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Journal articles on the topic 'SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)'

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Published: 29 July 2024
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Seguljev, Zorica. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Medical review 57, no. 1-2 (2004): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0402005s.

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Woodhead, M., S. Ewig, and A. Torres. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." European Respiratory Journal 21, no. 5 (May 2003): 739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00035403.

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3

Wong, K. F., T. S. To, and John K. C. Chan. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." British Journal of Haematology 122, no. 2 (July 2003): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04513.x.

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4

Ngan Kee, Warwick D., and Tse N. Leung. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 12, no. 3 (July 2003): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-289x(03)00061-x.

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5

Peiris, J. S. M. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Journal of Clinical Virology 28, no. 3 (December 2003): 245–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2003.08.005.

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6

Bhaskar, G., Rakesh Lodha, and S. K. Kabra. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 70, no. 5 (May 2003): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02723614.

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7

Kawana, Akihiko. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0404.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, was the first emerging infection of the 21stcentury. Severe pneumonia is the main symptom, and the case fatality rate was about 10%. In general, convalescence becomes less satisfactory with the age of the patient. The older the patient is, the more unsatisfactorily his or her convalescence is. The disease is transmitted mainly through the spread of droplets from the human respiratory tract. Many health care professionals became infected with SARS within the medical facilities in which they worked. No peculiar medicine or vaccine for SARS has yet been developed. A worldwide epidemic of SARS centered in China broke out around during the period from 2002 to 2003; about 8,000 cases were recorded. Although this epidemic has come to an end, attention should be paid to SARS because of its possible reemergence. Preparedness for SARS can be also applied to measures against other emerging infections.
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8

Muller, N. L. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Thorax 58, no. 11 (November 1, 2003): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.11.919.

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9

Cameron, Peter A., and Timothy H. Rainer. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Emergency Medicine Australasia 15, no. 5-6 (October 2003): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00494.x.

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10

Cleri, Dennis J., Anthony J. Ricketti, and John R. Vernaleo. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2009.10.005.

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11

Torpy, Janet M. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." JAMA 290, no. 24 (December 24, 2003): 3318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.24.3172.

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12

Ramsay, Sarah J., and Charles D. Gomersoll. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." Journal of the Intensive Care Society 4, no. 2 (June 2003): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175114370300400205.

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The emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is posing many challenges to public and clinical medicine. The origin of the disease appears to have been in southern China towards the end of 2002.
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13

Muller, Matthew, and Allison McGeer. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 28, no. 2 (April 2007): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-976492.

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14

Wong, Samson SY, and KY Yuen. "The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Journal of Neurovirology 11, no. 5 (January 2005): 455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13550280500187724.

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15

Li, AM, KLE Hon, WT Cheng, PC Ng, FY Chan, CK Li, TF Leung, and TF Fok. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome: 'SARS' or 'not SARS'." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 40, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 63–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00294.x.

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16

McFee, R. B. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS, SARS CoV)." Disease-a-Month 66, no. 9 (September 2020): 101062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.101062.

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17

Tobis, Barbara J. "Respiratory protection for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Disaster Management & Response 1, no. 3 (July 2003): 91–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1540-2487(03)00042-7.

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18

Rowe, Thomas, Guangping Gao, Robert J. Hogan, Ronald G. Crystal, Thomas G. Voss, Rebecca L. Grant, Peter Bell, Gary P. Kobinger, Nelson A. Wivel, and James M. Wilson. "Macaque Model for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." Journal of Virology 78, no. 20 (October 15, 2004): 11401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.20.11401-11404.2004.

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ABSTRACT Rhesus and cynomolgus macaques were challenged with 107 PFU of a clinical isolate of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Some of the animals developed a mild self-limited respiratory infection very different from that observed in humans with SARS. The macaque model as it currently exists will have limited utility in the study of SARS and the evaluation of therapies.
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19

KAWANA, Akihiko, Katsuji TERUYA, and Nozomu YAMASHITA. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." Journal of the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 77, no. 5 (2003): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.77.303.

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20

Nicolaou, Savvas, Nizar A. Al-Nakshabandi, and Nestor L. Müller. "SARS: Imaging of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." American Journal of Roentgenology 180, no. 5 (May 2003): 1247–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.180.5.1801247.

