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Jo, Kyoung H., Ankit Jaiswal, Sushil Khanal, Emily L. Fishman, Alaina N. Curry, and Tomer Avidor-Reiss. "Poc1B and Sas-6 Function Together during the Atypical Centriole Formation in Drosophila melanogaster." Cells 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8080841.
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Insects and mammals have atypical centrioles in their sperm. However, it is unclear how these atypical centrioles form. Drosophila melanogaster sperm has one typical centriole called the giant centriole (GC) and one atypical centriole called the proximal centriole-like structure (PCL). During early sperm development, centriole duplication factors such as Ana2 and Sas-6 are recruited to the GC base to initiate PCL formation. The centriolar protein, Poc1B, is also recruited at this initiation stage, but its precise role during PCL formation is unclear. Here, we show that Poc1B recruitment was dependent on Sas-6, that Poc1B had effects on cellular and PCL Sas-6, and that Poc1B and Sas-6 were colocalized in the PCL/centriole core. These findings suggest that Sas-6 and Poc1B interact during PCL formation. Co-overexpression of Ana2 and Sas-6 induced the formation of ectopic particles that contained endogenous Poc1 proteins and were composed of PCL-like structures. These structures were disrupted in Poc1 mutant flies, suggesting that Poc1 proteins stabilize the PCL-like structures. Lastly, Poc1B and Sas-6 co-overexpression also induced the formation of PCL-like structures, suggesting that they can function together during the formation of the PCL. Overall, our findings suggest that Poc1B and Sas-6 function together during PCL formation.
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Suzuki, Shu, and Osamu Kitamukai. "The Evaluation of Cardiac Function on SAS Patient." Journal of Cardiac Failure 21, no. 10 (October 2015): S170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.08.148.
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Xun, Pengwei, Chuanpeng Zhou, Xiaolin Huang, Zhong Huang, Wei Yu, Yukai Yang, Tao Li, Jianbin Huang, Yang Wu, and Heizhao Lin. "Effects of Dietary Sodium Acetate on Growth Performance, Fillet Quality, Plasma Biochemistry, and Immune Function of Juvenile Golden Pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)." Aquaculture Nutrition 2022 (February 9, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9074549.
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Six isonitrongenous and isolipidic diets were formulated to feed 360 fish (mean initial body weight: 6.06 ± 0.02 g) with graded levels of sodium acetate (SA1 (0), SA2 (250 mg/kg), SA3 (500 mg/kg), SA4 (1000 mg/kg), SA5 (2000 mg/kg), and SA6 (4000 mg/kg)) for 8 weeks. The results revealed that weight gain rate, specific growth rate, and feed intake of golden pompano were significantly increased in SA3 and SA4 treatments ( p < 0.05 ). Dietary SA level significantly improved lipid contents and gumminess of muscle ( p < 0.05 ). Supplement levels of dietary SA significantly influenced plasma biochemical parameters containing triglyceride, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, complements, and immunoglobulin M ( p < 0.05 ). Appropriate supplement levels of dietary SA significantly increased enzyme activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity and decreased malondialdehyde contents ( p < 0.05 ). Furthermore, appropriate SA levels downregulated the expression levels of Keap1, IL-8, TNF-α, and NF-κB genes and upregulated the expression levels of Nrf2 and TGF-β genes of the spleen ( p < 0.05 ). Excess SA caused negative effects for Trachinotus ovatus. The optimum supplement level of SA for juvenile golden pompano was evaluated to be 1423.67 mg/kg based on WGR.
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Mikami, Bunzo, Hirotaka Bitoh, Yurie Anzai, Kimihiko Mizutani, Nobuyuki Takahashi, Masamichi Okada, and Shotaro Yamaguchi. "Structure and Function Analysis of Geobacillus Starch Antistaling Enzyme." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314095308.
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Glycosyltransferase from Geobacillus sp. (SAS) is expected to see wide use as a starch antistaling enzyme in food including bread and rice products. The enzyme is thought to transfer maltotriose (G3) unit into non-reducing ends of sarch with unknown likage except for usual alpha-1,4 linkage. SAS was crystallized by sitting drop vapar diffusion method in 14~28% PEG4000 (w/v), 10mM CaCl2, 0.1M NaAC at pH 4.6 and 20°C for 1 month. The obtained crystals belong to a space group of P6522 with cell dimensions of a = b = 112 and c = 320 Å. The crystals were soaked in various oligomaltosaccharides (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6) for 15 min before flash cooling. The diffraction data of each complex were collected at beam-lines of BL26B1, BL38B1 and BL44XU in SPring-8. The crystal data were collected with 97-99 % completeness and Rmerge of 0.07-0.09 up to 1.6-2.3 Å resolution. The structures were determined by molecular replacement with cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, PDB 1CYG) as a search model and were refined with PHENIX. The refined models of SAS/sugars contain one molecule of SAS comprising 733 amino acid residues, 5-8 calcium ions, 543-1141 water molecules and several sugars with R = 0.15-0.19 and Rfree = 0.16-0.23 for the data up to 1.6-2.3 Å resolution. SAS has almost the same overall structure with the CGTase except for several loops in the catalytic domain A. They share a similar active site except for subsite +3 where the non-reducing ends of the oligosaccharides bind. G1 bound to subsite +3, indicating +3 site has the highest affinity to G1. Only G3 was found to bind at subsites +3 ~ +1 when G3, G5 and G6 were soaked, whereas G4 bound at subsites +3 ~ -1 when G4 was soaked. From the clear density map of the bound G4, the bound glucose residue at subsute -1 is found to have alpha-1,6 linkage, indicating the product of this transglucosidase.
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Midorikawa, Manabu, Hiroaki Suzuki, Yasuhiro Suzuki, Kazuyoshi Yamauchi, Hiroyuki Sato, Kiyotaka Nemoto, Yoko Sugano, et al. "Relationships between Cognitive Function and Odor Identification, Balance Capability, and Muscle Strength in Middle-Aged Persons with and without Type 2 Diabetes." Journal of Diabetes Research 2021 (October 7, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9961612.
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Aim. We investigated the relationship between cognitive function and olfactory and physical functions in middle-aged persons with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) to examine the potential of olfactory and physical functions as biomarkers for early cognitive impairment. Methods. Enrolled were 70 T2D patients (age 40 to <65 y) and 81 age-matched control participants without diabetes. Cognitive function was assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Trail Making Test parts A and B (TMT-A/-B), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS), and Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS). Multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Results. Odor identification was an independent determinant shown in the results of the TMT-A in the entire participant group and was independently associated with the MoCA and TMT-B in the T2D group. Balance capability assessed with a stabilometer was independently associated with all cognitive function tests except for QISD and SAS in the entire participant group and the T2D group and was independently associated with TMT-A in the control group. Knee extension strength was independently associated with the SAS in the entire participant group and the T2D group. Conclusions. Odor identification, balance capability, and knee extension strength were potential markers for cognitive decline in middle-aged persons with T2D.
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Taylor, Jeffrey B., Hsin-Min Wang, Randy J. Schmitz, Christopher K. Rhea, Scott E. Ross, and Sandra J. Shultz. "Multiplanar Knee Laxity and Perceived Function During Activities of Daily Living and Sport." Journal of Athletic Training 50, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.11.10.
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Context Greater knee-joint laxity may lead to a higher risk of knee injury, yet it is unknown whether results of self-reported outcome measures are associated with distinct knee-laxity profiles. Objective To identify the extent to which multiplanar knee laxity is associated with patient-reported outcomes of knee function in healthy individuals during activities of daily living and sport. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting University research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants Forty healthy individuals (20 men, 20 women; age = 18–31 years). Main Outcome Measure(s) All participants were given the Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADL) and Sports Activities Scale (KOS-SAS) and subsequently measured for knee laxity in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes. Separate backward stepwise regression analyses were performed to determine the extent to which multiplanar knee-laxity values predicted KOS-ADL and KOS-SAS scores within each sex. Results Women had higher magnitudes of anterior, posterior (POSTLAX), varus (VARLAX), valgus (VALLAX), and internal-rotation laxity than men and trended toward greater external rotation (ERLAX) laxity. Greater POSTLAX, less VALLAX, and greater VARLAX was associated with lower KOS-ADL scores (KOS-ADL = −4.8 [POSTLAX], + 3.3 [VALLAX] − 2.2 [VARLAX] + 100.4, R2 = 0.74, P < .001) and greater POSTLAX and less VALLAX was associated with lower KOS-SAS scores (KOS-SAS = −8.2 [POSTLAX], + 3.6 [VALLAX] + 96.4, R2 = 0.67, P < .001) in women. In men, greater POSTLAX and less ERLAX was associated with lower KOS-SAS scores (KOS-ADL = −4.7 [POSTLAX], + 0.9 [ERLAX] + 96.4, R2 = 0.49, P < .001). Conclusions The combination of POSTLAX with less relative VALLAX (women) or less relative ERLAX (men) was a strong predictor of KOS scores, suggesting that a self-reported outcome measure may be beneficial as part of a preparticipation screening battery to identify those with perceived functional deficits associated with their knee laxity.
