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1
Kataoka, Ryuho, and Shin’ya Nakano. "Auroral zone over the last 3000 years." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 11 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2021030.
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We investigated the global shape of the auroral zone over the last 3000 years using paleomagnetism CALS models. A similar method of apex latitude as proposed by Oguti (1993) [J Geophys Res 98(A7): 11649–11655; J Geomag Geoelectr 45, 231–242] was adopted to draw the auroral zone. The Oguti method is examined using 50-year data from ground-based magnetometers located at high latitudes, using International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) models. The equatorward auroral limit during magnetic storms was also examined using more than 20 years of data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. The reconstructed auroral zone and the equatorward auroral limit were compared with the historical auroral witness records for 1200 AD and 1800 AD. We concluded that the 12th and 18th centuries were excellent periods for Japan and the United Kingdom, respectively, to observe auroras over the last 3000 years.
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Mazzarella, Luca, Christopher Lowe, David Lowndes, Siddarth Koduru Joshi, Steve Greenland, Doug McNeil, Cassandra Mercury, Malcolm Macdonald, John Rarity, and Daniel Kuan Li Oi. "QUARC: Quantum Research Cubesat—A Constellation for Quantum Communication." Cryptography 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography4010007.
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Quantum key distribution (QKD) offers future proof security based on fundamental laws of physics. Long-distance QKD spanning regions such as the United Kingdom (UK) may employ a constellation of satellites. Small satellites, CubeSats in particular, in low Earth orbit are a relatively low-cost alternative to traditional, large platforms. They allow the deployment of a large number of spacecrafts, ensuring greater coverage and mitigating some of the risk associated with availability due to cloud cover. We present our mission analysis showing how a constellation comprising 15 low-cost 6U CubeSats can be used to form a secure communication backbone for ground-based and metropolitan networks across the UK. We have estimated the monthly key rates at 43 sites across the UK, incorporating local meteorological data, atmospheric channel modelling and orbital parameters. We have optimized the constellation topology for rapid revisit and thus low-latency key distribution.
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Jesionek, Wojciech, Markéta Bodláková, Zdeněk Kubát, Radim Čegan, Boris Vyskot, Jan Vrána, Jan Šafář, Janka Puterova, and Roman Hobza. "Fundamentally different repetitive element composition of sex chromosomes in Rumex acetosa." Annals of Botany 127, no. 1 (September 9, 2020): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa160.
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Abstract Background and Aims Dioecious species with well-established sex chromosomes are rare in the plant kingdom. Most sex chromosomes increase in size but no comprehensive analysis of the kind of sequences that drive this expansion has been presented. Here we analyse sex chromosome structure in common sorrel (Rumex acetosa), a dioecious plant with XY1Y2 sex determination, and we provide the first chromosome-specific repeatome analysis for a plant species possessing sex chromosomes. Methods We flow-sorted and separately sequenced sex chromosomes and autosomes in R. acetosa using the two-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization in suspension (FISHIS) method and Illumina sequencing. We identified and quantified individual repeats using RepeatExplorer, Tandem Repeat Finder and the Tandem Repeats Analysis Program. We employed fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to analyse the chromosomal localization of satellites and transposons. Key Results We identified a number of novel satellites, which have, in a fashion similar to previously known satellites, significantly expanded on the Y chromosome but not as much on the X or on autosomes. Additionally, the size increase of Y chromosomes is caused by non-long terminal repeat (LTR) and LTR retrotransposons, while only the latter contribute to the enlargement of the X chromosome. However, the X chromosome is populated by different LTR retrotransposon lineages than those on Y chromosomes. Conclusions The X and Y chromosomes have significantly diverged in terms of repeat composition. The lack of recombination probably contributed to the expansion of diverse satellites and microsatellites and faster fixation of newly inserted transposable elements (TEs) on the Y chromosomes. In addition, the X and Y chromosomes, despite similar total counts of TEs, differ significantly in the representation of individual TE lineages, which indicates that transposons proliferate preferentially in either the paternal or the maternal lineage.
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Jones, Lee, and Peter Hobbs. "The Application of Terrestrial LiDAR for Geohazard Mapping, Monitoring and Modelling in the British Geological Survey." Remote Sensing 13, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13030395.
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Geomatics is the discipline of electronically gathering, storing, processing, and delivering spatially related digital information; it continues to be one of the fastest expanding global markets, driven by technology. The British Geological Survey (BGS) geomatics capabilities have been utilized in a variety of scientific studies such as the monitoring of actively growing volcanic lava domes and rapidly retreating glaciers; coastal erosion and platform evolution; inland and coastal landslide modelling; mapping of geological structures and fault boundaries; rock stability and subsidence feature analysis, and geo-conservation. In 2000, the BGS became the first organization outside the mining industry to use Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) as a tool for measuring change; paired with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), BGS were able to measure, monitor, and model geomorphological features of landslides in the United Kingdom (UK) digitally. Many technologies are used by the BGS to monitor the earth, employed on satellites, airplanes, drones, and ground-based equipment, in both research and commercial settings to carry out mapping, monitoring, and modelling of earth surfaces and processes. Outside BGS, these technologies are used for close-range, high-accuracy applications such as bridge and dam monitoring, crime and accident scene analysis, forest canopy and biomass measurements and military applications.
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Zia-Ur-Rehman, M., H. W. Herrmann, U. Hameed, M. S. Haider, and J. K. Brown. "First Detection of Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus and Cognate Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite and Gossypium darwinii symptomless alphasatellite in Symptomatic Luffa cylindrica in Pakistan." Plant Disease 97, no. 8 (August 2013): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-12-1159-pdn.
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Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is the major plant viral constraint to cotton production on the Indian subcontinent (2). CLCuD is primarily caused by begomovirus, Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBuV), and Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB). During 2011 in Burewala, Pakistan, plants in a production field of Luffa cylindrica (Ghia tori) were infested with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), and ~60% of the plants exhibited leaf curling and stunting symptoms, reminiscent of those caused by begomoviruses (Geminiviridae). Total DNA was extracted from five different symptomatic leaf samples using the CTAB method (1), and extracts were analyzed by Southern blot hybridization. As a probe, we used a 1.1-kbp fragment of CLCuBuV and a positive signal was obtained from all five samples. Total DNA was used as template for rolling circle amplification (RCA) using the TempliPhi DNA Amplification Kit (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, United Kingdom). The amplified RCA products were digested with EcoRI, and the resulting ~2.7-kbp fragments from each isolate were directionally cloned into the EcoRI digested, pGEM-3Zf+ (Promega, Madison, WI) plasmid vector. PCR was used to amplify the prospective, associated betasatellite and alphasatellite molecules using the primers BetaF5′-GGTACCGCCGGAGCTTAGCWCKCC-3′ and BetaR5′-GGTACCGTAGCTAAGGCTGCTGCG-3′, and AlphaF5′-AAGCTTAGAGGAAACTAGGGTTTC-3′ and AlphaR5′-AAGCTTTTCATACARTARTCNCRDG-3′, respectively. The putative satellite amplicons, at ~1.4 kbp each were cloned in the plasmid vector pGEMT-Easy (Promega, Madison, WI) and sequenced. BLASTn comparisons of the apparently full-length begomoviral genomes, at 2,753 nt, against the NCBI database revealed that all five isolates were most closely related to CLCuBuV (FR750321). In addition, one each of beta- and alpha-satellite were amplified from all five samples at 1,393 and 1,378 bases, respectively. The beta- and alpha-satellites were most closely related to CLCuMB (HE985228) and the Gossypium darwinii symptomless alphasatellite (GDaSA) (FR877533), respectively. Pairwise sequence comparisons of the top 10 BLASTn hits using MEGA5 indicated that the helper begomovirus shared 99.9% identity with CLCuBuV (FR750321), the most prevalent helper virus currently associated with the leaf curl complex in Pakistan. Based on the ICTV demarcation for begomoviral species at <89%, it is considered a variant of CLCuBuV. The resultant beta- and alpha-satellite sequences were 98.1% and 97.8% identical to CLCuMB (HE985228) and GDaSA (FR877533), respectively, and are the most prevalent satellites associated with the CLCuD complex in Pakistan and India (2). To our knowledge, this is first report of the CLCuBuV-CLCuMB-GDaSA complex infecting a cucurbitaceous species, and the first report of L. cylindrica as a host of the CLCuD complex. This discovery of CLCuBuV and associated satellites in a cucurbitaceous host that is widely grown in Pakistan and India where this complex infects cotton indicates that the host range of CLCuBuV is broader than expected. This new information will aid in better understanding of cotton leaf curl disease epidemiology in the current epidemic areas. References: (1) J. J. Doyle and J. L. Doyle. Focus 12:13, 1990. (2) S. Mansoor et al. Trends Plant Sci. 11:209, 2006.
