Journal articles on the topic 'SARS-CoV-2 (SARS2)'
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Harrington, Whitney E., Winnie Yeung, Ingrid A. Beck, Fred D. Mast, John Houck, Sheila Styrchak, Leslie R. Miller, et al. "Low rate of SARS-CoV-2 incident infection identified by weekly screening PCR in a prospective year-long cohort study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 26, 2022): e0274078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274078.
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Background Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections may contribute to ongoing community transmission, however, the benefit of routine screening of asymptomatic individuals in low-risk populations is unclear. Methods To identify SARS-CoV-2 infections 553 seronegative individuals were prospectively followed for 52 weeks. From 4/2020-7/2021, participants submitted weekly self-collected nasal swabs for rtPCR and completed symptom and exposure surveys. Results Incident SARS2-CoV-2 infections were identified in 9/553 (1.6%) participants. Comparisons of SARS2-CoV-2(+) to SARS2-CoV-2(-) participants revealed significantly more close contacts outside the household (median: 5 versus 3; p = 0.005). The incidence of infection was higher among unvaccinated/partially vaccinated than among fully vaccinated participants (9/7,679 versus 0/6,845 person-weeks; p = 0.004). At notification of positive test result, eight cases were symptomatic and one pre-symptomatic. Conclusions These data suggest that weekly SARS2-CoV2 surveillance by rtPCR did not efficiently detect pre-symptomatic infections in unvaccinated participants.
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Warren, René L., and Inanc Birol. "Interactive SARS-CoV-2 mutation timemaps." F1000Research 10 (February 3, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.50857.1.
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As the year 2020 came to a close, several new strains have been reported of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has afflicted us all this past year. However, it is difficult to comprehend the scale, in sequence space, geographical location and time, at which SARS-CoV-2 mutates and evolves in its human hosts. To get an appreciation for the rapid evolution of the coronavirus, we built interactive scalable vector graphics maps that show daily nucleotide variations in genomes from the six most populated continents compared to that of the initial, ground-zero SARS-CoV-2 isolate sequenced at the beginning of the year. Availability: The tool used to perform the reported mutation analysis results, ntEdit, is available from GitHub. Genome mutation reports are available for download from BCGSC. Mutation time maps are available from https://bcgsc.github.io/SARS2/.
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Warren, René L., and Inanc Birol. "Interactive SARS-CoV-2 mutation timemaps." F1000Research 10 (June 3, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.50857.2.
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As the year 2020 came to a close, several new strains have been reported of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has afflicted us all this past year. However, it is difficult to comprehend the scale, in sequence space, geographical location and time, at which SARS-CoV-2 mutates and evolves in its human hosts. To get an appreciation for the rapid evolution of the coronavirus, we built interactive scalable vector graphics maps that show daily nucleotide variations in genomes from the six most populated continents compared to that of the initial, ground-zero SARS-CoV-2 isolate sequenced at the beginning of the pandemic. Availability: The tool used to perform the reported mutation analysis results, ntEdit, is available from GitHub. Genome mutation reports are available for download from BCGSC. Mutation time maps are available from https://bcgsc.github.io/SARS2/.
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O’Donnell, Kyle L., Tylisha Gourdine, Paige Fletcher, Kyle Shifflett, Wakako Furuyama, Chad S. Clancy, and Andrea Marzi. "VSV-Based Vaccines Reduce Virus Shedding and Viral Load in Hamsters Infected with SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern." Vaccines 10, no. 3 (March 12, 2022): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030435.
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The continued progression of the COVID-19 pandemic can partly be attributed to the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to mutate and introduce new viral variants. Some of these variants with the potential to spread quickly and conquer the globe are termed variants of concern (VOC). The existing vaccines implemented on a global scale are based on the ancestral strain, which has resulted in increased numbers of breakthrough infections as these VOC have emerged. It is imperative to show protection against VOC infection with newly developed vaccines. Previously, we evaluated two vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccines expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein alone (VSV-SARS2) or in combination with the Ebola virus glycoprotein (VSV-SARS2-EBOV) and demonstrated their fast-acting potential. Here, we prolonged the time to challenge; we vaccinated hamsters intranasally (IN) or intramuscularly 28 days prior to infection with three SARS-CoV-2 VOC—the Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants. IN vaccination with either the VSV-SARS2 or VSV-SARS2-EBOV resulted in the highest protective efficacy as demonstrated by decreased virus shedding and lung viral load of vaccinated hamsters. Histopathologic analysis of the lungs revealed the least amount of lung damage in the IN-vaccinated animals regardless of the challenge virus. This data demonstrates the ability of a VSV-based vaccine to not only protect from disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 VOC but also reduce viral shedding.
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Kibler, Karen V., Mateusz Szczerba, Douglas Lake, Alexa J. Roeder, Masmudur Rahman, Brenda G. Hogue, Lok-Yin Roy Roy Wong, Stanley Perlman, Yize Li, and Bertram L. Jacobs. "Intranasal Immunization with a Vaccinia Virus Vaccine Vector Expressing Pre-Fusion Stabilized SARS-CoV-2 Spike Fully Protected Mice against Lethal Challenge with the Heavily Mutated Mouse-Adapted SARS2-N501YMA30 Strain of SARS-CoV-2." Vaccines 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2022): 1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081172.
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The Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant has been designated as a variant of concern because its spike protein is heavily mutated. In particular, the Omicron spike is mutated at five positions (K417, N440, E484, Q493, and N501) that have been associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies induced by either infection with or immunization against the early Washington strain of SARS-CoV-2. The mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2, SARS2-N501YMA30, contains a spike that is also heavily mutated, with mutations at four of the five positions in the Omicron spike associated with neutralizing antibody escape (K417, E484, Q493, and N501). In this manuscript, we show that intranasal immunization with a pre-fusion stabilized Washington strain spike, expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent vaccinia virus construct, NYVAC-KC, fully protected mice against symptoms and death from SARS2-N501YMA30. Similarly, immunization by scarification on the skin fully protected against death, but not from mild disease. This data demonstrates that the Washington strain spike, when expressed from a highly attenuated, replication-competent poxvirus—administered without parenteral injection—can fully protect against the heavily mutated mouse-adapted SARS2-N501YMA30.
