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Daff, Kaitlyn M. "Nutritional Implications in SARS-CoV-2." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1596622611336371.
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Dafalla, Israa Yahia Al Hag Ibrahim. "Improving SARS-CoV-2 analyses from wastewater." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20237.
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Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) analyzes wastewater for the presence of biological and chemical substances to make public health conclusions. COVID-19 disease is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that infected individuals shed also in their feces, making WBE an alternative way to track SARS-CoV-2 in populations. There are many limitations to the detection and quantification of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater, such as sample quality, storage conditions or viral concentration. This thesis aims to determine the extent of these limitations and the factors that contribute to them. Other viruses can help the measurements for example Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) can be spiked as a process surrogate, while Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a fecal biomarker is used to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This study involved two distinct wastewater samples. For method comparison both samples were processed with two methods: virus concentration by electronegative (EN) filtration or direct RNA extraction method. From the RNA extracts RT-qPCR assays were performed to identify and quantify SARS-CoV-2, BCoV, and PMMoV. Based on the obtained cycle threshold (Ct) values, viral gene copy numbers and virus concentration of the original wastewater samples were calculated. Statistical tests were conducted to assess suggested hypothesizes and variations within the data. Results revealed differences in viral contents due to different sample qualities and as a result of freezing and thawing. Furthermore, different sample processing methods led to differences in quantification. In conclusion, improving analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater using methodologies with better detection efficiency leads to more reliable results.
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Vareschi, Rodolfo Dimitrius. "Cloud computing adoption during SARS-COV-2 pamdemic." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21746.
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Mestrado em Gestão de Sistemas de InformaçãoDue to the rapid global spread of the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus, companies and institutions were forced to take precautionary measures to reduce the risk of contagion, such as asking employees to work remotely from their homes. In this scenario, cloud computing technology has proven to be a great ally of companies to overcome the crisis caused by the pandemic.The adoption of Cloud Computing technology has accelerated in recent years and, according to a forecast made by the International Data Corporation (IDC), investment in cloud services will exceed US $ 1.0 trillion in 2024, which represents a rate of annual growth of 15.7% (Villars et al., 2020).In an attempt to help organizations plan their strategies for adopting cloud computing, the present study intends to contribute to the existing literature on the subject, aiming to identify the main factors that influence the adoption of such technology during the Covid-19 pandemic crises.For this purpose, 18 factors identified during the literature review and were presented to 11 experts in the field of cloud computing technology, in order to seek a consensus regarding the order of importance of these factors.Through the Delphi method, divided into two phases and with two rounds, a list was obtained, ordered according to the degree of importance of the main factors that influence the adoption of cloud computing. After analyzing the data, the results obtained show that the six most important factors are: (1) Adoption, Migration and Acquisition Cost; (2) Availability and Accessibility; (3) Scalability; (4) Cost of Data Confidentiality and Availability Loss; (5) Security and (6) Customization.
Devido à rápida disseminação global da pandemia causada pelo novo coronavírus, empresas e instituições foram forçadas a tomar medidas de precaução para reduzir o risco de contágio, como pedir aos funcionários que trabalhassem remotamente das suas casas. Nesse cenário, a tecnologia de computação em nuvem tem se mostrado uma grande aliada das empresas para superar a crise provocada pela pandemia.A adoção de Computação em Nuvem tem se acelerado nos últimos anos e, segundo previsão da International Data Corporation (IDC), os investimentos em serviços em nuvem ultrapassarão US $ 1,0 milhão de bilhões em 2024, o que representa uma taxa de crescimento anual de 15,7% (Villars et al., 2020).Na tentativa de auxiliar as organizações no planeamento das suas estratégias de adoção da computação em nuvem, o presente estudo pretende contribuir com a literatura existente sobre o assunto, e tem como objetivo de identificar os principais fatores que influenciam a adoção dessa tecnologia durante a crise pandêmicas de Covid-19.Nesse sentido, 18 fatores identificados durante a revisão da literatura foram apresentados a 11 especialistas na área de tecnologia de computação em nuvem, a fim de encontrar um consenso quanto à ordem de importância desses fatores.Através do método Delphi, dividido em duas fases e com duas rondas, foi obtida uma lista ordenada de acordo com o grau de importância dos principais fatores que influenciam a adoção da computação em nuvem. Após a análise dos dados, os resultados obtidos mostram que os seis fatores mais importantes são: (1) Custo de Adoção, Migração e Aquisição; (2) Disponibilidade e acessibilidade; (3) Escalabilidade; (4) Custo de perda de confidencialidade e disponibilidade de dados; (5) Segurança e (6) Personalização.
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Колюбакіна, Л. В., О. В. Власова, and Н. М. Крецу. "Kлініко-параклінічні особливості SARS-Cov-2 у новонароджених." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18391.
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Elfström, Mia. "Synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Läkemedelsdesign och läkemedelsutveckling, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-449953.
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Coronaviruses have been responsible for several global disease outbreaks over the last 20 years, including the “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome” in 2002/2003, the “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome” in 2012, and the “Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID19)”. These viruses are highly contagious and can cause multiple medical disorders upon contraction, such as common cold or lower respiratory infections. SARS-CoV-2, the newly emerged coronavirus variant of 2019, has been confirmed as the cause of the ongoing COVID19 pandemic, which infected over 167 million people worldwide and, by the end of May 2021, has a death toll of over 3 million people. Even though several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have made it to the market, no proven options have yet been discovered for treating COVID19 infections. The aim of this project is, therefore, to improve the potency of two active SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) inhibitors (ML188 and X77) by performing a structure-activity-relationship study where two specific sites of the inhibitors are altered. The inhibition activity of these compounds is then tested on isolated SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The four-component Ugi reaction was utilized to synthesize the ML188 and X77 analogs, which were purified by column chromatography before testing. During this project, six pure analogs were successfully synthesized and will be sent shortly for testing. Inhibitors with good activity against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro will be further tested for their antiviral activity in cell-based infection assays. The results obtained from this study will later be used to perform a second structure-activity-relationship study to further improve the potency of the two inhibitors by developing a 2nd generation library.
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Bălan, Mirela. "Integrative bioinformatic analysis of SARs-CoV-2 data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för cell- och molekylärbiologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-450821.
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Phan, Alexandra. "Identification of MMP-9 as a Driving Factor in SARS-CoV-2 Entry." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42771.
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Since its emergence in December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 200 million people globally. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) decorates the viral envelope and is responsible for facilitating viral entry into the host cell. To mediate membrane fusion, S must be proteolytically cleaved. For the closely related SARS-CoV S, cleavage at the host cell surface must be facilitated by the serine protease TMPRSS2. We demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 S can facilitate fusion independent of TMPRSS2 and sought to identify other proteases capable of driving SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated fusion. We show that the ADAMs and MMP inhibitor GI 254023X is capable of substantially reducing SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated syncytium formation. Additionally, we identified MMP-9, a protein target of GI 254023X, as a host protease capable of enhancing SARS-CoV-2 lentivirus entry in HEK293T-ACE2 cells. These results implicate ADAM and MMP proteases, in particular MMP-9, as potential antiviral drug targets against COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Bui, Xuan Klaudia. "Biosensori FET per il rilevamento del SARS-CoV-2." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
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Nel 2020 la presenza del SARS-CoV-2 ha indotto alla produzione e miglioramento dei metodi per la rilevazione del virus. Negli ospedali di Wuhan vari campionatori d'aria sono stati utilizzati per verificare la presenza e la diffusione del virus. Il campione così raccolto viene analizzato tramite la reazione a catena della polimerasi (PCR). Lo svantaggio principale di questa reazione è il tempo richiesto per la diagnosi che è di tre ore. Per questo motivo sono stati effettuati vari studi di ricerca per trovare un metodo più rapido ma sempre efficace. Quindi vengono proposte le ultime scoperte convalidate per la determinazione del SARS-CoV-2. In particolare, i candidati migliori vengono rappresentati dai biosensori, dispositivi veloci e altamente sensibili che usano i biorecettori per creare il legame con la cellula bersaglio. Il documento presenta una dettagliata analisi del funzionamento del transistor ad effetto campo rivestito di un film di grafene su cui vengono posizionati gli anticorpi del virus. Come mostrato nell'elaborato, questo è un ottimo dispositivo per un rapido rilevamento del virus in quanto in tempo reale fornisce l'esito, positivo o negativo, dei tamponi nasofaringei.
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Flygare, Agnes. "The synthesis of main protease inhibitorsagainst SARS-CoV-2." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Preparativ läkemedelskemi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448451.
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Pisil, Yalcin. "The Study on Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus and SARS CoV-2 - Neutralization Resistance of SHIV and Neutralization Assay for SARS CoV-2 -." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/264673.
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京都大学新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第23392号
人博第1005号
新制||人||237(附属図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻
(主査)准教授 三浦 智行, 教授 川本 卓男, 准教授 西川 完途
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies
Kyoto University
DFAM
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Courjon, Johan. "Activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 au cours des bactériémies à E. coli ou S. aureus et durant l’infection à SARS-CoV-2." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COAZ6009.