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Helmi, Ahmed M., and Mohamed S. Abdelhamed. "Evaluation of CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS V2.0, TMPA 3B42 V7, and GPM IMERG V6 Satellite Precipitation Datasets in Arabian Arid Regions." Water 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010092.
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Rainfall depth is a crucial parameter in water resources and hydrological studies. Rain gauges provide the most reliable point-based rainfall estimates. However, they do not have a proper density/distribution to provide sufficient rainfall measurements in many areas, especially in arid regions. To evaluate the adequacy of satellite datasets as an alternative to the rain gauges, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is selected for the current study as a representative of the arid regions. KSA occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula and is characterized by high variability in topographic and climatic conditions. Five satellite precipitation datasets (SPDSs)—CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS V2.0, TMPA 3B42 V7, and GPM IMERG V6—are evaluated versus 324 conventional rain-gauges’ daily precipitation measures. The evaluation is conducted based on nine quantitative and categorical metrics. The evaluation analysis is carried out for daily, monthly, yearly, and maximum yearly records. The daily analysis revealed a low correlation for all SPDSs (<0.31), slightly improved in the yearly and maximum yearly analysis and reached its highest value (0.58) in the monthly analysis. The GPM IMERG V6 and PERSIANN-CDR have the highest probability of detection (0.55) but with a high false alarm ratio (>0.8). Accordingly, in arid regions, the use of daily SPDSs in rainfall estimation will lead to high uncertainty in the obtained results. The best performance for all statistical metrics was found at 500–750 m altitudes in the central and northern parts of the study area for all satellites except minor anomalies. CMORPH dataset has the lowest centered root mean square error (RMSEc) for all analysis periods with the best results in the monthly analyses.
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Ejaz, Nuaman, Jarbou Bahrawi, Khalid Mohammed Alghamdi, Khalil Ur Rahman, and Songhao Shang. "Drought Monitoring Using Landsat Derived Indices and Google Earth Engine Platform: A Case Study from Al-Lith Watershed, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Remote Sensing 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15040984.
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Precise assessment of drought and its impact on the natural ecosystem is an arduous task in regions with limited climatic observations due to sparsely distributed in situ stations, especially in the hyper-arid region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Therefore, this study investigates the application of remote sensing techniques to monitor drought and compare the remote sensing-retrieved drought indices (RSDIs) with the standardized meteorological drought index (Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index, SPEI) during 2001–2020. The computed RSDIs include Vegetation Condition Index (VCI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), and Vegetation Health Index (VHI), which are derived using multi-temporal Landsat 7 ETM+, Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellites, and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform. Pearson correlation coefficient (CC) is used to find the extent of agreement between the SPEI and RSDIs. The comparison showed CC values of 0.74, 0.67, 0.57, and 0.47 observed for VHI/SPEI-12, VHI/SPEI-6, VHI/SPEI-3, and VHI/SPEI-1, respectively. Comparatively low agreement was observed between TCI and SPEI with CC values of 0.60, 0.61, 0.42, and 0.37 observed for TCI/SPEI-12, TCI/SPEI-6, TCI/SPEI-3, and TCI/SPEI-1. A lower correlation with CC values of 0.53, 0.45, 0.33 and 0.24 was observed for VCI/SPEI-12, VCI/SPEI-6, VCI/SPEI-3, and VCI/SPEI-1, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that VHI and SPEI are better correlated drought indices and are suitable for drought monitoring in the data-scarce hyper-arid regions. This research will help to improve our understanding of the relationships between meteorological and remote sensing drought indices.
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Gupta, Dileep Kumar, Prashant K. Srivastava, Ankita Singh, George P. Petropoulos, Nikolaos Stathopoulos, and Rajendra Prasad. "SMAP Soil Moisture Product Assessment over Wales, U.K., Using Observations from the WSMN Ground Monitoring Network." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 6019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116019.
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Soil moisture (SM) is the primary variable regulating the soil temperature (ST) differences between daytime and night-time, providing protection to crop rooting systems against sharp and sudden changes. It also has a number of practical applications in a range of disciplines. This study presents an approach to incorporating the effect of ST for the accurate estimation of SM using Earth Observation (EO) data from NASA’s SMAP sensor, one of the most sophisticated satellites currently in orbit. Linear regression analysis was carried out between the SMAP-retrieved SM and ground-measured SM. Subsequently, SMAP-derived ST was incorporated with SMAP-derived SM in multiple regression analysis to improve the SM retrieval accuracy. The ability of the proposed method to estimate SM under different seasonal conditions for the year 2016 was evaluated using ground observations from the Wales Soil Moisture Network (WSMN), located in Wales, United Kingdom, as a reference. Results showed reduced retrieval accuracy of SM between the SMAP and ground measurements. The R2 between the SMAP SM and ground-observed data from WSMN was found to be 0.247, 0.183, and 0.490 for annual, growing and non-growing seasons, respectively. The values of RMSE between SMAP SM and WSMN observed SM are reported as 0.080 m3m−3, 0.078 m3m−3 and 0.010 m3m−3, with almost zero bias values for annual, growing and non-growing seasons, respectively. Implementation of the proposed scheme resulted in a noticeable improvement in SSM prediction in both R2 (0.558, 0.440 and 0.613) and RMSE (0.045 m3m−3, 0.041 m3m−3 and 0.007 m3m−3), with almost zero bias values for annual, growing and non-growing seasons, respectively. The proposed algorithm retrieval accuracy was closely matched with the SMAP target accuracy 0.04 m3m−3. In overall, use of the new methodology was found to help reducing the SM difference between SMAP and ground-measured SM, using only satellite data. This can provide important assistance in improving cases where the SMAP product can be used in practical and research applications.
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Boegh, E., R. Houborg, J. Bienkowski, C. F. Braban, T. Dalgaard, N. van Dijk, U. Dragosits, et al. "Remote sensing of LAI, chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen pools of crop- and grasslands in five European landscapes." Biogeosciences 10, no. 10 (October 7, 2013): 6279–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6279-2013.
