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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Lehmann, Kevin K. "Theoretical detection limit of saturated absorption cavity ring-down spectroscopy (SCAR) and two-photon absorption cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Applied Physics B 116, no. 1 (October 10, 2013): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5663-3.

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2

Engeln, Richard, Gert von Helden, Giel Berden, and Gerard Meijer. "Phase shift cavity ring down absorption spectroscopy." Chemical Physics Letters 262, no. 1-2 (November 1996): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(96)01048-2.

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3

Ma, Tong-mei, Ling Li, Joanne Wing Har Leung, and Allan Shi Chung Cheung. "Cavity Ring Down Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of NiI." Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 22, no. 6 (December 2009): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-0068/22/06/611-614.

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4

Ma, Tongmei, J. W. H. Leung, and A. S. C. Cheung. "Cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy of IrC." Chemical Physics Letters 385, no. 3-4 (February 2004): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2003.12.096.

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5

Zalicki, Piotr, and Richard N. Zare. "Cavity ring‐down spectroscopy for quantitative absorption measurements." Journal of Chemical Physics 102, no. 7 (February 15, 1995): 2708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.468647.

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6

Fasci, E., S. Gravina, G. Porzio, A. Castrillo, and L. Gianfrani. "Lamb-dip cavity ring-down spectroscopy of acetylene at 1.4 μm." New Journal of Physics 23, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 123023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac3b6e.

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Abstract Doppler-free saturated-absorption Lamb dips are observed for weak vibration-rotation transitions of C2H2 between 7167 and 7217 cm−1, using a frequency-comb assisted cavity ring-down spectrometer based on the use of a pair of phase-locked diode lasers. We measured the absolute center frequency of sixteen lines belonging to the 2 ν 3 + ν 5 1 band, targeting ortho and para states of the molecule. Line pairs of the P and Q branches were selected so as to form a ‘V’-scheme, sharing the lower energy level. Such a choice made it possible to determine the rotational energy separations of the excited vibrational state for J-values from 11 to 20. Line-center frequencies are determined with an overall uncertainty between 3 and 13 kHz. This is over three orders of magnitude more accurate than previous experimental studies in the spectral region around the wavelength of 1.4 μm. The retrieved energy separations provide a stringent test of the so-called MARVEL method recently applied to acetylene.

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7

Loock, Hans-Peter, Jack A. Barnes, Gianluca Gagliardi, Runkai Li, Richard D. Oleschuk, and Helen Wächter. "Absorption detection using optical waveguide cavities." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 5 (May 2010): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-006.

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Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is a spectroscopic method that uses a high quality optical cavity to amplify the optical loss due to the light absorption by a sample. In this presentation we highlight two applications of phase-shift cavity ring-down spectroscopy that are suited for absorption measurements in the condensed phase and make use of waveguide cavities. In the first application, a fiber loop is used as an optical cavity and the sample is introduced in a gap in the loop to allow absorption measurements of nanoliters of solution at the micromolar level. A second application involves silica microspheres as high finesse cavities. Information on the refractive index and absorption of a thin film of ethylene diamine on the surface of the microresonator is obtained simultaneously by the measurements of the wavelength shift of the cavity mode spectrum and the change in optical decay time, respectively.

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8

Aiello, Roberto, Maria Giulia Delli Santi, Valentina Di Sarno, Maurizio De Rosa, Iolanda Ricciardi, Paolo De Natale, Luigi Santamaria, Giovanni Giusfredi, and Pasquale Maddaloni. "Lamb-dip ro-vibrational spectroscopy of buffer-gas-cooled acetylene." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2439, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2439/1/012002.

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Abstract We present an original opto-mechanical scheme which, effectively coupling a Lamb-dip saturated-absorption cavity ring-down spectrometer to a buffer-gas-cooling (BGC) source, allows us to determine the absolute frequency of the acetylene (ν 1 + ν 3) R(1)e transition at 6561.0941 cm−1 with an overall (statistical + systematic) uncertainty as low as 1.2 kHz. By improving the previous record with buffer-gas-cooled molecules by one order of magnitude, our achievement opens the door to new kind of ultra-precise low-temperature spectroscopic studies.

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9

Li Zhe, 李哲, 张志荣 Zhang Zhirong, 夏滑 Xia Hua, 孙鹏帅 Sun Pengshuai, 余润罄 Yu Runqing, 王华东 Wang Huadong, and 吴边 Wu Bian. "连续波腔衰荡吸收光谱技术中的模式匹配研究." Chinese Journal of Lasers 49, no. 4 (2022): 0411001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202249.0411001.