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A la phase précoce d’une infection bactérienne ou virale l’immunité innée est capable de détecter certains motifs microbiens conservés (PAMP) reconnus par des récepteurs dédiés à ces motifs (PRR) permettant ainsi d’amorcer la réaction pro-inflammatoire via différentes voies de signalisation. Les inflammasomes représentent une catégorie de PRR capable de transformer la pro-IL-1β et la pro-IL-18 en cytokines pro-inflammatoires actives ainsi que d’induire une mort cellulaire pro-inflammatoire nommée pyroptose. NLRP3 est l’inflammasome le plus étudié. De nombreuses bactéries et de nombreux virus ont été décrits comme pouvant soit activer soit inhiber l’inflammasome NLRP3 mais l’implication clinique de cette activation ou inhibition, reste pour le moment indéterminée. L’objectif de ma thèse était d’étudier l’implication de l’inflammasome NLRP3 au cours de la bactériémie chez l’homme. L’apparition de l’épidémie de COVID-19 nous a permis d’élargir cette étude à l’infection par le SARS-CoV-2. Le protocole NLRP3-BACT nous a permis de mettre en œuvre un test cellulaire à partir du sang total afin d’évaluer le niveau d’activation de la Caspase-1 dans les monocytes et polynucléaires neutrophiles (PNN) ainsi que le potentiel d’activation de l’inflammasome NLRP3 dans ces cellules chez des patients présentant une bactériémie à S. aureus ou E. coli via une analyse par cytométrie en flux (signal FAM-FLICA).Le protocole CoVinnate avait pour objectif l’utilisation du test cellulaire précédemment mentionné afin de décrire l’activation d’une partie du système immunitaire inné dans les différentes cellules myéloïdes circulantes des patients COVID-19 ainsi que l’évaluation de ce test en tant qu’outil pronostique.Pour NLRP3-BACT 22 patients ont été inclus depuis le début de de l’étude, 16 ont bénéficié d’une analyse cytométrique. Dans cette première série de patients inclus nous avons mis en évidence que les monocytes présentent un potentiel d’activation de la Caspase-1 par Nigéricine+LPS plus important que les donneurs sains. Par ailleurs, l’activation basale de cette caspase dans les monocytes est plus importante chez les patients de réanimation et ceux infectés par E. coli. Enfin la multiplication de la MFI du signal FAM-FLICA induite par Nigéricine+LPS est plus important pour les patients de médecine comparativement aux patients de réanimation.Pour CoVinnate, 66 patients COVID-19 et 24 donneurs sains ont été inclus durant la période de l’étude. Dans les cellules CD66b+ CD16dim nous avons observé une diminution significative du signal de la sonde FAM-FLICA chez les patients les plus sévères comparativement aux témoins. Au sein des granulocytes, l’activation de la Caspase-1 induite par la Nigéricine était altérée dans les granulocytes CD66b+ CD16dim selon le degré de sévérité des patients. Nous avons enregistré une augmentation de l’activation de NLRP3 induite par la Nigéricine dans les monocytes non-classiques isolés chez les patients les plus graves, cet effet était inversement corrélé au nombre total de monocytes non-classiques. Chez les patients les plus sévères on notait une augmentation du nombre de cellules CD66b+CD16dimCD15+CD10- correspondant à des neutrophiles immatures. Nous avons utilisé la diminution des monocytes non-classiques et le défaut d’activation de NLRP3 par la Nigéricine des granulocytes CD66b+ CD16dim pour construire un score pronostique. Nous avons mis en évidence une corrélation entre ce score et le rapport SpO2 / FiO2 le jour de l’inclusion ainsi que 48 heures plus tard. Nous avons également constaté une association significative de ces deux marqueurs avec l’évolution finale des patients. Mon travail a permis de mieux comprendre l’implication de l’inflammasome NLRP3 chez l’homme au cours de la bactériémie et durant l’infection à SARS-CoV-2. Nous envisageons d’utiliser ces travaux pour caractériser la réponse des patients aux traitements immunomodulateurs utilisés dans la COVID-19 notamment les corticoïdesAt the early phase of bacterial or viral infections, innate immunity is able to detect some conserved microbial motifs (PAMP) recognized by receptors dedicated to these motifs (PRR), thus making it possible to initiate the pro-inflammatory reaction via different signaling pathways. Inflammasomes represent a family of PRR able to transform pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into active pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as inducing a pro-inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis. NLRP3 is the most studied inflammasome. Many bacteria and viruses have been described as being able to either activate or inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome, but the clinical implication of this activation or inhibition, under the control of a particular microorganism, remains undetermined at this time.The objective of my thesis was to study the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome during bacteremia in humans. The onset of the COVID-19 epidemic allowed us to expand this study to SARS-CoV-2 infection.The NLRP3-BACT protocol allowed us to implement a cellular test performed on whole blood to assess the level of Caspase-1 activation in monocytes and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) as well as the activation potential of the NLRP3 inflammasome in these cells in patients with S. aureus or E. coli bacteremia via flow cytometry (fluorescent inhibitor probe, FAM-FLICA).The objective of the CoVinnate protocol was to use the aforementioned cellular test to describe the activation of a part of the innate immune system in the various circulating myeloid cells of COVID-19 patients as well as the evaluation of this test as a prognostic tool.For NLRP3-BACT 22 patients have been included since the start of the study, 16 have undergone cytometric analysis. In this first series of patients included, we demonstrated that monocytes have a greater potential for Caspase-1 activation by Nigericin+LPS than healthy donors. In addition, basal activation of this caspase in monocytes is greater in intensive care patients and in those infected with E. coli compared to the ID ward and S. aureus respectively. Finally, the multiplication of the MFI of the FAM-FLICA signal induced by Nigericin + LPS is more important for medical patients compared to intensive care patients.For CoVinnate, 66 COVID-19 patients and 24 healthy donors were included during the study period. In CD66b+ CD16dim cells, we observed a significant decrease of the FAM-FLICA probe signal in the most severe patients compared to the controls. Within granulocytes, the activation of Caspase-1 induced by Nigericin was decreased in CD66b+ CD16dim cells according to the severity of the patients. We recorded an increase in Nigericin-induced activation of NLRP3 in non-classical monocytes isolated from the most severe patients, this effect was inversely correlated with the total number of non-classical monocytes. In the most severe patients there was an increase in the number of CD66b+CD16dimCD15+CD10- cells corresponding to immature neutrophils.We used the decreased number in non-classical monocytes and the failure of NLRP3 activation upon nigericin activation in CD66b + CD16dim granulocytes to build a prognostic score. We found a correlation between this score and the SpO2 / FiO2 ratio on the day of inclusion as well as 48 hours later. We also found a significant association of these two markers with the final outcome of the patients.My work has led to a better understanding of the involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome in humans during bacteremia and during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We plan to use this work to characterize the response of patients to immunomodulatory treatments used in COVID-19, including corticosteroids
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Жукова, А. Ю. "Екологічні фактори та умови виникнення пандемії вірусу SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81542.
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Поширення коронавірусної хвороби 2019 в Україні зафіксовано 3 березня 2020 року, коли підтвердився перший випадок хвороби в Чернівецькій області. За даними МОЗ та РНБО станом на ранок 29 листопада 2020 року в Україні підтверджено 722 679 випад-ків зараження SARS-CoV-2, з них 12 213 осіб померли, 339 378 одужали. Так, станом на кінець листопада Україна посідала 17 місце у світі (9-е в Європі) за кількістю зафіксованих випадків інфікування і 22-е у світі за кіль-кістю померлих. Кількість інфікованих на 1 мільйон населення складає 16566 осіб (61-е місці у світі і 31-е в Європі), а кількість померлих з COVID-19 на мільйон населення — 280 осіб (54-е місце у світі і 29-е в Європі). Саме пандемічний характер розповсюдження цього вірусу, відносно висока його ле-тальність визначилои актуальність дослідження. Мета та завдання дослідження: дослідження характеру пандемії, можливих джерел походження, ознайомитися із світовим досвідом боротьби з коронавірусною інфекцією та проаналізувати поточну ситуацію в Сумській області та м. Суми.
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Beneš, Martin. "HMM modelling for the spread of the SARS–CoV–2." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statistik och maskininlärning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-176735.
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The aim of the project is to develop an HMM for the current spread of the SARS–CoV–2 virus. The HMM could be coupled with a SIR+ based compartmental model for the different types of statistics — confirmed cases, hospitalizations, deaths. The confirmed cases should be treated as a random sample from the whole population of infected and the probability of sampling should try to take into account the different testing strategies. The aim of the project would be to compare the spread of the virus in different countries (e.g. Czech Republic, Poland, Sweden, Italy, but other depending on the availability of data are possible) through regional (whenever possible) dynamics. For the thesis publicly available COVID–19 connected data will be used.
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Малкович, Н. М. "Прогнозування ризику розвитку середньотяжкого та тяжкого перебігу інфекції SARS-CoV-2." Thesis, БДМУ, 2022. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19591.
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Chekkala, Vivekanand Aashlesha. "Statistical Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater streams in Stockholm." Thesis, KTH, Kemiteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298383.
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Avloppsvattenbaserad epidemiologi är ett framåtväxande område som används för att bedöma förekomsten av virala belastningar i avloppsvatten och på så sätt bidra med trender av virusbildning. I denna studie har avloppsvattenbaserad epidemiologi utnyttjats för att bedöma förekomsten av severe acute respitory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) i avloppsvatten med mål att tidigt upptäcka viruset. Det är känt att parametrarna i avloppsvatten påverkar detektionen av SARS-CoV-2 i stickprov tagna från olika regioner i Stockholm. I denna studie har flödet (m3 /dag) och den kritiska gränsen av Pepper mild mottle cirus (PMMoV) utsetts som oberoende variabler, och genkopieringsnumret av SARS-CoV-2 per m3 av obehandlat avloppsvatten utsetts till den beroende variabeln. Studiens mål riktar sig till att genomföra statistiska tester för att få förståelse av hur variablerna fördelar sig genom att utnyttja gaussian studier. Sambandet mellan de oberoende och beroende variablerna noterades av icke-parametriska tester och korrelationsstudier. Värdena modellerades i en regressionsanalys samt att en prognosmodell skapades genom att utnyttja ARIMA modellen.Wastewater Based Epidemiology (WBE) is an emerging area to assess the presence of viral loads in wastewater streams and thereby provide trends about the emerging viruses. In this study, Wastewater Based Epidemiology is used to assess the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the wastewater streams, possibly providing for early detection. It is known that wastewater parameters effect the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater samples collected from different regions of Stockholm. In our study, flowrate (m3/day) and Critical Threshold (Ct) value of Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) are the independent variables selected when the gene copy number of SARS-CoV-2 /m3 of raw wastewater is the dependent variable. The aim of the study is to perform a series of statistical tests to understand the distribution of the variables using gaussian studies, the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables is noted by non-parametric tests and correlation studies. The data is modeled using regression analysis and forecasting model is created using an ARIMA model.
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Gruvnäs, Amanda. "Avloppsvattenbaserad epidemiologi med fokus på SARS-CoV-2 : Analys inom Västerås kommun." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-451696.
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Globalt har hela världens befolkning påverkats både ekonomiskt och psykiskt av coronaviruset SARS-CoV-2, som har drabbat så många människor med covid-19 att det klassas som en pandemi. Strax efter pandemins utbrott upptäcktes det att viruset utsöndras från avföring och ut i spillvattennätet som leder till reningsverken. Då virusmängden ökar i avloppsvattnet ökar även covid-19 fallen i samhället. Ökning av virusmängd i avloppsvatten kan nämligen signalera om att det förekommer smittspridning i samhället. Avloppsvattenbaserad övervakning kan dock användas som komplement till andra teststrategier vilket EU-kommissionen har nämnt i en rekommendation. Trender kan analyseras för att i ett tidigt skede informera sjukvård och regioner om ökad smittspridning. På Kungsängens reningsverk i Västerås kommun har Mälarenergi analyserat avloppsvattnet för att ta reda på om ökning av virus i avloppsvatten kan indikera på ökad smittspridning i Västerås kommun. De har samlat in proverna och skickat det till SGS Analytics AB Sweden som har analyserat proverna med RT-qPCR. CT-värdena har normaliserats med vattenflöden. Korrelationstest har gjorts mellan virusmängd i avloppsvattnet och covid-19 fall, dödsfall samt IVA-fall. Det fanns ett signifikant svagt negativt samband mellan virusmängd i avloppsvatten och covid-19 fall per vecka. Mellan virusmängd och IVA-fall eller dödsfall fanns inget samband. Det finns en del felkällor som kan ha påverkat virusmängden. Vid höga vattenflöden kan PCR inhibitorer från tillskottsvatten och lakvatten ha påverkat CT-värdena. Värdena är höga på sommaren trots att covid-19 fall, dödsfall och IVA-fall var som lägst. Inhibitorer skapar direkt eller indirekt högre CT-värden vilket tolkas som lägre virusmängder.
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Granholm, Nicolai, and Eric Tjärnström. "Metagenomic Classification using Machine Learning : Applied to SARS-CoV-2 and Viruses." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för matematik och matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172008.
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The use of machine learning within the field of metagenomic classification is becoming more relevant since the increasing sequencing speed demands faster and more accurate classification algorithms. This thesis explores the possible application of machine learning methods, used individually and in an ensemble solution, for binary classification of short DNA sequences. The models Convolutional Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting and K-Nearest Neighbour are trained to distinguish viruses and SARS-CoV-2 from other organisms. The models are evaluated on generated data, as well as real samples. The outcome of this thesis show that machine learning methods have satisfying results when classifying short DNA sequences, in terms of both accuracy and speed. The best overall accuracies are obtained using ensemble solutions consisting of several machine learning models.Användningen av maskininlärning inom metagenomisk klassificering är ett område som blir mer och mer relevant på grund av att den ökade sekvenseringshastigheten ställer större krav på snabbare och precisare klassificeringsalgoritmer. Detta examensarbete utforskar möjligheten av att använda maskininlärningmodeller, både individuellt och kombinerat, för binär klassificering av av korta DNA sekvenser. Modellerna Convolutional Neural Network, Recurrent Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting and K-Nearest Neighbour är tränade till att kunna skilja på virus och SARS-CoV-2 från andra organismer. Modellerna är utvärderade på genererad, samt verklig data. Slutsatsen av detta examensarbete visar att maskininlärningsmetoder har ett tillfredsställande resultat vid klassificeringen av korta DNA sekvenser, både i träffsäkerhet och tidsomfång. De bästa träffsäkerheterna kommer från kombinerade lösningar bestående av flera maskininlärningsmodeller.
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Chernyukh, O. G. "Qualitative detection of Ig G antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus nucleocapsid antigen in the blood serum of patients who had viral respiratory infection, caused by SARS-CoV-2." Thesis, БДМУ, 2022. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/19534.