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21

Vijayanand, Pandurangan, Ed Wilkins, and Mark Woodhead. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a review." Clinical Medicine 4, no. 2 (March 1, 2004): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.4-2-152.

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22

Aasirvatham, Aruna. "COVID-19 – SARS - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.6041.

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23

Buckley, Heidi. "Clinical Brief: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." AAOHN Journal 51, no. 7 (July 2003): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990305100706.

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24

Antonio, G. E., K. T. Wong, W. C. W. Chu, D. S. C. Hui, F. W. T. Cheng, E. H. Y. Yuen, S. S. C. Chung, T. F. Fok, J. J. Y. Sung, and A. T. Ahuja. "Imaging in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Clinical Radiology 58, no. 11 (November 2003): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(03)00308-8.

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25

Li, Thomas Sing Tao, Thomas A. Buckley, Florence HY Yap, Joseph JY Sung, and Gavin M. Joynt. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): infection control." Lancet 361, no. 9366 (April 2003): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13052-8.

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26

Yang, Weili. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): infection control." Lancet 361, no. 9366 (April 2003): 1386–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13053-x.

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27

Chan, Henry L. Y., Stephen K. W. Tsui, and Joseph J. Y. Sung. "Coronavirus in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Trends in Molecular Medicine 9, no. 8 (August 2003): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4914(03)00135-7.

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28

Chua, A. "Procalcitonin in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Journal of Infection 48, no. 4 (May 2004): 303–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2004.01.015.

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29

Kong, Tak K., L. K. Dai, F. Leung, Y. Au, Yung, and H. Chan. "SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS) IN ELDERS." Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 51, no. 8 (August 2003): 1182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.t01-1-51385.x.

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30

Ketai, Loren, Narinder S. Paul, and Ka-tak T. Wong. "Radiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Journal of Thoracic Imaging 21, no. 4 (November 2006): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.rti.0000213581.14225.f1.

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31

Wong, Gary WK, and Tai F. Fok. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) in children." Pediatric Pulmonology 37, S26 (2004): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.70056.

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32

Liu, Hsueh-Erh. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Prevention in Taiwan." Journal of School Nursing 20, no. 2 (April 2004): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405040200020401.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a newly identified respiratory disease that threatened Taiwan between April 14 and July 5, 2003. Chang Gung University experienced various SARS-related episodes, such as the postponement of classes for 7 days, the reporting of probable SARS cases, and the isolation of students under Level A and B quarantines. Ninety-eight percent of the students at the university live in dormitories; thus the prevention of SARS became an important issue. Preventive strategies are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention, with a different focus and strategy for each level of prevention. The university emphasized personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle as the key to SARS prevention. Our experiences as school nurses during this crisis can help other school nurses to prevent the spread of SARS during similar situations.
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33

Chin, Thomas W. F., Clarence Chant, Rosemary Tanzini, and Janice Wells. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): The Pharmacist’s Role." Pharmacotherapy 24, no. 6 (June 2004): 705–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.24.8.705.36063.

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34

Wong, Gary W. K., and David S. C. Hui. "Current Understanding of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)." Clinical Pulmonary Medicine 12, no. 6 (November 2005): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cpm.0000187292.83386.74.

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35

Hawkey, Peter M., Sanjay Bhagani, and Stephen H. Gillespie. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): breath-taking progress." Journal of Medical Microbiology 52, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.05321-0.

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36

TSANG, Kenneth W., Thomas Y. MOK, Poon C. WONG, and Gaik C. OOI. "Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong." Respirology 8, no. 3 (September 2003): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1843.2003.00486.x.

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37

Cameron, Mark J., Jesus F. Bermejo-Martin, Ali Danesh, Matthew P. Muller, and David J. Kelvin. "Human immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Virus Research 133, no. 1 (April 2008): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2007.02.014.

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38

Chan-Yeung, Moira. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Healthcare Workers." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 10, no. 4 (October 2004): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2004.10.4.421.

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39

Cooke, Fiona J., and Daniel S. Shapiro. "Global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 7, no. 2 (June 2003): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1201-9712(03)90001-4.

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40

Chee, Y. C. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) — 150 Days On." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 32, no. 3 (May 15, 2003): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v32n3p277.