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Liu, Ying, Lu Li, Khalid A. Timani, and Johnny J. He. "A Unique Robust Dual-Promoter-Driven and Dual-Reporter-Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Replicon: Construction and Characterization." Viruses 14, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14050974.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2, SARS2) remains a great global health threat and demands identification of more effective and SARS2-targeted antiviral drugs, even with successful development of anti-SARS2 vaccines. Viral replicons have proven to be a rapid, safe, and readily scalable platform for high-throughput screening, identification, and evaluation of antiviral drugs against positive-stranded RNA viruses. In the study, we report a unique robust HIV long terminal repeat (LTR)/T7 dual-promoter-driven and dual-reporter firefly luciferase (fLuc) and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing SARS2 replicon. The genomic organization of the replicon was designed with quite a few features that were to ensure the replication fidelity of the replicon, to maximize the expression of the full-length replicon, and to offer the monitoring flexibility of the replicon replication. We showed the success of the construction of the replicon and expression of reporter genes fLuc and GFP and SARS structural N from the replicon DNA or the RNA that was in vitro transcribed from the replicon DNA. We also showed detection of the negative-stranded genomic RNA (gRNA) and subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) intermediates, a hallmark of replication of positive-stranded RNA viruses from the replicon. Lastly, we showed that expression of the reporter genes, N gene, gRNA, and sgRNA from the replicon was sensitive to inhibition by Remdesivir. Taken together, our results support use of the replicon for identification of anti-SARS2 drugs and development of new anti-SARS strategies targeted at the step of virus replication.
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Royal, Joshua M., Carrie A. Simpson, Alison A. McCormick, Amanda Phillips, Steve Hume, Josh Morton, John Shepherd, et al. "Development of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Candidate Using Plant-Based Manufacturing and a Tobacco Mosaic Virus-like Nano-Particle." Vaccines 9, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111347.
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Stable, effective, easy-to-manufacture vaccines are critical to stopping the COVID-19 pandemic resulting from the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. We constructed a vaccine candidate CoV-RBD121-NP, which is comprised of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike glycoprotein (S) fused to a human IgG1 Fc domain (CoV-RBD121) and conjugated to a modified tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanoparticle. In vitro, CoV-RBD121 bound to the host virus receptor ACE2 and to the monoclonal antibody CR3022, a neutralizing antibody that blocks S binding to ACE2. The CoV-RBD121-NP vaccine candidate retained key SARS-CoV-2 spike protein epitopes, had consistent manufacturing release properties of safety, identity, and strength, and displayed stable potency when stored for 12 months at 2–8 °C or 22–28 °C. Immunogenicity studies revealed strong antibody responses in C57BL/6 mice with non-adjuvanted or adjuvanted (7909 CpG) formulations. The non-adjuvanted vaccine induced a balanced Th1/Th2 response and antibodies that recognized both the S1 domain and full S protein from SARS2-CoV-2, whereas the adjuvanted vaccine induced a Th1-biased response. Both adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted vaccines induced virus neutralizing titers as measured by three different assays. Collectively, these data showed the production of a stable candidate vaccine for COVID-19 through the association of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD with the TMV-like nanoparticle.
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Rodrigues, Rui, and Sofia Costa de Oliveira. "The Impact of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) Expression Levels in Patients with Comorbidities on COVID-19 Severity: A Comprehensive Review." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081692.
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Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been proved to be the main host cell receptor for the binding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds to ACE2 to initiate the process of replication. This enzyme is widely present in human organ tissues, such as the heart and lung. The pathophysiology of ACE2 in SARS-CoV-2 infection is complex and may be associated with several factors and conditions that are more severe in COVID-19 patients, such as age, male gender, and comorbidities, namely, cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Here we present a comprehensive review that aims to correlate the levels of expression of the ACE2 in patients with comorbidities and with a poor outcome in COVID-19 disease. Significantly higher levels of expression of ACE2 were observed in myocardial and lung tissues in heart failure and COPD patients, respectively. An age-dependent increase in SARS2-CoV-2 receptors in the respiratory epithelium may be also responsible for the increased severity of COVID-19 lung disease in elderly people. Although the role of ACE2 is highlighted regarding the damage that can arise upon the SARS-CoV-2 invasion, there was no association observed between renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and the severity of COVID-19.
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Seibert, Brittany, C. Joaquín Cáceres, Silvia Carnaccini, Stivalis Cardenas-Garcia, L. Claire Gay, Lucia Ortiz, Ginger Geiger, Daniela S. Rajao, Elizabeth Ottesen, and Daniel R. Perez. "Pathobiology and dysbiosis of the respiratory and intestinal microbiota in 14 months old Golden Syrian hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2." PLOS Pathogens 18, no. 10 (October 24, 2022): e1010734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1010734.
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The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS2) affected the geriatric population. Among research models, Golden Syrian hamsters (GSH) are one of the most representative to study SARS2 pathogenesis and host responses. However, animal studies that recapitulate the effects of SARS2 in the human geriatric population are lacking. To address this gap, we inoculated 14 months old GSH with a prototypic ancestral strain of SARS2 and studied the effects on virus pathogenesis, virus shedding, and respiratory and gastrointestinal microbiome changes. SARS2 infection led to high vRNA loads in the nasal turbinates (NT), lungs, and trachea as well as higher pulmonary lesions scores later in infection. Dysbiosis throughout SARS2 disease progression was observed in the pulmonary microbial dynamics with the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens (Haemophilus, Fusobacterium, Streptococcus, Campylobacter, and Johnsonella) and microbes associated with inflammation (Prevotella). Changes in the gut microbial community also reflected an increase in multiple genera previously associated with intestinal inflammation and disease (Helicobacter, Mucispirillum, Streptococcus, unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae, and Spirochaetaceae). Influenza A virus (FLUAV) pre-exposure resulted in slightly more pronounced pathology in the NT and lungs early on (3 dpc), and more notable changes in lungs compared to the gut microbiome dynamics. Similarities among aged GSH and the microbiome in critically ill COVID-19 patients, particularly in the lower respiratory tract, suggest that GSHs are a representative model to investigate microbial changes during SARS2 infection. The relationship between the residential microbiome and other confounding factors, such as SARS2 infection, in a widely used animal model, contributes to a better understanding of the complexities associated with the host responses during viral infections.