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Lanata, de las Casas Claudio F., Ledesma Lucie Ecker, and Merino Ana I. Gil. "Avances en el desarrollo y el uso de las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2." Colegio Medico del Peru, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656233.
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Venkatesan, Lavanya. "Identifying and Tracking the Evolution of Mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 Virus." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103939.
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SARS-CoV-2 is caused by a pathogenic and highly transmissible beta coronavirus leading to severe infections in immuno-compromised individuals. This study first evaluates the primers used in the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) to detect SARS-CoV-2 by understanding how mutations might affect the primer efficiency with the SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Mutations on the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 are the most important as the spike protein mediates the viral entry into host cells. This study tracks the course of mutations on the spike protein by focusing on the haplogroups of the sequences across the world. A comprehensive database linking three important, currently available databases is curated as part of this study to fill the gaps caused by sequencing errors. Further, this study exploits the data generated by the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore next generation sequencing methods to study the evolution of mutations in a single Septuagenarian patient over an infection period of 102 days using the gene analysis software Geneious Prime.Master of Science
A novel corona virus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has taken down the entire world by causing Covid-19 pandemic. Initially detected in Wuhan, China, the virus has now made its way to more than 200 countries with a heavy death toll. Understanding the virus through mutation tracking and improving diagnostics and vaccine design have now become the top priority of researchers. Most of these researchers depend on quality viral sequence datasets to identify and track mutations. One aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive dataset linking the GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data), NCBI (National Center for Biological Information) and the SRA (Sequence Read Archive) sequences. The dataset can be used for genome analysis and mutation tracking which can provide important insights for vaccine design and in improving diagnostic assays. In addition, this study provides an analysis of viral mutations in in the genomic regions targeted by commonly used primers in the RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2 that may affect the efficiency of detection. This study also uses the haplogroup information of people across the world to track the D614G mutation on the S gene of SARS-CoV-2 as it may be associated with increased transmissibility. To track the course of mutations in SARS-CoV-2, it is important to analyze the sequencing data provided by the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore next generation sequencing methods. We present a case study to investigate the course of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in a single septuagenarian patient over a period of 102days using the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) data generated by two Next Generation Sequencing methods and compare the advantages that one has over the other.
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Svanberg, Linus, and Alexander Westberg. "Användning av e-hälsa under SARS-CoV-2 : En enkätstudie om distriktssköterskans upplevelse." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för vård, arbetsliv och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26072.
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Användandet av e-hälsa har ökat både nationellt och internationellt de senaste åren. Under SARS-CoV-2-pandemin har nyttjandet i Sverige varit explosionsartat, då icke-fysiska möten minimerar risken för smittspridning. Tidigare forskning visar att e-hälsa har positiva effekter, men ses också som ett hot av distriktssköterskor. Studien belyser därför distriktssköterskans upplevelse av arbetet med e-hälsa under den pågående pandemin och är en kvantitativ enkätstudie med induktiv ansats. Deltagarna rekryterades med hjälp av bekvämlighetsurval och begränsades till legitimerade sjuksköterskor och specialistsjuksköterskor inom primärvården. Den totala svarsfrekvensen var 48 %. Analysen av enkäterna genomfördes med hjälp av IBM SPSS Statistics. De analyser som utfördes var Spearmans rangkorrelation och Kruskal-Wallis icke-parametriska test. Resultatet visade att det fanns en brist i utbildning kring e-hälsa hos informanterna. E-hälsotjänsterna var inte användarvänliga och de var tidskrävande för informanterna. Tid avsattes inte heller för arbetet med e-hälsa på arbetsplatserna. Det fanns potential för minskad smittspridning av SARS-CoV-2 genom arbetet med e-hälsa förutsatt att den vård som gavs genom e-hälsa var av god kvalitet. Ytterligare studier bör genomföras för att få en djupare förståelse för vad som kan och bör förbättras med e-hälsotjänsterna.
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Schwarzer, Kira. "SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic from a Criminological Perspective - Investigating Antisocial Behaviour Changes in Germany." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26428.
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The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is not only a health crisis, but also shatters the socialand economic lives through regulations and social restrictions. As seen duringSARS 2002-2003, measures like social restrictions can impact behaviournegatively, leading to discrimination, stigmatisation and xenophobia. There is alack of studies on antisocial behaviour and crime during health crises, such aspandemics. Related studies on disaster and crime gave mixed results, with somesuggesting an increase in prosocial rather than antisocial behaviour. Using acriminological perspective, German news media from January 1, 2020 untilMarch 31, 2020 were analysed. These media sources were the tabloid Bild andtwo main elite newspapers, Süddeutsche Zeitung and Frankfurter AllgemeineZeitung. Analyses were conducted quantitatively based on frequencies, means andword counts. Additionally, a qualitative media content analysis regarding events,behaviour and story tone was undertaken. The aim was to reveal indications ofreported behavioural changes. For a complete overview, both antisocial andprosocial behaviours were included. Results indicate that antisocial behaviour,such as ignoring of governmental advice and rules, and discriminatory behaviours,as well as crimes like fraud became more prominent over time than prosocial andhelping behaviour. This study shows only a fragment of the situation in Germany,but highlights the importance of continuous assessments of human behaviourduring dynamic and critical times.
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Herrera, Añazco Percy. "SARS-CoV-2 y su efecto a nivel de tejido renal: Una revisión narrativa." Colegio Medico del Peru, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656234.
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Se describe la evidencia actual del efecto del SARS-CoV-2 a nivel de tejido renal. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de los artículos publicados en SCOPUS y PUBMED hasta septiembre de 2020. Los resultados se dividieron en las siguientes secciones: evidencia del efecto directo del virus en el riñón, mecanismos de invasión celular, mecanismos de injuria celular y las potenciales implicaciones terapéuticas de estos hallazgos. El SARS-CoV-2 invade las células del túbulo proximal y los podocitos, a través del receptor ECA-2. La invasión y replicación viral podrían producir daño mediante un efecto citopático directo aunado a un daño mediado por la respuesta inmune. Debido a la expresión celular de ECA-2, se ha propuesto a los Inhibidores del Sistema Renina–Angiotensina–Aldosterona como un potencial tratamiento contra la COVID-19. Sin embargo, a la fecha, la evidencia no apoya su uso
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Teslenko, M. O. "History of pandemic occurrence and outbreaks: from the black death to COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)." Thesis, БДМУ, 2021. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/18941.
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Wrywood, Sean. "Vaccin mot SARS-CoV-2 – en utvärdering av effektivitet och säkerhet av ledande vaccin : En Litteraturstudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kemi och biomedicin (KOB), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104678.
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Introduktion: Coronavirus är RNA-virus med ett lipidhölje som är täckt utav karaktäristiska spikprotein. De mest kända coronavirusvarianterna är SARS-CoV-1 som var aktiv mellan 2002-2004, MERS-CoV som har varit aktiv sedan 2012 och SARS-CoV-2 som har varit aktiv sedan 2019–tillsvidare. SARS-CoV-2 infektionen betecknades januari 30 2020 som en pandemi. Flera läkemedelsföretag har forcerat ??? till att framställa vaccin riktad mot SARS-CoV-2, “The United States Food and Drug Administration” (FDA) och “European Medicines Agency” (EMA) har nödgats att ge ut “Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) i hopp om att få kontroll på dess spridining. Syfte och mål: Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka säkerheten och effektiviteten hos de EMA-godkända vaccinerna riktade mot SARS-CoV-2. Metod: Studierna för vardera vaccin hittades och valdes ut genom World Health Organizations (WHO) “Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines”. Totalt inkluderades åtta studier baserade på tio kliniska prövningar som undersökte säkerheten och effektiviteten hos de fyra ledande vaccinerna från Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca och Johnson & Johnson. Resultat: De fyra undersökta vaccinerna visade en god säkerhet utan grövre biverkningar. De vanligaste biverkningarna hos samtliga vaccin var lokal smärta, trötthet och huvudverk. Dessa biverkningar varade mellan en till två dagar efter vaccination och var till större del milda. Större skillnader kunde ses hos de olika vaccinernas effektivitet, Pfizer BioNTech och Modernas mRNA-vacciner visade på effektiviteter runt 95% medan AstraZeneca och Johnson & Johnsons adenovirus-vektor-vacciner visade på effektiviteter runt 66-70%. Diskussion: Inga större skillnader i säkerhet kunde ses mellan de undersökta vaccinerna. AstraZeneca använde ett influensa vaccin istället för isoton vattenlösning till deras kontrollgrupper. Detta kan ha haft en påverkan på placebo och resultaten från deras prövningar. En tydlig skillnad i effektivitet kunde ses mellan de olika vaccintyperna, vilket har ett stort inflytande på hur lätt man kan inducera flockimmunitet hos en befolkning. Eftersom flockimmunitet har en stor roll i både att bromsa spridningen men även i att förebygga förekomsten av nya virus varianter så bör endast mRNA vacciner rekomenderas om möjligt.Introduction: Coronaviruses are RNA viruses with a lipid envelope that is covered by characteristic spike protein. The most well-known coronaviruses are SARS-CoV-1 which were active between 2002-2004, MERS-CoV which is active since 2012 and SARS-CoV-2 which is active since 2019. SARS-CoV-2 was designated a pandemic January 30, 2020. Several pharmaceutical companies have been rushing to produce vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2, The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have had to issue Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) in the hope of gaining control of its spread. Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the safety and efficacy of the EMA-approved vaccines targeting SARS-CoV-2. Method: The studies for each vaccine were found and selected through the World Health Organizations' (WHO) "Draft landscape and tracker of COVID-19 candidate vaccines". A total of eight studies were included based on ten clinical trials examining the safety and efficacy of the four leading vaccines from Pfizer BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson. Results: The four vaccines examined showed good safety without any serious side effects, the most common side effects with all vaccines were local pain, fatigue, and headache. These side effects lasted between one to two days after vaccination and were mostly mild. Larger differences could be seen in the efficacy of the different vaccines, with Pfizer BioNTech and Moderna's mRNA vaccines showing efficacies of around 95%. While AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson's adenovirus vector vaccines showed efficacies of around 66-70%. Discussion: No major differences in safety could be seen between the vaccines examined. AstraZeneca used an influenza vaccine instead of isotonic aqueous solution for their control groups, this may have had an impact on placebo and thus the results of their trials. A clear difference in efficacy could be seen between the different types of vaccines. This has a great influence on how easily one could induce herd immunity to a population. Herd immunity plays a major role in both slowing the spread but also in preventing the occurrence of new virus variants, therefore mRNA vaccines should be recommended if possible.
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Eriksson, Johanna. "Förekomst av SARS-CoV-2 varianter av särskild betydelse i Region Dalarna, december 2020-januari 2021." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92995.