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10

Tan, Zhongqi, and Xingwu Long. "A Developed Optical-Feedback Cavity Ring-Down Spectrometer and its Application." Applied Spectroscopy 66, no. 5 (May 2012): 492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/11-06291.

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A developed spectrometer based on optical-feedback cavity ring-down spectroscopy (OF-CRDS) has been demonstrated with a distributed feedback laser diode and a V-shaped glass ceramic cavity. The laser is coupled to the V-shaped cavity, which creates an absorption path length greater than 2.8 km, and resonance between the laser frequency and the cavity modes is realized by modulating the cavity length instead of tuning the laser wavelength to obtain a higher resolution. A noise-equivalent absorption coefficient of ∼2.6 × 10−8 cm−1Hz−1/2 (1σ) is determined with spectral resolution of ∼0.003 cm−1 and spectral range of 1.2 cm−1. As an application example, the absorption spectrum measurement of water vapor in the spectral range of 6590.3∼6591.5 cm−1 is demonstrated with this spectrometer.

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11

Ma, Tongmei, Ling Li, J. W. H. Leung, and A. S. C. Cheung. "Cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy of YBr and YI." Molecular Physics 111, no. 1 (July 11, 2012): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268976.2012.705025.

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12

Staicu †, A., G. Rouillé, O. Sukhorukov, Th Henning, and F. Huisken *. "Cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy of jet-cooled anthracene." Molecular Physics 102, no. 16-17 (August 20, 2004): 1777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268970412331287025.

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13

Rouillé, Gaël, Marco Arold, Angela Staicu, Thomas Henning, and Friedrich Huisken. "Cavity Ring-Down Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Jet-CooledL-Tryptophan." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 113, no. 29 (July 23, 2009): 8187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp903253s.

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14

Yang, Qing-Ying, Eamon K. Conway, Hui Liang, Iouli E. Gordon, Yan Tan, and Shui-Ming Hu. "Cavity ring-down spectroscopy of water vapor in the deep-blue region." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 4463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-4463-2022.

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Abstract. Water vapor absorption in the near-ultraviolet region is essential to describe the energy budget of Earth, but little spectroscopic information is available since it is a challenging spectral region for both experimental and theoretical studies. A continuous-wave cavity ring-down spectroscopic experiment was built to record absorption lines of water vapor around 415 nm. With a precision of 4×10-10 cm−1, 40 rovibrational transitions of H216O were observed in this work, and 27 of them were assigned to the (224), (205), (710), (304), (093), (125) and (531) vibrational bands. A comparison of line positions and intensities determined in this work to the most recent HITRAN database is presented. Water vapor absorption cross-sections near 415 nm were calculated based on our measurements, which vary between 1×10-26 and 5×10-26cm2 molec.−1. These data will also significantly impact the spectroscopy detection of trace gas species in the near-UV region.

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15

Xu Yuyang, 徐毓阳, 余锦 Yu Jin, 貊泽强 Mo Zeqiang, 贾慧民 Jia Huimin, 唐吉龙 Tang Jilong, 王晓华 Wang Xiaohua, 王金舵 Wang Jinduo, and 魏志鹏 Wei Zhipeng. "腔衰荡吸收光谱技术的研究进展及典型应用." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 58, no. 19 (2021): 1900001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202158.1900001.

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16

Tan Yan, 谈艳, 王进 Wang Jin, 陶雷刚 Tao Leigang, 孙羽 Sun Yu, 刘安雯 Liu Anwen, and 胡水明 Hu Shuiming. "Precise Parameters of Molecular Absorption Lines from Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy." Chinese Journal of Lasers 45, no. 9 (2018): 0911002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201845.0911002.

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17

Hallock, A. J., E. S. F. Berman, and R. N. Zare. "Direct Monitoring of Absorption in Solution by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy." Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 6 (March 2007): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac070181o.

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18

Bescherer, Klaus, Jack A. Barnes, and Hans-Peter Loock. "Absorption Measurements in Liquid Core Waveguides Using Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy." Analytical Chemistry 85, no. 9 (April 8, 2013): 4328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac4007073.

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19

Hallock, Alexander J., Elena S. F. Berman, and Richard N. Zare. "Direct Monitoring of Absorption in Solution by Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy." Analytical Chemistry 74, no. 7 (April 2002): 1741–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac011103i.