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Wang, Jiong, Bridget E. Young, Dongmei Li, Antti Seppo, Qian Zhou, Alexander Wiltse, Anna Nowak-Wegrzyn, et al. "Broad Cross-Reactive IgA and IgG against Human Coronaviruses in Milk Induced by COVID-19 Vaccination and Infection." Vaccines 10, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060980.
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It is currently unclear if SARS-CoV-2 infection or mRNA vaccination can also induce IgG and IgA against common human coronaviruses (HCoVs) in lactating parents. Here we prospectively analyzed human milk (HM) and blood samples from lactating parents to measure the temporal patterns of anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific and anti-HCoV cross-reactive IgA and IgG responses. Two cohorts were analyzed: a vaccination cohort (n = 30) who received mRNA-based vaccines for COVID-19 (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2), and an infection cohort (n = 45) with COVID-19 disease. Longitudinal HM and fingerstick blood samples were collected pre- and post-vaccination or, for infected subjects, at 5 time-points 14–28 days after confirmed diagnosis. The anti-spike(S) and anti-nucleocapsid(N) IgA and IgG antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs were measured by multiplex immunoassay (mPlex-CoV). We found that vaccination significantly increased the anti-S IgA and IgG levels in HM. In contrast, while IgG levels increased after a second vaccine dose, blood and HM IgA started to decrease. Moreover, HM and blood anti-S IgG levels were significantly correlated, but anti-S IgA levels were not. SARS2 acute infection elicited anti-S IgG and IgA that showed much higher correlations between HM and blood compared to vaccination. Vaccination and infection were able to significantly increase the broadly cross-reactive IgG recognizing HCoVs in HM and blood than the IgA antibodies in HM and blood. In addition, the broader cross-reactivity of IgG in HM versus blood indicates that COVID-19 vaccination and infection might provide passive immunity through HM for the breastfed infants not only against SARS-CoV-2 but also against common cold coronaviruses.
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Festa, Marco, Clementina Sansone, Christophe Brunet, Fabio Crocetta, Luisa Di Paola, Michele Lombardo, Antonino Bruno, Douglas M. Noonan, and Adriana Albini. "Cardiovascular Active Peptides of Marine Origin with ACE Inhibitory Activities: Potential Role as Anti-Hypertensive Drugs and in Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 Infection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (November 7, 2020): 8364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218364.
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Growing interest in hypertension—one of the main factors characterizing the cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS)—and anti-hypertensive drugs raised from the emergence of a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID19 pandemic. The virus SARS-CoV-2 employs the Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a component of the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) system, as a receptor for entry into the cells. Several classes of synthetic drugs are available for hypertension, rarely associated with severe or mild adverse effects. New natural compounds, such as peptides, might be useful to treat some hypertensive patients. The main feature of ACE inhibitory peptides is the location of the hydrophobic residue, usually Proline, at the C-terminus. Some already known bioactive peptides derived from marine resources have potential ACE inhibitory activity and can be considered therapeutic agents to treat hypertension. Peptides isolated from marine vertebrates, invertebrates, seaweeds, or sea microorganisms displayed important biological activities to treat hypertensive patients. Here, we reviewed the anti-hypertensive activities of bioactive molecules isolated/extracted from marine organisms and discussed the associated molecular mechanisms involved. We also examined ACE2 modulation in sight of SARS2-Cov infection prevention.
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Miranda, Marisol, Danielle Bradshaw, Jaspreet Farmaha, Reeya Patel, Kimya Jones, Harmanpreet Singh, Ashutosh Vashisht, Nikhil Shri Sahajpal, Ravindra Kohle, and Jorge E. Cortes. "Antibody seroprevalence against SARS-Cov-2 among chronic myeloid leukemia patients." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e19061-e19061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e19061.
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e19061 Background: The rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 has elicited an equally rapid development of effective vaccines, leading to a reduction of COVID-19 severity and deaths. There is limited data on COVID-19-related immunity in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Methods: SPARTA (SARS2 SeroPrevalence And Respiratory Tract Assessment) is an ongoing observational study for participants age ≥18 years to investigate immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and/or vaccination. We included patients with CML and compared them with a non-cancer group. We collected saliva and peripheral blood to measure antigen levels by RT-PCR and antibodies (secretory IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies). Results: From October 1, 2021, to February 4, 2022, we prospectively enrolled 49 participants (23 CML, 26 non-cancer). Most were male (56.5%) in the CML group and female in the control group (61.5%), mean age 56.39 y vs. 51.96 y, respectively, and self-identified as white (87% vs. 76.9%). In the CML group, 11 (47.8%) had ≥1 comorbidities, vs 13 (50%) in the control group. Twenty-one (91.3%) CML patients were receiving tyrosine-kinase inhibitors; 4 (18.2%) non-cancer subjects reported taking any medication. Most participants in both groups had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine (73.9% vs. 73.1%); 100% of CML patients received two doses vs. 84.2% of controls; the CML group had a higher percentage of subjects fully vaccinated (66.7% vs. 25%). The CML group had a lower percentage of patients previously diagnosed with COVID-19 (8.8% vs. 57.7%). However, there was no difference in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen at the time of enrollment (0% vs. 4%). SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in most of the participants regardless of cancer status (78.3% in the CML cohort and 88% in the non-cancer cohort), and neutralizing antibodies were detected in 82.6% and 95.6%, respectively. The two groups had comparable IgG (mean 146.3 Ru/ml vs. 148.9 Ru/ml) and neutralizing (mean 1329.1 ng/ml vs. 1112 ng/ml) antibody levels. Conclusions: Our preliminary data comparing concomitant cohorts with similar socio-demographic characteristics and medical history indicate that a diagnosis of CML did not impact the development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. We are conducting continuous analysis of antibodies levels over time to assess the evolution of antibody immunity and functional studies including cellular immunity assessments.[Table: see text]
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Karabinyosh, Stepan O., and Galina M. Koval. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SARS2 COVID-19 OUTBREAK DURING 2020 AMONG RT-PCR CONFIRMED CASES IN ZAKARPATTYA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 74, no. 4 (2021): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202104128.