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Bakgrund: Den pågående pandemin COVID-19 orsakas av viruset SARS-CoV-2. Sedan december 2020 har nya varianter av viruset med betydande genetiska förändringar upptäckts, gemensamt benämnt varianter av särskild betydelse eller variants of concern (VOC). Just nu är det tre VOC som bevakas särskilt; B.1.1.7 (först upptäckt i Storbritannien), B.1.351 (först upptäckt i Sydafrika) respektive P.1 (först upptäckt i Brasilien). Den tidigaste statistiken från Folkhälsomyndigheten om förekomsten av VOC i Region Dalarna är från februari 2021. Förekomsten av VOC innan dess är fortfarande okänd. I regionen delas analysering av prover vid misstanke om COVID-19 in i de olika kategorierna patienter, vårdpersonal, smittspårning och allmänhet. Befintlig statistik om förekomsten av VOC grundar sig nästan enbart på förekomsten bland allmänhetens prover. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förekomsten av SARS-CoV-2 varianter av särskild betydelse i prover tagna från patienter, vårdpersonal och smittspårningar under december 2020-januari 2021 i Region Dalarna. Studien syftade också till att undersöka när spridningen av respektive VOC kan ha startat i regionen. Metod: Provmaterialet bestod av SARS-CoV-2 positiva prov tagna inom analyskategorierna under tidsperioden. Prover analyserades med RT-PCR och smältkurvsanalys för detektion av VOC-karaktäristiska mutationer. Resultat: Ett fåtal fall av B.1.1.7 detekterades redan i december och en stigande andel av B.1.1.7 påvisades inom analyskategorierna under januari, som tecken på att en regional spridning kan ha startat vid tidpunkten. Endast ett fåtal fall av B.1.351 och/eller P.1 detekterades inom analyskategorierna under tidsperioden, vilket tyder på att en regional spridning av dessa ännu inte hade startat i januari.Background: The ongoing pandemic COVID-19 is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. Since December 2020 new variants of the virus with significant mutations have been discovered, referred to as variants of concern (VOC). At the point, the occurrence of three VOC is especially monitored; B.1.1.7 (discovered in UK), B.1.351 (discovered in South Africa) and P.1 (discovered in Brazil). The earliest statistics about the occurrence of VOC in Region Dalarna, Sweden, is from February 2021 and the occurrence before that is still unknown. In the region analysis of specimen in case of suspected COVID-19 is divided into the different categories patients, healthcare-staff, infection tracing and public. Existing statistics is based almost exclusively on the occurrence of VOC in specimen from the public. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 VOC among specimens collected from patients, healthcare staff and infection tracing in Region Dalarna during December 2020-January 2021. The study also aimed to examine when the spread of each VOC started in the region. Method: SARS-CoV-2 positive specimen collected within the categories during the time was analyzed with RT-PCR and melting curve analysis for detection of VOC-characteristic mutations. Results: A few cases of B.1.1.7 was detected already in December and an increased percentage of B.1.1.7 was detected within the categories during January, suggesting that a regional spread started at the time. Only a few cases of B.1.351 and/or P.1 was detected within the categories, suggesting that a regional spread of these had not yet started in January.
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Elving, Alexandra, and Amanda Johansson. "Högskole- och universitetsstudenters förändring i aktivitetsmönster under COVID-19 pandemin. - En tvärsnittsstudie." Thesis, Jönköping University, HHJ, Avd. för rehabilitering, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53308.
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Bakgrund, de restriktioner och rekommendationer som människor fått förhålla sig till under COVID-19 pandemin har inneburit en annorlunda och förändrad vardag. En grupp som blivit drabbad är högskole- och universitetsstudenter som bland annat fått byta de fysiska klassrummen mot diverse online plattformar. Tidigare forskning har utförts, men hur aktivitetsmönstret har förändrats är dock mindre utforskat. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga förändring i aktivitetsmönstret hos högskole- och universitetsstudenter under COVID-19 pandemin. Metoden som användes hade en kvantitativ design i form av tvärsnittsstudie. Ett bekvämlighetsurval användes och respondenter rekryterades via sociala medier (Facebook). Populationen bestod av 49 studenter. Deskriptiv statistik användes för att beskriva insamlade data. Resultatet visade på en förändring i studenternas aktivitetsmönster och en koppling mellan förlust av meningsfulla aktiviteter, nöjdhet gällande sin aktivitetsfördelning samt upplevd vardagsbalans kunde urskiljas. Slutsats, övergripande hade förändringarna i studenternas aktivitetsmönster påverkats till det negativa. Författarna till föreliggande studie har en förhoppning om att studien ska leda till ökad förståelse gällande människors aktivitetsmönster som relaterar till den hälsoproblematik som kan uppstå under situationer som den rådande COVID-19 pandemin.Background, this thesis describes the restrictions and recommendations that people have had to follow during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how these have led to a different and altered everyday life. College- and University students are one group that have been affected, especially since they had to switch from in-person learning to online platforms. There have been prior studies regarding the health of students and how their health has been affected during the pandemic, however the extent to which the occupational pattern of students has changed has been less explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in student’s occupational patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method that was used was a quantitative design. A convenience sample was used, and the respondents were recruited through social media platforms (Facebook). The population included 49 students. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data that was collected from the survey. Results, the study showed a change in student’s occupational patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic and a connection was seen between loss of meaningful activities, satisfaction regarding their activity distribution, and perceived everyday balance. In conclusion, the overall changes in student’s occupational patterns had a negative effect. The authors expect that this study will lead to a higher understanding of the occupational patterns that relate to the health problems that can occur during situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Unelind, Malin. "Det vi vet om ursprunget och evolutionen av SARS-CoV-2 : - Implementering av aktuella händelser i gymnasieskolan." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-178796.
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SARS-CoV-2 började cirkulera i slutet av 2019 och ungefär tre månader senare klassades utbrottet som en pandemi. Idag, ungefär ett och ett halvt år efter virusutbrottet kämpar människor i hela världen fortfarande för att ta sig ur kriserna som pandemin orsakar. Trots stora forskningsinsatser är det ännu mycket som är ovisst kring virusets uppkomst. Olika teorier försöker bevisas men till dagens datum är det inte bekräftat var SARS-CoV-2 har sitt ursprung. Det verkar troligt att SARS-CoV-2 har en gemensam förfader med β-coronaviruset RaTG13. Det är sannolikt att fladdermus tillsammans med minst en mellanvärd har varit inblandad i uppkomsten av viruset. Viruset har gett upphov till flera varianter som spridit ut sig i världen. Globalt samarbete med övervakning av mutationer och varianter är viktigt för hur utvecklingen av pandemin ska fortgå. Med SARS-CoV-2 och Covid-19-pandemin som utgångspunkt analyseras möjligheter och utmaningar med undervisning i gymnasieskolan om aktuella stora händelser.The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred at the end of 2019 and three months later, it was declared as a pandemic. Today, roughly one and a half years later, people across the world are still struggling to get out of the crises caused by the pandemic. Despite the huge efforts within science, much is still uncertain about the virus’ origin. Different theories are trying to be proven by scientists but to date, there is no confirmation from where the virus has its origin, nor whether one or several intermediate hosts have been involved. It seems likely that SARS- CoV-2 has a common ancestor with the bat β-coronavirus RaTG13. Therefore, it is probable that bats with at least one other intermediate host have been involved in the origin of the virus. Several variants have emerged and spread throughout the world. Global cooperation in regards of surveilling mutations and variants is of great importance regarding the development of the pandemic. Using SARS-CoV-2 and the Covid-19 pandemic as a focal point, there is an analysis showing opportunities and challenges when teaching big contemporary events.
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Alves, Ana Raquel Catarino. "SARS-CoV-2 : um problema mundial." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/38836.
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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre no Instituto Universitário Egas MonizO SARS-CoV-2 é um Coronavírus pertencente ao género Betacoronavirus que surgiu em Wuhan, na China, em dezembro de 2019 e que se introduziu nos seres humanos através de uma transmissão zoonótica, propagando-se através de contactos próximos com indivíduos infetados ou objetos contaminados, rapidamente por todo o mundo, perpetuando milhões de mortes. O SARS-CoV-2 é um vírus caraterizado por possuir um RNA de cadeia simples com polaridade positiva, que permanece em constante evolução e que é composto principalmente por quatro proteínas estruturais (S, M, E e N) que estão envolvidas no processo de entrada do vírus nas células do hospedeiro e na consequente replicação viral, que acontece inicialmente através da ligação da proteína S ao ACE2 expresso em várias células de diferentes órgãos do hospedeiro, principalmente no trato respiratório. Este vírus é o agente etiológico da COVID-19, doença altamente infeciosa e capaz de provocar uma infeção respiratória que pode ser ligeira e assintomática ou culminar em morte, maioritariamente em idosos ou indivíduos com comorbilidades. O diagnóstico precoce de indivíduos infetados pelo SARS-CoV-2 através de NAAT ou TRAg é essencial no controlo da transmissão viral na comunidade e uma terapêutica específica, eficaz e segura é crucial para tratar os infetados. Contudo, é ainda necessária mais investigação nesta área que tem tido resultados não consensuais na comunidade científica, não existindo ainda nenhuma terapêutica específica aprovada e disponível. Prevenir esta infeção, passa por adotar tanto medidas de reeducação, como de vacinação da população. As vacinas atualmente disponíveis no mercado basearam-se em diferentes métodos, nomeadamente, mRNA, vetores virais, vírus inativados e subunidades de proteína.
SARS-CoV-2 is a Coronavirus belonging to the Betacoronavirus gender that emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and was introduced into humans through zoonotic transmission, spreading through close contacts with infected individuals or contaminated objects, rapidly throughout the world, perpetuating millions of deaths. SARS-CoV-2 is a virus characterized by having a single-stranded RNA with positive polarity, which remains in constant evolution and is mainly composed of four structural proteins (S, M, E and N) that are involved in the entry process of the virus in the host cells and in the consequent viral replication, which occurs through the binding of protein S to ACE2 expressed in several cells from different host organs, mainly in the respiratory tract. This virus is the main cause of COVID-19, a highly infectious disease, capable of causing a respiratory infection that can be mild and asymptomatic or lead to death, mainly in the elderly or with comorbilities. Early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals through NAAT or TRAg is essential in controlling viral transmission in the community and specific, effective and safe therapy is crucial to treat those infected. However, there is still a need for more research in this area, which has non-consensual results in the scientific community, without an available and approved specific therapy yet. Preventing this infection involves adopting both reeducation measures and population vaccination. Vaccines currently available on the market were based on different methods such as mRNA, viral vectors, inactivated virus and protein subunits.
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Pereira, Nádia Neves. "SARS-COV-2 characterization – an in silico approach." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98035.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Bioquímica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaO SARS-CoV-2 (Síndrome Respiratório Agudo Grave Coronavírus-2) já infetou mais de 225 milhões de pessoas e foi responsável por mais de 4,64 milhões de mortes em quase dois anos, tornando-se a última pandemia mundial. Ainda há muito que saber sobre este vírus e, tendo em conta a enorme quantidade de dados que surgiram desde a sua descoberta, pensámos numa abordagem que nos permitisse obter diferentes camadas de informação. Usámos text mining para obter informações de 179.984 artigos e obtivémos 10.325 genes humanos. Em seguida, usando o clusterprofiler, foi possível realizar uma análise de enriquecimento com as databases GO (Gene Ontology), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) e MeSH (Medical Subject Headings). Os resultados de diferentes databases corresponderam, o que significa que vários termos enriquecidos estavam presentes nas diferentes análises. Analisando os resultados finais percebemos que a concentração do ião de cálcio tem um enorme impacto na evolução do COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), a doença causada pela infeção por SARS-CoV-2. O stress oxidativo e a exposição a níveis baixos de oxigénio também são responsáveis pela evolução da severidade do COVID-19. Descobrimos múltiplos genes associados com vários dos termos enriquecidos, inclusive alguns genes que estão associados com os vários termos e a entrada e/or replicarão do SARS-CoV-2 em células humanas. Para resultados mais significativos seria necessário uma analise mais profunda e mais cuidada destes dados .
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) infected over 225 million people and was responsible for over 4.64 million deaths in almost two years, becoming the last worldwide pandemic. There is still a lot to know about this virus and, considering the huge amount of data that appeared since the virus was discovered, we needed un approach to obtain different layers of information. We used text mining techniques to gather information from 179.984 articles and we were able to retrieve 10.325 human genes. Then, we performed enrichment analysis with GO (Gene Ontology), KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) databases. The results from the different databases matched, meaning that various enriched terms were present in the different analysis. Analysing the final results we realise that calcium ion concentration has a huge impact on the evolution of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oxidative stress and exposure to low oxygen levels are also responsible for the evolution of COVID-19 severity. We discovered multiple genes associated with several of the enriched terms, including some genes that are associated with the various terms and the entry and/or replication of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells. Further and more careful analysis of these data would be required for more meaningful results. This means that this research may be continued and taken to a deeper level, in order to find new results.
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Parreiras, Susana Catapirra Magessi. "Rationally Designed Antiviral Proteins Targeting SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/135543.