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Abstract. Leaf nitrogen and leaf surface area influence the exchange of gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and play a significant role in the global cycles of carbon, nitrogen and water. The purpose of this study is to use field-based and satellite remote-sensing-based methods to assess leaf nitrogen pools in five diverse European agricultural landscapes located in Denmark, Scotland (United Kingdom), Poland, the Netherlands and Italy. REGFLEC (REGularized canopy reFLECtance) is an advanced image-based inverse canopy radiative transfer modelling system which has shown proficiency for regional mapping of leaf area index (LAI) and leaf chlorophyll (CHLl) using remote sensing data. In this study, high spatial resolution (10–20 m) remote sensing images acquired from the multispectral sensors aboard the SPOT (Satellite For Observation of Earth) satellites were used to assess the capability of REGFLEC for mapping spatial variations in LAI, CHLland the relation to leaf nitrogen (Nl) data in five diverse European agricultural landscapes. REGFLEC is based on physical laws and includes an automatic model parameterization scheme which makes the tool independent of field data for model calibration. In this study, REGFLEC performance was evaluated using LAI measurements and non-destructive measurements (using a SPAD meter) of leaf-scale CHLl and Nl concentrations in 93 fields representing crop- and grasslands of the five landscapes. Furthermore, empirical relationships between field measurements (LAI, CHLl and Nl and five spectral vegetation indices (the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, the Simple Ratio, the Enhanced Vegetation Index-2, the Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the green chlorophyll index) were used to assess field data coherence and to serve as a comparison basis for assessing REGFLEC model performance. The field measurements showed strong vertical CHLl gradient profiles in 26% of fields which affected REGFLEC performance as well as the relationships between spectral vegetation indices (SVIs) and field measurements. When the range of surface types increased, the REGFLEC results were in better agreement with field data than the empirical SVI regression models. Selecting only homogeneous canopies with uniform CHLl distributions as reference data for evaluation, REGFLEC was able to explain 69% of LAI observations (rmse = 0.76), 46% of measured canopy chlorophyll contents (rmse = 719 mg m−2) and 51% of measured canopy nitrogen contents (rmse = 2.7 g m−2). Better results were obtained for individual landscapes, except for Italy, where REGFLEC performed poorly due to a lack of dense vegetation canopies at the time of satellite recording. Presence of vegetation is needed to parameterize the REGFLEC model. Combining REGFLEC- and SVI-based model results to minimize errors for a "snap-shot" assessment of total leaf nitrogen pools in the five landscapes, results varied from 0.6 to 4.0 t km−2. Differences in leaf nitrogen pools between landscapes are attributed to seasonal variations, extents of agricultural area, species variations, and spatial variations in nutrient availability. In order to facilitate a substantial assessment of variations in Nl pools and their relation to landscape based nitrogen and carbon cycling processes, time series of satellite data are needed. The upcoming Sentinel-2 satellite mission will provide new multiple narrowband data opportunities at high spatio-temporal resolution which are expected to further improve remote sensing capabilities for mapping LAI, CHLl and Nl.
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Mahmoud, Magdy Shayboub Ali, and Samir Mahmud Adam Abdalla. "Managing Infrastructure OF Water and Petroleum Demand in KSA." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 11, no. 2 (October 10, 2013): 2279–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v11i2.1182.
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The purpose of this paper is showing, how Geographical Information Systems (GIS ) can be used to support infrastructure planners and analyst on water and petroleum demand of a local area in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The first part of this work discusses the issue of analysis, design and creating the geodatabase system of KSA land and infrastructure using Stylus Studio XML editor, describing the components of the whole system of Subareas in Saudi Arabia affecting local infrastructure planning and analyzing which include of specific area and facilities management. The second part defines the creation of the GIS application of the discussed field having the GIS functions of the infrastructure discusses the geodatabase of the application of GIS In infrastructure in Saudi Arabia districts. The third part defines the results of the statistics analysis population in the Subareas, specify the relation between water resources and the elevations of subareas, the data of the layers of roads, railroads existing in Saudi Arabia specially in the eastern area where most petroleums wells are found.
    Using Google earth to show the elevation of the subareas and the relation with the water resources. Three groups of GIS forms was produced they are the geodatabase of the Saudi Arabia (area, subareas and main cities) ,water resources layers (water in land , water area and land cover ) , roads, railroads and elevations layers. The main contribution in the paper, discussed the infrastructure and the results of the statistics analysis populations in the subareas, specify the relation between water resources and the elevations of subareas of the data layers of roads, railroads existing in Saudi Arabia, especially in the eastern area where most petroleum's wells are found production and exploration of petroleum including the geodatabase of wells of petroleum distributed in Saudi Arabia finding the locations using Google earth map, satellites to locate the areas of producing petroleum.
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Alrajhi, Muhamad, Khurram Shahzad Janjua, Mohammad Afroz Khan, and Abdalla Alobeid. "UPDATING MAPS USING HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b4-711-2016.
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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most dynamic countries of the world. We have witnessed a very rapid urban development's which are altering Kingdom’s landscape on daily basis. In recent years a substantial increase in urban populations is observed which results in the formation of large cities. Considering this fast paced growth, it has become necessary to monitor these changes, in consideration with challenges faced by aerial photography projects. It has been observed that data obtained through aerial photography has a lifecycle of 5-years because of delay caused by extreme weather conditions and dust storms which acts as hindrances or barriers during aerial imagery acquisition, which has increased the costs of aerial survey projects. All of these circumstances require that we must consider some alternatives that can provide us easy and better ways of image acquisition in short span of time for achieving reliable accuracy and cost effectiveness. The approach of this study is to conduct an extensive comparison between different resolutions of data sets which include: Orthophoto of (10 cm) GSD, Stereo images of (50 cm) GSD and Stereo images of (1 m) GSD, for map updating. Different approaches have been applied for digitizing buildings, roads, tracks, airport, roof level changes, filling stations, buildings under construction, property boundaries, mosques buildings and parking places.
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Alrajhi, Muhamad, Khurram Shahzad Janjua, Mohammad Afroz Khan, and Abdalla Alobeid. "UPDATING MAPS USING HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B4 (June 14, 2016): 711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b4-711-2016.
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Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the most dynamic countries of the world. We have witnessed a very rapid urban development's which are altering Kingdom’s landscape on daily basis. In recent years a substantial increase in urban populations is observed which results in the formation of large cities. Considering this fast paced growth, it has become necessary to monitor these changes, in consideration with challenges faced by aerial photography projects. It has been observed that data obtained through aerial photography has a lifecycle of 5-years because of delay caused by extreme weather conditions and dust storms which acts as hindrances or barriers during aerial imagery acquisition, which has increased the costs of aerial survey projects. All of these circumstances require that we must consider some alternatives that can provide us easy and better ways of image acquisition in short span of time for achieving reliable accuracy and cost effectiveness. The approach of this study is to conduct an extensive comparison between different resolutions of data sets which include: Orthophoto of (10 cm) GSD, Stereo images of (50 cm) GSD and Stereo images of (1 m) GSD, for map updating. Different approaches have been applied for digitizing buildings, roads, tracks, airport, roof level changes, filling stations, buildings under construction, property boundaries, mosques buildings and parking places.
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Janssen, Astrid. "Copyright Licensing Revisited." German Law Journal 13, no. 1 (January 2012): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200020423.
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On 29 September 2008, the United Kingdom High Court of Justice referred to the European Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ) for a preliminary ruling inKaren Murphy v. Media Protection Services Limited. This referral concerned the use of foreign decoder cards in the United Kingdom in order to gain access to encrypted satellite transmissions of live English Premier League football matches. Karen Murphy, a pub owner in Southsea, had allegedly been using the much cheaper Greek satellite decoder card to receive and screen live Premier League matches in public.
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Archer, D. R., J. O. Bailey, E. C. Barrett, and D. Greenhill. "The Potential of Satellite Remote Sensing of Snow over Great Britain in Relation to Cloud Cover." Hydrology Research 25, no. 1-2 (February 1, 1994): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1994.0018.
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Whilst satellite monitoring of snow cover is already operational in some countries, the maritime climate of the United Kingdom poses special problems for assessment of snow cover by satellite, including the short snow duration, its intermittent occurrence and associated conditions of cloud. Both satellite and ground-based observations of cloud have been used to assess the limitations imposed by cloud over broad regions and also for individual sites at different elevations and during periods of snow accumulation, stability and ablation. It is concluded that satellite sensing based on visible and infrared images alone is restricted by cloud cover, but can often provide helpful ancillary information in support of ground based measurements and satellite images from other spectral bands.
