dynamics without isotopic labeling. Combinations of basic and advanced variable temperature studies such as 1D and 2D 13C cross-polarization exchange experiments, static 2H lineshape analysis, 1H relaxation/spin-diffusion measurements, and 129Xe experiments were applied in this work. Several systems were studied, including 50/50 weight percent blends of polyisobutylene with polyethylene-co-1-butene, polyisobutylene with head-to-head polypropylene, and atactic polypropylene with the same polyethylene-co-1-butene samples. The results were used to determine a relationship between miscibility, length scales of mixing, and timescales/length scales of the glass transition.
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Rasmussen, Danne Rene, and danne@optusnet com au. "A Theoretical Approach to Molecular Design: Planar-Tetracoordinate Carbon." The Australian National University. Research School of Chemistry, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20010702.115616.

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A number of novel hydrocarbon cage systems have been designed and characterized using ab initio molecular orbital calculations at the MP2 and B3-LYP levels. In particular,equilibrium structures for five families of molecules, hemialkaplanes, hemispiroalkaplanes, alkaplanes, spiroalkaplanes and dimethanospiroalkaplanes, have been examined in detail with the aim of designing a saturated hydrocarbon with a planar-tetracoordinate carbon atom and with a view to identifying appropriate synthetic targets. ¶ The hemialkaplanes and hemispiroalkaplanes are constructed from a spiropentane or neopentane subunit, respectively, which is capped by a cyclic hydrocarbon. The hemispiroalkaplanes are predicted to contain a pyramidal-tetracoordinate carbon atom possessing a lone pair of electrons. Protonation at this apical carbon atom is found to be highly favorable, resulting in a remarkably high basicity for a saturated hydrocarbon. The proton affinities of the hemispiroalkaplanes are calculated to be more than 1170 kJ mol[superscript -1] , even greater than those for the diamine "proton sponges". ¶ The alkaplanes and the spiroalkaplanes, which are constructed by bicapping a neopentane or spiropentane subunit, respectively, with a pair of cyclic hydrocarbons, show unprecedented flattening of a tetracoordinate carbon atom. Linking the spiroalkaplane caps with methano bridges gives the dimethanospiroalkaplanes, two of which, dimethanospirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane, achieve exact planarity at the central carbon atom. They are the first neutral saturated hydrocarbons predicted to contain an exactly planartetracoordinate carbon atom. This has been achieved through structural constraints alone. The electronic structure at the central carbon atom results in a highest occupied molecular orbital corresponding to a p-type lone pair. Consequently, the adiabatic ionization energies for octaplane, spirooctaplane and dimethanospirooctaplane (approximately 5 eV) are predicted to be similar to those of lithium and sodium - incredibly low for a saturated hydrocarbon. ¶ Some consideration has been given to likely pathways for unimolecular decomposition for all species. Predicted structures, heats of formation and strain energies for all the novel hydrocarbons are also detailed. Tetramethylhemispirooctaplane and dimethanospirobinonaplane are identified as the preferred synthetic targets.
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Sabour, Abdelouahed. "Étude expérimentale et thermodynamique de systèmes binaires des n-alcanes pairs-impairs (nc₂₃ : n-c₂₄ et nc₂₃ : c₂₂)." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPL064N.

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Dans les coupes pétrolières ou gazoles, le dépôt solide cristallise lors de baisses sensibles de la température est constitué en partie de solutions solides de n-alcanes. Compte tenu de la complexité de ces mélanges, la connaissance de leur comportement est nécessaire pour une analyse thermodynamique permettant d'approcher une modélisation du point de trouble des coupes pétrolières paraffiniques ou gazoles. Dans ce travail nous avons détermine les diagrammes de phases des deux systèmes binaires (nc₂₃: nc₂₄ nc₂₃: nc₂₂par l'utilisation conjointe de l'analyse thermique différentielle, de l'analyse enthalpimétrique, de l'analyse thermomécanique et de la diffraction des rayons X. Ceci nous a permis de mettre en évidence plusieurs phases intermédiaires et une systématique dans le comportement de n-alcanes pour les systèmes binaires pairs-impairs. L'étude thermodynamique comporte le représentation des mesures de la variation d'enthalpie en fonction de la température par un modèle du solide d'Einstein, les expressions analytiques des fonctions thermodynamiques sont exploitées pour le calcul des diagrammes de phases en représentant les grandeurs d'excès pour un modèle de margules à deux paramètres
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Gunbas, Duygu Deniz. "Functionalization Of Saturated Hydrocarbons: High Temperature Bromination." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607307/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SATURATED HYDROCARBONS: HIGH TEMPERATURE BROMINATION Gü
nbaS, Duygu Deniz M.S., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci June 2006, 174 pages Although saturated hydrocarbons are readily available and extremely cheap starting materials, they can not be used in synthetic chemistry without prior activation. Efficient functionalization of alkanes leading to the production of useful organic chemicals in an industrial scale is of considerable interest for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and remains a long-term challenge for chemists. In this respect, halogenations of hydrocarbons which leads to a variety of useful synthetic intermediates is an open avenue which deserves special attention. It is also noteworthy to mention that efficient methods for selective functionalization of saturated bicyclic hydrocarbons still remains elusive, albeit a number of methods employing various reagents have been developed for the C&
#8211
H bond activation of open chain and monocyclic alkanes. Herein, we will investigate the high temperature bromination reactions as a method for functionalization of saturated bicyclic hydrocarbons such as octahydropentalene (1), octahydro-1H-indene (2) and 1a,2,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene (3). The scope and the limitations of the reaction will reveal the regio-and stereoselectivity. Furthermore, formation mechanism of the products will be discussed and the chemistry of these compounds will be extended for further functionalization
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Ozer, Melek Sermin. "Functionalization Of Saturated Bicyclic Hydrocarbons: High Temperature Bromination." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612938/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF SATURATED BICYCLIC HYDROCARBONS: HIGH TEMPERATURE BROMINATION Ö
zer, Melek Sermin M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Balci January 2011, 139 pages Although hydrocarbons are readily available and extremely cheap starting materials, they cannot be used in synthetic chemistry without prior activation. The selective functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons under mild conditions is of both biochemical and industrial importance. Initially, saturated hydrocarbons such as octahydro-1H-indene 80, octahydro-1H-4,7-methanoindene 81 and bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-7-one 82 were synthesized as starting materials. Then high temperature bromination reactions of these saturated hydrocarbons as a method for C-H bond activation have been investigated and the synthetic application of the formed intermediates has been searched. Furthermore, the role of the alkyl substituents in tricyclic systems and the effect of carbonyl group in bicyclo[4.2.0] octan-7-one 82 have been studied and the mechanism for the formation of the products have been discussed. Finally, whole products were conscientiously purified and characterized.
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Bergfeldt, Trevor M. "Photo-oxygenation of saturated hydrocarbons using uranyl ions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ63843.pdf.