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The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) has been identified as a new clinical entity in the year 2003. It was on 12 March 2003 that the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a global health alert on the disease then known as atypical pneumonia.
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41

Sreenivasulu, Munna, Chiramana Rama Bharathi, and Yadala Prapurna Chandra. "A review on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)." Future Journal of Pharmaceuticals and Health Sciences 3, no. 4 (December 13, 2023): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/fjphs.v3i4.531.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a newly arose illness that quickly spread all over the world. The ailment arose in south China including a new coronavirus (SARS-COV) was suspected of being involved as the underlying cause. The trail the said pathogen ended up taking to set up human illness abide uncertain, nevertheless initial findings said that the roots of this disease was from intermediate animal host. Hospital acquired spreading of SARS-COV has become a prominent characteristic during the pandemic. The disease is comparable to several RTI 's, even though huge percentage of victims exhibit a sharp decrease in health with airway obstruction near the 2nd week ending of infection. The Treatment methods are pretty much identical as the treatment of many other communicable lung infections however the measures for restricting the disease start taking a prominent aspect. Also, the antiviral drug action has not been proved counter to SARS-COV. One of the best striking characteristics of this disease outbreak was the rapidity for this the entire world started acting in a cohesive way to manage it. The entire review discusses the etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, preventive care, pathology and pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome along with its treatment.
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42

Ogunbanjo, Gboyegu A. "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS): The traveller's dilemma." South African Family Practice 45, no. 3 (March 30, 2003): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v45i3.1981.

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The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) also known as "atypical pneumonia" in Cuangdong Province, China in November 2002 and the subsequent spread to Hong Kong by mid-February 2003 highlights the importance of emerging diseases in clinical practice.
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43

Dwyer, Dominic E. "The Origins of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 44, no. 01 (January 16, 2023): 003–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759564.

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AbstractAn outbreak of severe pneumonia of unknown cause was identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019: the causative agent was a novel betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome-cotonavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus that joins a list of coronaviruses causing severe (e.g., SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome) or milder (e.g., 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1) respiratory tract infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) classified the spreading outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. Many SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been identified in bats, particularly in Rhinolophus horseshoe bats, animals that are common in southern China and Southeast Asia. Many of the features of SARS-CoV-2 that facilitate human infection—the furin cleavage site, the receptor binding domain that binds to the human ACE2 receptor—can be identified in SARSr-CoVs. Related coronaviruses can be detected in pangolins and other animals, and human SARS-CoV-2 itself can infect various animals, some of which can transmit SARS-CoV-2 back to humans. Investigation by the WHO and others pointed to the initial outbreak being centered on the Huanan wet market in Wuhan where wild and farmed animals were sold, and where environmental testing revealed widespread SARS-CoV-2 contamination. This supports the hypothesis that bats, probably via an intermediate animal, are the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Other possible origins have been postulated, such as an accidental or deliberate laboratory leak, or virus present in frozen foods, but evidence for these ideas has not surfaced. Study of the origins of SARS-CoV-2 have been complicated by intense media and political commentary, features that may slow the studies required to understand the viral origins. Such studies are complex and may be slow: international openness and co-operation is vital. Origins explanations are needed to predict or prevent future pandemics and support the “One Health” approach to disease.
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44

Giovano, Asoly. "Obstetric Management in Maternal with Covid-19." Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews 1, no. 6 (October 15, 2021): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v1i6.55.

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Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2). Covid-19 pandemic began in the end of 2019 and spread all over the world in a short duration of time. Like two other notable beta coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 can lead to severe contagious respiratory disease. Due to impaired cellular immunity and physiological changes, pregnant women are susceptible to respiratory disease and are more likely to develop severe pneumonia.
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45

Giovano, Asoly. "Obstetric Management in Maternal with Covid-19." Open Access Indonesian Journal of Medical Reviews 1, no. 6 (August 31, 2021): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/oaijmr.v1i6.574.

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Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2). Covid-19 pandemic began in the end of 2019 and spread all over the world in a short duration of time. Like two other notable beta coronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 can lead to severe contagious respiratory disease. Due to impaired cellular immunity and physiological changes, pregnant women are susceptible to respiratory disease and are more likely to develop severe pneumonia.
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46

Qu, Liujing, Jinchun Li, and Hao Ren. "COVID-19: the epidemiology and treatment." British Journal of Hospital Medicine 81, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2020.0580.