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20

Rahinov, I., A. Goldman, and S. Cheskis. "Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy and cavity ring-down spectroscopy in low-pressure flames." Applied Physics B 81, no. 1 (June 4, 2005): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-005-1870-x.

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21

Nwaboh, Javis Anyangwe, Thibault Desbois, Daniele Romanini, Detlef Schiel, and Olav Werhahn. "Molecular Laser Spectroscopy as a Tool for Gas Analysis Applications." International Journal of Spectroscopy 2011 (June 20, 2011): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/568913.

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We have used the traceable infrared laser spectrometric amount fraction measurement (TILSAM) method to perform absolute concentration measurements of molecular species using three laser spectroscopic techniques. We report results performed by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS), and cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), all based on the TILSAM methodology. The measured results of the different spectroscopic techniques are in agreement with respective gravimetric values, showing that the TILSAM method is feasible with all different techniques. We emphasize the data quality objectives given by traceability issues and uncertainty analyses.

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22

Faïn, X., H. Moosmüller, and D. Obrist. "Toward real-time measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations using cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 6 (March 26, 2010): 2879–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-2879-2010.

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Abstract. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a direct absorption technique that utilizes path lengths up to multiple kilometers in a compact absorption cell and has a significantly higher sensitivity than conventional absorption spectroscopy. This tool opens new prospects for study of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) because of its high temporal resolution and reduced sample volume requirements (<0.5 l of sample air). We developed a new sensor based on CRDS for measurement of (Hg0) mass concentration. Sensor characteristics include sub-ng m−3 detection limit and high temporal resolution using a frequency-doubled, tuneable dye laser emitting pulses at ~253.65 nm with a pulse repetition frequency of 50 Hz. The dye laser incorporates a unique piezo element attached to its tuning grating allowing it to tune the laser on and off the Hg0 absorption line on a pulse-to-pulse basis to facilitate differential absorption measurements. Hg0 absorption measurements with this CRDS laboratory prototype are highly linearly related to Hg0 concentrations determined by a Tekran 2537B analyzer over an Hg0 concentration range from 0.2 ng m−3 to 573 ng m−3, implying excellent linearity of both instruments. The current CRDS instrument has a sensitivity of 0.10 ng Hg0 m−3 at 10-s time resolution. Ambient-air tests showed that background Hg0 levels can be detected at low temporal resolution (i.e., 1 s), but also highlight a need for high-frequency (i.e., pulse-to-pulse) differential on/off-line tuning of the laser wavelength to account for instabilities of the CRDS system and variable background absorption interferences. Future applications may include ambient Hg0 flux measurements with eddy covariance techniques, which require measurements of Hg0 concentrations with sub-ng m−3 sensitivity and sub-second time resolution.

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23

Fuchs, H., S. M. Ball, B. Bohn, T. Brauers, R. C. Cohen, H. P. Dorn, W. P. Dubé, et al. "Intercomparison of measurements of NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR during the NO3Comp campaign." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 2, no. 5 (October 8, 2009): 2539–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-2-2539-2009.

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Abstract. NO2 concentrations were measured by various instruments during the NO3Comp campaign at the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, in June 2007. Analytic methods included photolytic conversion with chemiluminescence (PC-CLD), broadband cavity ring-down spectroscopy (BBCRDS), pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS), and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). All broadband absorption spectrometers were optimized for the detection of the main target species of the campaign, NO2, but were also capable of detecting NO2 simultaneously with reduced sensitivity. NO2 mixing ratios in the chamber were within a range characteristic of polluted, urban conditions, with a maximum mixing ratio of approximately 75 ppbv. The overall agreement between measurements of all instruments was excellent. Linear fits of the combined data sets resulted in slopes that differ from unity only within the stated uncertainty of each instrument. Possible interferences from species such as water vapor and ozone were negligible under the experimental conditions.

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24

Fuchs, H., S. M. Ball, B. Bohn, T. Brauers, R. C. Cohen, H. P. Dorn, W. P. Dubé, et al. "Intercomparison of measurements of NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations in the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR during the NO3Comp campaign." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 1 (January 12, 2010): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-21-2010.