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Gagin, Anton, Andrew J. Allen, and Igor Levin. "Combined fitting of small- and wide-angle X-ray total scattering data from nanoparticles: benefits and issues." Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, no. 2 (March 19, 2014): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576714001046.
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Simultaneous fitting of small- (SAS) and wide-angle (WAS) X-ray total scattering data for nanoparticles has been explored using both simulated and experimental signals. The nanoparticle types included core/shell metal and quantum-dot CdSe systems. Various combinations of reciprocal- and real-space representations of the scattering data have been considered. Incorporating SAS data into the fit consistently returned more accurate particle-size distribution parameters than those obtained by fitting the WAS data alone. A popular method for fitting the Fourier transform of the WAS data (i.e.a pair-distribution function), in which the omitted SAS part is represented using a parametric function, typically yielded significantly incorrect results. The Pareto optimization method combined with a genetic algorithm proved to be effective for simultaneous SAS/WAS analyses. An approach for identifying the most optimal solution from the Pareto set of solutions has been proposed.
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Tkacheva, O. N., Yu V. Kotovskaya, N. K. Runihina, E. V. Frolova, A. S. Milto, L. A. Aleksanyan, E. A. Tyukhmenev, et al. "Comprehensive geriatric assessment in elderly and senile patients with cardiovascular diseases. Expert opinion of the Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians." Kardiologiia 61, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2021.5.n1349.
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Senile asthenia syndrome (SAS) is a geriatric syndrome characterized by age-associated decline of the physiological reserve and function in multiple systems, which results in higher vulnerability to effects of endo- and exogenous factors and a high risk of unfavorable outcomes, loss of self-sufficiency, and death. Generally, SAS is observed in elderly patients with comorbidities. In cardiovascular diseases, SAS is associated with a poor prognosis, including a higher incidence of exacerbation and death both during acute events and in chronic disease. However, SAS is often not taken into account in developing diagnostic and therapeutic programs for managing elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This article analyzes available scientific information about SAS, algorithms for SAS diagnosis, and the scales that may be useful in developing individual plans for management of elderly patients with CVD.
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Kwon, Young Cheol, and Song-You Hong. "A Mass-Flux Cumulus Parameterization Scheme across Gray-Zone Resolutions." Monthly Weather Review 145, no. 2 (February 2017): 583–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-16-0034.1.
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A method that enables a mass-flux cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS) to work seamlessly in various model grids across CPS gray-zone resolutions is proposed. The convective cloud-base mass flux, convective inhibition, and convective detrainment in the simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) scheme are modified to be functions of the convective updraft fraction. The combination of two updraft fractions is used to modulate the cloud-base mass flux; the first one depends on the horizontal grid space and the other is a function of the grid-scale and convective vertical velocity. The convective inhibition and detrainment of hydrometeors are also modified to be a function of the grid-size-dependent convective updraft fraction. A set of sensitivity experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is conducted for a heavy rainfall case over South Korea. The results show that the revised SAS CPS outperforms the original SAS. At 3 and 1 km, the precipitation core over South Korea is well reproduced by the experiments with the revised SAS scheme. On the contrary, the simulated precipitation is widespread in the case of the original SAS experiment and there are multiple spurious cores when the CPS is removed at those resolutions. The modified mass flux at the cloud base is found to play a major role in organizing the grid-scale precipitation at the convective core. A 1-month simulation at 3 km confirms that the revised scheme produces slightly better summer monsoonal precipitation results as compared to the typical model setup without CPS.
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Wang, Jiu Hui, and Qiang Ji. "Research on Signal Acquisition Based on Wireless Sensor for Foot Compressive Characteristics on Basketball Movement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 483 (December 2013): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.483.401.
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The signal acquisition system (SAS) operated by battery is designed in this paper. SAS includes signal acquisition and statistics function based on movement joints of basketball player. SAS is a recording of the electrical activity of the brain and pulse from the scalp and the recorded waveforms provide insights into the dynamic aspects of brain activity. The amplified SAS signals are digitized by an A/D converter. The digitized signal is transmitted to PC by a wireless serial port or stored in secure digital memory card. Experimental result shows that the system could implement the acquisition and storage of the foot compressive mechanical characteristics signals efficiently. This system would be of benefit to all involved in the use of SAS for sports training.
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Xie, Jiajun, Xuhua Jian, Qiyang Lu, Jinxiu Meng, Yu-Hsiang Juan, Qiong Ou, Zhuliang Yu, Xiangtai Yang, and Hui Liu. "T1 Mapping for Noninvasively Detecting Diffuse Fibrosis in Severe Aortic Stenosis." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 1534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2020.3076.
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Purpose: To evaluate myocardial diffuse fibrosis in severe aortic stenosis (SAS) with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T1 mapping technique. Methods: Twenty-seven SAS patients and 15 controls were enrolled and performed cardiac MRI. Left ventricular (LV) structure, function and T1-derived parameters were measured to compare between SAS group and the controls. Correlation between T1-derived parameters and the extent of histologic fibrosis was performed in 15 patients who underwent aortic valve replacement surgery and myocardial biopsy. Results: The SAS group had LV remodeling with ventricular dilatation, hypertrophy, and contractile dysfunction. The native T1 (1336.2±62.5 ms vs. 1277.6±40.7 ms, p = 0.002) and extracellular volume fraction (ECV%) (26.7±2.2% vs. 24.9±2.2%, p = 0.018) were elevated in the SAS in comparison to the controls. Only ECV and λ correlated with the extent of fibrosis as measured by histology. Conclusion: Cardiac MRI with T1 mapping provides a noninvasive approach to evaluate LV myocardial diffuse fibrosis in SAS.
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Ji, Xia, Lisheng Zhou, and Weihua Cong. "Effect of incorrect sound velocity on synthetic aperture sonar resolution." MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019): 04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928304013.
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Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) is an imaging technique to produce centimeter resolution over hundreds-of-meter range on the sea floor, by constructing a virtual aperture whose length automatically adjusts itself for a given focusing range. SAS is near-field acoustic imaging, and this implies that the sound velocity should be accurately estimated for well focused imaging. Otherwise there will be image quality loss. However, sound velocity in the ocean varies with space and time, and there might also be measuring error of CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, and Depth) sensor, so sound velocity error has become one of the limiting factors to improve SAS resolution further. To characterize the effect of sound velocity error quantificationally, the practice SAS resolution is mode as the convolution of ideal seafloor reflectivity function and a phase error function in frequency domain, where the phase error is caused by incorrect sound velocity. Then the SAS resolution parameterized is calculated as a function of the sound velocity measuring error, or sound velocity gradient. It is shown that SAS azimuthally (along track) resolution loss, caused by sound velocity measurement error, increases linearly with detection range. Meanwhile the loss caused by sound velocity gradient increases squarely. It is simulated by considering the synthetic aperture data collection for a particular pixel, and results show that the point scatter response will defocus when the sound velocity measuring error is up to 1% at 200m range, or the sound velocity changes up to 2% over a typical gradient at 200m range, and be worse at a longer range. Furthermore, we demonstrate the influence of sound velocity errors on SAS imagery using a sea trial data and real CTD measurements at South China Sea. We evaluate the degradation in image quality with respect to sound velocity errors by using two plastic balls and a variable seafloor scene, and results also support the accuracy of theoretical conclusions above.
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Luisi, Giovanni Andrea, Gabriele Pestelli, Giulia Lorenzoni, Filippo Trevisan, Vittorio Smarrazzo, Andrea Fiorencis, Filippo Flamigni, Roberto Ferrari, and Donato Mele. "Severe Impairment of Left Ventricular Regional Strain in STEMI Patients Is Associated with Post-Infarct Remodeling." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2022): 5348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11185348.