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Ausfelder, Florian. "Reaction dynamics of O(3P) atoms with saturated hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13718.

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Dridi-Dhaouadi, Sonia. "Contribution à l'étude du transport d'hydrocarbures polyaromatiques en milieu poreux naturel saturé : expériences en colonne et modélisation des processus d'équilibre et des cinétiques d'interaction." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL074N.

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Dans le cadre d'un contrat européen sur la modélisation du transport des polluants à travers des sols contaminés, des expériences en colonne de laboratoire ont été réalisées afin de déterminer les propriétés de rétention de deux hydrocarbures polyaromatiques (naphtalène et phénanthrène) à travers des sables de contenu en matière organique variable en nature et en quantité. Il a ainsi été confirmé que la matière organique jouait un rôle prépondérant dans le processus de rétention. Il a été montré que le polluant le plus hydrophobe (phénanthrène) s'adsorbait également sur la partie minérale des sables même si cette interaction linéaire, est de faible intensité comparée à celle obtenue sur les sables organiques. Le naphtalène nous a permis de montrer que le type et l'intensité de la rétention d'un polluant hydrophobe dépendaient de la nature de la matière organique. L’étude menée jusqu'au voisinage de la solubilité a mis en évidence d'importants effets non-linéaire. La modélisation a montré la nécessité de prendre à la fois en compte la non-linéarité des isothermes et la cinétique de transfert de matière entre phase. La confrontation modèle/expérience a conduit à l'estimation des temps caractéristiques de transfert par diffusion au sein des agrégats poreux. Le rôle joué par la matière organique sur la rétention d'un tensioactif anionique pur (le n-paraoctylbenzène sulfonate de sodium) a été mis en évidence et quantifié. Un modèle de transport couplant les mécanismes d'échange cationique, de micellisation, de précipitation et d'adsorption a été proposé.
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Warton, Benjamin. "Studies of the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon unresolved complex mixtures in petroleum." Thesis, Curtin University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2369.