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Abstract. NO2 concentrations were measured by various instruments during the NO3Comp campaign at the atmosphere simulation chamber SAPHIR at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany, in June 2007. Analytical methods included photolytic conversion with chemiluminescence (PC-CLD), broadband cavity ring-down spectroscopy (BBCRDS), pulsed cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS), incoherent broadband cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBB\\-CEAS), and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). All broadband absorption spectrometers were optimized for the detection of the main target species of the campaign, NO3, but were also capable of detecting NO2 simultaneously with reduced sensitivity. NO2 mixing ratios in the chamber were within a range characteristic of polluted, urban conditions, with a maximum mixing ratio of approximately 75 ppbv. The overall agreement between measurements of all instruments was excellent. Linear fits of the combined data sets resulted in slopes that differ from unity only within the stated uncertainty of each instrument. Possible interferences from species such as water vapor and ozone were negligible under the experimental conditions.

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25

Muthiah, Balaganesh, Denís Paredes-Roibás, Toshio Kasai, and King-Chuen Lin. "Photodissociation of CH2BrI using cavity ring-down spectroscopy: in search of a BrI elimination channel." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 26 (2019): 13943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp04130j.

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26

Chen, Bo-Jung, Po-Yu Tsai, Ting-Kang Huang, Zhu-Hong Xia, King-Chuen Lin, Chuei-Jhih Chiou, Bing-Jian Sun, and A. H. H. Chang. "Characterization of molecular channel in photodissociation of SOCl2 at 248 nm: Cl2 probing by cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 12 (2015): 7838–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp06043a.

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27

Leung, J. W. H., Tongmei Ma, and A. S. C. Cheung. "Cavity ring down absorption spectroscopy of the B2Σ+–X2Σ+ transition of YO." Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 229, no. 1 (January 2005): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jms.2004.08.017.

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28

Burkart, Johannes, and Samir Kassi. "Absorption line metrology by optical feedback frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Applied Physics B 119, no. 1 (January 7, 2015): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-014-5999-3.

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29

Paldus, Barbara A., and Alexander A. Kachanov. "An historical overview of cavity-enhanced methods." Canadian Journal of Physics 83, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 975–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p05-054.

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An historical overview of laser-based, spectroscopic methods that employ high-finesse optical resonators is presented. The overview begins with the early work in atomic absorption (1962) and optical cavities (1974) that led to the first mirror reflectivity measurements in 1980. This paper concludes with very recent extensions of cavity-enhanced methods for the study of condensed-phase media and biological systems. Methods described here include cavity ring-down spectroscopy, integrated cavity output spectroscopy, and noise-immune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy. Given the explosive growth of the field over the past decade, this review does not attempt to present a comprehensive bibliography of all work published in cavity-enhanced spectroscopy, but rather strives to illustrate the rich history, creative diversity, and broad applications potential of these methods. PACS No.: 39.30.+w

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30

Hagen, C. L., B. C. Lee, I. S. Franka, J. L. Rath, T. C. VandenBoer, J. M. Roberts, S. S. Brown, and A. P. Yalin. "Cavity ring-down spectroscopy sensor for detection of hydrogen chloride." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 2 (February 3, 2014): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-345-2014.

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Abstract. A laser-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) sensor for measurement of hydrogen chloride (HCl) has been developed and characterized. The instrument uses light from a distributed-feedback diode laser at 1742 nm coupled to a high finesse optical cavity to make sensitive and quantifiable concentration measurements of HCl based on optical absorption. The instrument has a (1σ) limit of detection of <20 pptv in 1 min and has high specificity to HCl. The measurement response time to changes in input HCl concentration is <15 s. Validation studies with a previously calibrated permeation tube setup show an accuracy of better than 10%. The CRDS sensor was preliminarily tested in the field with two other HCl instruments (mist chamber and chemical ionization mass spectrometry), all of which were in broad agreement. The mist chamber and CRDS sensors both showed a 400 pptv plume within 50 pptv agreement. The sensor also allows simultaneous sensitive measurements of water and methane, and minimal hardware modification would allow detection of other near-infrared absorbers.

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31

Hagen, C. L., B. C. Lee, I. S. Franka, J. L. Rath, T. C. VandenBoer, J. M. Roberts, S. S. Brown, and A. P. Yalin. "Cavity ring-down spectroscopy sensor for detection of hydrogen chloride." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 6, no. 4 (August 6, 2013): 7217–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-6-7217-2013.