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Background: Measures of global left ventricular (LV) systolic function have limitations for the prediction of post-infarct LV remodeling (LVR). Therefore, we tested the association between a new measure of regional LV systolic function—the percentage of severely altered strain (%SAS)- and LVR after acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). As a secondary objective, we also evaluated the association between %SAS and clinical events during follow-up. Methods: Of 177 patients undergoing echocardiography within 24 h from primary percutaneous coronary angioplasty, 172 were studied for 3 months, 167 for 12 months, and 10 died. The %SAS was calculated by dividing the number of LV myocardial segments with ≥−5% peak systolic longitudinal strain by the total number of segments. LVR was defined as the increase in end-diastolic volume >20% at its first occurrence compared to baseline. Results: LVR percentage was 10.2% and 15.8% at 3 and 12 months, respectively. Based on univariable analysis, a number of clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables were associated with LVR. Based on multivariable analysis, %SAS and TnI peak remained associated with LVR (for %SAS 5% increase, OR 1.226, 95% CI 1.098–1.369, p < 0.0005; for TnI peak, OR 1.025, 95% CI 1.004–1.047, p = 0.022). %SAS and LVR were also associated with occurrence of clinical events at a median follow-up of 43 months (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.0–1.04, p = 0.0165). Conclusions: In patients treated for acute STEMI, acute %SAS is associated with post-infarct LVR. Therefore, we suggest performing such evaluations on a routine basis to identify, as early as possible, STEMI patients at higher risk.
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Wang, Yingxu, Fakhri Karray, Sam Kwong, Konstantinos N. Plataniotis, Henry Leung, Ming Hou, Edward Tunstel, et al. "On the philosophical, cognitive and mathematical foundations of symbiotic autonomous systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2207 (August 16, 2021): 20200362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0362.
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Symbiotic autonomous systems (SAS) are advanced intelligent and cognitive systems that exhibit autonomous collective intelligence enabled by coherent symbiosis of human–machine interactions in hybrid societies. Basic research in the emerging field of SAS has triggered advanced general-AI technologies that either function without human intervention or synergize humans and intelligent machines in coherent cognitive systems. This work presents a theoretical framework of SAS underpinned by the latest advances in intelligence, cognition, computer, and system sciences. SAS are characterized by the composition of autonomous and symbiotic systems that adopt bio-brain-social-inspired and heterogeneously synergized structures and autonomous behaviours. This paper explores the cognitive and mathematical foundations of SAS. The challenges to seamless human–machine interactions in a hybrid environment are addressed. SAS-based collective intelligence is explored in order to augment human capability by autonomous machine intelligence towards the next generation of general AI, cognitive computers, and trustworthy mission-critical intelligent systems. Emerging paradigms and engineering applications of SAS are elaborated via autonomous knowledge learning systems that symbiotically work between humans and cognitive robots. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards symbiotic autonomous systems'.
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Liu, Chia-Hao, Eric M. Janke, Ruipen Li, Pavol Juhás, Oleg Gang, Dmitri V. Talapin, and Simon J. L. Billinge. "SASPDF: pair distribution function analysis of nanoparticle assemblies from small-angle scattering data." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576720004628.
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SASPDF, a method for characterizing the structure of nanoparticle assemblies (NPAs), is presented. The method is an extension of the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis to the small-angle scattering (SAS) regime. The PDFgetS3 software package for computing the PDF from SAS data is also presented. An application of the SASPDF method to characterize structures of representative NPA samples with different levels of structural order is then demonstrated. The SASPDF method quantitatively yields information such as structure, disorder and crystallite sizes of ordered NPA samples. The method was also used to successfully model the data from a disordered NPA sample. The SASPDF method offers the possibility of more quantitative characterizations of NPA structures for a wide class of samples.
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Dai, Lilong, Zinan Huang, Qianqian Huang, Chang Zhao, Aleksey Rozhin, Sergey Sergeyev, Mohammed Al Araimi, and Chengbo Mou. "Carbon nanotube mode-locked fiber lasers: recent progress and perspectives." Nanophotonics 10, no. 2 (November 24, 2020): 749–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0446.
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AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess remarkable nonlinear optical properties; a particular application is to function as a mode locker used in ultrafast fiber lasers to produce ultrashort optical pulses. Various types of CNT saturable absorbers (SAs) and ultrafast fiber lasers have been demonstrated. In this review, typical fabrication process and development of CNT SAs are discussed and we highlight the recent investigation and progress of state-of-the-art ultrafast fiber lasers covering GHz, bidirectional ultrafast fiber lasers, vectorial mode fiber lasers, comb systems, and mode-locking dynamics. Our perspectives of ultrafast fiber lasers based on CNT SAs are given finally.
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Busch, Julia M. C., Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas, Maria Musgaard, Georgios A. Spyroulias, Philip C. Biggin, and Ioannis Vakonakis. "Identification of compounds that bind the centriolar protein SAS-6 and inhibit its oligomerization." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 52 (September 1, 2020): 17922–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra120.014780.
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Centrioles are key eukaryotic organelles that are responsible for the formation of cilia and flagella, and for organizing the microtubule network and the mitotic spindle in animals. Centriole assembly requires oligomerization of the essential protein spindle assembly abnormal 6 (SAS-6), which forms a structural scaffold templating the organization of further organelle components. A dimerization interaction between SAS-6 N-terminal “head” domains was previously shown to be essential for protein oligomerization in vitro and for function in centriole assembly. Here, we developed a pharmacophore model allowing us to assemble a library of low-molecular-weight ligands predicted to bind the SAS-6 head domain and inhibit protein oligomerization. We demonstrate using NMR spectroscopy that a ligand from this family binds at the head domain dimerization site of algae, nematode, and human SAS-6 variants, but also that another ligand specifically recognizes human SAS-6. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations starting from SAS-6 head domain crystallographic structures, including that of the human head domain which we now resolve, suggest that ligand specificity derives from favorable Van der Waals interactions with a hydrophobic cavity at the dimerization site.
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Leonardi, Alberto, Reinhard Neder, and Michael Engel. "Efficient solution of particle shape functions for the analysis of powder total scattering data." Journal of Applied Crystallography 55, no. 2 (March 18, 2022): 329–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576722001261.
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Structural characterization of powder samples via total scattering methods, in either real or reciprocal space, must take into account the effect of particle shape. Here, the shape contribution of a set of ideally isolated particles to the small-angle scattering (SAS) component of the intensity profile is modelled using the shape function [Svergun & Koch (2003). Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 1735–1782]. The shape function is obtained by orientational averaging of common volume functions (CVFs) for a discrete set of directions. The effects of particle size and size dispersity are accounted for via scaling of the CVFs and their convolution with the underlying probability distribution. The method is applied to shapes with CVFs expressed analytically or by using discrete tables. The accurate calculation of SAS particle shape contributions up to large momentum transfer demonstrates the reliability and flexibility of modelling shape functions from sets of CVFs. The algorithm presented here is computationally efficient and can be directly incorporated into existing routines for analysis of powder total scattering data.
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Whitehead, John. "Group sequential trials revisited: Simple implementation using SAS." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 20, no. 6 (September 27, 2010): 635–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280210379036.
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The methodology of group sequential trials is now well established and widely implemented. The benefits of the group sequential approach are generally acknowledged, and its use, when applied properly, is accepted by researchers and regulators. This article describes how a wide range of group sequential designs can easily be implemented using two accessible SAS functions. One of these, PROBBNRM is a standard function, while the other, SEQ, is part of the interactive matrix language of SAS, PROC IML. The account focuses on the essentials of the approach and reveals how straightforward it can be. The design of studies is described, including their evaluation in terms of the distribution of final sample size. The conduct of the interim analyses is discussed, with emphasis on the consequences of inevitable departures from the planned schedule of information accrual. The computations required for the final analysis, allowing for the sequential design, are closely related to those conducted at the design stage. Illustrative examples are given and listings of suitable of SAS code are provided.
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Sunny Lim, Kyo-Sun, Song-You Hong, Jin-Ho Yoon, and Jongil Han. "Simulation of the Summer Monsoon Rainfall over East Asia Using the NCEP GFS Cumulus Parameterization at Different Horizontal Resolutions." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 1143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-13-00143.1.