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Buccellato, Tullio, Dominic Webber, and Sean White. "The Experimental Tourism Satellite Account for the United Kingdom (E‐UKTSA)." Economic & Labour Market Review 4, no. 10 (October 2010): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/elmr.2010.142.
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Windram, M. D., and G. J. Tonge. "The D-MAC transmission system for satellite broadcasting in the United Kingdom." Electronics & Communications Engineering Journal 2, no. 1 (1990): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ecej:19900004.
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Živanović, Milana. "Space Law Researcher Mikhail Smirnov." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 17, no. 1-2 (2022): 53–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2022.17.1-2.04.
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Based on the new archival documents and literature in English, the paper presents the biography of Mikhail Sergeevich Smirnov, representative of the Russian diaspora in Yugoslavia and researcher of a new branch of international law, which began to develop in 1957 with the launch of the fi rst artifi cial Earth satellite. He was a secondgeneration Russian refugee, who was forced to leave his homeland as a little boy. He settled in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes / Kingdom of Yugoslavia alongside his family. He graduated from Law School in the state capital, Belgrade, then from Paris Law School, where he obtained his doctorate, and then from Paris Law School’s Institute for Higher International Sciences. After the launch of the fi rst satellite in 1957, Mikhail Smirnov, an aviation law expert, started paying more attention to the new aspects of aviation law associated with space exploration: he spoke at a number of international meetings of specialists in this fi eld of law. His works were published in domestic and international journals and his papers were cited by many authors. The scientist became a member of the International Astronautical Academy, the International Astronautical Federation, and the first president of the International Institute of Space Law. Smirnov was even a Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts corresponding member candidate. Nevertheless, he was almost completely forgotten in Serbia.
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Aplin, Paul, Peter M. Atkinson, and Paul J. Curran. "Fine Spatial Resolution Simulated Satellite Sensor Imagery for Land Cover Mapping in the United Kingdom." Remote Sensing of Environment 68, no. 3 (June 1999): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(98)00112-6.
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Hays, G. C., and R. Marsh. "Estimating the age of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles in the North Atlantic." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-005.
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Analysis of previously published records shows that the modal size of juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) found around the United Kingdom (the area north of 49°N and east of 12°W) is a carapace length of 20.5 cm. These turtles are believed to originate from nesting beaches in North America (principally Florida). We estimated their trans-Atlantic drift time using data from satellite-tracked buoys and from a mathematical model and, hence, estimated that the modal age of these juvenile turtles was between 1.80 and 3.75 years.
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Balis, Dimitris, Maria-Elissavet Koukouli, Nikolaos Siomos, Spyridon Dimopoulos, Lucia Mona, Gelsomina Pappalardo, Franco Marenco, et al. "Validation of ash optical depth and layer height retrieved from passive satellite sensors using EARLINET and airborne lidar data: the case of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 9 (May 10, 2016): 5705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5705-2016.
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Abstract. The vulnerability of the European airspace to volcanic eruptions was brought to the attention of the public and the scientific community by the 2010 eruptions of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull. As a consequence of this event, ash concentration thresholds replaced the “zero tolerance to ash” rule, drastically changing the requirements on satellite ash retrievals. In response to that, the ESA funded several projects aiming at creating an optimal end-to-end system for volcanic ash plume monitoring and prediction. Two of them, namely the SACS-2 and SMASH projects, developed and improved dedicated satellite-derived ash plume and sulfur dioxide level assessments. The validation of volcanic ash levels and height extracted from the GOME-2 and IASI instruments on board the MetOp-A satellite is presented in this work. EARLINET lidar measurements are compared to different satellite retrievals for two eruptive episodes in April and May 2010. Comparisons were also made between satellite retrievals and aircraft lidar data obtained with the UK's BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft (managed by the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements, FAAM) over the United Kingdom and the surrounding regions. The validation results are promising for most satellite products and are within the estimated uncertainties of each of the comparative data sets, but more collocation scenes would be desirable to perform a comprehensive statistical analysis. The satellite estimates and the validation data sets are better correlated for high ash optical depth values, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.8. The IASI retrievals show a better agreement concerning the ash optical depth and ash layer height when compared with the ground-based and airborne lidar data.
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Gonzalez-Perez, Juan G., Luke Vale, Sally C. Stearns, and Sarah Wordsworth. "Hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease: A cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment options." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 21, no. 1 (January 2005): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230505004x.
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Background: During 2001, over 32,000 patients in the United Kingdom received renal replacement therapy (RRT). Approximately half had a functioning transplant, with the remainder receiving dialysis therapy. The main form of dialysis is hemodialysis (HD), which is provided to 37.1 percent of the RRT population. HD is provided in three main settings: hospital (24.5 percent), satellite (10.9 percent), or home (1.7 percent). The objective of this study is to explore the cost-effectiveness of these different modalities.Methods: By using clinical and cost data from a systematic review, a Markov model was developed to assess the costs and benefits of the three different modalities. The model included direct health service costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the results.Results: Satellite HD has lower costs £46,000 and £62,050 at 5 and 10 years than home HD £47,660 and £63,540. The total effectiveness of home HD was slightly greater than for satellite HD, so the incremental cost per QALY of home versus satellite HD was modest at £6,665 at 5 years and £3,943 at 10 years. Both modalities dominated hospital HD.Conclusions: Results from the study reveal that satellite HD was less costly than home HD, and home HD was less costly than hospital HD. The lack of robust data on the effectiveness and new dialysis equipment, which were not included in this review, throws some caution on these results. Nonetheless, the results are supportive of a shift from hospital HD to satellite and home HD.
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Al-Mahdawi, Emad. "An Overview on Internationalisation within the United Kingdom Higher Education." International Journal of Management and Humanities 8, no. 6 (January 30, 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijmh.f1423.018622.
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This study aimed to analyse how the trend towards internationalisation for higher education has been constituted considering the perspectives of solidarity. Internationalisation is understood as integration among worldwide higher education institutions in the current scenario. Thus, the term does not conform to the definitions of globalisation as a phenomenon. The work discusses the process of the UK universities internationalisation and analyses how this process has occurred, where the internationalisation was the result of a formal policy of the institution or if, in reality, internationalisation was the result of actions predominantly determined by individuals. The paper explores internationalisation and Brexit with higher education in the United Kingdom. It focuses on the impacts of globalisation on universities caused by Brexit. It also emphasises the concepts such as internationalisation and mobility, globalisation and higher education and research, collaboration, and EU funding. The research results reduce the literature on the internationalisation of higher education, particularly the dynamics of the internationalisation of universities located in developing countries. The research also reveals and emphasises the internationalisation actions, that is, the importance of teachers, researchers and administrators as catalysts of this process. Therefore, universities should find new strategies for attracting more international students, effective digital media marketing, strongly branded marketing campaigns, and worldwide satellite campuses, resulting in significant changes.
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Oh, Jinhwan. "Online Education as a Solution to Managing and Sustaining Foreign Aid: Comparison Between the European Cases and Others." Review of European Studies 12, no. 2 (April 9, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v12n2p12.
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Inbound education official development assistance (ODA) has been known to be spread across regions regardless of geographic proximity. This not only negatively impacts effectiveness to manage aid, but also to sustain aid long-term. This study examines aid disbursement pattern of the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and South Korea, which are all members of OECD’s Development Assistance Committee that allocates inbound education ODA. With the empirical results confirming Korea’s lack of concentration in education ODA, this study recommends establishing satellite campuses as a more viable, operative solution than the previously suggested solution of establishing a specialized agency focusing on scholarship programs. As validated by Nagoya University’s Asian Satellite Campuses Institute (ASCI), transferring much of work to the online platform reduces time and financial costs. Furthermore, satellite campuses are expected to facilitate various means of partnerships among aid donor countries that are implementing similar programs. International collaborative efforts could help improve the quality of inbound education and play an important role in attracting bright prospective students. Thus, donor countries could utilize online education platform to overcome severe geographic obstacles in distance education and increase effectiveness of its inbound education ODA.