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This thesis reports the results of investigations carried out into the composition of the saturate and aromatic unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) in crude oils. It is divided into two sections. Section A reports on studies of the saturate UCM and Section B reports on studies of the aromatic UCM. UCMs are mixtures of very large numbers of compounds of low individual abundances, hence structural information on individual components is difficult or impossible to obtain using conventional GC or GC-MS techniques. The investigations reported in this thesis used a combination of GC-MS techniques (Section A) and oxidations of UCMs followed by GC-MS characterisation of the oxidation products (Section B) to develop a more detailed picture of the structures of components of the saturate and aromatic UCMs. UCMs are present in all crude oils, and may account for the vast majority of the material present in heavily weathered or biodegraded oils. An understanding of the types of compounds present may have a bearing on the refining processes an oil is subjected to, as well as assessing its potential environmental and toxicological effects.Single branched C(subscript)18 isomers were prepared to establish the chromatographic behaviour and mass spectral fragmentation patterns of open chain compounds with ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and pentyl- substituents. All open chain structural isomers with a single n-alkyl branch larger than methyl in the range C(subscript)10 to C(subscript)20 were identified at each carbon number in a series of crude oils of varying ages, source types and depositional environments. Also, C(subscript)21 to C(subscript)25 structural isomers containing an ethyl branch were identified in all of these samples. This represents a total of 163 compounds. These monoalkylalkanes comprise approximately 3 % of the alkanes in these oils, with the n-alkanes (35-60 %) and methylalkanes (10 %) being the most abundant compound classes present. Isoprenoids, alkylcyclohexanes and other branched and/or cyclic alkanes make up the remainder of the material.Rock samples from a sedimentary sequence of Late Cretaceous age were analysed for ethylalkanes using GC-MS techniques. In the less mature samples, 3- and 5-ethylalkanes were in higher abundance relative to the other isomers at odd carbon numbers from C(subscript)17 to C(subscript)23. In the more mature samples, this odd preference was no longer apparent. Several other low maturity sediment samples were analysed and found to have a similar ethylalkane distribution to the shallow sample from the sedimentary sequence. A mature crude oil which was also analysed exhibited a distribution similar to the deeper sample from the sedimentary sequence. Tetralin pyrolysis of a low maturity lignite sample yielded only the 3- and 5-substituted ethylalkanes, providing supporting evidence that the initial odd preference is the result of defunctionalisation of specific natural product precursors containing a 3- or 5-ethylalkyl structural moiety. With increasing maturity this preference is diluted by input of ethylalkanes without preference. A mechanism involving acid-catalysed rearrangement of n-alkenes to form monoalkylalkanes is proposed to account for the loss of preference in ethylalkane relative abundances.Investigations into the composition of aromatic unresolved complex mixtures were conducted by oxidising the total aromatic fraction of a moderately biodegraded crude oil (biodegradation level 4) using potassium permanganate. This reagent cleaves the alkyl substituents attached to aromatic rings between the alpha and beta carbons and oxidises the alpha carbon to a carboxylate group. A biodegraded crude oil was chosen because the majority of the resolved components have been removed by biodegradation, leaving a complex mixture of compounds almost completely unresolved by gas chromatography. The oxidation product was separated into dichloromethane-soluble monocarboxylic acids (both aliphatic and aromatic) and water-soluble polycarboxylic acids (aromatic only). GC-MS analysis of these oxidation products gave the proportions of monosubstituted:disubstituted:trisubstituted:tetrasubstituted monoaromatic rings as 29:59:12:0.1, of which from one to three substituents were carboxylic acid groups with the remainder of the substituents being unoxidised methyl groups. Of the disubstituted monoaromatic oxidation products, 53 % were dicarboxylic acids with the most sterically hindered 1,2-substitution pattern. This observation was interpreted as evidence for the presence of significant amounts of naphthenoaromatic systems such as tetralins and indanes in the crude oil aromatic fraction. Analysis of the permanganate oxidation products also enabled a quantitative measure of the proportion of methyl substituents to be made. It was found that methyl groups accounted for a significant proportion of the alkyl substituents attached to aromatic systems. Of the disubstituted monoaromatic oxidation products, 59 % had a methyl group as one of the substituents, while of trisubstituted monoaromatic systems, 41% had one methyl and 37 % had two methyls. Compounds containing a