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Abstract The most recent version of the simplified Arakawa–Schubert (SAS) cumulus scheme in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) (GFS SAS) is implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with a modification of the triggering condition and the convective mass flux in order to make it dependent on the model’s horizontal grid spacing. The East Asian summer monsoon season of 2006 is selected in order to evaluate the performance of the modified GFS SAS scheme. In comparison to the original GFS SAS scheme, the modified GFS SAS scheme shows overall better agreement with the observations in terms of the simulated monsoon rainfall. The simulated precipitation from the original GFS SAS scheme is insensitive to the model’s horizontal grid spacing, which is counterintuitive because the portion of the resolved clouds in a grid box should increase as the model grid spacing decreases. This behavior of the original GFS SAS scheme is alleviated by the modified GFS SAS scheme. In addition, three different cumulus schemes (Grell and Freitas, Kain and Fritsch, and Betts–Miller–Janjić) are chosen to investigate the role of a horizontal resolution on the simulated monsoon rainfall. Although the forecast skill of the surface rainfall does not always improve as the spatial resolution increases, the improvement of the probability density function of the rain rate with the smaller grid spacing is robust regardless of the cumulus parameterization scheme.
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Ryzhykau, Yury L., Alexey V. Vlasov, Philipp S. Orekhov, Maksim I. Rulev, Andrey V. Rogachev, Anastasia D. Vlasova, Alexander S. Kazantsev, et al. "Ambiguities in and completeness of SAS data analysis of membrane proteins: the case of the sensory rhodopsin II–transducer complex." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 77, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798321009542.
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Membrane proteins (MPs) play vital roles in the function of cells and are also major drug targets. Structural information on proteins is vital for understanding their mechanism of function and is critical for the development of drugs. However, obtaining high-resolution structures of membrane proteins, in particular, under native conditions is still a great challenge. In such cases, the low-resolution methods small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS) might provide valuable structural information. However, in some cases small-angle scattering (SAS) provides ambiguous ab initio structural information if complementary measurements are not performed and/or a priori information on the protein is not taken into account. Understanding the nature of the limitations may help to overcome these problems. One of the main problems of SAS data analysis of solubilized membrane proteins is the contribution of the detergent belt surrounding the MP. Here, a comprehensive analysis of how the detergent belt contributes to the SAS data of a membrane-protein complex of sensory rhodopsin II with its cognate transducer from Natronomonas pharaonis (NpSRII–NpHtrII) was performed. The influence of the polydispersity of NpSRII–NpHtrII oligomerization is the second problem that is addressed here. It is shown that inhomogeneity in the scattering length density of the detergent belt surrounding a membrane part of the complex and oligomerization polydispersity significantly impacts on SAXS and SANS profiles, and therefore on 3D ab initio structures. It is described how both problems can be taken into account to improve the quality of SAS data treatment. Since SAS data for MPs are usually obtained from solubilized proteins, and their detergent belt and, to a certain extent, oligomerization polydispersity are sufficiently common phenomena, the approaches proposed in this work might be used in SAS studies of different MPs.
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Lyons, Anthony P., Derek R. Olson, and Roy E. Hansen. "Modeling the effect of random roughness on synthetic aperture sonar image statistics." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 3 (September 2022): 1363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0013837.
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A model has been developed to predict the effect of random seafloor roughness on synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) image statistics, based on the composite roughness approximation–a physical scattering model. The continuous variation in scattering strength produced by a random slope field is treated as an intensity scaling on the image speckle produced by the coherent SAS imaging process. Changes in image statistics caused by roughness are quantified in terms of the scintillation index (SI). Factors influencing the SI include the seafloor slope variance, geo-acoustic properties of the seafloor, the probability density function describing the speckle, and the signal-to-noise ratio. Example model-data comparisons are shown for SAS images taken at three different sites using three different high-frequency SAS systems. Agreement between the modeled and measured SI show that it is possible to link range-dependent image statistics to measurable geo-acoustic properties, providing the foundation necessary for solving problems related to the detection of targets using high-frequency imaging sonars, including performance prediction or adaptation of automated detection algorithms. Additionally, this work illustrates the possible use of SAS systems for remote sensing of roughness parameters such as root mean square slope or height.
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Sun, Xicai, Weifeng Zhong, Jingjing Lu, and Wenzhen Zhuang. "Influence of Psychological Nursing Intervention on Psychological State, Treatment Compliance, and Immune Function of Postoperative Patients with Rectal Cancer." Journal of Oncology 2021 (July 19, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1071490.
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In order to explore the clinical effect of psychological nursing intervention on postoperative chemotherapy for rectal cancer, 120 cases of rectal cancer patients were selected as the research subjects. The control group received conventional nursing treatment after operation, and the research group received comprehensive psychological nursing intervention on this basis. The self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) scores, self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores, hope level scores, nursing satisfaction, mental state changes, treatment compliance, and immune function of two groups were analyzed and compared. There was no significant difference between the two groups of patients in the preoperative SAS, SDS, and hope level scale scores. After the intervention, postoperative SAS and SDS scores and CD8+ value of the research group were significantly lower than those of the control group. In contrast, the postoperative hope level score, treatment compliance, and postoperative CD4+/CD8+ of the research group were significantly higher, and the nursing satisfaction was better than that of the control group. The application of psychological nursing intervention in postoperative chemotherapy for patients with rectal cancer can effectively relieve anxiety and depression of patients, promote patients to establish a healthy and coordinated mental state, improve treatment compliance, improve immune function, and promote disease recovery.
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Houdayer, Jérôme, and Frédéric Poitevin. "Reduction of small-angle scattering profiles to finite sets of structural invariants." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, no. 4 (June 9, 2017): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331700451x.
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This paper shows how small-angle scattering (SAS) curves can be decomposed in a simple sum using a set of invariant parameters calledKnwhich are related to the shape of the object of study. TheseKn, together with a radiusR, give a complete theoretical description of the SAS curve. Adding an overall constant, these parameters are easily fitted against experimental data giving a concise comprehensive description of the data. The pair distance distribution function is also entirely described by this invariant set and theDmaxparameter can be measured. In addition to the understanding they bring, these invariants can be used to reliably estimate structural moments beyond the radius of gyration, thereby rigorously expanding the actual set of model-free quantities one can extract from experimental SAS data, and possibly paving the way to designing new shape reconstruction strategies.
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Kang, Se Hun, In Jai Kim, and Won-Jang Kim. "Adult Presentation of Subaortic Stenosis with Subaortic Membrane Treated with Surgical Removal." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9020036.
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Subaortic stenosis (SAS) is a rare heart disease in adults with an unclear etiology and variable clinical presentation. In some cases, SAS appears as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with obstruction due to the accompanying systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. A 46-year-old male with dizziness for several months presented in the outpatient department. Two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated a slightly hypertrophic left ventricle with normal systolic function without wall-motion abnormalities. Just below the aortic valve, a linear structure protruding from the septum side and the left-ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) side of the mitral valve was confirmed, which was causing a significant pressure gradient (mean and maximum of 91 mmHg and 138 mmHg, respectively). A diagnosis of SAS with subaortic membrane was made, and surgical myomectomy and subaortic membrane removal surgery were performed. Postoperative transthoracic echocardiography did not show flow acceleration through the LVOT, nor a significant pressure gradient across the aortic valve. This case report highlights the clinical significance of SAS with subaortic membrane, which can be confused with aortic stenosis of other etiology.
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Acosta-Rangel, A., M. Sánchez-Polo, M. Rozalen, J. Rivera-Utrilla, A. M. S. Polo, and A. J. Mota. "Comparative Study of the Oxidative Degradation of Different 4-Aminobenzene Sulfonamides in Aqueous Solution by Sulfite Activation in the Presence of Fe(0), Fe(II), Fe(III) Or Fe(VI)." Water 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112332.