Full textAbstract:
O SARS-CoV-2 é o vírus responsável pela atual pandemia COVID-19, que causou >400 mi-lhões de infeções e >5 milhões de mortes, a datar de Fevereiro de 2022. Apesar dos esforços de vacinação, continua a ser urgente desenvolver estratégias para controlar a infeção e tratar as pes-soas infetadas que apresentam sintomas. O SARS-CoV-2 é um vírus de RNA de sentido positivo que pertence à família Coronaviridae. A sua estrutura externa é esférica, sendo encapsulado por uma membrana viral e, de forma a infetar a célula hospedeira, precisa de fundir a sua membrana com a membrana desta célula.
Uma das proteínas que está ligada à membrana viral do vírus é a proteína spike (S), que é composta por duas subunidades: S1, que contém um domínio de ligação ao recetor (RBD) respon-sável pela ligação ao recetor da célula hospedeira, e S2, que facilita a fusão membranar entre as membranas do vírus e da célula do hospedeiro. Assim, esta proteína é a principal responsável pela capacidade do vírus de entrar nas células hospedeiras, tornando-a num dos alvos terapêuticos mais promissores dos coronavírus.
O objetivo deste trabalho era conceber e produzir proteínas antivirais que pudessem impedir a interação entre as duas proteínas e, assim, bloquear a infeção. Estas proteínas são concebidas para se ligarem à região do RBD e bloquear a sua interação com o recetor hospedeiro, a enzima conversora da angiotensina-2 (ACE2).
Numa primeira etapa, várias proteínas antivirais foram computacionalmente concebidas com o programa Rosetta, com base nas interações entre a ACE2 e o domínio de ligação ao recetor da proteína S. Posteriormente, realizaram-se simulações de dinâmica molecular (MD) de três candida-tos, tanto livres em solução como em complexo com o RBD, a fim de testar a sua interação com esta proteína. Seguiu-se uma validação experimental que começou com a expressão e purificação dos três candidatos. Após a obtenção de frações puras, a estrutura secundária e a estabilidade tér-mica destas proteínas foram testadas, respetivamente, por espetropolarimetria de dicroísmo circular no UV distante e fluorimetria de varrimento diferencial. A fim de avaliar a afinidade de cada candida-to para com o RBD, foi utilizada a ressonância plasmónica de superfície. Finalmente, foram realiza-dos ensaios de neutralização para estudar a capacidade destas proteínas se ligarem ao RBD. Os resultados experimentais mostram que uma das proteínas concebidas representa uma estratégia terapêutica promissora que será ainda melhorada no futuro.SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused >400 million infections and >5 million deaths, as of February 2022. Despite the vaccination efforts, it remains urgent to develop strategies to control the infection and treat patients. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense RNA virus that is part of the Coronaviridae family. Its outer structure is spherical, it is encapsulated by a viral membrane and, in order to infect the host cell, it needs to fuse its membrane with the host cell membrane. One of the proteins that is attached to the viral membrane of the virus is the spike (S) protein, which is composed of two subunits: S1, containing a receptor binding domain (RBD) responsible for binding to the host cell receptor, and S2, that facilitates membrane fusion between the viral and host cell membranes. Thus, this protein is primarily responsible for the ability of the virus to enter the host cells, making it one of the most promising therapeutic targets of coronaviruses. The goal of this work was to design and produce antiviral proteins that might prevent the in-teraction between the two proteins and therefore block infection. These proteins are engineered to bind to the RBD region and block its interaction with the host receptor, the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). In a first step, several antiviral proteins were computationally designed with the Rosetta pro-gram, based on the interactions between ACE2 and the receptor-binding domain. Next, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of three candidates were performed, both free in solution as well as in complex with the RBD, in order to test their interaction with the RBD. This was followed by experi-mental validation that began with the expression and purification of the three candidates. After ob-taining pure fractions, the secondary structure and thermal stability of these proteins were tested by far-UV circular dichroism spectropolarimetry and differential scanning fluorimetry, respectively. In order to assess the affinity of each candidate for the RBD, surface plasmon resonance was em-ployed. Finally, neutralization assays were performed to study the neutralization ability of the pro-teins. The experimental results show that one of the designed proteins is a promising therapeutic lead that will be further improved in the future.
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Madureira, Gonçalo Branco. "SARS-CoV-2 e Angiogénese: uma ligação por explicar." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134500.
Full textAbstract:
A nova doença do coronavírus 2019 (Covid-19) está associada a distúrbios multissistémicos, incluindo disfunção do sistema circulatório com disfunção endotelial, trombose microangiopática e inflamação angiocêntrica. Recentemente, a angiogénese intussusceptiva foi implicada na patogénese da doença. Neste artigo, revimos e discutimos amplamente os dados sobre a angiogénese intussusceptiva, incluindo mecanismos, drivers, reguladores e funções putativas. Revimos outras características angiogénicas relevantes na Covid-19, incluindo seu papel potencial na inflamação, disfunção endotelial e permeabilidade, bem como seu uso como prognóstico marcadores e funções terapêuticas. Concluímos que a divisão da angiogênese em Covid-19 é provavelmente o resultado de uma combinação de fatores. Propomos que a hipóxia, fatores induzíveis por hipóxia, bem como outros mediadores angiogénicos clássicos, como o Fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) e via das angiopoietinas, hiperinflamação e tempestade e desregulação de citocinas do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona interagem para promover a intussuscepção. No entanto, a angiogénese intussusceptiva permanece pouco compreendida e, portanto, mais estudos serão necessários para melhor caracterizar esse fenômeno. Também resumimos os principais dados sobre o uso de mediadores angiogênicos como ferramentas de prognóstico. Dados sugerem que as angiopoietinas e o VEGF estão elevados em pacientes com Covid-19 e são preditores de resultados adversos. Porém, esta é a primeira vez que se tenta relacionar esses achados à intussuscepção. Finalmente, revimos os escassos dados sobre mediadores angiogênicos como alvos terapêuticos em Covid-19. Esses descobertas preliminares sugerem um benefício potencial do bevacizumab como uma terapia complementar. Se isso se relaciona com intussuscepção ou não requer mais estudos.: Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is associated with multi-systemic derangement, including circulatory dysfunction with features of endothelial dysfunction, microangiopathic thrombosis and angiocentric inflammation. Recently, intussusceptive angiogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this article, we have broadly reviewed and discussed data regarding splitting angiogenesis including mechanisms, drivers, regulators and putative roles. We have reviewed other relevant angiogenic features in Covid-19, including their potential role in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and permeability as well as their use as prognostic markers and therapeutical roles. We conclude that splitting angiogenesis in Covid-19 is likely the result of a combination of factors. We hypothesize that hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors as well as other classic angiogenic mediators, such as the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Angiopoietins pathway, hyperinflammation and cytokine storm and dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System interact to promote intussusception. However, splitting angiogenesis remains poorly understood and thus further studies are needed to better characterize this phenomenon. We have also summarized the main data regarding the use of angiogenic mediators as prognostic tools. Data suggests that angiopoietins and VEGF are elevated in Covid-19 patients and are predictors of adverse outcomes. However, this is the first time that an attempt to relate these findings to intussusception was made. Finally, we reviewed the scarce data regarding angiogenic mediators as therapeutic targets in Covid-19. These preliminary findings suggest a potential benefit of bevacizumab as an add-on therapy. Whether this relates to intussusception or not requires further studies.
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Martins, Cesariana Pryangka Viana. "Disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134388.
Full textAbstract:
O novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 é responsável pela mais recente pandemia que a humanidade enfrenta. Dada a sua elevada contagiosidade, tornou-se numa crise global causando milhões de mortes. Embora a vacinação já esteja disponível, um combate mais ativo desta pandemia necessita de outras abordagens preventivas.
Este artigo pretende evidenciar os métodos mais eficazes de desinfeção do SARS-CoV-2 com base numa revisão sistemática de artigos publicados até à data.
A pesquisa foi realizada na PubMed e na Web of Science e, de um total de 1229 artigos, 47 foram selecionados. A avaliação da qualidade dos referidos estudos foi efetuada pela OHAT risk of bias tool. Observaram-se métodos de desinfeção de superfícies em 20 estudos; destes, 14 trataram da descontaminação de PPEs; 11 estudos avaliaram métodos utilizados em superfícies biológicas e 4 analisaram métodos de desinfeção do ar.
Assim, constatou-se que (1) a radiação UV-C, o ozono e revestimentos antimicrobianos demonstraram eficácia na desinfeção do SARS-CoV-2 de superfícies ambientais, por exemplo, em hospitais e lares; (2) a temperatura e a humidade relativa altas são fatores importantes na diminuição da carga viral; (3) a descontaminação dos PPEs pode ser feita de forma eficaz por calor, radiação UV-C ou peróxido de hidrogénio; (4) produtos contendo iodopovidona podem ter ação virucida na pele e nas membranas mucosas; (5) relativamente à higienização das mãos, soluções desinfetantes convencionais e outras contendo álcool demonstraram eficácia; (6) sistemas de ventilação com propriedades catalíticas, que recorram a radiação UV-C ou a sistemas de aquecimento, conseguem reduzir a carga viral presente no ar.Background: The novel SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the most recent pandemic faced by humanity. Given its contagious nature, SARS-CoV-2 has become a global crisis causing millions of deaths. Even though vaccination is already available, other effective preventive approaches and therapeutic drugs are still needed. Aim: This review highlights the up-to-date evidence found in literature of disinfection methods with efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A research was conducted through PubMed and Web of Science to assess the disinfection methods used against SARS-CoV-2. From a total of 1229 studies found, 47 were included in this review. Quality assessment of the included records was evaluated by the OHAT risk of bias tool. Findings: Disinfection methods on environmental surfaces were approached by 20 studies. 14 studies demonstrated methods used to decontaminate PPEs. 11 articles addressed disinfection methods used on biological surfaces and 4 articles presented disinfection methods for airborne coronavirus. Conclusions: Several household and hospital disinfection agents, UV-C irradiation, ozone and surface coatings are effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 on environmental surfaces whereas high temperature and humidity are key factors in viral decay. The decontamination of PPEs can be conducted by heat treatment, UV-C irradiation and hydrogen peroxide vapor. Formulations containing povidone-iodine can provide virucidal action on the skin and mucous membranes. In the case of hand disinfection, typical soap bars and alcohols can inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Air filtration systems incorporated with materials that possess catalytic properties, UV-C devices and heating systems can effectively reduce airborne viral particles.
34
Martins, Cesariana Pryangka Viana. "Disinfection methods against SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134388.
Full textAbstract:
O novo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2 é responsável pela mais recente pandemia que a humanidade enfrenta. Dada a sua elevada contagiosidade, tornou-se numa crise global causando milhões de mortes. Embora a vacinação já esteja disponível, um combate mais ativo desta pandemia necessita de outras abordagens preventivas.
Este artigo pretende evidenciar os métodos mais eficazes de desinfeção do SARS-CoV-2 com base numa revisão sistemática de artigos publicados até à data.
A pesquisa foi realizada na PubMed e na Web of Science e, de um total de 1229 artigos, 47 foram selecionados. A avaliação da qualidade dos referidos estudos foi efetuada pela OHAT risk of bias tool. Observaram-se métodos de desinfeção de superfícies em 20 estudos; destes, 14 trataram da descontaminação de PPEs; 11 estudos avaliaram métodos utilizados em superfícies biológicas e 4 analisaram métodos de desinfeção do ar.