biphenyl carbon skeleton comprised 3 % of the aromatic oxidation products, with isomers containing from one to four substituents of which one was a carboxylic acid group and the remainder were unoxidised methyls. This indicates that biphenyls containing more than one alkyl (>C(subscript)1) substituent were not present. Of the monosubstituted biphenylcarboxylic acids, the ratio of ortho:meta:para substituted isomers was 0:65:35, which correlates well with literature reports of the relative abundances of methylbiphenyl isomers, and suggests that the overall distribution of all monosubstituted biphenyls has not been significantly affected by biodegradation to level 4.The monoaromatic, diaromatic and triaromatic fractions of the same biodegraded crude oil (level 4) were separately treated with ruthenium tetroxide, which cleaves aromatic rings so that the ring carbon bearing the substituent is oxidised to become the carbonyl carbon of a carboxylic acid. These oxidation products represent the alkyl moieties that were attached to aromatic rings in the initial crude oil aromatic fractions. Identification of these alkyl side chains provides an insight into the nature of the components of the aromatic crude oil UCM. The oxidation products were separated into dichloromethane-soluble monocarboxylic acids, which were subsequently reduced to monodeuterated hydrocarbons for characterisation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, and water-soluble dicarboxylic acids which were analysed as dimethyl esters. n-Alkanes, methylalkanes, alkylalkanes, alkylcyclohexands, methylalkylcyclohexanes, isoprenoids and bicyclic alkanes were identified in the monodeuterated hydrocarbon samples derived from all three aromatic fractions. Most of these compounds had carbon skeletons strikingly similar to those observed in the saturate fractions of unbiodegraded crude oils, with the only differences being the addition of a carbon from the aromatic ring, and the presence of a deuterium atom attached to that carbon. Because the electron-withdrawing nature of carboxylic acid groups prevents further aromatic ring oxidation, numerous aromatic monocarboxylic acids were also identified in the acidic products of the oxidation of the crude oil diaromatic and triaromatic fractions. These included C(subscript)1 to C(subscript)3 alkyl-substituted benzoic acids derived from compounds containing a biphenyl or phenylnaphthalene structural moiety, as well as omega-phenylalkanoic acids with chain lengths up to C(subscript)11, derived from compounds in which two aromatic systems are connected by an alkyl chain. The main components of the dicarboxylic acid oxidation products of all three aromatic fractions were alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids and alkylcyclopentane-dicarboxylic acids and alkylcyclohexane-dicarboxylic acids, with phthalic acids also present in the oxidation products of the diaromatic and triaromatic fractions. The observation that 1,5-pentanedicarboxylic acids and 1,6-hexanedicarboxylic acids were the only alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in the oxidation products of the crude oil monoaromatic fraction, and were present in high abundance relative to other alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in the oxidation products of the diaromatic and triaromatic fractions indicated that substituted indanes and/or tetralins were quantitatively important constituents of the overall crude oil aromatic fraction. This finding is supported by the results of the analysis of the mass spectra of the crude oil aromatic fractions.These studies of aromatic UCMs have provided new insights into the origins of the aromatic components of petroleum. The presence of a pronounced odd-over-even predominance in the C(subscript)25, C(subscript)27, and C(subscript)29 monodeuterated n-alkanes (CPI = 1.07), which corresponds to the odd-over-even predominance observed in the n-alkane components of unbiodegraded crude oils from the same basin, suggests that the n-alkyl side chains and the n-alkanes have a common source. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the n-alkylaromatics are formed in part by geosynthetic processes involving alkylation of aromatic systems by electrophilic species such as carbocations and acylium ions formed from carboxylic acids. This hypothesis is then extended to explain the formation of other groups of compounds, including aromatic systems with isoprenoidal-, methylalkyl- and monoalkyl-branched side chains. Because isoprenoids, methylalkanes and alkylalkanes are well-known components of petroleum, these results suggest that these alkylaromatic components of petroleum may share a common source with the corresponding alkane components. It is suggested that aromatic unresolved complex mixtures arise due to the very large number of structurally related compounds present, which are formed by geosynthetic processes such as alkylation of aromatic rings.
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Warton, Benjamin. "Studies of the saturate and aromatic hydrocarbon unresolved complex mixtures in petroleum." Curtin University of Technology, School of Applied Chemistry, 1999. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=10419.