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This study is focused on advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) using the combined effect of Fe(0–VI)/sulfite systems, that produce mainly SO4•− radicals, to remove different 4-aminobenzene sulfonamides (SAs), namely sulfamethazine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, from aqueous solutions. Results obtained showed that neither sulfite nor iron alone is able to degrade SAs; however, the combined effect depends on the oxidation state of iron species whose effectiveness to activate sulfite to promote the degradation of SAs increased following this order: Fe(III) < Fe(II) < Fe(0) < Fe(VI). Using Fe(VI)/sulfite, the complete removal of SAs was obtained in 5 min largely surpassing the effectiveness of the other three systems. The sulfonamides’ removal percentage was markedly influenced by sulfite concentration and dissolved oxygen, which improved the generation of oxidant radicals. Response surface methodology was applied, and a quadratic polynomial model was obtained, which allowed us to determine the percentage of SAs degradation as a function of both the iron species and sulfite concentrations. The study of the influence of the water matrix on these AOTs revealed an inhibition of SAs’ removal percentage when using ground water. This is probably due to the presence of different anions, such as HCO3−, Cl−, and SO42− in relatively high concentrations. According to the byproducts identified, the proposed degradation pathways include hydroxylation, SO2 extrusion, and different bond-cleavage processes. Cytotoxicity of degradation byproducts, using MTS assay with HEK 293 and J774 cell lines for the first time, did not show an inhibition in cell proliferation, sustaining the safety of the process.
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Gogendeau, Delphine, Ilse Hurbain, Graca Raposo, Jean Cohen, France Koll, and Renata Basto. "Sas-4 proteins are required during basal body duplication in Paramecium." Molecular Biology of the Cell 22, no. 7 (April 2011): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e10-11-0901.
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Centrioles and basal bodies are structurally related organelles composed of nine microtubule (MT) triplets. Studies performed in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos have shown that centriole duplication takes place in sequential way, in which different proteins are recruited in a specific order to assemble a procentriole. ZYG-1 initiates centriole duplication by triggering the recruitment of a complex of SAS-5 and SAS-6, which then recruits the final player, SAS-4, to allow the incorporation of MT singlets. It is thought that a similar mechanism (that also involves additional proteins) is present in other animal cells, but it remains to be investigated whether the same players and their ascribed functions are conserved during basal body duplication in cells that exclusively contain basal bodies. To investigate this question, we have used the multiciliated protist Paramecium tetraurelia. Here we show that in the absence of PtSas4, two types of defects in basal body duplication can be identified. In the majority of cases, the germinative disk and cartwheel, the first structures assembled during duplication, are not detected. In addition, if daughter basal bodies were formed, they invariably had defects in MT recruitment. Our results suggest that PtSas4 has a broader function than its animal orthologues.
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Kim, Henry S., and Frank Gabel. "Uniqueness of models from small-angle scattering data: the impact of a hydration shell and complementary NMR restraints." Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography 71, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1399004714013923.
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Small-angle scattering (SAS) has witnessed a breathtaking renaissance and expansion over the past 15 years regarding the determination of biomacromolecular structures in solution. While important issues such as sample quality, good experimental practice and guidelines for data analysis, interpretation, presentation, publication and deposition are increasingly being recognized, crucial topics such as the uniqueness, precision and accuracy of the structural models obtained by SAS are still only poorly understood and addressed. The present article provides an overview of recent developments in these fields with a focus on the influence of complementary NMR restraints and of a hydration shell on the uniqueness of biomacromolecular models. As a first topic, the impact of incorporating NMR orientational restraints in addition to SAS distance restraints is discussed using a quantitative visual representation that illustrates how the possible conformational space of a two-body system is reduced as a function of the available data. As a second topic, the impact of a hydration shell on modelling parameters of a two-body system is illustrated, in particular on its inter-body distance. Finally, practical recommendations are provided to take both effects into account and promising future perspectives of SAS approaches are discussed.
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Gille, Wilfried. "Characteristics of the SAS correlation function of long cylinders with oval right section." Journal of Applied Crystallography 43, no. 2 (March 2, 2010): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810002451.
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An approximation for the small-angle scattering (SAS) correlation function (CF) β0(r) of a plane oval domainXis discussed. The approach is based on two parameters, the perimeteruand the surface areaSRS, ofX. The function β0(r) fixes the correlation function γ0(r) of the oval homogeneous rod with constant right sectionX. The mean chord lengthl1of such a rod is the root of the equation γ0(l1) = 1 − 8/(3π). For a dilute rod arrangement, the Porod lengthlpand γ′(l1), the value of the derivative of the sample CF atr=l1, are related by γ′(l1) = −4/(3πlp).
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Jing, Miao, Falk Heße, Rohini Kumar, Olaf Kolditz, Thomas Kalbacher, and Sabine Attinger. "Influence of input and parameter uncertainty on the prediction of catchment-scale groundwater travel time distributions." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-171-2019.
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Abstract. Groundwater travel time distributions (TTDs) provide a robust description of the subsurface mixing behavior and hydrological response of a subsurface system. Lagrangian particle tracking is often used to derive the groundwater TTDs. The reliability of this approach is subjected to the uncertainty of external forcings, internal hydraulic properties, and the interplay between them. Here, we evaluate the uncertainty of catchment groundwater TTDs in an agricultural catchment using a 3-D groundwater model with an overall focus on revealing the relationship between external forcing, internal hydraulic properties, and TTD predictions. Eight recharge realizations are sampled from a high-resolution dataset of land surface fluxes and states. Calibration-constrained hydraulic conductivity fields (Ks fields) are stochastically generated using the null-space Monte Carlo (NSMC) method for each recharge realization. The random walk particle tracking (RWPT) method is used to track the pathways of particles and compute travel times. Moreover, an analytical model under the random sampling (RS) assumption is fit against the numerical solutions, serving as a reference for the mixing behavior of the model domain. The StorAge Selection (SAS) function is used to interpret the results in terms of quantifying the systematic preference for discharging young/old water. The simulation results reveal the primary effect of recharge on the predicted mean travel time (MTT). The different realizations of calibration-constrained Ks fields moderately magnify or attenuate the predicted MTTs. The analytical model does not properly replicate the numerical solution, and it underestimates the mean travel time. Simulated SAS functions indicate an overall preference for young water for all realizations. The spatial pattern of recharge controls the shape and breadth of simulated TTDs and SAS functions by changing the spatial distribution of particles' pathways. In conclusion, overlooking the spatial nonuniformity and uncertainty of input (forcing) will result in biased travel time predictions. We also highlight the worth of reliable observations in reducing predictive uncertainty and the good interpretability of SAS functions in terms of understanding catchment transport processes.
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Dunn, John G. H., Janice Causgrove Dunn, Philip Wilson, and Daniel G. Syrotuik. "Reexamining the Factorial Composition and Factor Structure of the Sport Anxiety Scale." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 22, no. 2 (June 2000): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.22.2.183.
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Since Smith, Smoll, and Schutz (1990) published their work describing the development of the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS)—a multidimensional measure of competitive trait anxiety—few researchers have evaluated or replicated the factorial composition and factor structure of the instrument. The purpose of this article was to investigate the factorial composition and factor structure of the SAS among 3 independent samples of male intercollegiate and high-school-age athletes (N = 504). In accordance with theoretical expectations, results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the SAS consists of 3 subscales measuring somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety/worry, and concentration disruption. However, exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic results showed that 2 items originally designed to measure concentration disruption did not load on the expected factor. Explanations as to why the concentration disruption subscale did not function in accordance with theoretical expectations are offered, along with recommendations for continued psychometric assessment of the instrument.
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Nicholson, Matthew. "Majority rule and human rights: identity and non-identity in SAS v France." Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v67i2.104.
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This article considers the July 2014 decision of the European Court of Human Rights in SAS v France in which the court upheld the legality of a ban on the wearing of the burqa and niqab in public places. Exploring the connection between SAS and a related trend of deference to the will of the national community in the court’s jurisprudence, it relies on Joseph Slaughter’s work to argue that the decision is best explained on the basis of what Theodor Adorno termed ‘identity thinking’ which, in a human rights context, involves the conceptualisation of human identity as something existing in and defined by the community rather than the individual. Drawing on the work of Franz Neumann, Otto Kirchheimer and Peter Mair, the article reflects on the social and political function of the ECtHR in the light of SAS and argues for an alignment between international human rights practice and the ‘non-identity thinking’ that Adorno advocated.
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Matusiak-Wieczorek, Ewelina, Elzbieta Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Marek Synder, and Andrzej Borowski. "The Influence of Hippotherapy on the Body Posture in a Sitting Position among Children with Cerebral Palsy." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 6846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186846.