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Abstract. A laser-based cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) sensor for measurement of hydrogen chloride (HCl) has been developed and characterized. The instrument uses light from a distributed-feedback diode laser at 1742 nm coupled to a high finesse optical cavity to make sensitive and quantifiable concentration measurements of HCl based on optical absorption. The instrument has a (1σ) limit of detection of < 20 pptv in 1 min and has high specificity to HCl. The measurement response time to changes in input HCl concentration is < 15 s. Validation studies with a previously calibrated permeation tube setup show an accuracy of better than 10%. The CRDS sensor was preliminarily tested in the field with two other HCl instruments (mist chamber and chemical ionization mass spectrometry), all of which were in broad agreement. The mist chamber and CRDS sensors both showed a 400 pptv plume within 50 pptv agreement. The sensor also allows simultaneous sensitive measurements of water and methane, and minimal hardware modification would allow detection of other near-infrared absorbers.

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32

Liu, Jian-Xin, Gang Zhao, Yue-Ting Zhou, Xiao-Bin Zhou, and Wei-Guang Ma. "Birefringence effect of high reflectivity cavity mirrors and its influence on cavity enhanced spectroscopy." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 8 (2022): 084202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.71.20212090.

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In laser absorption spectroscopy, in order to improve gas detection sensitivity, optical cavity with high finesse is used to prolong the interaction path between the laser and the absorber. However, the birefringence of high reflectivity cavity mirrors generates two polarization eigenstates, and owing to the different phase shifts along the two directions, the cavity mode will be split. In this work, we first measure the cavity enhanced signal under birefringence and observe the mode split. And a model to mimic cavity enhanced spectroscopy under birefringent effect is presented, which can accurately fit the different polarization ratios at transmission. Finally, we propose a cavity ring-down signal model considering different coupling efficiencies of the two polarization directions of the cavity. Comparing with the conventional exponential model, the standard deviation of residual maximum suppression is as high as 9 times. And this analysis is helpful in improving the signal-to-noise ratio and uncertainty of cavity ring-down signal and increasing the accuracy of concentration inversion.

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33

Faïn, X., H. Moosmüller, and D. Obrist. "Toward a real-time measurement of atmospheric mercury concentrations using cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 5 (October 21, 2009): 22143–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-22143-2009.

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Abstract. A new sensor based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been developed for the measurement of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg0) mass concentration with sub-ng m−3 detection limit and high temporal resolution. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is a direct absorption technique that utilizes path lengths of up to multiple kilometers in a compact absorption cell and has a significantly higher sensitivity than conventional absorption spectroscopy. Our prototype uses a frequency-doubled, tuneable dye laser emitting pulses at ~253.65 nm with a pulse repetition frequency of 50 Hz. The dye laser incorporates a unique piezo element attached to its tuning grating allowing it to tune the laser on and off the Hg0 absorption line on a pulse to pulse basis to facilitate differential absorption measurements. Hg0 absorption measurements with this CRDS laboratory prototype are highly linearly related to Hg0 concentrations determined by a Tekran 2537B analyzer over a Hg0 concentration range of four orders of magnitude, from 0.2 ng m−3 to 573 ng m−3 implying excellent linearity of both instruments. The current CRDS instrument has a~sensitivity of 0.10 ng m−3 at 10 s time resolution. This tool opens new prospects for the study of Hg0 because of its high temporal resolution and reduced limited sample volume requirements (<0.5 l of sample air). Future applications may include ambient Hg0 flux measurements with eddy covariance techniques, which require measurements of Hg0 concentrations with sub-ng m−3 sensitivity and sub-second time resolution.

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34

Wang, Xing-Ping, Gang Zhao, Kang Jiao, Bing Chen, Rui-Feng Kan, Jian-Guo Liu, and Wei-Guang Ma. "Uncertainty of optical feedback linear cavity ringdown spectroscopy." Acta Physica Sinica 71, no. 12 (2022): 124201. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.70.20220186.