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The aim: The overall aim of this project was to provide a comprehensive description of epidemiological and demographic features of SARS2 COVID19 outbreak among patients in Zakarpattya oblast during 2020 to define most vulnerable and susceptible groups of population. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective observational descriptive study of the 33 190 cases that tested RT-PCR positive for SARS 2 COVI19 in Zakarpattya oblast, studied their comorbidities and concomitant diseases, as well as their clinical and functional outcomes. Results: Among studied cases: females – 20 069 (60.47±0.27%) and males – 13 121 (39.53±0.27%). Geographical distribution showed that: 10 230 (30.8%) of cases were registered in district capital Uzhhorod and surrounding area, 3 646 (11%) were registered in Mukachevo district, Tyachivsky district 3 235 cases (9.7%), Vynohradisky district 2 627 (7.9%), other districts had less than 4 %. Most patients were within the age group 31 and 70 with a mean age of 47.76±17.57 years. Conclusions: the emergence of current outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic is a reminder of how new pathogens can mutate, emerge and rapidly spread through large amount of human population, and cause severe burden to public health and healthcare system is general.
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Tonycheta, Chijioke Gospel. "Systematic Review of COVID-19 Treatment and Management." Baltic Journal of Sport and Health Sciences 3, no. 122 (November 10, 2021): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33607/bjshs.v3i122.1107.
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COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease, first reported in Wuhan, China. The deadly disease currently known as SARS-CoV-2 can affect everyone regardless of race, gender or age. However, people suffering from underlying medical conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, and other chronic diseases are at the biggest risk for developing more intense symptoms and complications. The global challenge in the containment of COVID-19 has led to a massive death rate and resulted in many economic, social, and health burdens around the world, leading to the question of the dynamic of COVID-19 management treatment. Therefore, this paper aimed to systematically review different past and present studies to develop a possible solution on how COVID-19 can be managed and treated. The articles were searched from five online databases: Science Direct, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus. The systematic review was guided by the guidelines presented in the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) from 2019–2021. Thirteen articles were included after reviewing seventy-two articles. Three hypotheses guided the study; clinical management, telehealth technology, and performance intelligence as an effective way of managing and controlling COVID-19. The study concludes there is no proven treatment for the virus yet, but clinical treatment, telehealth technology, and performance intelligence can effectively manage and control the virus. It also recommends policymakers should support the development and the implementation of performance intelligence based on the evidence and standardized data available for effective and pandemic resilience health care systems that will address the control and management of the virus.
Keywords: SARS2, SARS-CoV-2, Novel Coronavirus, 2019nCoV, COVID-19.
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Navarro Blasco, F. J. "AB1105 PSEUDOPERNIOSIS AS A LATE MANIFESTATION AFTER SARS2-COD19 INFECTION. A PURPOSE OF A SERIES OF 19 CASES." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 81, Suppl 1 (May 23, 2022): 1670.1–1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-eular.1383.
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BackgroundIn winter, you can usually see a picture of Perniosis and / or chilblains. Painful, often itchy, red-to-purple lesions that affect the acrid surfaces of the fingers and toes after contact with the cold, resembling vasculitis, characterize them. Chilblains can be idiopathic and self-limiting or associated with systemic diseases. The diagnosis is usually clinical, but in some circumstances, analytical and microscopic studies of a biopsy sample may be necessary. We present a series of 19 consecutive cases of Pseudoperniosis associated with probable past INFECTION by SARS-CoV-2.MethodsDuring the winter 2020-21, an unexpected number of cases referred as “acute arthritis/vasculitis” have been received in our rheumatology section and associated consultations. In the pathochrony of patients, exposure to cold was referred to as the main triggering factor. Initially qualified as PERNIOSIS. Given the appearance in the current situation of Pandemic by covid-19, we began to request the serology SARS2-COVID19 IgG / IgM. Appreciating an approximate rate of 70% of IgG+ positivity in which it was performed.ResultsCharacteristics of the clinical data collected evolutionarily in the 19 patients: These are preferably young people, without any other pathology, although there are also people of all ages, with a clinical picture of edema of soft parts preferably of the hands, but also in the feet, with pain and some hemorrhage infusions, including ulcerations in the areas of the knuckles or pressure (PHOTO1-2-3). Despite the overwhelming nature of the picture, they do not associate any other symptoms and the analyses are normal, including acute phase reactants (ESR and PCR), and serological markers of autoimmune disease. Approximately 1/4 of them reported having passed clinical compatible with the covid19 infection and / or having been isolated with some minor symptom, but they had not been performed PCR. The others did not report any symptoms associated with COD19 infection. From the initial diagnosis, about 40 days passed on average. Many of them were being treated with corticosteroids/NSAIDs without improvement. In the ultrasounds performed, only edema of periarticular and paratendinous tissue is appreciated, such as that which can occur after a momentary ischemic picture. All evolved favorably avoiding cold (probable triggering factor), and with antiplatelet agent (infant aspirin).ConclusionThis picture of Pseudoperniosis lacks the typical pruritus of perniosis and the main problem is pain along with edema of the tissues of the hand that leads to make it impossible to use. Similarly, asymmetric lesions similar to perniosis were observed in patients who presented skin manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a study conducted in Spain (1). We are following these patients to assess if there is any relationship with any other factor that facilitates this unusual incidence, and at the same time indicate the transience of the clinical picture that evolves favorably in a few weeks.References[1]Galván Casas C et al. Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases. Br J Dermatol. 2020 doi: 10.1111/bjd.19163Disclosure of InterestsNone declared
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Yang, Chu-Wen, and Zhi-Ling Shi. "Uncovering potential host proteins and pathways that may interact with eukaryotic short linear motifs in viral proteins of MERS, SARS and SARS2 coronaviruses that infect humans." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): e0246150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246150.