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The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of hippotherapy (therapy with horses) on posture and body function among children with cerebral palsy. A case–control study included forty-five children aged 6–12 years, classified as Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I or II, with spastic diplegia or hemiplegia. The participants were randomly divided into three groups: study I (n = 15), study II (n = 15) and control (n = 15). The children from the study groups attended 30min hippotherapy sessions for 12 consecutive weeks, twice (study group I) or once (study group II) a week. The Sitting Assessment Scale (SAS) was used. A comparison of SAS showed an improvement in almost all the assessed categories among the children who participated in hippotherapy. In study group I, statistically significant differences were noted in the assessment of head position control, arm function (in both cases, p = 0.012) and trunk control (p = 0.005) and in study group II in the assessment of trunk control (p = 0.028). Hippotherapy has a positive influence on the body posture and function of individual body parts in a sitting position among children with cerebral palsy.
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Woglar, Alexander, Marie Pierron, Fabian Zacharias Schneider, Keshav Jha, Coralie Busso, and Pierre Gönczy. "Molecular architecture of the C. elegans centriole." PLOS Biology 20, no. 9 (September 15, 2022): e3001784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001784.
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Uncovering organizing principles of organelle assembly is a fundamental pursuit in the life sciences. Caenorhabditis elegans was key in identifying evolutionary conserved components governing assembly of the centriole organelle. However, localizing these components with high precision has been hampered by the minute size of the worm centriole, thus impeding understanding of underlying assembly mechanisms. Here, we used Ultrastructure Expansion coupled with STimulated Emission Depletion (U-Ex-STED) microscopy, as well as electron microscopy (EM) and electron tomography (ET), to decipher the molecular architecture of the worm centriole. Achieving an effective lateral resolution of approximately 14 nm, we localize centriolar and PeriCentriolar Material (PCM) components in a comprehensive manner with utmost spatial precision. We found that all 12 components analysed exhibit a ring-like distribution with distinct diameters and often with a 9-fold radial symmetry. Moreover, we uncovered that the procentriole assembles at a location on the centriole margin where SPD-2 and ZYG-1 also accumulate. Moreover, SAS-6 and SAS-5 were found to be present in the nascent procentriole, with SAS-4 and microtubules recruited thereafter. We registered U-Ex-STED and EM data using the radial array of microtubules, thus allowing us to map each centriolar and PCM protein to a specific ultrastructural compartment. Importantly, we discovered that SAS-6 and SAS-4 exhibit a radial symmetry that is offset relative to microtubules, leading to a chiral centriole ensemble. Furthermore, we established that the centriole is surrounded by a region from which ribosomes are excluded and to which SAS-7 localizes. Overall, our work uncovers the molecular architecture of the C. elegans centriole in unprecedented detail and establishes a comprehensive framework for understanding mechanisms of organelle biogenesis and function.
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Muthig, Michael, Sylvain Prévost, Reinhold Orglmeister, and Michael Gradzielski. "Indirect Fourier transform in the context of statistical inference." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 72, no. 5 (July 28, 2016): 557–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273316009657.
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Inferring structural information from the intensity of a small-angle scattering (SAS) experiment is an ill-posed inverse problem. Thus, the determination of a solution is in general non-trivial. In this work, the indirect Fourier transform (IFT), which determines the pair distance distribution function from the intensity and hence yields structural information, is discussed within two different statistical inference approaches, namely a frequentist one and a Bayesian one, in order to determine a solution objectively From the frequentist approach the cross-validation method is obtained as a good practical objective function for selecting an IFT solution. Moreover, modern machine learning methods are employed to suppress oscillatory behaviour of the solution, hence extracting only meaningful features of the solution. By comparing the results yielded by the different methods presented here, the reliability of the outcome can be improved and thus the approach should enable more reliable information to be deduced from SAS experiments.
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Olson, Stevan K., and Charles W. Wootton. "SUBSTANCE AND SEMANTICS IN THE AUDITOR'S STANDARD REPORT." Accounting Historians Journal 18, no. 2 (December 1, 1991): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.18.2.85.
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The most recent effort at restating the auditor's standard report, SAS 58, is the most comprehensive statement of the auditor's role that has ever been adopted. It is an acknowledgment that the previous report had become an ineffective communication of the audit function and was perhaps too cautious in circumscribing the auditor's public responsibilities. This paper compares and analyzes the terminology of the standard report throughout the professions's history with particular emphasis on the recent years leading up to SAS 58. An exhibit compares the parallel terminology and the social, economic and political issues that resulted in each revision. Additionally, some assessment of the potential future changes to the report are presented.
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La Manna, Nicholas A., Anthony P. Lyons, Daniel C. Brown, and Roy E. Hansen. "Modeling the effects of internal waves on synthetic aperture sonar resolution." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010619.
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Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) beamforming is performed under the assumption of a constant sound speed within the water column or by utilizing a measured sound speed profile. Water column features, such as internal waves or internal wave boluses that cause a sound speed structure different than that assumed, can break the constant sound speed assumption resulting in image defocusing and loss of resolution. The resultant loss of resolution can be quantified using the point spread function (PSF). An ellipse fitting technique was applied to SAS images collected by the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) using the HISAS system. In conjunction with the analysis conducted on real data, a ray tracing method was applied to model the broadening effects on the PSF for sound speed differences caused by internal wave boluses. A wavenumber beamforming algorithm was also applied to artificial echo data, in which sound speed errors were introduced. It is hoped that the two models can be used in conjunction with SAS data to determine the sound speed within an internal wave feature from the observed loss in resolution.
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Li, Zhengyuan, Hong Chen, Shiduo Zhao, Gangtian Yang, Wenfan Yang, and Jingping Guo. "Impact of Cluster Nursing on Nursing on VAS Score and Urinary Function of Patients after Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy with Pneumatic Lithotripsy (PCNL)." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2022 (March 19, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3743640.
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Objective. To explore the effects of cluster nursing on VAS score and urinary system function of patients after percutaneous nephrolithotomy with pneumatic lithotripsy (PCNL). Methods. November 2019-January 2019, 114 patients with PCNL who received treatment in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the study group. The study group received cluster nursing, and the control group received routine nursing. Compare the Barthel index (BI), between two groups, SAS score, complications rate, surgical outcomes, pain scores, quality of life scores, knowledge awareness rate, and satisfaction rate were compared. Results. There were no significant variations in Bi and SAS scores before the nursing ( P > 0.05 ). The BI ratings were clearly higher after nursing, whereas the SAS and pain levels were considerably lower, however, the research group altered more dramatically ( P 0.05 ). The study group’s incidence of complications was lower ( P 0.05 ) than the control group’s; the study group’s hospitalization cost was lower, and the hospitalization and lower bed activity were shorter ( P 0.05 ); after the nursing, the organised quality score was significantly higher in both groups, but the research group changed more dramatically ( P 0.05 ). Compared with the control group, the knowledge of the research team was higher ( P < 0.05 ); after the nursing, both group satisfaction scores were obviously high, but the study group changes more significantly ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. After PCNL treatment, the patient receives cluster therapy, improving the patient’s anxiety, reducing the degree of pain, and improving the quality of life in patients, and the patient satisfaction is high. Therefore, cluster nursing is worthy of extensive application in the postoperative care of patients with PCNL.
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Walsh, John F. "A Simple Procedure for Generating Nonnormal Data Sets: An Sas Program." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 1 (August 1993): 143–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.1.143.
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An SAS program permits instructors to provide students simulated research data. Such data sets enable the student to learn how statistical measures vary as a function of the data. The program allows the instructor to construct distributions having nonnormal shapes by modifying the familiar standard unit normal distribution. Values for producing distributions which have different shapes are given.
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Riedmayr, Lisa M., Sybille Böhm, Martin Biel, and Elvir Becirovic. "Enigmatic rhodopsin mutation creates an exceptionally strong splice acceptor site." Human Molecular Genetics 29, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddz291.
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Abstract The c.620 T > G mutation in rhodopsin found in the first mapped autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP) locus is associated with severe, early-onset RP. Intriguingly, another mutation affecting the same nucleotide (c.620 T > A) is related to a mild, late-onset RP. Assuming that both mutations are missense mutations (Met207Arg and Met207Lys) hampering the ligand-binding pocket, previous work addressed how they might differentially impair rhodopsin function. Here, we investigated the impact of both mutations at the mRNA and protein level in HEK293 cells and in the mouse retina. We show that, in contrast to c.620 T > A, c.620 T > G is a splicing mutation, which generates an exceptionally strong splice acceptor site (SAS) resulting in a 90 bp in-frame deletion and protein mislocalization in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we identified the core element underlying the c.620 T > G SAS strength. Finally, we demonstrate that the c.620 T > G SAS is very flexible in branch point choice, which might explain its remarkable performance. Based on these results, we suggest that (i) point mutations should be routinely tested for mRNA splicing to avoid dispensable analysis of mutations on protein level, which do not naturally exist. (ii) Puzzling disease courses of mutations in other genes might also correlate with their effects on mRNA splicing. (iii) Flexibility in branch point choice might be another factor influencing the SAS strength. (iv) The core splice element identified in this study could be useful for biotechnological applications requiring effective SAS.