Assim, constatou-se que (1) a radiação UV-C, o ozono e revestimentos antimicrobianos demonstraram eficácia na desinfeção do SARS-CoV-2 de superfícies ambientais, por exemplo, em hospitais e lares; (2) a temperatura e a humidade relativa altas são fatores importantes na diminuição da carga viral; (3) a descontaminação dos PPEs pode ser feita de forma eficaz por calor, radiação UV-C ou peróxido de hidrogénio; (4) produtos contendo iodopovidona podem ter ação virucida na pele e nas membranas mucosas; (5) relativamente à higienização das mãos, soluções desinfetantes convencionais e outras contendo álcool demonstraram eficácia; (6) sistemas de ventilação com propriedades catalíticas, que recorram a radiação UV-C ou a sistemas de aquecimento, conseguem reduzir a carga viral presente no ar.Background: The novel SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the most recent pandemic faced by humanity. Given its contagious nature, SARS-CoV-2 has become a global crisis causing millions of deaths. Even though vaccination is already available, other effective preventive approaches and therapeutic drugs are still needed. Aim: This review highlights the up-to-date evidence found in literature of disinfection methods with efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A research was conducted through PubMed and Web of Science to assess the disinfection methods used against SARS-CoV-2. From a total of 1229 studies found, 47 were included in this review. Quality assessment of the included records was evaluated by the OHAT risk of bias tool. Findings: Disinfection methods on environmental surfaces were approached by 20 studies. 14 studies demonstrated methods used to decontaminate PPEs. 11 articles addressed disinfection methods used on biological surfaces and 4 articles presented disinfection methods for airborne coronavirus. Conclusions: Several household and hospital disinfection agents, UV-C irradiation, ozone and surface coatings are effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 on environmental surfaces whereas high temperature and humidity are key factors in viral decay. The decontamination of PPEs can be conducted by heat treatment, UV-C irradiation and hydrogen peroxide vapor. Formulations containing povidone-iodine can provide virucidal action on the skin and mucous membranes. In the case of hand disinfection, typical soap bars and alcohols can inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Air filtration systems incorporated with materials that possess catalytic properties, UV-C devices and heating systems can effectively reduce airborne viral particles.
35
Madureira, Gonçalo Branco. "SARS-CoV-2 e Angiogénese: uma ligação por explicar." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134500.
Full textAbstract:
A nova doença do coronavírus 2019 (Covid-19) está associada a distúrbios multissistémicos, incluindo disfunção do sistema circulatório com disfunção endotelial, trombose microangiopática e inflamação angiocêntrica. Recentemente, a angiogénese intussusceptiva foi implicada na patogénese da doença. Neste artigo, revimos e discutimos amplamente os dados sobre a angiogénese intussusceptiva, incluindo mecanismos, drivers, reguladores e funções putativas. Revimos outras características angiogénicas relevantes na Covid-19, incluindo seu papel potencial na inflamação, disfunção endotelial e permeabilidade, bem como seu uso como prognóstico marcadores e funções terapêuticas. Concluímos que a divisão da angiogênese em Covid-19 é provavelmente o resultado de uma combinação de fatores. Propomos que a hipóxia, fatores induzíveis por hipóxia, bem como outros mediadores angiogénicos clássicos, como o Fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) e via das angiopoietinas, hiperinflamação e tempestade e desregulação de citocinas do Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona interagem para promover a intussuscepção. No entanto, a angiogénese intussusceptiva permanece pouco compreendida e, portanto, mais estudos serão necessários para melhor caracterizar esse fenômeno. Também resumimos os principais dados sobre o uso de mediadores angiogênicos como ferramentas de prognóstico. Dados sugerem que as angiopoietinas e o VEGF estão elevados em pacientes com Covid-19 e são preditores de resultados adversos. Porém, esta é a primeira vez que se tenta relacionar esses achados à intussuscepção. Finalmente, revimos os escassos dados sobre mediadores angiogênicos como alvos terapêuticos em Covid-19. Esses descobertas preliminares sugerem um benefício potencial do bevacizumab como uma terapia complementar. Se isso se relaciona com intussuscepção ou não requer mais estudos.: Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) is associated with multi-systemic derangement, including circulatory dysfunction with features of endothelial dysfunction, microangiopathic thrombosis and angiocentric inflammation. Recently, intussusceptive angiogenesis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. In this article, we have broadly reviewed and discussed data regarding splitting angiogenesis including mechanisms, drivers, regulators and putative roles. We have reviewed other relevant angiogenic features in Covid-19, including their potential role in inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and permeability as well as their use as prognostic markers and therapeutical roles. We conclude that splitting angiogenesis in Covid-19 is likely the result of a combination of factors. We hypothesize that hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factors as well as other classic angiogenic mediators, such as the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Angiopoietins pathway, hyperinflammation and cytokine storm and dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System interact to promote intussusception. However, splitting angiogenesis remains poorly understood and thus further studies are needed to better characterize this phenomenon. We have also summarized the main data regarding the use of angiogenic mediators as prognostic tools. Data suggests that angiopoietins and VEGF are elevated in Covid-19 patients and are predictors of adverse outcomes. However, this is the first time that an attempt to relate these findings to intussusception was made. Finally, we reviewed the scarce data regarding angiogenic mediators as therapeutic targets in Covid-19. These preliminary findings suggest a potential benefit of bevacizumab as an add-on therapy. Whether this relates to intussusception or not requires further studies.
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Ferreira, Victor Leonel Vieira. "SARS-CoV-2 detection methods: where are we now?" Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/93052.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertação de Mestrado em Biotecnologia Farmacêutica apresentada à Faculdade de FarmáciaSARS-CoV-2 (Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave Coronavírus 2) é um coronavírus (CoVs) que pertence à família Coronaviridae e ao género Betacoronavirus, sendo considerado o maior grupo de vírus que causam infeções respiratórias e gastrointestinais em humanos e animais. Os primeiros casos da doença provocada pelo novo membro dos CoVs em humanos (Doença causada pelo Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19)) surgiram em dezembro de 2019 na cidade de Wuhan, na China. SARS-CoV-2 é um vírus com uma maior capacidade de infeção em humanos, tendo por comparação outros CoVs do mesmo género já descobertos. Num curto período de tempo, este vírus causou milhares de infeções e mortes na China, e consequentemente, disseminou-se pelo mundo, sendo declarada a situação pandémica pela Organização Mundial da Saúde em março de 2020. Por falta de tratamentos específicos, vacinas e testes de deteção, a COVID-19 é um grande problema de saúde pública. Contudo, os métodos de deteção atualmente utilizados baseiam-se em métodos invasivos, nomeadamente a aplicação de zaragatoas no nariz ou na boca para retirar células da nasofaringe ou orofaringe, respetivamente. Nos últimos anos, o interesse por procedimentos minimamente invasivos tem crescido na medicina, o que levou a um maior sucesso das análises baseadas em fluidos biológicos, para diversas doenças e infeções. Ademais da nasofaringe e orofaringe, o vírus SARS-CoV-2 encontra-se principalmente no trato respiratório inferior. A deteção do vírus na saliva, fezes e urina tem sido reportada e, até o momento, não foi relatada nenhuma informação sobre qual amostra biológica permite maior sensibilidade. Além disso, é necessário estabelecer métodos mais adequados para a deteção de SARS-CoV-2 em indivíduos assintomáticos e/ou em fase pré-sintomática, os quais são mais adequados para estudos da população em geral.Neste trabalho reportamos as principais características do SARS-CoV-2 e da COVID-19 e analisamos os testes disponíveis para a deteção do SARS-CoV-2.
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is a coronavirus (CoVs) that belongs to the family Coronaviridae and the genus Betacoronavirus, considered to be the largest group of viruses causing respiratory and gastrointestinal infections in humans and animals. The first cases of the disease caused by the new member of CoVs in humans (Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)) appeared in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, in China. SARS-CoV-2 is a virus with a higher human infection capacity, compared to other CoVs of the same genus already discovered. In a short time, this virus caused thousands of infections and deaths in China, and consequently, has been propagating throughout the world, being recognized a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on March of 2020. Owing to the lack of specific treatments, vaccines and screening methods, COVID-19 has become a major public health problem. However, detection methods currently used are based on invasive methods, namely the use of swabs through the nose or mouth to scrap cells from the nasopharynx or oropharynx, respectively. In recent years, the interest for minimally invasive procedures has grown in medicine, leading to greater success in the biological fluids-based evaluation, for several diseases and infections. Aside from the nasopharynx and oropharynx, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is found mostly in the lower respiratory tract. SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva, stool and urine has been reported, and to this date, no data were disclosed about which biological sample allows higher sensitivity. Also, it is needed to establish the methods most suited for SARS-CoV-2 detection in asymptomatic individuals and/or at a presymptomatic stage, which are more suitable for population-wide studies.In this work, we review the key features of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 and analyse the testing methods available to detect SARS-CoV-2 presence.
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Pereira, Maria Pacheco. "SARS-CoV-2: Comunicação de Risco e Crise em Emergência." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133200.
Full text
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Pereira, Maria Pacheco. "SARS-CoV-2: Comunicação de Risco e Crise em Emergência." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133200.
Full text
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Wang, Qiaochu. "Harnessing a novel compact CRISPR-Cas13b for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10754/669007.
Full textAbstract:
The outbreak of infectious diseases across the world results in huge disasters for public
health. Rapid and effective diagnostic methods are crucial for disease identification and
transmission control. Since first identified in late 2019, the pandemic of COVID-19
caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus resulted in unprecedented catastrophe globally. To
control the further spread of COVID-19, there is an urgent need for rapid, accurate,
cost-effective, and efficient diagnostics. Recently, many CRISPR-based diagnostics
have been developed by coupling isothermal amplification methods with Cas proteinmediated
nucleic acid detection. Compared with conventional methods like RT-qPCR,
CRISPR-based assays are more cost-effective and efficient without sacrificing
sensitivity and specificity. Here, I developed a Cas13-based assay for SARS-CoV-2
detection with a novel compact Cas13b protein. In this assay, the Cas13 detection is
combined with RT-LAMP, achieving the detection of viral RNA as low as 4 copies/μl.
By utilizing a simple LED-based visualizer (P51™) instead of a plate reader, the
detection result can be visualized directly without using sophisticated instruments. The
compact Cas13b-mediated viral detection together with P51™-based visualization
enable rapid, sensitive, and portable diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2, showing great
potential in application to point-of-care testing.
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Čudová, Martina. "Distanční forma výuky tělesné výchovy v době pandemie SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-448164.
Full textAbstract:
Title: Distance form of teaching physical education during the pandemic SARS- CoV-2. Aims: The aim of this work was to determine the course and provision of physical education in the time of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020. Methods: An online questionnaire was used to write the work, which was shared with teachers via social networks and via email. CAWI method was used for data collection. The data were subsequently processed using MS Excel 2013. Results: The results show that in the spring the teaching of physical education took place much less and less often than in the autumn. In the spring, the teachers did not yet have such technical equipment compared to the autumn, and the teaching took place mainly in an offline form. In the autumn, more teachers taught online, focusing mainly on motivating children to move. In the spring part, the teaching was more theoretically focused. Respondents agreed that a failure in physical education will have a major impact on children's development in the future. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, distance learning, physical education, government measures, pandemic
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Antunes, Ana Sofia Silva. "Relatório de Estágio - Mestrado em Análises Clínicas." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99169.