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A coronavirus pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly worldwide since December 2019. Improved understanding and new strategies to cope with novel coronaviruses are urgently needed. Viruses (especially RNA viruses) encode a limited number and size (length of polypeptide chain) of viral proteins and must interact with the host cell components to control (hijack) the host cell machinery. To achieve this goal, the extensive mimicry of SLiMs in host proteins provides an effective strategy. However, little is known regarding SLiMs in coronavirus proteins and their potential targets in host cells. The objective of this study is to uncover SLiMs in coronavirus proteins that are present within host cells. These SLiMs have a high possibility of interacting with host intracellular proteins and hijacking the host cell machinery for virus replication and dissemination. In total, 1,479 SLiM hits were identified in the 16 proteins of 590 coronaviruses infecting humans. Overall, 106 host proteins were identified that may interact with SLiMs in 16 coronavirus proteins. These SLiM-interacting proteins are composed of many intracellular key regulators, such as receptors, transcription factors and kinases, and may have important contributions to virus replication, immune evasion and viral pathogenesis. A total of 209 pathways containing proteins that may interact with SLiMs in coronavirus proteins were identified. This study uncovers potential mechanisms by which coronaviruses hijack the host cell machinery. These results provide potential therapeutic targets for viral infections.
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Huamán Saavedra, Juan Jorge. "SARS-COV-2 variants." Revista Médica de Trujillo 16, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rmt.2020.v16i01.01.
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ÇAKAL, Bülent. "Origin of SARS-CoV-2." Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Ethics-Law and History 28, no. 3 (2020): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/mdethic.2020-76286.
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Popadić, Dušan. "Testing for SARS-CoV-2." Medicinski podmladak 72, no. 3 (2021): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mp72-33002.
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This review article describes the principles and implications of certain tests for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infections. The advantages and disadvantages of certain tests, both those in routine diagnostic application and those that have primarily research significance, are discussed. Also, a review of the practice of reporting results is given, as well as recommendations for its improvement.
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Ordorica-Mellado, Manuel. "Demografía y SARS-CoV-2." Papeles de Población 27, no. 107 (March 31, 2021): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22185/24487147.2021.107.03.
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El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un breve recuento histórico de cómo los seres humanos han ido descubriendo el camino para enfrentar a los microorganismos. Mostrar como el naci-miento de la demografía está ligado a las pandemias y a las muertes que ocurrían en Inglaterra en el siglo XVII con los trabajos de John Graunt. Además, intenta mostrar la dificultad que tenemos las personas para entender el crecimiento exponencial. Asimismo, se presenta un análisis gráfico de la evolución de los contagios de las defunciones por Covid-19 y del Índice básico de repro-ducción para el caso de México, desde que inicio la pandemia hasta finales del 2020, para luego terminar con un conjunto de conclusiones.
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Gilemzyanova, L. I., and A. E. Babushkin. "Ocular manifestations of SARS-CoV-2." POINT OF VIEW. EAST – WEST, no. 3 (November 7, 2022): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2410-1257-2022-3-38-44.
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Purpose. To present the various manifestations of COVID-19 on the part of the organ of vision. Material and methods. Literature searches were performed in the PubMed, Google Scholar and eLibrary databases. For the analysis studies were taken that were published between January 1, 2020 and January 1, 2022. Results. SARS-CoV-2 can enter the human body through the surface of the eye and cause COVID-19. Ocukar manifestations of infection can occur in the form of various diseases of the eye: conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, episcleritis, orbital cellulitis, uveitis, panuveitis, vascular diseases of the retina. The article also presents the neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of COVID-19. Conclusion. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic continues to evolve and new ocular manifestations of COVID-19 may emerge. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possible ocular signs of SARS-CoV-2 in order to prevent the development of severe complications of COVID-19. Keywords: Coronaviridae, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, COVID-19 and eye, ocular manifestations, conjunctivitis in COVID-19, ophthalmology
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Chen, Shuaiyin, Xin Zheng, Jingyuan Zhu, Ronghua Ding, Yuefei Jin, Weiguo Zhang, HaiYan Yang, Yingjuan Zheng, Xin Li, and Guangcai Duan. "Extended ORF8 Gene Region Is Valuable in the Epidemiological Investigation of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Similar Coronavirus." Journal of Infectious Diseases 222, no. 2 (May 20, 2020): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa278.
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Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) was discovered as a novel pathogen in the 2002–2003 SARS epidemic. The emergence and disappearance of this pathogen have brought questions regarding its source and evolution. Within the genome sequences of 281 SARS-CoVs, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and SARS-related CoVs (SARSr-CoVs), a ~430 bp genomic region (from 27 701 bp to 28 131 bp in AY390556.1) with regular variations was investigated. This ~430 bp region overlaps with the ORF8 gene and is prone to deletions and nucleotide substitutions. Its complexity suggested the need for a new genotyping method for coronaviruses related to SARS-similar coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, SARSr-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2). Bat SARSr-CoV presented 3 genotypes, of which type 0 is only seen in bat SARSr-CoV, type I is present in SARS in the early phase, and type II is found in all SARS-CoV-2. This genotyping also shows potential usage in distinguishing the SARS-similar coronaviruses from different hosts and geographic areas. This genomic region has important implications for predicting the epidemic trend and studying the evolution of coronavirus.
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Maroto Vela, María del Carmen. "SARS-CoV-2: Problems and uncertainties." ANALES RANM 137, no. 137(02) (September 30, 2020): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32440/ar.2020.137.02.rev01.
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Franchi Prato, Luis Miguel. "Infección por SARS-CoV-2 en Niños." Revista de Investigaciones de la Universidad Le Cordon Bleu 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36955/riulcb.2020v7n1.003.
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Ticărău, Adriana, Mihaela Adela Iancu, and Dumitru Matei. "SARS-CoV-2 and fetal transmission." Romanian Medical Journal 67, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rmj.2020.2.6.