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Zhang, Meng, Wenyan Zhang, Yu Liu, Meiliyang Wu, Jin Zhou, and Zhongmin Mao. "Relationship between Family Function, Anxiety, and Quality of Life for Older Adults with Hypertension in Low-Income Communities." International Journal of Hypertension 2021 (September 27, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5547190.
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Background. Effective functional family was beneficial for older adults’ health, which may affect the quality of life (QoL) in hypertension patients. This study aimed to clarify the association between family function, anxiety, and QoL for older adults with hypertension in low-income communities. Methods. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 363 older adults with hypertension in low-income communities in Wuhan from September 2019 to November 2019. The relationships among the variables were examined by Pearson’s correlation analysis. Predictor effects were tested using hierarchical multiple regressions, controlling for demographic characteristics. The structural equation model (SEM) was used to test the mediation effects of anxiety on the pathway from family function to QoL. Results. Family function was negatively correlated with the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) score and positively correlated with the mental component score (MCS), but had no influence on the physical component score (PCS). Both PCS and MCS were negatively correlated with SAS. Anxiety was the negative predictor of MCS and PCS. Family function was the positive predictor of MCS, but had no influence on PCS. The path model indicated that anxiety significantly mediated the link between family function and QoL (R2 = 32.8%), but only partially. Conclusion. A significant correlation between anxiety, family function, and QoL was found. Anxiety had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between family function and QoL. Further research should focus on increasing the level of family function and reducing the perceived anxiety of older adults with hypertension to improve their QoL level.
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Peng, Fan, Rui Mei, Chanyuan Liu, Xiu Liu, Jing Xiong, Lu Lv, and Fang Wang. "Health Promotion Combined with Psychological Care Improves Vestibular Function in Patients with Vestibular Neuritis." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022 (August 13, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3780683.
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This study aimed to explore the effect of health education combined with psychological care on patients with vestibular neuritis and the effect on their vestibular function. One hundred patients with vestibular neuritis admitted to our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were enrolled and divided into two groups by the random number: the control group (CG) (n= 53, health education) and the study group (SG) (n= 47, health education + psychological care). The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) scores, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores, depression scores (SDS), anxiety scores (SAS), satisfaction with care, compliance, incidence of falls, quality of life (QOF), and clinical symptom scores were compared between the two groups. Compared with the CG, the SG had a more significant reduction in DHI scores and SDS and SAS scores and a significant increase in BBS scores ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with the CG, the SG had higher nursing satisfaction and compliance and a lower incidence of falls ( P < 0.05 ). Nursing efficiency was higher in the SG than in the CG ( P < 0.05 ). QOF scores were higher in the SG than in the CG ( P < 0.05 ). Clinical symptom scores were lower in the SG than in the CG ( P < 0.05 ). Health education combined with psychological care can improve vestibular function and bad mood, reduce the incidence of falls, improve the QOF, and result in high patient satisfaction and compliance, which should be widely promoted.
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Enochs, Ian C., Nathan Formel, Lauren Shea, Leah Chomiak, Alan Piggot, Amanda Kirkland, and Derek Manzello. "Subsurface automated samplers (SAS) for ocean acidification research." Bulletin of Marine Science 96, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 735–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2020.0018.
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Ocean acidification (OA) is the process whereby anthropogenic carbon dioxide is absorbed into seawater, resulting in altered carbonate chemistry and a decline in pH. OA will negatively impact numerous marine organisms, altering the structure and function of entire ecosystems. The progression of OA, while faster than has occurred in recent geological history, has been subtle and detection may be complicated by high variability in shallow-water environments. Nevertheless, comprehensive monitoring and characterization is important given the scale and severity of the problem. Presently, technologies used to measure OA in the field are costly and limited by their detection of only one carbonate chemistry parameter, such as pH. Discrete water samples, by contrast, offer a means of measuring multiple components of the carbonate system, including parameters of particular explanatory value (e.g., total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon), for which field-based sensors do not presently exist. Here we describe the design, use, and performance of a low- cost (<$220 USD) subsurface automated sampler (SAS), suitable for the collection of water for carbonate chemistry analysis. Each sampler is field-programmable using a remote control, performs in depths up to 55 m seawater, collects two separately preserved samples, and logs temperature at the time of collection. SAS are designed from the ground up to be open source with respect to physical design and sampling components, electronic hardware, and software. Build instructions, parts lists, and printable 3D files are provided along with code to ultimately lower the cost of OA monitoring, facilitate further research, and encourage application-specific customization.
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Jin, Hong-Bo, and Peng Xu. "The pipeline of data processing for TAIJI-1 space mission in the TAIJI program for the detection of gravitational wave." International Journal of Modern Physics A 36, no. 11n12 (March 10, 2021): 2140025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x2140025x.
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TAIJI-1 is a micro-gravity experiment spacecraft. The mission target is to verify some key techniques of the spacecraft payloads for the gravitational wave detection, which involve laser interferometer, gravity reference sensor, drag-free control technology, micro-propulsion system, super-quiescent spacecraft platform, etc. The verification of the data processing pipeline required by the next stage of TAIJI Program is also performed. In order to benefit from the joint observatory between TAIJI and LISA in the future, as a space mission, the science operations refer to the existing ESA and NASA standard models, which include the Mission Operations Center (MOC), the Science Operations Center (SOC), the Data Processing Center (DPC), etc. The data processing pipeline connects between SOC and DPC. The SOC obtains the level-0 data from MOC and DPC performs the data processing and distributes the level-2 and level-3 data to SOC. For TAIJI-1 mission, SOC and DPC are two subsystems, which are included into the named science application system (SAS). That is the one of the six-function systems, which operate Chinese space mission. MOC is relevant to the ground support system (GSS) and spacecraft control system, that are also the ones of six-function systems of Chinese space mission. The on-orbit experiment plannings are transported from SAS to GSS, that is similar to from SOC to MOC in NASA standard models. The computer construction and computer software are the basic elements of the SAS, that are constructed completely, before the TAIJI-1 was launched. After TAIJI-1 enters the orbit, the data processing pipeline begins to work and the experimental items of TAIJI-1 are performed in the pipeline. The basic functions, performances and optimization functions of the detection devices in the payloads are verified completely 3 months after launch. In the same time, the methods of data analysis and processing are also verified. As a result, the required indicators of key techniques of the spacecraft for the gravitational wave detection are justified. The data processing pipeline is also reasonable. The relevant codes for data analysis and processing will benefit the next stage of TAIJI Program.
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Anagnostakou, Vania, Mark Epshtein, Giovanni J. Ughi, Robert M. King, Antonios Valavanis, Ajit S. Puri, and Matthew J. Gounis. "Transvascular in vivo microscopy of the subarachnoid space." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 14, no. 5 (February 3, 2022): neurintsurg—2021–018544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-018544.
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BackgroundThe micro-architectonics of the subarachnoid space (SAS) remain partially understood and largely ignored, likely the result of the inability to image these structures in vivo. We explored transvascular imaging with high-frequency optical coherence tomography (HF-OCT) to interrogate the SAS.MethodsIn vivo HF-OCT was performed in 10 dogs in both the posterior and anterior cerebral circulations. The conduit vessels used were the basilar, anterior spinal, and middle and anterior cerebral arteries through which the perivascular SAS was imaged. The HF-OCT imaging probe was introduced via a microcatheter and images were acquired using a contrast injection (3.5 mL/s) for blood clearance. Segmentation and three-dimensional rendering of HF-OCT images were performed to study the different configurations and porosity of the subarachnoid trabeculae (SAT) as a function of location.ResultsOf 13 acquisitions, three were excluded due to suboptimal image quality. Analysis of 15 locations from seven animals was performed showing six distinct configurations of arachnoid structures in the posterior circulation and middle cerebral artery, ranging from minimal presence of SAT to dense networks and membranes. Different locations showed predilection for specific arachnoid morphologies. At the basilar bifurcation, a thick, fenestrated membrane had a unique morphology. SAT average thickness was 100 µm and did not vary significantly based on location. Similarly, the porosity of the SAT averaged 91% and showed low variability.ConclusionWe have demonstrated the feasibility to image the structures of the SAS with transvascular HF-OCT. Future studies are planned to further map the SAT to increase our understanding of their function and possible impact on neurovascular pathologies.