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This thesis reports the results of investigations carried out into the composition of the saturate and aromatic unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) in crude oils. It is divided into two sections. Section A reports on studies of the saturate UCM and Section B reports on studies of the aromatic UCM. UCMs are mixtures of very large numbers of compounds of low individual abundances, hence structural information on individual components is difficult or impossible to obtain using conventional GC or GC-MS techniques. The investigations reported in this thesis used a combination of GC-MS techniques (Section A) and oxidations of UCMs followed by GC-MS characterisation of the oxidation products (Section B) to develop a more detailed picture of the structures of components of the saturate and aromatic UCMs. UCMs are present in all crude oils, and may account for the vast majority of the material present in heavily weathered or biodegraded oils. An understanding of the types of compounds present may have a bearing on the refining processes an oil is subjected to, as well as assessing its potential environmental and toxicological effects.Single branched C(subscript)18 isomers were prepared to establish the chromatographic behaviour and mass spectral fragmentation patterns of open chain compounds with ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and pentyl- substituents. All open chain structural isomers with a single n-alkyl branch larger than methyl in the range C(subscript)10 to C(subscript)20 were identified at each carbon number in a series of crude oils of varying ages, source types and depositional environments. Also, C(subscript)21 to C(subscript)25 structural isomers containing an ethyl branch were identified in all of these samples. This represents a total of 163 compounds. These monoalkylalkanes comprise approximately 3 % of the alkanes in these oils, with the n-alkanes (35-60 %) and ++
methylalkanes (10 %) being the most abundant compound classes present. Isoprenoids, alkylcyclohexanes and other branched and/or cyclic alkanes make up the remainder of the material.Rock samples from a sedimentary sequence of Late Cretaceous age were analysed for ethylalkanes using GC-MS techniques. In the less mature samples, 3- and 5-ethylalkanes were in higher abundance relative to the other isomers at odd carbon numbers from C(subscript)17 to C(subscript)23. In the more mature samples, this odd preference was no longer apparent. Several other low maturity sediment samples were analysed and found to have a similar ethylalkane distribution to the shallow sample from the sedimentary sequence. A mature crude oil which was also analysed exhibited a distribution similar to the deeper sample from the sedimentary sequence. Tetralin pyrolysis of a low maturity lignite sample yielded only the 3- and 5-substituted ethylalkanes, providing supporting evidence that the initial odd preference is the result of defunctionalisation of specific natural product precursors containing a 3- or 5-ethylalkyl structural moiety. With increasing maturity this preference is diluted by input of ethylalkanes without preference. A mechanism involving acid-catalysed rearrangement of n-alkenes to form monoalkylalkanes is proposed to account for the loss of preference in ethylalkane relative abundances.Investigations into the composition of aromatic unresolved complex mixtures were conducted by oxidising the total aromatic fraction of a moderately biodegraded crude oil (biodegradation level 4) using potassium permanganate. This reagent cleaves the alkyl substituents attached to aromatic rings between the alpha and beta carbons and oxidises the alpha carbon to a carboxylate group. A biodegraded crude oil was chosen because the majority of the resolved components have been removed by biodegradation, ++
leaving a complex mixture of compounds almost completely unresolved by gas chromatography. The oxidation product was separated into dichloromethane-soluble monocarboxylic acids (both aliphatic and aromatic) and water-soluble polycarboxylic acids (aromatic only). GC-MS analysis of these oxidation products gave the proportions of monosubstituted:disubstituted:trisubstituted:tetrasubstituted monoaromatic rings as 29:59:12:0.1, of which from one to three substituents were carboxylic acid groups with the remainder of the substituents being unoxidised methyl groups. Of the disubstituted monoaromatic oxidation products, 53 % were dicarboxylic acids with the most sterically hindered 1,2-substitution pattern. This observation was interpreted as evidence for the presence of significant amounts of naphthenoaromatic systems such as tetralins and indanes in the crude oil aromatic fraction. Analysis of the permanganate oxidation products also enabled a quantitative measure of the proportion of methyl substituents to be made. It was found that methyl groups accounted for a significant proportion of the alkyl substituents attached to aromatic systems. Of the disubstituted monoaromatic oxidation products, 59 % had a methyl group as one of the substituents, while of trisubstituted monoaromatic systems, 41% had one methyl and 37 % had two methyls. Compounds containing a biphenyl carbon skeleton comprised 3 % of the aromatic oxidation products, with isomers containing from one to four substituents of which one was a carboxylic acid group and the remainder were unoxidised methyls. This indicates that biphenyls containing more than one alkyl (>C(subscript)1) substituent were not present. Of the monosubstituted biphenylcarboxylic acids, the ratio of ortho:meta:para substituted isomers was 0:65:35, which correlates well with literature reports of the relative abundances of methylbiphenyl ++
isomers, and suggests that the overall distribution of all monosubstituted biphenyls has not been significantly affected by biodegradation to level 4.The monoaromatic, diaromatic and triaromatic fractions of the same biodegraded crude oil (level 4) were separately treated with ruthenium tetroxide, which cleaves aromatic rings so that the ring carbon bearing the substituent is oxidised to become the carbonyl carbon of a carboxylic acid. These oxidation products represent the alkyl moieties that were attached to aromatic rings in the initial crude oil aromatic fractions. Identification of these alkyl side chains provides an insight into the nature of the components of the aromatic crude oil UCM. The oxidation products were separated into dichloromethane-soluble monocarboxylic acids, which were subsequently reduced to monodeuterated hydrocarbons for characterisation using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques, and water-soluble dicarboxylic acids which were analysed as dimethyl esters. n-Alkanes, methylalkanes, alkylalkanes, alkylcyclohexands, methylalkylcyclohexanes, isoprenoids and bicyclic alkanes were identified in the monodeuterated hydrocarbon samples derived from all three aromatic fractions. Most of these compounds had carbon skeletons strikingly similar to those observed in the saturate fractions of unbiodegraded crude oils, with the only differences being the addition of a carbon from the aromatic ring, and the presence of a deuterium atom attached to that carbon. Because the electron-withdrawing nature of carboxylic acid groups prevents further aromatic ring oxidation, numerous aromatic monocarboxylic acids were also identified in the acidic products of the oxidation of the crude oil diaromatic and triaromatic fractions. These included C(subscript)1 to C(subscript)3 alkyl-substituted benzoic acids derived from compounds containing a biphenyl ++
or phenylnaphthalene structural moiety, as well as omega-phenylalkanoic acids with chain lengths up to C(subscript)11, derived from compounds in which two aromatic systems are connected by an alkyl chain. The main components of the dicarboxylic acid oxidation products of all three aromatic fractions were alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids and alkylcyclopentane-dicarboxylic acids and alkylcyclohexane-dicarboxylic acids, with phthalic acids also present in the oxidation products of the diaromatic and triaromatic fractions. The observation that 1,5-pentanedicarboxylic acids and 1,6-hexanedicarboxylic acids were the only alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in the oxidation products of the crude oil monoaromatic fraction, and were present in high abundance relative to other alpha, omega-dicarboxylic acids in the oxidation products of the diaromatic and triaromatic fractions indicated that substituted indanes and/or tetralins were quantitatively important constituents of the overall crude oil aromatic fraction. This finding is supported by the results of the analysis of the mass spectra of the crude oil aromatic fractions.These studies of aromatic UCMs have provided new insights into the origins of the aromatic components of petroleum. The presence of a pronounced odd-over-even predominance in the C(subscript)25, C(subscript)27, and C(subscript)29 monodeuterated n-alkanes (CPI = 1.07), which corresponds to the odd-over-even predominance observed in the n-alkane components of unbiodegraded crude oils from the same basin, suggests that the n-alkyl side chains and the n-alkanes have a common source. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the n-alkylaromatics are formed in part by geosynthetic processes involving alkylation of aromatic systems by electrophilic species such as carbocations and acylium ions formed from carboxylic acids. This hypothesis is then extended to ++
explain the formation of other groups of compounds, including aromatic systems with isoprenoidal-, methylalkyl- and monoalkyl-branched side chains. Because isoprenoids, methylalkanes and alkylalkanes are well-known components of petroleum, these results suggest that these alkylaromatic components of petroleum may share a common source with the corresponding alkane components. It is suggested that aromatic unresolved complex mixtures arise due to the very large number of structurally related compounds present, which are formed by geosynthetic processes such as alkylation of aromatic rings.
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Books on the topic "Saturated hydrocarbon"