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Mallick, Javed, Hussein Al-Wadi, Atiqur Rahman, and Mohd Ahmed. "Landscape dynamic characteristics using satellite data for a mountainous watershed of Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Environmental Earth Sciences 72, no. 12 (June 10, 2014): 4973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-014-3408-1.
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Osborne, Simon R., and Alan Lapworth. "Initiation and Propagation of an Atmospheric Bore in a Numerical Forecast Model: A Comparison with Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 56, no. 11 (November 2017): 2999–3016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-17-0045.1.
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AbstractIn the autumn of 2016, an undular atmospheric bore passed over southern England. Observations at surface sites as the bore passed gave phase speeds of up to 30 m s−1, surface pressure rises of over 1.5 hPa, and abrupt wind direction changes of 90°, followed by slower changes of a further 180°. Use was made of this event, rarely observed in the United Kingdom, to compare surface and satellite observations of the bore with output from the operational Met Office limited-area 1.5-km numerical weather model and to investigate the bore initiation mechanism within the model. Although the model had timing errors of over an hour and orientation errors of the bore, the bore propagation was simulated fairly well, giving similar bore phase speeds and decay times. There was also a reasonable correlation between surface and satellite observations and the model. One significant difference was the longer bore wavelength in the model simulation.
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Heinemann, Gunther, and Chantal Claud. "Report of a Workshop on Theoretical and Observational Studies of Polar Lows” of the European Geophysical Society Polar Lows Working Group." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 78, no. 11 (November 1, 1997): 2643–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-78.11.2643.
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A workshop on theoretical and observational studies of polar lows was held in St. Petersburg, Russia, 23–26 September 1996. An international group with scientists and students from Canada, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States participated in the workshop. The papers presented covered the fields of climatological studies, studies using numerical models, and satellite studies for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Two polar low cases were investigated in more detail during working groups sessions: The polar low “Le Cygne” occurring 13–16 October 1993 over the Norwegian Sea, and a Southern Hemisphere polar low occurring 30 July–1 August 1986 over the Weddell Sea. Programs related to polar low research were presented in order to coordinate the international efforts in investigating polar mesocyclones. The workshop showed the progress achieved by using 1) the synergetic combination of the satellite data presently available, and 2) mesoscale numerical models for the understanding of the development and the physical processes of polar mesocyclones.
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Kidd, C., P. Bauer, J. Turk, G. J. Huffman, R. Joyce, K. L. Hsu, and D. Braithwaite. "Intercomparison of High-Resolution Precipitation Products over Northwest Europe." Journal of Hydrometeorology 13, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-11-042.1.
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Abstract Satellite-derived high-resolution precipitation products (HRPP) have been developed to address the needs of the user community and are now available with 0.25° × 0.25° (or less) subdaily resolutions. This paper evaluates a number of commonly available satellite-derived HRPPs covering northwest Europe over a 6-yr period. Precipitation products include the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing (CMORPH) technique, the CPC merged microwave technique, the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) blended technique, and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) technique. In addition, the Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) precipitation index (GPI) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) operational forecast model products are included for comparison. Surface reference data from the European radar network is used as ground truth, supported by the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) precipitation gauge analysis and gauge data over the United Kingdom. Measures of correlation, bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio are used to evaluate the products. Results show that satellite products generally exhibit a seasonal cycle in correlation, bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio, with poorer statistics during the winter. The ECMWF model also shows a seasonal cycle in the correlation, although the results are poorer during the summer, while the bias ratio, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio are consistent through all seasons. Importantly, all the satellite HRPPs underestimate precipitation over northwest Europe in all seasons.
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Thomas, Toby C., and Claire L. Colebourn. "Measuring and monitoring quality in satellite echo services within critical care: an exploration of best practice." Echo Research and Practice 2, no. 2 (May 2015): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/erp-14-0098.
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The subspecialty of critical care echocardiography is a rapidly developing area of cardiac imaging. The United Kingdom Committee for Critical Care Echocardiography was set up in 2009 to examine the remit of echocardiography in critical care, and a successful collaboration between the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) and the Intensive Care Society has resulted in the establishment of two new critical care accreditation processes: Focused Intensive Care Echocardiography and Advanced Critical Care Echocardiography. These accreditation processes are currently driving the development of satellite echo services within critical care departments throughout the UK. Individual practitioner – and more recently, departmental – accreditation have become well-established processes advocated by the BSE. Practitioner accreditation promotes accountability, and departmental accreditation standardises the environment in which practitioners operate. The accreditation of individual echocardiographers has been embraced by the critical care fraternity; we propose that departmental accreditation for critical care echo services be viewed in the same way. Identifying quality indicators for satellite echocardiography services within critical care areas is therefore the focus of the present quality exploration: our aim is to propose a set of parameters against which satellite critical care echo services can be benchmarked. In publishing our suggestions, we hope to stimulate debate in light of the rapid evolution of critical care echocardiography as a subspecialty practice. We suggest that our proposed parameters could be used to maintain satellite critical care service standards and to help identify departments capable of delivering high-quality services and training in critical care echocardiography.
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Privett, G., S. George, W. Feline, and A. Ash. "AUTOMATED EXTRACTION OF SATELLITE TRAILS FROM WIDE ANGLE CCD IMAGERY." Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica Serie de Conferencias 51 (April 13, 2019): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/ia.14052059p.2019.51.26.
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The current UK’s National Space and Security Policy states that the identification of potential on-orbit collisions and warning of re-entries over UK sovereign territory is of high importance, driving requirements for indigenous Space Situational Awareness (SSA) systems capable of delivering these products. The UK’s Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) is examining options for the creation of a distributed network of longitudinally distributed, low cost commercial–off-the-shelf electro-optical sensors to support survey work and catalogue maintenance. To effectively exploit this, a robust data handling system is required to autonomously detect satellite trails in a manner that can handle variable target intensities, periodicities and rates of apparent motion, as well as meteors and aircraft. Data captured during the United Kingdom/New Zealand Automated Transfer Vehicle-5 (ATV-5) deorbit observation trial have been employed to inform the development of a prototype processing pipeline for autonomous on-site processing. The approach taken employs pre-existing and documented tools such as Astrometry.NET and DAOPHOT from the astronomical community, together with image processing and orbit determination software developed in-house by Dstl. Some preliminary results from the automated analysis of data collected from wide angle sensors are described, together with an appraisal of the limitations of the proposed system and our plans for future development
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Farahat, Ashraf, Hesham El-Askary, and Abdulaziz Al-Shaibani. "Study of Aerosols’ Characteristics and Dynamics over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Using a Multisensor Approach Combined with Ground Observations." Advances in Meteorology 2015 (2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/247531.
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This study covers various aspects of the aerosol distribution and characteristics, namely, optical depth climatology, absorption characteristics, and their microphysical properties over four regions in Saudi Arabia using satellite and ground observations including MODIS/Terra and Aqua, OMI, MISR/Terra, AERONET, and CALIPSO for the period April 2003–January 2013. The study includes cities in the North Western, Western, Eastern provinces of Saudi Arabia and in the Rub al Khali desert or Empty Quarter. Satellite and ground observations showed that the dust season extends from April to August with prominent peaks yet with high anthropogenic contribution late summer and early fall. Analysis shows an increase in the aerosol concentration during March 2009 which could be attributed to a major dust storm during that time. Comparing the AOD time series over regions 1–3 and region 4 (desert) we observe monthly and annual variability with no recurrence pattern over the years. The Aqua Deep Blue AOD550data shows a single peak pattern that occurs over region 4 during the spring season known for its frequent dust events. OMI data shed the light on the presence of higher air pollution levels over region 3, representing the oil rich eastern province of Saudi Arabia.