Full textAbstract:
Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Análises Clínicas apresentado à Faculdade de FarmáciaNeste relatório estão apresentadas as atividades desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio curricular no âmbito do Mestrado de Análises Clínicas da Faculdade Farmácia de Coimbra (FFUC). O estágio foi realizado em dois laboratórios distintos, no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) e no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). Neste relatório é feita uma abordagem geral dos dois locais de estágio e da sua rotina laboratorial, descrevendo amostras, equipamentos, metodologias e parâmetros determinados, assim como os procedimentos pré-analíticos, analíticos e pós-analíticos. A importância dos controlos de qualidade é destacada e é descrita a importância das análises clínicas no diagnóstico e monitorização de doenças. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra permitiu o contacto com as quatro valências das Análises Clínicas (Hematologia, Imunologia, Bioquímica e Microbiologia), no entanto, no relatório são abordadas com maior detalhe as valências de Bioquímica e Microbiologia. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra foi exclusivamente dedicado ao diagnóstico e monitorização da infeção por Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This report presents the activities developed throughout the curricular internship under the Master of Clinical Analysis of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Coimbra (FFUC). The internship was carried out in two different laboratories, in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) and in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). In this report is made a general approach of the two internship sites and their laboratory routine, describing samples, equipment, methodologies and parameters determined, as well as the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical procedures. The importance of quality controls is highlighted and the importance of clinical analyses in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases is described.The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra allowed the contact with the four valences of Clinical Analyses (Hematology, Immunology, Biochemistry and Microbiology), however, the report addresses in greater detail the valences of Biochemistry and Microbiology. The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra was exclusively dedicated to the diagnosis andmonitoring of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
This report presents the activities developed throughout the curricular internship under the Master of Clinical Analysis of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Coimbra (FFUC). The internship was carried out in two different laboratories, in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) and in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). In this report is made a general approach of the two internship sites and their laboratory routine, describing samples, equipment, methodologies and parameters determined, as well as the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical procedures. The importance of quality controls is highlighted and the importance of clinical analyses in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases is described.The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra allowed the contact with the four valences of Clinical Analyses (Hematology, Immunology, Biochemistry and Microbiology), however, the report addresses in greater detail the valences of Biochemistry and Microbiology. The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra was exclusively dedicated to the diagnosis andmonitoring of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Neste relatório estão apresentadas as atividades desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio curricular no âmbito do Mestrado de Análises Clínicas da Faculdade Farmácia de Coimbra (FFUC). O estágio foi realizado em dois laboratórios distintos, no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) e no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). Neste relatório é feita uma abordagem geral dos dois locais de estágio e da sua rotina laboratorial, descrevendo amostras, equipamentos, metodologias e parâmetros determinados, assim como os procedimentos pré-analíticos, analíticos e pós-analíticos. A importância dos controlos de qualidade é destacada e é descrita a importância das análises clínicas no diagnóstico e monitorização de doenças. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra permitiu o contacto com as quatro valências das Análises Clínicas (Hematologia, Imunologia, Bioquímica e Microbiologia), no entanto, no relatório são abordadas com maior detalhe as valências de Bioquímica e Microbiologia. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra foi exclusivamente dedicado ao diagnóstico e monitorização da infeção por Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Antunes, Ana Sofia Silva. "Relatório de Estágio - Mestrado em Análises Clínicas." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/99173.
Full textAbstract:
Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado em Análises Clínicas apresentado à Faculdade de FarmáciaNeste relatório estão apresentadas as atividades desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio curricular no âmbito do Mestrado de Análises Clínicas da Faculdade Farmácia de Coimbra (FFUC). O estágio foi realizado em dois laboratórios distintos, no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) e no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). Neste relatório é feita uma abordagem geral dos dois locais de estágio e da sua rotina laboratorial, descrevendo amostras, equipamentos, metodologias e parâmetros determinados, assim como os procedimentos pré-analíticos, analíticos e pós-analíticos. A importância dos controlos de qualidade é destacada e é descrita a importância das análises clínicas no diagnóstico e monitorização de doenças. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra permitiu o contacto com as quatro valências das Análises Clínicas (Hematologia, Imunologia, Bioquímica e Microbiologia), no entanto, no relatório são abordadas com maior detalhe as valências de Bioquímica e Microbiologia. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra foi exclusivamente dedicado ao diagnóstico e monitorização da infeção por Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This report presents the activities developed throughout the curricular internship under the Master of Clinical Analysis of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Coimbra (FFUC). The internship was carried out in two different laboratories, in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) and in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). In this report is made a general approach of the two internship sites and their laboratory routine, describing samples, equipment, methodologies and parameters determined, as well as the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical procedures. The importance of quality controls is highlighted and the importance of clinical analyses in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases is described.The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra allowed the contact with the four valences of Clinical Analyses (Hematology, Immunology, Biochemistry and Microbiology), however, the report addresses in greater detail the valences of Biochemistry and Microbiology. The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra was exclusively dedicated to the diagnosis andmonitoring of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
This report presents the activities developed throughout the curricular internship under the Master of Clinical Analysis of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Coimbra (FFUC). The internship was carried out in two different laboratories, in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) and in the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). In this report is made a general approach of the two internship sites and their laboratory routine, describing samples, equipment, methodologies and parameters determined, as well as the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical procedures. The importance of quality controls is highlighted and the importance of clinical analyses in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases is described.The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra allowed the contact with the four valences of Clinical Analyses (Hematology, Immunology, Biochemistry and Microbiology), however, the report addresses in greater detail the valences of Biochemistry and Microbiology. The internship at the Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra was exclusively dedicated to the diagnosis andmonitoring of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Neste relatório estão apresentadas as atividades desenvolvidas ao longo do estágio curricular no âmbito do Mestrado de Análises Clínicas da Faculdade Farmácia de Coimbra (FFUC). O estágio foi realizado em dois laboratórios distintos, no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra (LACCSMC) e no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra (LACUC). Neste relatório é feita uma abordagem geral dos dois locais de estágio e da sua rotina laboratorial, descrevendo amostras, equipamentos, metodologias e parâmetros determinados, assim como os procedimentos pré-analíticos, analíticos e pós-analíticos. A importância dos controlos de qualidade é destacada e é descrita a importância das análises clínicas no diagnóstico e monitorização de doenças. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas do Centro de Saúde Militar de Coimbra permitiu o contacto com as quatro valências das Análises Clínicas (Hematologia, Imunologia, Bioquímica e Microbiologia), no entanto, no relatório são abordadas com maior detalhe as valências de Bioquímica e Microbiologia. O estágio no Laboratório de Análises Clínicas da Universidade de Coimbra foi exclusivamente dedicado ao diagnóstico e monitorização da infeção por Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Molho, Sara Carolina Figueiredo. "Análise retrospetiva do SARS-CoV-2 no Centro de Testagem COVID-19 da UTAD." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10348/11124.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho foi expressamente elaborado com vista à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia para as Ciências da Saúde.O aparecimento da COVID-19 provocou muitas alterações no quotidiano das populações de forma a combater a mesma. Portugal não foi exceção e também tomou medidas de forma a controlar a propagação da pandemia, nomeadamente um confinamento da população de 18 de março a 4 de maio. No sentido de perceber o impacto do primeiro desconfinamento na população abrangida pelos ACES Douro I – Marão e Douro Norte e Tâmega II – Vale de Sousa Sul procedeu-se à análise dos resultados obtidos no Centro de Testagem COVID-19 da UTAD, de 4 de maio a 30 de setembro 2020, contabilizando 5420 amostras analisadas por testes de “Reverse transcriptase PCR” - RT-PCR e 374 voluntários analisados por testes serológicos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que ao longo do tempo, no decorrer do desconfinamento o número de casos positivos aumentou e o número de casos negativos diminuiu. Foi ainda verificado que uma maior densidade populacional está associada a uma maior percentagem de casos positivos. O número praticamente nulo de casos positivos nos testes serológicos sugerem que o confinamento realizado no distrito de Vila Real teve o efeito pretendido no controlo da pandemia. Além disso, o presente estudo revelou a importância dos testes serológicos como método auxiliar no controlo da pandemia pois ao contrário do RT-PCR permite a distinção entre infeção primária de infeção secundária.
The emergence of COVID-19 caused many changes in people's daily lives to combat it. Portugal was no exception and took steps to control the spread of the pandemic, including a population lockdown from 18 March to 4 May 2020. In order to understand the impact of the release measures in two ACES Douro I - Douro e Marão and Tâmega II – Vale de Sousa the results obtained at the UTAD's COVID-19 Testing Center were analysed, from May 4 to September 30 2020, analysing a total number of 5420 samples by RT-PCR and 374 volunteers were tested by serologic assays. The results obtained suggest that, over time, the number of positive cases increased and the number of negative cases decreased. Additionally, a higher population density is associated with a higher percentage of positive cases. According to the results of serologic tests, it could be inferred that the confinement had the desired results, at least in Vila Real district. In conclusion, this work supported the hypothesis that serologic tests could be used as auxiliar method to control the pandemic situation as unlike the RT-PCR tests it allows to distinguish primary infections from secondary infections.
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Crispim, Bianca Félix de Oliveira. "Medidas epidemiológicas e análises laboratoriais para o estudo do SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/10262.
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A COVID-19 se manifesta principalmente como uma infecção respiratória. No entanto, um grande número de estudos mostra características de doença ubíqua com repercussões nos sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, gastrointestinal, neurológico, hematopoiético e imunológico. Estudos conduzidos em vários centros de pesquisa na China, Europa e Estados Unidos da América indicam que os resultados laboratoriais podem fornecer à equipe clínica muitos marcadores preditivos úteis. O efeito no sistema hematopoiético e na hemostasia é evidenciado por alterações significativas no número de linfócitos, granulócitos e plaquetas, bem como alterações no processo de coagulação. Esses parâmetros podem ser monitorados e ter um efeito preditivo no curso da doença e podem ajudar a identificar pacientes que precisam de cuidados intensivos. Em resumo, a COVID19 apresenta alterações significativas no sistema hematopoiético e está frequentemente associada a um estado de hipercoagulabilidade. A avaliação cuidadosa dos índices laboratoriais no início da doença e durante a doença pode ajudar os médicos a formular um tratamento adequado à situação, além de permitir cuidados especiais para os pacientes mais necessitados.COVID-19 manifests itself mainly as a respiratory infection. However, many studies show characteristics of an ubiquitous disease with repercussions on the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, hematopoietic and immunological systems. Studies conducted at several research centers in China, Europe and the United States of America indicate that laboratory results can provide the clinical team with many useful predictive markers. The effect on the hematopoietic system and hemostasis is evidenced by significant changes in the number of lymphocytes, granulocytes, and platelets, as well as changes in the coagulation process. These parameters can be monitored and have a predictive effect on the course of the disease and can help to identify patients who need intensive care. In summary, COVID-19 has significant changes in the hematopoietic system and is often associated with a state of hypercoagulability. Careful evaluation of laboratory indexes at the beginning of the disease and during the disease can help doctors to formulate an appropriate treatment for the situation, in addition to allowing special care for the neediest patients.
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Souto, Mariana Marques. "Internamento pediátrico por infeções respiratórias: antes e depois do SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134665.
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Marques, Rita Alexandra Lima. "Fatores imunogenéticos para avaliação do risco de infeção por SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98245.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Bioquímica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaIntrodução: Em dezembro de 2019 foi identificado na China um novo coronavírus, o SARS-CoV-2. Em março de 2020, a doença por este causada, a COVID-19, foi declarada uma pandemia. A COVID-19 manifesta-se de diversas formas nos pacientes. Já estão identificados vários fatores de risco para a COVID-19, no entanto esses fatores não explicam todos os casos graves da doença. A resposta imunitária do hospedeiro ao SARS-CoV-2 é decisiva na gravidade da COVID-19. Diversos fatores genéticos, nomeadamente polimorfismos em genes importantes para a resposta imunitária (como os genes TLR), já estão associados ao aumento da suscetibilidade em infeções virais. Materiais e Métodos: Foram recolhidas, a pacientes da Clínica Dentária Universitária da Universidade Católica Portuguesa e da JS Clínica Médica (Viseu), amostras de saliva e, simultaneamente, foi aplicado um questionário para recolha de dados clínicos e sociodemográficos dos participantes. As amostras foram processadas e foi feita a sua caraterização molecular pela determinação da carga viral, sequenciação e identificação de polimorfismos genéticos nos genes TLR, e quantificação de IgG. Resultados: A recolha de dados clínicos e sociodemográficos permitiu fazer a caraterização da população em estudo, sendo que os indivíduos foram divididos segundo o sexo (feminino ou masculino), a idade (entre 18 e 39 anos, entre 40 e 59 anos, ou mais de 60 anos), e pela existência ou não de diagnóstico prévio de infeção por SARS-CoV-2. Dores musculares, cansaço, dor de cabeça, tosse e perda de olfato, foram os sintomas mais frequentes nos participantes com diagnóstico prévio de infeção por SARS-CoV-2. Foram identificados 7 polimorfismos no gene TLR3 e 3 polimorfismos no gene TLR7, sendo que alguns deles já foram associados a infeções virais. Conclusão: Devido à complexidade da COVID-19, é de grande importância identificar fatores genéticos que mais diferenciam os doentes. Sabendo o papel que os TLRs desempenham no processo de infeção, é importante identificar polimorfismos associados à suscetibilidade ou à resistência para melhor gerir os recursos disponíveis nesta e em futuras doenças.