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Cемак, Г. Р., И. Ю. Жерко, and С. К. Клецкий. "SARS-CoV-2 and Ocular Surface." Офтальмология. Восточная Европа, no. 2 (July 17, 2020): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2020.10.2.022.
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Эпидемия SARS-CoV-2 представляет глобальную угрозу для общественного здоровья. Известно, что SARS-CoV-2 способен вызывать у зараженных угрожающую жизни дыхательную недостаточность. Существуют данные о способности коронавирусов поражать орган зрения и проникать в организм через конъюнктиву.Мы провели систематический обзор всех доступных публикаций, найденных по запросу (SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID19) AND Ophthalmology в базе данных PubMed. Были проанализированы 42 публикации, включавшие клинические исследования, описания клинических случаев, обзоры и статьи, описывающие организацию офтальмологической помощи в условиях эпидемии.Опубликованные данные говорят о возможности развития конъюнктивита, ассоциированного с SARS-CoV-2. Несмотря на то, что данное проявление COVID-19 наблюдается относительно редко, конъюнктивит сам по себе – явление частое. Поэтому офтальмологи могут быть первыми врачами, контактирующими с пациентами с COVID-19. При этом необходимо помнить, что вирус может содержаться в слезе и конъюнктивальном отделяемом, заставляя принимать меры предосторожности.Риск трансконъюнктивальной передачи SARS-CoV-2 увеличивается при длительном контакте с зараженными. В соответствии с рекомендациями американского общества офтальмологов, медицинским работникам в период эпидемии SARS-CoV-2 необходимо, кроме всего прочего, носить защитные очки. Офтальмологам рекомендуется применять защитные экраны для щелевой лампы.Здоровая глазная поверхность – защита от SARS-CoV-2, поэтому профилактические меры должны включать инстилляции слезозамещающих растворов и при необходимости проведение инъекционных курсов низкомолекулярного натрия гиалуроната. The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic poses a global threat to public health. SARS-CoV-2 is known to cause life- threatening respiratory failure in infected individuals. There is evidence of the ability of coronaviruses to infect the organ of vision and enter the body through the conjunctiva. However, researchers have not yet agreed on whether SARS-CoV-2 uses this strategy.We conducted a systematic review of all available publications found by query (SARS-CoV-2 OR COVID19) AND Ophthalmology in the PubMed database. 42 publications were an alyzed, including clinical trials, clinical case descriptions, reviews, and articles describing the organization of ophthalmic care in an epidemic time.Published data suggest the possibility of conjunctivitis associated with SARS-CoV-2. Although this manifestation of COVID-19 is relatively rare, conjunctivitis itself is a common occurrence. Therefore, ophthalmologists may be the first physicians in contact with patients with COVID-19. It should be remembered that the virus can be contained in the tear and conjunctival discharge and take precautions.The risk of transconjunctival transmission of SARS-CoV-2 increases with prolonged exposure to virus. In accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Ophthalmologists, medical personnel during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic need to, among other things, wear safety glasses. Ophthalmologists are advised to use protective screens for a slit lamp.
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Cerqueira, João. "SARS-CoV-2 e Esclerose Múltipla." Sinapse 20, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.46531/sinapse/ap/covid19/cerqueiraj/2020.
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Mavzyutov, A. R., R. R. Garafutdinov, E. Yu Khalikova, R. R. Gazizov, An Kh Baymiev, Yu M. Nikonorov, I. V. Maksimov, B. R. Kuluev, Al Kh Baymiev, and A. V. Chemeris. "The enigmas of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2." Biomics 13, no. 1 (2021): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31301/2221-6197.bmcs.2021-7.
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The emergence of the new SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has given rise to many enigmas, to which there are no answers yet. However, the degree of threat to humanity, due to the fact that by the beginning of February 2021, more than 100 million people were ill in the world, of which 2 million died, led to the fact that the efforts of many researchers were aimed at combating this disease, including massive sequencing of the complete genomes of SARS-CoV-2, as this is necessary for diagnostics and prediction of the epidemiological situation, including in the long term. Currently, a fairly high level of conservativeness of the SARS-CoV-2 genome is shown, but there is also a significant variability of intra-host viral RNA, confirming the concept of the existence of quasispecies for RNA-containing viruses. As of February 2021, the complete genomes of almost half a million coronavirus isolates have been sequenced worldwide, and a number of nomenclatures have been proposed to streamline their analysis, including the convenient dynamic nomenclature Pango lineage. Variations of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the form of consensus SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) and intra-host iSNVs (intra-host Single Nucleotide Variant) were demonstrated. Taking into account iSNV and minor mutations, about 85% of the 29.9 thousand nucleotides viral genome were changed at least once, but only a very few of them turned into major mutations due to certain features that ensure the predominant distribution of such strains. The example of the S-protein gene, taking into account iSNV, minor and major mutations, shows its significant variability, which is detected when sequencing hundreds of thousands of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. On the basis of the analysis of 400 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes isolated on the territory of the Russian Federation during 2020, the dynamics of the circulation of individual strains with acquired major mutations, the representation of which is slightly different from the changes in the SARS-CoV-2 genome in the rest world, is estimated. The possibility of long-term persistence of the new coronavirus in the human body is note, while the reservoirs for the latent existence of SARS-CoV-2, in contrast, for example, to the herpes simple virus, remain unknown. There is no consensus on the possibility of reactivation of SARS-CoV-2 or reinfection. The latter is theoretically possible in cases where SARS-CoV-2 strains belonging to other genetic lineages and clades are found in the body of the "re-infected". This, however, does not exclude the possibility of mutating the virus within a single host. Despite significant progress in monitoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2, many questions remain, but as knowledge of the biology of the new coronavirus accumulates, they will also be answered.
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Гальцова, О. А., and А. Г. Захаренко. "Myocarditis Associated with SARS-CoV-2." Рецепт, no. 5 (November 18, 2021): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2021.24.5.004.