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Chaboureau, Jean-Pierre, Nathalie Söhne, Jean-Pierre Pinty, Ingo Meirold-Mautner, Eric Defer, Catherine Prigent, Juan R. Pardo, Mario Mech, and Susanne Crewell. "A Midlatitude Precipitating Cloud Database Validated with Satellite Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 5 (May 1, 2008): 1337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1731.1.
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Abstract The simulations of five midlatitude precipitating events by the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model Méso-NH are analyzed. These cases cover contrasted precipitation situations from 30° to 60°N, which are typical of midlatitudes. They include a frontal case with light precipitation over the Rhine River area (10 February 2000), a long-lasting precipitation event at Hoek van Holland, Netherlands (19 September 2001), a moderate rain case over the Elbe (12 August 2002), an intense rain case over Algiers (10 November 2001), and the “millennium storm” in the United Kingdom (30 October 2000). The physically consistent hydrometeor and thermodynamic outputs are used to generate a database for cloud and precipitation retrievals. The hydrometeor vertical profiles that were generated vary mostly with the 0°C isotherm, located between 1 and 3 km in height depending on the case. The characteristics of this midlatitude database are complementary to the GPROF database, which mostly concentrates on tropical situations. The realism of the simulations is evaluated against satellite observations by comparing synthetic brightness temperatures (BTs) with Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU), Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), and Meteosat observations. The good reproduction of the BT distributions by the model is exploited by calculating categorical scores for verification purposes. The comparison with 3-hourly Meteosat observations demonstrates the ability of the model to forecast the time evolution of the cloud cover, the latter being better predicted for the stratiform cases than for others. The comparison with AMSU-B measurements shows the skill of the model to predict rainfall at the correct location.
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Paz-Delgado, Maria Victoria, Andrés Payo, Alejandro Gómez-Pazo, Anne-Laure Beck, and Salvatore Savastano. "Shoreline Change from Optical and Sar Satellite Imagery at Macro-Tidal Estuarine, Cliffed Open-Coast and Gravel Pock-ET-Beach Environments." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050561.
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Coasts are continually changing and remote sensing from satellite has the potential to both map and monitor coastal change at multiple scales. This study aims to assess the application of shorelines extracted from Multi-Spectral Imagery (MSI) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) from publicly available satellite imagery to map and capture sub-annual to inter-annual shoreline variability. This is assessed at three macro-tidal study sites along the coastline of England, United Kingdom (UK): estuarine, soft cliff environment, and gravel pocket-beach. We have assessed the accuracy of MSI-derived lines against ground truth datum tideline data and found that the satellite derived lines have the tendency to be lower (seaward) on the Digital Elevation Model than the datum-tideline. We have also compared the metric of change derived from SAR lines differentiating between ascending and descending orbits. The spatial and temporal characteristics extracted from SAR lines via Principal Component Analysis suggested that beach rotation is captured within the SAR dataset for descending orbits but not for the ascending ones in our study area. The present study contributes to our understanding of a poorly known aspect of using coastlines derived from publicly available MSI and SAR satellite missions. It outlines a quantitative approach to assess their mapping accuracy with a new non-foreshore method. This allows the assessment of variability on the metrics of change using the Open Digital Shoreline Analysis System (ODSAS) method and to extract complex spatial and temporal information using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) that is transferable to coastline evolution assessments worldwide.
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Bourras, Denis. "Comparison of Five Satellite-Derived Latent Heat Flux Products to Moored Buoy Data." Journal of Climate 19, no. 24 (December 15, 2006): 6291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3977.1.
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Abstract Five satellite products of latent heat flux at the sea surface were compared to bulk fluxes calculated with data from 75 moored buoys, on almost 36 successive months from 1998 to 2000. The five products compared are the Hamburg Ocean Atmosphere Parameters and Fluxes from Satellite Dataset (HOAPS-2), the Japanese Ocean Flux Datasets with Use of Remote Sensing Observations (J-OFURO), the Jones dataset, the Goddard Satellite-Based Surface Turbulent Fluxes, version 2 (GSSTF-2), and the Bourras–Eymard–Liu dataset (BEL). The comparisons were performed under tropical and midlatitude environmental conditions, with three datasets based on 66 Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean array (TAO) buoys in the tropical Pacific, nine National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys off the U.S. coasts, and four Met Office/Météo-France (UK–MF) moorings west of the United Kingdom and France, respectively. The satellite products did not all compare well to surface data. However, for each in situ dataset (TAO, NDBC, or UK–MF) at least one satellite product was found that had a good fit to surface data, that is, an rms deviation of 15–30 W m−2. It was found that HOAPS-2, J-OFURO, GSSTF-2, and BEL satellite products had moderate systematic errors with respect to surface data, from −13 to 26 W m−2, and small biases at midlatitudes (6–8 W m−2). Most of the satellite products were able to render the seasonal cycle of the latent heat flux calculated with surface data. The estimation of near-surface specific humidity was found to be problematic in most products, but it was best estimated in the HOAPS-2 product. GSSTF-2 and J-OFURO strongly overestimated the surface flux variations in time and space compared to surface data and to a flux climatology. With respect to TAO data, Jones fluxes yielded good results in terms of rms deviation (27 W m−2) but also presented a large systematic deviation. Overall, for application of the satellite fluxes to the world oceans, it was found that HOAPS-2 was the most appropriate product, whereas for application to the Tropics, BEL fluxes had the best performance in rms with respect to TAO data (24 W m−2).
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ffrench-Constant, Richard H., Robin Somers-Yeates, Jonathan Bennie, Theodoros Economou, David Hodgson, Adrian Spalding, and Peter K. McGregor. "Light pollution is associated with earlier tree budburst across the United Kingdom." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1833 (June 29, 2016): 20160813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0813.
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The ecological impact of night-time lighting is of concern because of its well-demonstrated effects on animal behaviour. However, the potential of light pollution to change plant phenology and its corresponding knock-on effects on associated herbivores are less clear. Here, we test if artificial lighting can advance the timing of budburst in trees. We took a UK-wide 13 year dataset of spatially referenced budburst data from four deciduous tree species and matched it with both satellite imagery of night-time lighting and average spring temperature. We find that budburst occurs up to 7.5 days earlier in brighter areas, with the relationship being more pronounced for later-budding species. Excluding large urban areas from the analysis showed an even more pronounced advance of budburst, confirming that the urban ‘heat-island’ effect is not the sole cause of earlier urban budburst. Similarly, the advance in budburst across all sites is too large to be explained by increases in temperature alone. This dramatic advance of budburst illustrates the need for further experimental investigation into the impact of artificial night-time lighting on plant phenology and subsequent species interactions. As light pollution is a growing global phenomenon, the findings of this study are likely to be applicable to a wide range of species interactions across the world.
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Ventouras, S., S. A. Callaghan, and C. L. Wrench. "Long-term statistics of tropospheric attenuation from the Ka/U band ITALSAT satellite experiment in the United Kingdom." Radio Science 41, no. 2 (April 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005rs003252.
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Onea, Florin, and Eugen Rusu. "Sustainability of the Reanalysis Databases in Predicting the Wind and Wave Power along the European Coasts." Sustainability 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10010193.