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Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a highly sensitive molecular absorption spectroscopic technology, which has been widely used in mirror reflectance measurement, atmospheric trace gas detection, molecular precision spectroscopy and other fields. It deduces the intracavity absorption by measuring the rapid variation of the ringdown signal. As a result, detector with high linearity, broad bandwidth and low electrical noise is indispensable. Additionally, owing to the large noise in laser frequency, low laser-to-cavity coupling efficiency is obtained. Consequently, the cavity transmission is faint, which deteriorates the detection sensitivity. Optical feedback can address this problem by locking the laser to the cavity longitudinal mode. Then, the laser frequency noise is suppressed and hence better detection sensitivity is expected. Optical feedback CRDS with V-shape cavity has been widely studied. Compared with Fabry-Perot cavity, this cavity geometry is very sensitive to mechanical vibration and possesses low degree of fineness due to an additional mirror. In this paper, optical feedback linear cavity ring-down spectroscopy based on a Fabry-Perot cavity with a degree of fineness of 7800 is presented. The principle of the combination of optical feedback and linear cavity is explained from the perspective of the light phase, which shows that the reflection will not generate efficient optical feedback if the feedback phase is appropriately controlled and laser to cavity locking can be therefore realized. And then, the factors influencing the stability of ring-down signal are analyzed, including the feedback ratio, the trigger voltage for the ringdown event, and the distance between the light spot and the detector center. The experimental results show that a superior fractional uncertainty of the empty ringdown time of 0.026% can be obtained with a low feedback rate (3% FSR), a high ringdown signal trigger threshold (90% cavity mode amplitude) and superposition of the light spot with the detector center. With Allan variance analysis, the white noise response of 1.56 × 10<sup>–9</sup> cm<sup>–1</sup>/ Hz<sup>–1/2</sup> and the detection sensitivity of 1.29 × 10<sup>–10</sup> cm<sup>–1</sup> for trace gas detection can be achieved in an integration time of 180 s, corresponding to the lowest CH<sub>4</sub> concentration detection of 0.35 ppb at 6046.9 cm<sup>–1</sup>. This robust spectroscopic technique paves the way for constructing high-sensitive and stable-cavity based instrument for trace gas detection.

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35

Rutkowski, Lucile, Alexandra C. Johansson, Damir Valiev, Amir Khodabakhsh, Arkadiusz Tkacz, Florian M. Schmidt, and Aleksandra Foltynowicz. "Detection of OH in an atmospheric flame at 1.5 um using optical frequency comb spectroscopy." Photonics Letters of Poland 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.2016.4.07.

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We report broadband detection of OH in a premixed CH4/air flat flame at atmospheric pressure using cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy based on an Er:fiber femtosecond laserand a Fourier transform spectrometer.By taking ratios of spectra measured at different heights above the burner we separate twenty OH transitions from the largely overlapping water background. Weretrieve from fits to the OH lines the relative variation of the OH concentration and flame temperature with height above the burner and compare them with 1-D simulations of the flamestructure. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. Meijer, M. G. Boogaarts, R. T. Jongma, D. H. Parker and A. M. Wodtke, "Coherent cavity ring down spectroscopy", Chem. Phys. Lett. 217, 1, 112 (1994). CrossRef S. Cheskis, I. Derzy, V. A. Lozovsky, A. Kachanov and D. Romanini, "Cavity ring-down spectroscopy of OH radicals in low pressure flame", Appl. Phys. B 66, 3, 377 (1998). CrossRef X. Mercier, E. Therssen, J. F. Pauwels and P. Desgroux, "Cavity ring-down measurements of OH radical in atmospheric premixed and diffusion flames.: A comparison with laser-induced fluorescence and direct laser absorption", Chem. Phys. Lett. 299, 1, 75 (1999). CrossRef J. Scherer, D. Voelkel and D. Rakestraw, "Infrared cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy (IR-CRLAS) in low pressure flames", Appl. Phys. B 64, 6, 699 (1997). CrossRef R. Peeters, G. Berden and G. Meijer, "Near-infrared cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy of hot water and OH in an oven and in flames", Appl. Phys. B 73, 1, 65 (2001). CrossRef T. Aizawa, "Diode-laser wavelength-modulation absorption spectroscopy for quantitative in situ measurements of temperature and OH radical concentration in combustion gases", Appl. Opt. 40, 27, 4894 (2001). CrossRef B. Löhden, S. Kuznetsova, K. Sengstock, V. M. Baev, et al., "Fiber laser intracavity absorption spectroscopy for in situ multicomponent gas analysis in the atmosphere and combustion environments", Appl. Phys. B 102, 2, 331 (2011). CrossRef A. Matynia, M. Idir, J. Molet, C. Roche, et al., "Absolute OH concentration profiles measurements in high pressure counterflow flames by coupling LIF, PLIF, and absorption techniques", Appl. Phys. B 108, 2, 393 (2012). CrossRef R. S. Watt, T. Laurila, C. F. Kaminski and J. Hult, "Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy of High-Temperature H2O in the Near-Infrared Using a Supercontinuum Light Source", Appl. Spectrosc. 63, 12, 1389 (2009). CrossRef C. Abd Alrahman, A. Khodabakhsh, F. M. Schmidt, Z. Qu and A. Foltynowicz, "Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy of high-temperature H2O in a flame", Opt. Express 22, 11, 13889 (2014). CrossRef A. Foltynowicz, P. Maslowski, A. J. Fleisher, B. J. Bjork and J. Ye, "Cavity-enhanced optical frequency comb spectroscopy in the mid-infrared application to trace detection of hydrogen peroxide", Appl. Phys. B 110, 2, 163 (2013). CrossRef Z. Qu, R. Ghorbani, D. Valiev and F. M. Schmidt, "Calibration-free scanned wavelength modulation spectroscopy ? application to H2O and temperature sensing in flames", Opt. Express 23, 12, 16492 (2015). CrossRef L. Rutkowski, A. Khodabakhsh, A. C. Johansson, D. M. Valiev, et al., "Measurement of H2O and OH in a Flame by Optical Frequency Comb Spectroscopy", CLEO: Science and Innovations SW4H.8 (2016). CrossRef L. S. Rothman, I. E. Gordon, Y. Babikov, A. Barbe, et al., "The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database", J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. 130, 4 (2013). CrossRef