1

Shilov, A. E. Activation and catalytic reactions of saturated hydrocarbons in the presence of metal complexes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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Shilov, A. E. Activation and catalytic reactions of saturated hydrocarbons in the presence of metal complexes. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.

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Harris, Stephen John. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the hydroxyl radical initiated photo-oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons under simulated atmospheric conditions. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1988.

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The World Market for Saturated Acyclic Hydrocarbons: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Parker, Philip M. The World Market for Saturated Acyclic Hydrocarbons: A 2007 Global Trade Perspective. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007 Import and Export Market for Saturated Acyclic Hydrocarbons in United States. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46945-6.

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Shilov, A. E., and Georgiy B. Shul'pin. Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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Daudel, Raymond. Electronic Structure of Molecules: Diatomic Molecules, Small Molecules, Saturated Hydrocarbons, Conjugated Molecules, Molecules of Biochemical Interest. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2017.

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Shilov, A. E., and Georgiy B. Shul'pin. Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes (Catalysis by Metal Complexes). Springer, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Saturated hydrocarbon"

1

Gooch, Jan W. "Saturated Hydrocarbon." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 646. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_10295.

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Cohen, Gerald. "Lipid Peroxidation: Detectionin vivoandin vitrothrough the Formation of Saturated Hydrocarbon Gases." In Novartis Foundation Symposia, 177–85. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470715413.ch10.

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Berlin, M., and G. Suresh Kumar. "Numerical Modelling on Enhanced Mobility of Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Saturated Porous Media." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 1021–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3119-0_70.

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Sobotka, Jerzy. "Effects of Electric and Acoustic Field Interaction in Porous Media Saturated with Water or Hydrocarbons: Laboratory Modeling." In Reservoir Rock Diagnostics for Water or Hydrocarbon Exploration, 21–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31049-3_3.

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Cibulka, I., J. C. Fontaine, K. Sosnkowska-Kehiaian, and H. V. Kehiaian. "Volumetric Properties of the Mixture Cycloheptane C7H14 + C10H12 1,2,3,4-cycloalkane + polycyclic saturated-aromatic hydrocarbon." In Binary Liquid Systems of Nonelectrolytes II, 1440–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23277-0_643.

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Mague, J. T. "With Saturated Hydrocarbons." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 57–59. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145159.ch27.

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Gupta, Pankaj Kumar, Abhishek, and Brijesh Kumar Yadav. "Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Partially Saturated Soil Media in Batch System: Morphological Analysis Using SEM Techniques." In Water Science and Technology Library, 131–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5795-3_12.

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Simándi, László I. "Catalytic Oxidation of Saturated Hydrocarbons with O2." In Catalysis by Metal Complexes, 74–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2850-6_2.

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Fries, S., and A. Luke. "Heat Transfer of Condensing Saturated and Non-saturated Hydrocarbons Inside Horizontal Tubes." In Advances in Heat Transfer and Thermal Engineering, 143–45. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4765-6_26.

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Toriyama, Kazumi. "ESR Studies on Cation Radicals of Saturated Hydrocarbons." In Topics in Molecular Organization and Engineering, 99–124. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3750-8_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Saturated hydrocarbon"

1

Wang, Zhijing, and Amos Nur. "Velocities in hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon‐saturated rocks and sands." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1987. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1891881.

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Garton, Donna, Timothy Minton, Michele Alagia, Nadia Balucani, Piergiorgio Casavecchia, Gian Volpi, Donna Garton, et al. "Atomic oxygen interactions with saturated hydrocarbon surfaces." In Defense and Space Programs Conference and Exhibit - Critical Defense and Space Programs for the Future. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1997-3947.

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Suryana, Risa, Hitoshi Nakahara, Ayahiko Ichimiya, Yahachi Saito, Ferry Iskandar, and Mikrajuddin Abdullah. "Reaction of Si(111) Surface with Saturated Hydrocarbon." In THE 4TH NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM (NNS2011): An International Symposium. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3667252.

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Wang, Xinglin, Philip M. Singer, Zeliang Chen, Yunke Liu, George J. Hirasaki, Zheng (Elton) Yang, Scott J. Seltzer, Boqin Sun, Marcus O. Wigand, and Jon E. Burger. "MACRO-PORE HYDROCARBON SATURATION FROM NMR T1 - T2 MAPS IN THE UNCONVENTIONAL POINT-PLEASANT FORMATION." In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0076.

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Of particular interest in unconventional reservoir characterization is an NMR log of total porosity and macro-pore hydrocarbon saturation, where both quantities are independent of a mineralogy model. A log of the macro-pore hydrocarbon saturation has a direct impact on calculating hydrocarbon reserves. It helps identify sweet spots in the reservoir to optimize horizontal-well placement for hydraulic fracturing and production. It also helps avoid water production which would negatively affect the economics of the well. However, NMR logs in unconventional shale are challenging due to potential overlapping signal in the 1-dimensional (1-D) 𝑇𝑇2 domain between micropore water and bound hydrocarbon (i.e. bitumen), and, macro-pore water and hydrocarbons. In response to this challenge, NMR core-analysis in unconventional organic-shale has proven that 2-dimensional (2-D) 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 correlation maps and the 𝑇𝑇1/𝑇𝑇2 ratio can be a powerful technique for fluid typing and saturation. One limitation is that these techniques often just compare fully hydrocarbon-saturated with fully brine-saturated cores to calibrate a set of cutoffs in 𝑇𝑇1, 𝑇𝑇2, and/or 𝑇𝑇1/𝑇𝑇2 ratio. These cutoffs are then blindly applied to 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 maps from logs or cores of unknown saturation to determine the macro-pore hydrocarbon saturation in the unconventional organic shale. An example from the unconventional Point-Pleasant formation is shown where the traditional 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 cutoff technique to determine macro-pore hydrocarbon saturation breaks down, which is remedied by measuring 𝑇𝑇1 − 𝑇𝑇2 maps on mixed hydrocarbon-water saturated cores. The results show that instead of using cutoffs, the log-mean 𝑇𝑇1 , log-mean 𝑇𝑇2 , and log-mean 𝑇𝑇1/𝑇𝑇2 ratio correlate strongly against macro-pore hydrocarbon saturation of the mixed-saturated cores. In particular, for the Point-Pleasant organic-shale formation, the log-mean 𝑇𝑇1 is much more sensitive to macro-pore hydrocarbon saturation than the log-mean 𝑇𝑇2 or log-mean 𝑇𝑇1/𝑇𝑇2 ratio. The calibration of macro-pore hydrocarbon saturation from log-mean 𝑇𝑇1 is found to be different above and below a para-sequence boundary (nonconformity) in the organic-shale interval, the results of which can be used to interpret NMR logs. Details of the time-efficient technique used to obtain the mixed hydrocarbon-water saturated cores are shown.
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Downton, Jonathan E., and Jay Gunderson. "Fluid substitution without S‐wave velocity information in hydrocarbon saturated reservoirs." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2005. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2148002.