Introduction: In December 2019, a new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was identified in China. In March 2020, the disease it caused, COVID-19, was declared a pandemic. COVID-19 manifests itself in different ways in patients. Several risk factors for COVID-19 have already been identified, however these factors do not explain all severe cases of the disease. The host's immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is decisive in the severity of COVID-19. Several genetic factors, including polymorphisms in genes important for the immune response (such as TLR genes), are already associated with increased susceptibility to viral infections. Materials and Methods: Saliva samples were collected from patients at the Clínica Dentária Universitária of the Universidade Católica Portuguesa and at JS Clínica Médica (Viseu) and, simultaneously, a questionnaire was applied to collect clinical and sociodemographic data from the participants. The samples were processed and their molecular characterization was performed by determining the viral load, sequencing and identifying genetic polymorphisms in TLR genes, and quantifying IgG. Results: The collection of clinical and sociodemographic data allowed for the characterization of the study population, and the individuals were divided according to sex (female or male), age (between 18 and 39 years, between 40 and 59 years, or over 60 years), and by the existence or not of a previous diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Muscle pain, tiredness, headache, cough and loss of smell were the most frequent symptoms in participants with a previous diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 7 polymorphisms in the TLR3 gene and 3 polymorphisms in the TLR7 gene have been identified, some of which have already been associated with viral infections. Conclusion: Due to the complexity of COVID-19, it is of great importance to identify genetic factors that most differentiate patients. Knowing the role that TLRs play in the infection process, it is important to identify polymorphisms associated with susceptibility or resistance to better manage available resources in this and future diseases.
Outro - Projeto cofinanciado por: - Centro 2020 - Portugal 2020 - Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (União Europeia)
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Cintra, Tiago Ferreira. "ENFARTE AGUDO DO MIOCÁRDIO EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA POR SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98574.
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Trabalho Final do Mestrado Integrado em Medicina apresentado à Faculdade de MedicinaIntrodução: A Doença Cardiovascular (DCV) representa um conjunto de distúrbios cardíacose dos vasos sanguíneos com prevalência e mortalidade importantes à escala global. Umadessas patologias é o Enfarte Agudo do Miocárdio (EAM), que se caracteriza por lesão domiocárdio com necrose em contexto clínico compatível com mecanismo de isquémia. Estepode ser categorizado com base na presença ou ausência de elevação do segmento-ST aoeletrocardiograma (ECG). A infeção por SARS-CoV-2 está associada a um aumento do riscocardiovascular e, simultaneamente, a existência de DCV prévia em doentes que contraemCOVID-19 pode agravar o quadro infecioso. O início do surto pandémico por COVID-19 fezcom que os serviços de saúde fossem forçados a adaptar estratégias com vista a combater atransmissão da doença. Pretende-se realizar uma revisão do impacto da infeção por SARSCoV-2 na epidemiologia e evolução do Enfarte Agudo do Miocárdio, bem como das alteraçõesna gestão do doente com EAM e COVID-19.Metodologia: Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico entre dezembro de 2020 e marçode 2021, com recurso às bases de dados PubMed e Cochrane Library e introduzindo asseguintes keywords (em formato MeSH): “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2” e “myocardialinfarction”. Foram selecionadas publicações de revistas com fator de impacto relevante, tendosido considerados como pertinentes 27 artigos.Discussão e Conclusão: Contrariamente ao que seria de esperar, o número de admissõeshospitalares por EAM sofreu uma diminuição significativa após o início do surto pandémicopor COVID-19. Vários estudos sugerem como principal explicação a relutância dos pacientesque experienciam sintomas típicos em se dirigirem ao hospital. Não obstante, a relação causaefeitoentre infeção por SARS-CoV-2 e aumento do risco de EAM é uma realidade e assentana resposta inflamatória sistémica induzida pela infeção viral, que predispõe à ocorrência detrombose microvascular. Um dos mecanismos propostos para explicar esta série de eventosé o fenómeno de exocitose endotelial, como resultado de lesão do endotélio.Para avaliar a presença de lesão miocárdica, o doseamento de troponina cardíaca pode serum instrumento valioso, tal como a ecografia cardíaca, o ECG e a angiografia coronária. Noque diz respeito à gestão do doente com EAM, devem ser tidos em conta vários desafios emcontexto de pandemia, como apresentações tardias de doentes no Serviço de Urgência (SU),erros de diagnóstico, sobrecarga dos sistemas de saúde e a implementação de medidas deproteção contra a transmissão da infeção viral. A Intervenção Coronária Percutânea (ICP)deve manter-se como estratégia de reperfusão de 1ª linha em pacientes com Enfarte doMiocárdio com elevação do segmento-ST (STEMI), com a fibrinólise a ficar reservada paracasos selecionados.Apesar da adaptação dos serviços de saúde à situação imposta pela infeção por SARS-CoV-2, o prognóstico do EAM aparenta ser menos favorável desde o início da “era COVID-19”. Ainvestigação de métodos precisos de diagnóstico e tratamento tendo como alvo a trombosemicrovascular e a definição de estratégias de anti-coagulação profilática ou de anti-agregaçãoplaquetar mais “agressiva” em situações específicas poderá ser útil para otimizar a gestão doEAM em contexto de pandemia.
Introduction: Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a group of highly prevalent diseases thatrepresent one of the main causes of mortality worldwide. It is comprised of a variety ofconditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, such as Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI),which is defined by myocardial damage with necrosis in a clinical setting suggestive ofischemia. AMI can be characterized based on the presence or absence of ST-segmentelevation in the electrocardiogram (ECG). SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with anincreased risk of cardiovascular comorbidities. Likewise, patients with pre-existing CVD aremore likely to experience more severe manifestations of respiratory infection. The surge of theCOVID-19 pandemic led to changes in health services’ strategies, in order to prevent thetransmission of the disease. The aim of this work is to conduct a review on the impact of SARSCoV-2 infection in the epidemiology and clinical course of AMI, as well as on the managementof patients with AMI and COVID-19.Methods: Bibliographic search in PubMed and Cochrane Library databases, betweenDecember 2020 and March 2021. The following MeSH terms were chosen: “COVID-19”,“SARS-CoV-2” and “myocardial infarction”. The search was narrowed to a group of journalswith a good impact factor. A total of 27 articles were considered to be relevant for the purposeof this work.Discussion and Conclusions: Despite what was expected, the number of admissions forAMI decreased significantly after the surge of the COVID-19 pandemic. Several studiessuggest that the main reason for this finding was patients’ reluctance of going to the hospitaleven when experiencing typical symptoms. Nevertheless, the cause-effect relationshipbetween SARS-CoV-2 infection and an increased AMI risk is real and consists of a viralinfection-induced systemic inflammatory response, which leads to microvascular thrombosis.One of the proposed mechanisms for this series of events is endothelial exocytosis, as a resultof endothelial injury.In order to assess the presence of myocardial injury, several methods might be of great value,such as cardiac troponin values, ECG, echocardiography and coronary angiography findings.As far as patient management is concerned, challenges imposed by the pandemic areimportant to take into consideration, such as patient and system-related delays, misdiagnosis,health services overload and the implementation of measures to prevent the transmission ofthe viral infection. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) should remain the preferredreperfusion strategy in patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction, whilefibrinolysis should be considered only in selected cases.Even though health systems managed to make adjustments as the inception of the pandemicbecame a reality, AMI prognosis has worsened ever since. Future studies targeting thediagnosis and treatment of microvascular thrombosis and the possibility of anti-coagulationprophylaxis or more aggressive anti-thrombotic strategies might prove useful.
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Roque, Nádia Micaela Machado. "Satisfação profissional dos enfermeiros durante o período da pandemia SARS-CoV-2." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/76213.
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Dissertação de mestrado em Gestão de Unidades de SaúdeO presente estudo pretende avaliar o nível de satisfação profissional dos enfermeiros a exercer funções, em Portugal, durante o período da pandemia por Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A satisfação profissional é um importante indicador na gestão, principalmente na gestão de unidades de saúde, pois profissionais de saúde com bons níveis de satisfação no trabalho contribuem para a melhoria dos cuidados de saúde prestados pelas organizações. Com o aparecimento da pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, as organizações de saúde foram obrigadas a reformular protocolos, equipas de trabalho, unidades e gestão de recursos humanos e materiais. Deste modo, estas mudanças foram sentidas pelos enfermeiros, profissionais que viram a sua vida profissional e pessoal mudar drasticamente, pela necessidade urgente que o vírus exigiu. Portanto, este estudo visa perceber qual foi a mudança a nível da satisfação profissional dos enfermeiros com o aparecimento da pandemia, bem como a influência de diversas variáveis, tal como o engajamento do profissional face ao seu trabalho. Este estudo enquadra-se numa investigação do tipo quantitativo, observacional, descritivo, transversal e correlacional. A investigação contou com a participação de 503 enfermeiros que exerceram funções em Portugal durante a pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Os participantes responderam a um questionário, constituído por um conjunto de questões relativas a variáveis sociodemográficas, profissionais, laborais e extralaborais. Para além das referidas questões, o nível de satisfação profissional do participante foi avaliado através do Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) versão curta, e o nível de engajamento através da Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Os resultados do estudo evidenciaram que os enfermeiros durante a pandemia se sentiram moderadamente satisfeitos, apresentando um nível médio de 61,7 pontos de um total de 100. Com este estudo percebemos que os enfermeiros gestores estão mais satisfeitos profissionalmente, bem como os enfermeiros que têm um horário fixo e os enfermeiros que não tiveram um aumento da carga horária durante a pandemia. Um agregado familiar superior a 4 contribui favoravelmente para a satisfação profissional dos enfermeiros. Enfermeiros com uma remuneração mensal inferior a 1199€ apresentam um nível de satisfação profissional baixo. Por último, constatamos que o engajamento no trabalho e a satisfação profissional estabelecem uma relação positiva.
This study aims to assess the level of job satisfaction of nurses working during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, in Portugal. Professional satisfaction is an important indicator in management, especially in the management of health units, as nurses with higher levels of job satisfaction contribute to improve the health care provided by organizations. With the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, health care organizations were forced to reformulate protocols, work teams functioning, entire care units, and the overall management of human and material resources. Thus, these changes were felt by nurses, whose professional and personal life changed dramatically, due to the urgent needs caused by the virus. Therefore, the aim of this study is to perceive what changed regarding nurses’ levels of job satisfaction, with the appearance of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as well as the influence of other variables on nurses’ performance, such as their work engagement. This study is part of a quantitative, observational, descriptive, transversal and correlational research. This research involved the participation of 503 nurses who worked in Portugal during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Participants answered a questionnaire, consisting of a set of questions related to sociodemographic, professional, labor and extra-labor variables. In addition, the level of work satisfaction was assessed using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) short form, and the level of work engagement was assessed by using the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). The study results show that these nurses, during the pandemic period, felt moderately satisfied, an average level of 61.7 points out of a total of 100. With this study, we conclude that nurse managers are more satisfied, as well as nurses who have a fixed schedule and nurses who did not experienced an increased workload during the pandemic. A household greater than 4 persons, contributes favorably to nurses' job satisfaction. Nurses with a monthly remuneration of less than 1199 € showed a lower level of job satisfaction. Finally, we found that engagement at work and job satisfaction have a positive association.
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Pires, Manuel Maria Moura Neves Moreira. "SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein: from genomic data to structural new insights." Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/138003.
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Souto, Mariana Marques. "Internamento pediátrico por infeções respiratórias: antes e depois do SARS-CoV-2." Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/134665.
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