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Новая коронавирусная инфекция в настоящей действительности является тем заболеванием, которое уносит миллионы жизней. Вопросы патогенеза и терапии коронавирусной инфекции являются приоритетным направлением. При COVID-19 может наблюдаться фульминантное повреждение миокарда с развитием миокардита. Вирус SARS-CoV-2 следует рассматривать как источник и предиктор повреждения миокарда. В представленной статье собраны данные по обзору информации, касающейся диагностики и терапии фульминантного миокардита, опосредованного SARS-CoV-2. New coronavirus infection is really a disease that takes millions of lives. The issues of pathogenesis and therapy of coronаvirus infection are a priority. Fulminant myocardial damage with the development of myocarditis is relevant in COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 virus should be considered as the source and predictor of myocardial damage. In this article, there are collected the data from a review of information related to diagnostics and therapy of fulminant myocarditis mediated by SARS-CoV-2.
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Sheibak, V. M., and M. V. Haretskaya. "DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES FOR SARS-COV-2." Journal of the Grodno State Medical University 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25298/2221-8785-2022-20-1-5-12.
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Background. Currently, an active search for effective vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus continues. Purpose. To analyze the literature and assess the status of active vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2. Material and methods. We analyzed Russian and English language literature sources on the problem of finding an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Results. Structural proteins of the coronavirus have been analyzed as basic compounds for the development of vaccines. It was found that protein S is an ideal structure for creating vaccines that effectively induce the synthesis of neutralizing antibodies and provide the formation of immunity. Information about current trends in vaccine development has been obtained. Conclusions. The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate, which leads to the emergence of new highly contagious strains such as Delta, Omicron. In this regard, more research and clinical trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the current SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, or to continue developing the new ones.
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Krejčí, Jan. "(Specific SARS-CoV-2 myocarditis - does it exist?)." Cor et Vasa 62, Suppl.1 (June 22, 2020): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33678/cor.2020.042.
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W, Syed. "Sars-Cov-2- Infection in Pregnancy." Virology & Immunology Journal 5, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000283.
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Italo, Giuffre. "Sars-Cov-2 Virus and Eye." Open Access Journal of Ophthalmology 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajo-16000238.
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It is a minireview about the impact of SARS COVID-19 pandemia on Ophthalmology. Since 1990’s this virus was studied and some researchers showed its retinotropism. Nowadays, according to the World Health Organization guidelines, we explain how Italian ophthalmologist and nurses faced the effect of this pandemia on our daily work.
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Fang, Meng. "Comparison between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV 2." E3S Web of Conferences 271 (2021): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127103022.
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COVID-19, which is officially called SARS-CoV-2, is a newly emerging viral respiratory illness leading to a global epidemic, which causes concerns among the global community in November 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is considered as the third global coronavirus epidemic in the past 20 years after SARS-CoV in 2002 and MERS in 2012. SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV which was first reported in Guangdong, China in 2002. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV share similar and different biological features, clinical manifestations, region distribution, transmission mechanisms, and clinical treatments. In this paper, differences and similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV are analyzed to provide valuable information for further research. Through analysis, we found SARS-CoV-2 and SARSCoV share a lot of similarities, but also have differences in clinical manifestations, pathogenicity, transmission rate and treatments.
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Steinbauer, M., and D. Böckler. "SARS-CoV-2." Gefässchirurgie 25, no. 6 (October 2020): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00772-020-00705-5.
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陈, 超. "The Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV." Advances in Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11 (2020): 2439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/acm.2020.1011368.
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Кофман, В. Я. "Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2021.03.08.
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Пандемия СOVID-19, объявленная ВОЗ чрезвычайной ситуацией в области здравоохранения, вызвана новым коронавирусом SARS-CoV-2. По сообщениям из Евросоюза, США и Австралии, потенциальная выживаемость коронавируса SARS-CoV-2 в фекалиях и сточных водах в течение достаточно длительного времени создает реальную возможность его поступления с канализационными стоками на очистные сооружения или непосредственно в поверхностные воды при сбросе неочищенных стоков. Это свидетельствует о существовании потенциальной возможности передачи SARS-CoV-2 через воду. В этой связи особую актуальность приобретает разработка эффективных способов удаления и инактивации вирусов на очистных сооружениях. Наличие коронавирусной инфекции в сточных водах может представлять серьезную опасность для здоровья контактирующих с ними людей. К ним относится персонал очистных сооружений, а также население в целом, которое может подвергаться непосредственному воздействию необработанных или недостаточно обработанных сточных вод через неисправные водопроводные или канализационные коммуникации. Во многих странах для получения своевременной достоверной информации о распространении коронавирусной инфекции используют методы эпидемиологии сточных вод. Возможность выявления РНК вируса в сточных водах даже при низкой распространенности СOVID-19 и корреляция между концентрацией РНК SARS-CoV-2 в сточных водах и официальной информацией указывают на то, что наблюдение за сточными водами может стать чувствительным инструментом мониторинга циркуляции вируса в популяции. The COVID-19 pandemic, declared by WHO as a health emergency, is caused by a novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. According to reports from the European Union, the United States and Australia, the potential survival of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in feces and wastewater for a sufficiently long time creates a real threat of its entry with wastewater into treatment facilities or directly into surface water while raw wastewater is discharged. This indicates the potential for the transfer of SARS-CoV-2 by water. In this regard, the development of effective methods for the removal and inactivation of viruses at the treatment facilities is of special actuality. The presence of coronavirus infection in wastewater can pose a serious health hazard to people in contact with it. These include the personnel at the wastewater treatment facilities, as well as the general population, who may be directly exposed to raw or inadequately treated wastewater through defective water or sewer systems. In many countries wastewater epidemiology methods are used to obtain timely reliable information on the spread of coronavirus infection. Possible detection of RNA virus in wastewater even with a low prevalence rate of COVID-19 and the correlation between the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and official information indicate that monitoring wastewater can become a sensitive tool for monitoring the circulation of the virus in the population.
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Sequera, Guillermo. "SARS-Cov 2, a virus for rheumatologists." Revista Paraguaya de Reumatología 6, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/rpr/2020.06.02.48.
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Leon, Anthony. "COVID19 - Brief review of SARS-CoV-2." REBIOL 40, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rebiol.2020.40.01.11.