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Zhang*, Junli, Sheng He, Shukui Zhu, Xiaoru Tian, Bingqian Lin, Long Wang, Ping LI, Xuewei Dang, and Ruizhi Yang. "Development of a Novel Method to Analyze Saturated Hydrocarbon in Crude Oil by SPME." In International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2210006.

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Zaki Ali, A., M. E. Kandil, and J. Safarov. "Effect of Supercritical CO2 Injection on the Bulk Modulus of Hydrocarbon-Saturated Carbonate Formation." In 80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201801614.

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Naik, Chitralkumar V., Karthik V. Puduppakkam, and Ellen Meeks. "An Improved Core Reaction Mechanism for Saturated C0–C4 Fuels." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46705.

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Accurate chemistry models are required to predict the combustion behavior of different fuels, such as synthetic gaseous fuels and liquid jet fuels. A detailed reaction mechanism contains chemistry for all the molecular components in the fuel or its surrogates. Validation studies that compare model predictions with the data from fundamental combustion experiments under well defined conditions. Such fundamental experiments are least affected by the effect of transport on chemistry. Therefore they are the most reliable means for determining a reaction mechanism’s predictive capabilities. Following extensive validation studies and analysis of detailed reaction mechanisms for a wide range of hydrocarbon components reported in our previously published work [1–5], we identified some common issues in the predictive nature of the mechanisms that are associated with inadequacies of the core (C0–C4) mechanism. For example predictions of laminar flame speeds and autoignition delay times for several fuels were inaccurate beyond the level of uncertainty in the data. This core mechanism is shared by all of the mechanisms for the larger hydrocarbon components. Unlike the reaction paths for larger hydrocarbon fuels, however, reaction paths for the core chemistry do not follow prescribed reaction rate-rules. In this work, we revisit our core reaction mechanism for saturated C0–C4 fuels, with the goal of improving predictions for the widest range of fundamental experiments as possible. To evaluate and validate the mechanism improvements, we performed a broad set of simulations of fundamental experiments. These experiments include measurements of ignition delay, flame speed and extinction strain rate, as well as species composition in stirred reactors, flames and flow reactors. The range of conditions covers low to high temperatures, very lean to very rich fuel-air ratios, and low to high pressures. Our core reaction mechanism contains thermochemical parameters derived from a wide variety of sources, including experimental measurements, ab initio calculations, estimation methods and systematic optimization studies. Each technique has its uncertainties and potential inaccuracies. Using a systematic approach that includes sensitivity analysis, reaction-path analysis, consideration of recent literature studies, and an attention to data consistency, we have identified key updates required for the core mechanism. These updates resulted in accurate predictions for various saturated fuels when compared to the data over a broad range of conditions. All reaction rate constants and species thermodynamics and transport parameters remain within known uncertainties and within physically reasonable bounds. Unlike most mechanisms in the literature, the mechanism developed in this work is self-consistent and contains chemistry of all saturated C0–C4 fuels.
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"Induced polarization in hydrocarbon‐saturated sands and sandstones: Experimental study and general effective medium modeling." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3255868.

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Tsau, Jyun-Syung, Qinwen Fu, Reza Ghahfarokhi Barati, J. Zaghloul, A. Baldwin, K. Bradford, B. Nicoud, and J. D. Mohrbacher. "Experimental Investigation of Hydrocarbon Gas Huff-N-Puff Injection into the Live-Oil Window of Eagle Ford." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207224-ms.