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In the present work, the wind and wave conditions in the European nearshore are assessed considering a total of 118 years of data, covering the time interval from 1900 to 2017. In this context, special attention has been given to the western European coasts that are facing the ocean. In order to do this, the reanalysis data coming from three state-of-the-art databases (ERA Interim, ERA20C, and NCEP) were processed. Furthermore, a more complete picture was provided by also including the satellite measurements coming from the AVISO (Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic Data) project in the analysis. From this perspective, the distribution of the two marine energy resources was discussed, which throughout energetic maps—and further, on some specific reference sites—were defined at a distance of 50 km from the shore for more detailed analysis and comparison. As expected, the places located in the vicinity of the United Kingdom present more important energy resources, but some other interesting sites were also highlighted. Furthermore, although each dataset is defined by particular features, there is a similar pattern in the identification of the sites’ attractiveness, regardless of the database considered for assessment.
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Subhan, M. M. F. "International Union of Physiological Sciences Physiology Teaching Workshop, March 31–April 1, 2012, Arabian Gulf University, Kingdom of Bahrain." Advances in Physiology Education 37, no. 1 (March 2013): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00168.2012.
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Since 2009, the Department of Physiology had planned an International Union of Physiological Sciences Physiology Teaching Workshop at Arabian Gulf University. The date was set for March 5–6, 2011; however, due to civil unrest, the workshop was postponed to March 31–April 1, 2012. The workshop was a success, bringing together 92 speakers and participants from 23 countries. Twenty-eight participants from economically disadvantaged countries were given travel support. The workshop included plenary lectures, breakout workshops, poster sessions, dinners, and a social trip. On April 2, 2012, an AD Instruments satellite workshop on data-acquisition systems for laboratory teaching was held, with 60 participants from 12 countries.
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Abozeid, Amr, Rayan Alanazi, Ahmed Elhadad, Ahmed I. Taloba, and Rasha M. Abd El-Aziz. "A Large-Scale Dataset and Deep Learning Model for Detecting and Counting Olive Trees in Satellite Imagery." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (January 15, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1549842.
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Since the Pre-Roman era, olive trees have a significant economic and cultural value. In 2019, the Al-Jouf region, in the north of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, gained a global presence by entering the Guinness World Records, with the largest number of olive trees in the world. Olive tree detecting and counting from a given satellite image are a significant and difficult computer vision problem. Because olive farms are spread out over a large area, manually counting the trees is impossible. Moreover, accurate automatic detection and counting of olive trees in satellite images have many challenges such as scale variations, weather changes, perspective distortions, and orientation changes. Another problem is the lack of a standard database of olive trees available for deep learning applications. To address these problems, we first build a large-scale olive dataset dedicated to deep learning research and applications. The dataset consists of 230 RGB images collected over the territory of Al-Jouf, KSA. We then propose an efficient deep learning model (SwinTUnet) for detecting and counting olive trees from satellite imagery. The proposed SwinTUnet is a Unet-like network which consists of an encoder, a decoder, and skip connections. Swin Transformer block is the fundamental unit of SwinTUnet to learn local and global semantic information. The results of an experimental study on the proposed dataset show that the SwinTUnet model outperforms the related studies in terms of overall detection with a 0.94% estimation error.
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Mahmoud, Mohammed, Safa Mohammed, Mohamed Hamouda, and Mohamed Mohamed. "Temporal assessment of the GPM satellite rainfall products across extremely arid regions." E3S Web of Conferences 167 (2020): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016702001.
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Measuring rainfall precisely is always challenging due to its high variability, particularly in arid regions. Arid regions such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), suffer from rainfall scarcity and high variability of rainfall distribution. Thus, accurate monitoring and management of rainfall are one of the countries’ priority to ensure proficient water resources management. This study validates the accuracy of the GPM IMERG rainfall products over the KSA and UAE to detect the large rainfall events over the period from 2015 to 2017 (two seasons). A temporal assessment was carried out to evaluate the performance of the GPM satellite to detect the rainfall events. The results showed that, for satellite detection, all of the three IMERG near real-time and post-real-time products had a significant detection accuracy. On the other hand, the error indicators showed that the final-run-product had a relatively low estimation error and bias compared with the other IMERG products. Overall, the results revealed that the IMERG final-run-product have the potential to serve as a consistent product to supplement ground measurements, particularly in regions with insufficient coverage by rain gauges. This study is considered one of the earliest evaluations of the GPM IMERG products in the region. Thus, the findings could be used to enhance the upcoming IMERG algorithms associated with the arid regions.
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Benazzouz, Aïssa, Hassan Mabchour, Khalid El Had, Bendahhou Zourarah, and Soumia Mordane. "Offshore Wind Energy Resource in the Kingdom of Morocco: Assessment of the Seasonal Potential Variability Based on Satellite Data." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010031.
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This study provides a first estimate of the offshore wind power potential along the Moroccan Atlantic shelf based on remotely sensed data. An in-depth knowledge of wind potential characteristics allows assessment of the offshore wind energy project. Based on consistent daily satellite data retrieved from the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) spanning the period from 2008 to 2017, the seasonal wind characteristics were statistically analyzed using the climatological Weibull distribution functions and an assessment of the Moroccan potential coastal wind energy resources was qualitatively analyzed across a range of sites likely to be suitable for possible exploitation. Also, an atlas of wind power density (WPD) at a height of 80 m was provided for the whole Moroccan coast. An examination of the bathymetrical conditions of the study area was carried out since bathymetry is among the primary factors that need to be examined with the wind potential during offshore wind project planning. The results were presented based on the average wind intensity and the prevailing direction, and also the wind power density was shown at monthly, seasonal and interannual time scale. The analysis indicated that the coastal wind regime of the southern area of Morocco has the greatest energy potential, with an average power density which can reach in some places a value around 450 W/m2 at heights of 10 m and 80 m above sea level (a.s.l) (wind turbine hub height) more particularly in the south of the country.
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Qari, Mohammed H. T. "Lineament extraction from multi-resolution satellite imagery: a pilot study on Wadi Bani Malik, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Arabian Journal of Geosciences 4, no. 7-8 (January 27, 2010): 1363–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0116-3.
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Konchady, Tarini, Ryan J. Oelkers, David O. Jones, Wenlong Yuan, Lucas M. Macri, Erik R. Peterson, and Adam G. Riess. "H-band Light Curves of Milky Way Cepheids via Difference Imaging." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 258, no. 2 (January 1, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac41d3.
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Abstract We present H-band light curves of Milky Way classical Cepheids observed as part of the Dark Energy, H 0, and peculiar Velocities using Infrared Light from Supernovae survey with the Wide-Field Infrared Camera on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. Due to the crowded nature of these fields caused by defocusing the Camera, we performed difference-imaging photometry by modifying a pipeline originally developed to analyze images from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite. We achieved a photometric precision in line with expectations from photon statistics, reaching 0.01 mag for 8 ≲ H ≲ 11 mag. We used the resulting Cepheid light curves to derive corrections to “mean light” for random-phase Hubble Space Telescope observations in F160W. We find good agreement with previous phase corrections based on VI light curves from the literature, with a mean difference of −1 ± 6 mmag.
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Kishore, P., S. P. Namboothiri, J. H. Jiang, V. Sivakumar, and K. Igarashi. "Global temperature estimates in the troposphere and stratosphere: a validation study of COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 3 (February 4, 2009): 897–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-897-2009.
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Abstract. This paper mainly focuses on the validation of temperature estimates derived with the newly launched Constellation Observing System for Meteorology Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite 3 (FORMOSAT-3) system. The analysis is based on the radio occultation (RO) data samples collected during the first year observation from April 2006 to April 2007. For the validation, we have used the operational stratospheric analyses including the National Centers for Environmental Prediction - Reanalysis (NCEP), the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), and the United Kingdom Met Office (MetO) data sets. Comparisons done in different formats reveal good agreement between the COSMIC and reanalysis outputs. Spatially, the largest deviations are noted in the polar latitudes, and height-wise, the tropical tropopause region noted the maximum differences (2–4 K). We found that among the three reanalysis data sets the NCEP data sets have the best resemblance with the COSMIC measurements.