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36

Bluvshtein, Nir, J. Michel Flores, Quanfu He, Enrico Segre, Lior Segev, Nina Hong, Andrea Donohue, James N. Hilfiker, and Yinon Rudich. "Calibration of a multi-pass photoacoustic spectrometer cell using light-absorbing aerosols." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 29, 2017): 1203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-1203-2017.

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Abstract. The multi-pass photoacoustic spectrometer (PAS) is an important tool for the direct measurement of light absorption by atmospheric aerosol. Accurate PAS measurements heavily rely on accurate calibration of their signal. Ozone is often used for calibrating PAS instruments by relating the photoacoustic signal to the absorption coefficient measured by an independent method such as cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRD-S), cavity-enhanced spectroscopy (CES) or an ozone monitor. We report here a calibration method that uses measured absorption coefficients of aerosolized, light-absorbing organic materials and offer an alternative approach to calibrate photoacoustic aerosol spectrometers at 404 nm. To implement this method, we first determined the complex refractive index of nigrosin, an organic dye, using spectroscopic ellipsometry and then used this well-characterized material as a standard material for PAS calibration.

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Hallock, A. J., E. S. F. Berman, and R. N. Zare. "Use of Broadband, Continuous-Wave Diode Lasers in Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy for Liquid Samples." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 5 (May 2003): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203321666614.

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Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is an extremely sensitive absorption technique that has been applied primarily to gas samples, which are characterized by having narrow absorption features. Recently, CRDS has also been applied to liquid samples, which have broad absorption features. The use of small inexpensive diode lasers as light sources for liquid samples is demonstrated. The low cost coupled with the ease and technical straightforwardness of application gives this technique wide appeal.

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Balaganesh, Muthiah, Joseph Song, Toshio Kasai, and King-Chuen Lin. "Photodissociation of CH₂BrCHBrC(O)Cl at 248 nm: probing Br₂ as the primary fragment using cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 39 (2021): 22492–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02279b.

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The photodissociation of 2,3-dibromopropionyl chloride (CH2BrCHBrC(O)Cl, 2,3-DBPC) at 248 nm was carried out to study Br2 as the primary molecular product in the B3Π+0u ← X1Σ+g transition using cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy.

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Mo, Zeqiang, Jin Yu, Jinduo Wang, Jianguo He, Shoujun Dai, and Yang Liu. "Differential Measurement for Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy with Dynamic Allan Variance." Journal of Spectroscopy 2020 (April 14, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8398063.

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The method of dynamic Allan variance (DAVAR) is used to analyze the time-varying characteristics of a nonstationary signal and is thus incorporated to evaluate the random error in the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) experiments. With the numerical simulation of the influence of instabilities of sudden, slow, or periodic changes on the measurement accuracy in the ring-down process, DAVAR is proved to be an effective way to evaluate random error characteristics in an interfering environment. In order to minimize influences of time-varying noises in CRDS, a practical differential measurement method is proposed, in which wavelength modulation is applied to detect the ring-down times at the absorption peak and the nonabsorption peak in a time-division manner. The validity of the differential measurement is proved with its ability to compensate the influence of the environment changes and improves the accuracy from 0.181 ppm to 0.00914 ppm. The differential measurement method can be used to correct the time-varying error in real time and is helpful to improve the environmental adaptability of the CRDS instrument.