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After initially emerging in late 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread rapidly to cause a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus that is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, all of which can cause severe lung injury, respiratory distress and cytokine storm. While mortality rates associated with SARS-CoV-2 are lower than those associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, it is more contagious and spreads more rapidly than these other viruses. This article summarises the epidemiology and potential options for treating COVID-19 to give a foundation for future studies of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this deadly disease.
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47

Baala, Lekbir, Dalila Benzekri-Lefevre, Laurent Bret, Clémence Guillaume, Laura Courtellemont, Abdelkrim El Khalil, Thomas Guery, et al. "Case Report: Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza H1N1 in a patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome." F1000Research 9 (December 18, 2020): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.26924.1.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and has been a global public health concern. Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory syndrome has been rarely reported. We report coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and 2009 H1N1 Influenza strain in a French patient with pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The patient also had a medical history of pulmonary sarcoidosis with a restrictive ventilatory syndrome, which would be a supplementary risk to develop a poor outcomes. This case highlights the possible coinfection of two severe SARS-CoV-2 and influenza H1N1 viruses, which presents a higher risk to extend the care duration. The overlapping clinical features of the two respiratory syndromes is a challenge, and awareness is required to recommend an early differential diagnosis.
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48

Ip, W. K. Eddie, Kwok Hung Chan, Helen K. W. Law, Gloria H. W. Tso, Eric K. P. Kong, Wilfred H. S. Wong, Yuk Fai To, et al. "Mannose-Binding Lectin in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection." Journal of Infectious Diseases 191, no. 10 (May 2005): 1697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/429631.

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Abstract Little is known about the innate immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) infection. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a key molecule in innate immunity, functions as an ante-antibody before the specific antibody response. Here, we describe a case-control study that included 569 patients with SARS and 1188 control subjects and used in vitro assays to investigate the role that MBL plays in SARS-CoV infection. The distribution of MBL gene polymorphisms was significantly different between patients with SARS and control subjects, with a higher frequency of haplotypes associated with low or deficient serum levels of MBL in patients with SARS than in control subjects. Serum levels of MBL were also significantly lower in patients with SARS than in control subjects. There was, however, no association between MBL genotypes, which are associated with low or deficient serum levels of MBL, and mortality related to SARS. MBL could bind SARS-CoV in a dose- and calcium-dependent and mannan-inhibitable fashion in vitro, suggesting that binding is through the carbohydrate recognition domains of MBL. Furthermore, deposition of complement C4 on SARS-CoV was enhanced by MBL. Inhibition of the infectivity of SARS-CoV by MBL in fetal rhesus kidney cells (FRhK-4) was also observed. These results suggest that MBL contributes to the first-line host defense against SARS-CoV and that MBL deficiency is a susceptibility factor for acquisition of SARS
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49

Vu, Michelle N., and Vineet D. Menachery. "Binding and entering: COVID finds a new home." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e1009857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009857.

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged as a virus with a pathogenicity closer to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and a transmissibility similar to common cold coronaviruses (CoVs). In this review, we briefly discuss the features of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and protease cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein that enable SARS-CoV-2 to be a pandemic virus.
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50

Stavrinides, John, and David S. Guttman. "Mosaic Evolution of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.1.76-82.2004.

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ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a deadly form of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, a viral family responsible for mild respiratory tract infections in a wide variety of animals including humans, pigs, cows, mice, cats, and birds. Analyses to date have been unable to identify the precise origin of the SARS coronavirus. We used Bayesian, neighbor-joining, and split decomposition phylogenetic techniques on the SARS virus replicase, surface spike, matrix, and nucleocapsid proteins to reveal the evolutionary origin of this recently emerging infectious agent. The analyses support a mammalian-like origin for the replicase protein, an avian-like origin for the matrix and nucleocapsid proteins, and a mammalian-avian mosaic origin for the host-determining spike protein. A bootscan recombination analysis of the spike gene revealed high nucleotide identity between the SARS virus and a feline infectious peritonitis virus throughout the gene, except for a 200- base-pair region of high identity to an avian sequence. These data support the phylogenetic analyses and suggest a possible past recombination event between mammalian-like and avian-like parent viruses. This event occurred near a region that has been implicated to be the human receptor binding site and may have been directly responsible for the switch of host of the SARS coronavirus from animals to humans.
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