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Farah, Ashraf, and Dafer Algarni. "Positional Accuracy Assessment of Googleearth in Riyadh." Artificial Satellites 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arsa-2014-0008.
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ABSTRACT Google Earth is a virtual globe, map and geographical information program that is controlled by Google corporation. It maps the Earth by the superimposition of images obtained from satellite imagery, aerial photography and GIS 3D globe. With millions of users all around the globe, GoogleEarth® has become the ultimate source of spatial data and information for private and public decision-support systems besides many types and forms of social interactions. Many users mostly in developing countries are also using it for surveying applications, the matter that raises questions about the positional accuracy of the Google Earth program. This research presents a small-scale assessment study of the positional accuracy of GoogleEarth® Imagery in Riyadh; capital of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The results show that the RMSE of the GoogleEarth imagery is 2.18 m and 1.51 m for the horizontal and height coordinates respectively.
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Morris, David J., John K. Pinnegar, David L. Maxwell, Stephen R. Dye, Liam J. Fernand, Stephen Flatman, Oliver J. Williams, and Stuart I. Rogers. "Over 10 million seawater temperature records for the United Kingdom Continental Shelf between 1880 and 2014 from 17 Cefas (United Kingdom government) marine data systems." Earth System Science Data 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2018): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-27-2018.
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Abstract. The datasets described here bring together quality-controlled seawater temperature measurements from over 130 years of departmental government-funded marine science investigations in the UK (United Kingdom). Since before the foundation of a Marine Biological Association fisheries laboratory in 1902 and through subsequent evolutions as the Directorate of Fisheries Research and the current Centre for Environment Fisheries & Aquaculture Science, UK government marine scientists and observers have been collecting seawater temperature data as part of oceanographic, chemical, biological, radiological, and other policy-driven research and observation programmes in UK waters. These datasets start with a few tens of records per year, rise to hundreds from the early 1900s, thousands by 1959, and hundreds of thousands by the 1980s, peaking with > 1 million for some years from 2000 onwards. The data source systems vary from time series at coastal monitoring stations or offshore platforms (buoys), through repeated research cruises or opportunistic sampling from ferry routes, to temperature extracts from CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) profiles, oceanographic, fishery and plankton tows, and data collected from recreational scuba divers or electronic devices attached to marine animals. The datasets described have not been included in previous seawater temperature collation exercises (e.g. International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set, Met Office Hadley Centre sea surface temperature data set, the centennial in situ observation-based estimates of sea surface temperatures), although some summary data reside in the British Oceanographic Data Centre (BODC) archive, the Marine Environment Monitoring and Assessment National (MERMAN) database and the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) data centre. We envisage the data primarily providing a biologically and ecosystem-relevant context for regional assessments of changing hydrological conditions around the British Isles, although cross-matching with satellite-derived data for surface temperatures at specific times and in specific areas is another area in which the data could be of value (see e.g. Smit et al., 2013). Maps are provided indicating geographical coverage, which is generally within and around the UK Continental Shelf area, but occasionally extends north from Labrador and Greenland to east of Svalbard and southward to the Bay of Biscay. Example potential uses of the data are described using plots of data in four selected groups of four ICES rectangles covering areas of particular fisheries interest. The full dataset enables extensive data synthesis, for example in the southern North Sea where issues of spatial and numerical bias from a data source are explored. The full dataset also facilitates the construction of long-term temperature time series and an examination of changes in the phenology (seasonal timing) of ecosystem processes. This is done for a wide geographic area with an exploration of the limitations of data coverage over long periods. Throughout, we highlight and explore potential issues around the simple combination of data from the diverse and disparate sources collated here. The datasets are available on the Cefas Data Hub (https://www.cefas.co.uk/cefas-data-hub/). The referenced data sources are listed in Sect. 5.
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Maas, A., M. Alrajhi, A. Alobeid, and C. Heipke. "AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY – A CASE STUDY FOR URBAN AREAS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-1/W1 (May 30, 2017): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-1-w1-11-2017.
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Updating topographic geospatial databases is often performed based on current remotely sensed images. To automatically extract the object information (labels) from the images, supervised classifiers are being employed. Decisions to be taken in this process concern the definition of the classes which should be recognised, the features to describe each class and the training data necessary in the learning part of classification. With a view to large scale topographic databases for fast developing urban areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia we conducted a case study, which investigated the following two questions: (a) which set of features is best suitable for the classification?; (b) what is the added value of height information, e.g. derived from stereo imagery? Using stereoscopic GeoEye and Ikonos satellite data we investigate these two questions based on our research on label tolerant classification using logistic regression and partly incorrect training data. We show that in between five and ten features can be recommended to obtain a stable solution, that height information consistently yields an improved overall classification accuracy of about 5%, and that label noise can be successfully modelled and thus only marginally influences the classification results.
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Elkhrachy, Ismail. "Flash Flood Hazard Mapping Using Satellite Images and GIS Tools: A case study of Najran City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)." Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science 18, no. 2 (December 2015): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.06.007.
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Cole, B., G. Smith, and H. Balzter. "Acceleration and fragmentation of CORINE land cover changes in the United Kingdom from 2006–2012 detected by Copernicus IMAGE2012 satellite data." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 73 (December 2018): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.06.003.
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Grassi, B., G. Redaelli, and G. Visconti. "Assimilation of stratospheric ozone in the chemical transport model STRATAQ." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 8 (September 7, 2004): 2669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2669-2004.
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Abstract. We describe a sequential assimilation approach useful for assimilating tracer measurements into a three-dimensional chemical transport model (CTM) of the stratosphere. The numerical code, developed largely according to Kha00, uses parameterizations and simplifications allowing assimilation of sparse observations and the simultaneous evaluation of analysis errors, with reasonable computational requirements. Assimilation parameters are set by using χ2 and OmF (Observation minus Forecast) statistics. The CTM used here is a high resolution three-dimensional model. It includes a detailed chemical package and is driven by UKMO (United Kingdom Meteorological Office) analyses. We illustrate the method using assimilation of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite/Microwave Limb Sounder (UARS/MLS) ozone observations for three weeks during the 1996 antarctic spring. The comparison of results from the simulations with TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) measurements shows improved total ozone fields due to assimilation of MLS observations. Moreover, the assimilation gives indications on a possible model weakness in reproducing polar ozone values during springtime.
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Keppens, A., J. C. Lambert, J. Granville, G. Miles, R. Siddans, J. C. A. van Peet, R. J. van der A, et al. "Round-robin evaluation of nadir ozone profile retrievals: methodology and application to MetOp-A GOME-2." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 5 (May 20, 2015): 2093–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2093-2015.
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Abstract. A methodology for the round-robin evaluation and the geophysical validation of ozone profile data retrieved from nadir UV backscatter satellite measurements is detailed and discussed, consisting of data set content studies, information content studies, co-location studies, and comparisons with reference measurements. Within the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative on ozone (Ozone_cci project), the proposed round-robin procedure is applied to two nadir ozone profile data sets retrieved at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL, United Kingdom), using their respective OPERA v1.26 and RAL v2.1 optimal estimation algorithms, from MetOp-A GOME-2 (i.e. the second generation Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment on the first Meteorological Operational Satellite) measurements taken in 2008. The ground-based comparisons use ozonesonde and lidar profiles as reference data, acquired by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesonde programme (SHADOZ), and other stations of the World Meteorological Organisation's Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO GAW). This direct illustration highlights practical issues that inevitably emerge from discrepancies in e.g. profile representation and vertical smoothing, for which different recipes are investigated and discussed. Several approaches for information content quantification, vertical resolution estimation, and reference profile resampling are compared and applied as well. The paper concludes with compliance estimates of the two GOME-2 ozone profile data sets with user requirements from the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) and from climate modellers.