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Ma, Tongmei, J. W.-H. Leung, and A. S.-C. Cheung. "Cavity Ring-Down Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of the E3Δ−X3Δ Transition of VN." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 108, no. 25 (June 2004): 5333–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp049441l.

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Hodges, Joseph T., Howard P. Layer, William W. Miller, and Gregory E. Scace. "Frequency-stabilized single-mode cavity ring-down apparatus for high-resolution absorption spectroscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 75, no. 4 (April 2004): 849–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1666984.

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42

Bechtel, Kate L., Richard N. Zare, Alexander A. Kachanov, Steve S. Sanders, and Barbara A. Paldus. "Moving beyond Traditional UV−Visible Absorption Detection: Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy for HPLC." Analytical Chemistry 77, no. 4 (February 2005): 1177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac048444r.

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Fry, Edward S., and John D. Mason. "Integrating cavity ring-down spectroscopy (ICRDS) and the direct measurement of absorption coefficients." Physica Scripta 91, no. 4 (March 7, 2016): 043004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/91/4/043004.

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Cone, Michael T., John D. Mason, Eleonora Figueroa, Brett H. Hokr, Joel N. Bixler, Cherry C. Castellanos, Gary D. Noojin, et al. "Measuring the absorption coefficient of biological materials using integrating cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Optica 2, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.2.000162.

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Cassar, Nicolas, Jean-Philippe Bellenger, Robert B. Jackson, Jonathan Karr, and Bruce A. Barnett. "N2 fixation estimates in real-time by cavity ring-down laser absorption spectroscopy." Oecologia 168, no. 2 (August 31, 2011): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-011-2105-y.

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46

Muthiah, Balaganesh, Toshio Kasai, and King-Chuen Lin. "Probing BrCl from photodissociation of CH2BrCl and CHBr2Cl at 248 nm using cavity ring-down spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 10 (2021): 6098–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cp06350a.

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47

Banerjee, Agniva, Julien Mandon, Frans Harren, and David H. Parker. "Collision-induced absorption between O2–CO2 for the a1Δg (v = 1) ← X3Σ−g (v = 0) transition of molecular oxygen at 1060 nm." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 4 (2019): 1805–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp06778c.

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Collision-induced absorption between O₂ and CO₂ molecules associated with the a ¹Δ_g (v = 1) ← X³Σ−g (v = 0) band of oxygen around 1060 nm was measured using cavity ring-down spectroscopy.

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48

van der Sneppen, L., A. Wiskerke, F. Ariese, C. Gooijer, and W. Ubachs. "Improving the sensitivity of HPLC absorption detection by cavity ring-down spectroscopy in a liquid-only cavity." Analytica Chimica Acta 558, no. 1-2 (February 2006): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.11.022.

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Tan, Y., T. P. Hua, J. D. Tang, J. Wang, A. W. Liu, Y. R. Sun, C. F. Cheng, and S. M. Hu. "Self- and N₂- broadening of CO in the low-pressure regime." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2439, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2439/1/012007.

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Abstract Sub-Doppler saturated absorption spectroscopy of rovibrational transitions of carbon monoxide broadened by nitrogen was recorded at low pressures (1-24 Pa) near 1.56 µm with comb-locked cavity ring-down saturation spectroscopy. We found a nonlinear pressure dependence of the Lamb-dip width of the CO transition induced by elastic scattering. Analysis of the results allows us to characterize parameters of elastic- and nonelastic- scattering under collisions. The elastic scattering angle for nitrogen-induced collisions (CO-N2) was determined to be larger than 0.6 × 10−3 rad. The line broadening of the Lamb dip in the region of low pressures exceeds the broadening at high pressures by a factor of 4 and 5 for the self- and N2-broadening CO R(9) transition. Moreover, much smaller line shifts for both self- and N2-broaden Lamb dips were observed, which was also attributed to the decrease in the number of scattered molecules in the interaction and the increasing attracting forces.

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Luque, J., J. B. Jeffries, G. P. Smith, and D. R. Crosley. "Predissociation of CH B2Σ+v′=0,1 levels studied by cavity ring-down absorption spectroscopy." Chemical Physics Letters 346, no. 3-4 (October 2001): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2614(01)00934-4.

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