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Abstract The hydrocarbon gas huff and puff (HnP) technique has been used to improve oil production in unconventional oil reservoirs where excess capacity of produced gas is available and hydrocarbon prices are in a range to result in an economically viable case. Eagle Ford (EF) is one of the largest unconventional oil plays in the United State where HnP has been applied for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) at reservoirs within various oil windows. Our previously published Huff-n-puff results on dead oil with produced gas from Eagle Ford (EF) showed the recovery factor of hydrocarbon varying from 40 to 58%. The objective of this paper is to extend the experiments to live oil with EF core plugs to investigate the mechanisms of HnP which are affected by the composition of injected gas and resident oil, injection and soaking time as well as injection/depletion pressure gradient. Eagle Ford live oil and natural gas produced from the target area were used for HnP tests. Four representative core plugs were used with the tests conducted at reservoir conditions (125 °C and 3,500 psi). The live oil experiments with four reservoir core plugs showed an improvement in oil recovery with recovery factor (RF) varying from 19.5 to 33 % in six cycles of HnP, whereas the primary depletion on the same core plug showed RF below 11 %. A lower recovery factor of HnP from live oil saturated core in this study was observed as compared to dead oil saturated core reported in a previous publication. It is attributed to a lesser diffusion effect on mass transfer between injected gas and resident oil when the core is saturated with live oil. This behavior is displayed by the pressure decline curve during the first soaking period. A sharper diffusion pressure decline occurred in the dead oil saturated core plug where a higher concentration gradient between injected gas and resident oil drives a faster gas transport into the oil due to the molecular diffusion during the soaking period.
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Reports on the topic "Saturated hydrocarbon"

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Obermajer, M., K. Dewing, and M. G. Fowler. Geological and geochemical data from the Canadian Arctic Islands. Part IX: Saturate fraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data for hydrocarbon samples. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/226238.

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Obermajer, M., and M. G. Fowler. Gas chromatography of gasoline range and saturated hydrocarbons of crude oils from Devonian reservoirs of northwestern Alberta (TWP 106-120, RGE 20W5-9W6). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214834.

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Jiang, C., and M. Li. Gas chromatograms of light hydrocarbon and saturate fractions of Bakken- and Madison-reservoired oils from Canadian Williston Basin (southeastern Saskatchewan and southwestern Manitoba). Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/212840.

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Hefetz, Abraham, and Justin O. Schmidt. Use of Bee-Borne Attractants for Pollination of Nonrewarding Flowers: Model System of Male-Sterile Tomato Flowers. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586462.bard.

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The use of bee natural product for enhancing pollination is especially valuable in problematic crops that are generally avoided by bees. In the present research we attempted to enhance bee visitation to Male Sterile (M-S) tomato flowers generally used in the production of hybrid seeds. These flowers that lack both pollen and nectar are unattractive to bees that learn rapidly to avoid them. The specific objects were to elucidate the chemical composition of the exocrine products of two bumble bee species the North American Bombus impatiens and the Israeli B. terrestris. Of these, to isolate and identify a bee attractant which when sprayed on M-S tomato flowers will enhance bee visitation, and to provide a procedure of the pheromone application regime. During the research we realized that our knowledge of B. impatiens is too little and we narrowed the objective to learning the basic social behavior of the bees and the pattern of foraging in a flight chamber and how it is affected by biogenic amines. Colonies of B. impatiens are characterized by a high number of workers and a relatively small number of queens. Size differences between queens and workers are pronounced and the queen seems to have full control over egg laying. Only about 9% of the workers in mature colonies had mature oocytes, and there were no signs of a "competition phase" as we know in B. terrestris. Queens and workers differ in their exocrine bouquet. Queen's Dufour's gland possesses a series of linear, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons whereas that of workers contains in addition a series of wax-type esters. Bees were trained to either visit or avoid artificially scented electronic flowers in a flight chamber. Since bee also learned to avoid scented non-rewarding flowers we attempted to interfere with this learning. We tested the effect of octopamine, a biogenic amine affecting bee behavior, on the choice behavior of free-flying bumblebees. Our results show that octopamine had no significant effect on the bees' equilibrium choice or on the overall rate of the behavioral change in response to the change in reward. Rather, octopamine significantly affected the time interval between the change in reward status and the initiation of behavioral change in the bee. In B. terrestris we studied the foraging pattern of the bees on tomato flowers in a semi commercial greenhouse in Yad Mordechai. Bee learned very quickly to avoid the non- rewarding M-S flowers, irrespective of their arrangement in the plot, i.e., their mixing with normal, pollen bearing flowers. However, bees seem to "forget" this information during the night since the foraging pattern repeats itself the next morning. Several exocrine products were tested as visitation enhancers. Among these, tarsal gland extracts are the most attractive. The compounds identified in the tarsal gland extract are mostly linear saturated hydrocarbons with small amounts of unsaturated ones. Application was performed every second day on leaves in selected inflorescences. Bee visitation increased significantly in the treated inflorescences as compared to the control, solvent treated. Treatment of the anthers cone was more effective than on the flower petals or the surrounding leaves. Methanol proved to be a non-flower-destructive solvent. We have shown that bumble bees (B. terrestris) can be manipulated by bee-borne attractants to visit non-rewarding flowers. We have further demonstrated that the bees learning ability can be manipulated by applying exogenously octopamine. Both methods can be additively applied in enhancing pollination of desired crops. Such manipulation will be especially useful in tomato cultivation for hybrid seed production.
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Blank, D. A., N. Hemmi, A. G. Suits, and Y. T. Lee. Free radical hydrogen atom abstraction from saturated hydrocarbons: A crossed-molecular-beams study of the reaction Cl + C{sub 3}H{sub 8} {yields} HCl + C{sub 3}H{sub 7}. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/603612.

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Organic metamorphism in the California petroleum basins; Chapter B, Insights from extractable bitumen and saturated hydrocarbons. US Geological Survey, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2174b.

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