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Butler, Matthew James, Azadeh Stark, Lester Kirchner, Radhika Gogoi, Joseph B. Leader, Meredith W. Lewis, and Franco Muggia. "Changes in renal function following treatment for ovarian cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 5581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.5581.
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5581 Background: Among women treated for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (EOC), new or worsening renal dysfunction has been observed but not systematically studied. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to estimate the rate of decline in renal function following a diagnosis of EOC, compared with the rate of decline among the same patients prior to diagnosis. Methods: We study a historical cohort of women diagnosed with EOC between 1/1/2000 and 12/31/2011, who received health care services within a large community medical center. Data were retrieved from institutional electronic records. We develop a Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) model to quantify changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) over time, with the date of EOC diagnosis as the reference point (time zero). All analyses were conducted using SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute Inc., Carey, NC). Results: The cohort is comprised of of 323 women. At diagnosis, the mean age was 63.4 (± 13.5) years and the mean eGFR was 81.0 (± 22.7). There were 74 (22.9%) patients carrying a diagnosis of hypertension, 25 (7.7%) with diabetes, and 73 (22.6%) who were clinical obese. Prior to EOC diagnosis the decline in mean monthly eGFR was not significant (- 0.052, 95% CI -0.11-0.009, p = 0.092), after controlling for age, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. This monthly decline increased by almost 4-fold (p = 0.0007) subsequent to EOC diagnosis. To discern the potential effect of chemotherapy on renal function, we conducted a secondary analysis on the 120 women for whom detailed chemotherapeutic data is available. For women who received standard first-line chemotherapy (paclitaxel and carboplatin) the rate of eGFR decline increased 10-fold (-0.025 vs. -0.25, p = .0066) relative to their baseline rate of decline. For those who received other regimens, the increase was 11.4 times (-0.025 vs. -0.286, p =.0011); this was not significantly higher than those receiving the standard regimen (p = 0.72). Conclusions: This ongoing study suggests that women treated for EOC suffer an accelerated rate of renal function decline, independent of major comorbid conditions, that is therefore attributable to the disease and/or its treatment.
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Cabezón, F. A., A. P. Schinckel, Y. L. León, and B. A. Craig. "Analysis of lactation feed intakes for sows with extended lactation lengths." Translational Animal Science 1, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/tas2017-0016.
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Abstract The objectives of this research were to quantify and model daily feed intakes to 28 d of lactation in modern sows. A total of 4,512 daily feed intake (DFI) records were collected for 156 Hypor sows from February 2015 to March 2016. The mean lactation length was 27.9 ± 2.0 d. The data included 9 parity 1, 33 parity 2 and 114 parity 3+ sows. Data were collected using a computerized feeding system (Gestal Solo, JYGA Technologies, Quebec, Canada). The feeding system was used to set an upper limit to DFI for the first 7 d of lactation. Overall, the least-squares means of a model including the random effect of sow indicated that DFI's continued to slowly increase to 28 d of lactation. The DFI data were fitted to Generalized Michaelis-Menten (GMM) and polynomial functions of day of lactation (t). The GMM function [DFIi,t (kg/d) = DFI0 + (DFIA − DFI0)(t/K)C/[1 + (t/K)C]] was fitted with 2 random effects for DFI (dfiAi) and intercept (dfi0i) using the NLMIXED procedure in SAS®. The polynomial function DFIi,t (kg/d) = [B0 + B1 t + B2 t2 + B3 t3 + B4 t4] was fitted with three random effects for B0, B1, and B2 using the MIXED procedure in SAS®. Fixed effects models of the two functions had similar Akaike's Information Criteria (AIC) values and mean predicted DFI's. The polynomial function with 3 random effects provided a better fit to the data based on R2 30 (0.81 versus 0.79), AIC (14,709 versus 15,158) and RSD (1.204 versus 1.321) values than the GMM function with two random effects. The random effect for B2 in the polynomial function allowed for the fitting of the function to lactation records that had decreased DFI after 15 d of lactation. The random effects for the polynomial function were used to sort the lactation records into three groups based on the derivative of the function at 21 d of lactation. Lactation records of the three groups had similar DFI the first two weeks of lactation (P > 0.40). The three groups of sows had substantially different DFI's after 18 d of lactation (P < 0.028). The differences in both actual and predicted DFI's between the three groups increased with each day of lactation to day 28 (P < 0.001). Mixed model polynomial functions can be used to identify sows with different patterns of DFI after 15 d of lactation.
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Olds, Daniel P., and Phillip M. Duxbury. "Efficient algorithms for calculating small-angle scattering from large model structures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 47, no. 3 (May 29, 2014): 1077–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576714005925.
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This paper compares Monte Carlo approaches and fast Fourier transform (FFT) methods to efficiently calculate small-angle scattering (SAS) profiles from large morphological models. These methods enable calculation of SAS from complex nanoscale morphologies commonly encountered in modern polymeric and nanoparticle-based systems which have no exact analytical representation and are instead represented digitally using many millions of subunits, so that algorithms with linear or near-linear scaling are essential. The Monte Carlo method, referred to as the Monte Carlo distribution function method (MC-DFM), is presented and its accuracy validated using a number of simple morphologies, while the FFT calculations are based on the fastest implementations available. The efficiency, usefulness and inherent limits of DFM and FFT approaches are explored using a series of complex morphological models, including Gaussian chain ensembles and two-phase three-dimensional interpenetrating nanostructures.
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Lv, Xiaoxia, Lihua Wang, and Yan Zhai. "Comprehensive Nursing can Relieve the Negative Emotions of Patients undergoing Breast Cancer Resection and Reduce Postoperative." Tobacco Regulatory Science 7, no. 5 (September 30, 2021): 4234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.7.5.1.200.
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To explore the effect of comprehensive nursing on adverse emotions and postoperative complications of breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy. Altogether 180 patients who received treatment in our hospital from May 2017 to May 2019 were selected as the research participants and divided into group A and group B. Among them, 100 cases in group A received comprehensive nursing, 80 cases in group B received routine nursing. The surgical indications, upper limb function, serum NGF, TK1 and CA15-3 expression level, VAS score, SAS, SDS score, quality of life SF-36 score were detected, and the incidence rate of postoperative complications and nursing quality score were compared. Compared with group B, group A had less postoperative bed time, intraoperative blood loss, length of hospital stay, better recovery of upper limb function, lower expression levels of serum NGF, TK1 and CA15-3, lower VAS score, SAS and SDS score, higher quality of life SF-36 score, lower incidence of postoperative complications and higher nursing quality score. Comprehensive nursing can relieve the negative emotions of patients undergoing breast cancer resection and reduce the incidence of postoperative complications.
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Spataru, Petru, Francisco Fernandez, Igor Povar, and Tudor Spataru. "Behaviour of Nitrogen Soluble Forms in Natural Water in the Presence of Anionic and Cationic Surfactants and Mineral Substrates." Advances in Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/ase.2019.11.2.70.
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The redox processes, organic substances accumulation, chemical equilibria and adsorption of organic substances on the substrate surface function of natural water compositions and substrate granule sizes have been investigated. Laboratory simulations have been carried out for the Nistru and Isnovat river waters. The natural water models containing laurylsulphate (LS) as anionic surfactant (SAS An) and cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA) as cationic surfactant (SAS Ct), separately and in a body, as well as the substrates Al(OH)3, Al2O3, CaCO3, H2SiO3, light fraction (clayey) of diatomite and expanded clay powder have been studied. The timely distribution of the soluble nitrogen species containing NH4+, NO2- and NO3- in the samples of natural waters has been analyzed. It has been found that LS diminishes the redox processes braking due to the partial fixation of toxic organic matter. Similar, but more pronounced enhancement impact on oxidation of nitrite ions as a result of fixation and sedimentation of organic components has been found in the case of the calcium carbonate powder. Also, CaCO3 produces a better SAS Ct separation/inactivation of organic part in the presence of both anionic and cationic SASs. A water self-purification processes effectiveness in polluted river waters decreases in the CaCO3, Al(OH)3, Al2O3, H2SiO3, light fraction (clayey) of diatomite, expanded clay powder substrate series.