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P, Pati. "Nosocomial Infection in SARS COV-2 Pandemic." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 7, no. 2 (April 6, 2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000222.
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In SARS COV-2 pandemic, the healthcare facilities are the most actively functioning setups which are the critical (microbiologically) areas. Due to these facilities patients were benefitted but during this time many health care providers suffered from nosocomial infection and many were complaining about the spread of nosocomial infection. Hospitals and healthcare facilities are easy place for contacting with infection, but the spread of infection should be stopped by taking proper disinfection measures.
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Vodolazhskiy, D. I. "POTENTIAL ONCOGENICITY OF SARS-COV-2 VIRUS." Современные проблемы науки и образования (Modern Problems of Science and Education), no. 4 2022 (2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/spno.31864.
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Laçinel Gürlevik, Sibel. "Koronavirüsler ve Yeni Koronavirüs SARS-CoV-2." Journal of Pediatric Infection 14, no. 1 (March 16, 2020): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/ced.202017.
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Kaptan, Figen. "SARS-CoV-2 ve İnfluenza Virüs Birlikteliği." Flora the Journal of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology 25, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5578/flora.70015.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 was initially identified in the Chinese city Wuhan on 29 December 2019. The infection has rapidly spread all over the world, and the World Health Organization declared the infection a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The disease, named coronavirus disease 19, has similar modes of transmission and clinical features with influenza, and coinfections have also been reported during the course of coronavirus disease 19. Studies have shown that the ratio of coinfections ranged widely among studies, and the clinical presentation in coinfections has varied from mild to severe disease leading to death. Detection of coinfection is important in order to plan the optimal treatment and improve clinical outcome. Studies reveal that nonpharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing and changes in population behavior implemented for coronavirus disease 19 have also reduced influenza transmission.
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Bucior, Ewelina, Halina Sienkiewicz-Jarosz, and Magdalena Konopko. "Neurologist’s role during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic." Postępy Psychiatrii i Neurologii 29, no. 2 (2020): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/ppn.2020.97370.
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Guimarães, Pedro. "SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 e Epilepsia." Sinapse 20, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.46531/sinapse/ar/covid19/guimaraesp/2020.
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Petunina, N. A., A. S. Shkoda, M. E. Telnova, E. V. Goncharova, I. A. Kuzina, Y. А. El-Taravi, and N. S. Martirosian. "Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the endocrine system." Russian Medical Inquiry 5, no. 9 (2021): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-9-575-578.
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SARS-CoV-2 rapidly spread worldwide and resulted in an unprecedented pandemic. Considering the novelty of this disease, its potential effects on the endocrine system remain elusive. This virus is known to utilize the extracellular domain of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and transmembrane protein TMPRSS2. Broad expression of ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 is a potential cause of extrapulmonary manifestations of SARSCoV- 2, including endocrine ones. The most common presentations are direct or indirect damage of the endocrine part of the pancreas, hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axes, and possible long-term effects on the reproductive system. It was demonstrated that obesity and diabetes increase the risk of severe course and death in COVID-19. Similarly, patients with transitory hyperglycemia have a higher risk of severe disease course. Primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency of various origins potentially accounts for severity. The most common thyroid complications of the COVID-19 infection are euthyroid sick syndrome and transient destructive thyroiditis, including subacute thyroiditis. KEYWORDS: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, endocrinopathies, diabetes, adrenal insufficiency. FOR CITATION: Petunina N.A., Shkoda A.S., Telnova M.E. et al. Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the endocrine system. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(9):575–578 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-9-575-578.
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Huamán-Saavedra, Juan Jorge. "The omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2." Revista Médica de Trujillo 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17268/rmt.2022.v17i1.4256.
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Dolgushin, Dolgushin G. O., and Romanov A. Yu Romanov. "Effects of SARS-CoV-2 on human reproduction." Akusherstvo i ginekologiia 11_2020 (November 23, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/aig.2020.11.6-12.
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Todorović, Gordana, Aleksandar Joldžić, Slađana Anđelić, and Darko Nedeljković. "SARS-COV-2 transmission among family members." Halo 194 26, no. 3 (2020): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/halo26-28178.
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Introduction/Objective Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) is a new respiratory disease -COVID-19. A virus from the Coronaviridae family, highly contagious and virulent took over the world in a very short time causing the 2019/2020 pandemic. We are presenting the case of COVID-19 transmission among family members, patients of various ages, sex, clinical presentation and findings, who have been infected in different ways. Case reports Three patients are described, all with different coronavirus-specific symptomatology. Symptoms ranged from fatigue and loss of appetite with no other, more prominent symptoms in the youngest patient, to fever, high temperature, diarrhoea, muscle ache and chest pain during inspiration in the oldest patient. The third patient's dominant symptoms were dry, non-productive cough, lack of oxygen, shortness of breath and perspiration on exertion, headache and normal temperature, with radiographically confirmed bilateral pneumonia. Laboratory findings (leukopenia, lymphocytopenia with elevated C-reactive protein levels, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lactate dehydrogenase levels) were consistent with a viral infection, highly suspicious of SARS-COV-2, which was confirmed with a real-time RT-PCR test in all three patients. After being hospitalized in the Clinical Hospital Center "Zemun" Department of Pulmonology and treated with symptomatic, antiviral and antibiotic therapy, the disease regressed and the RT-PCR tests became negative. Conclusion SARS-COV-2 is a very aggressive and potent cause of the coronavirus disease. The presented cases confirm the possibility of quick transmission within a family through direct and indirect contact, as well as the diversity of symptoms, laboratory and clinical findings. Our clinical examples are similar in symptomatology and available results to cases from other parts of the world hit with the pandemic.
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C, Abreu. "HIV and SARS-Cov-2 the Dilemma." Virology & Immunology Journal 4, no. 2 (July 2, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/vij-16000248.
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At a time when the COVID-19 pandemic is still at its peak with an expanding global activity, patients with HIV infection have always been a worrying population because, with a chronic disease causing immune system depletion, they are at high risk for serious diseases and poor prognosis. However, although there are no large studies directed at this population yet published both in terms of incidences and mortality that compare them with the non-HIV population.