Academic literature on the topic 'Saratoga Spa (Saratoga, N.Y.)'

The Saratoga Chalk of Arkansas yields a rich ammonite fauna of 17 species, referred to the Nostoceras (N.) hyatti zone. Recognition that the northwest European N. (N.) pozaryskii Blaszkiewicz, 1980, is a synonym of N. (N.) hyatti Stephenson, 1941, and N. (N.) helicinum (Shumard, 1861) dates the zone as latest Campanian on the basis of co-occurrence with Belemnitella langei Jeletzky, 1948, in Poland. Most previous estimates of the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary in the Gulf Coast have been drawn at too low a level, at least in terms of ammonite faunas. Elements of the N. (N.) hyatti zone fauna occur in the United States Western Interior, and show the base of the Maastrichtian there to lie above the Baculites jenseni zone.

In 1885, Sarato created Nisto as a new genus of slipper lobster and assigned two species to his taxon, namely Nisto laevis and N. asper. Bouvier later regarded these two species as post-larval stages of Scyllarus arctus (Linnaeus, 1758). This viewpoint of two post-larval stages has been accepted and retained, including being cited in the most recent scyllarid literature. The discovery of N. laevis and N. asper specimens in the reference collection of the Natural History Museum, London and the capture of three nisto-stage individuals, one in the north-western Mediterranean Sea and two in the Gulf of Cádiz (eastern Atlantic Ocean) have facilitated a historical review into the post-larval stages of S. arctus, as well as new detailed morphological descriptions. From the present study, it has been possible to describe and illustrate the nisto stages of S. arctus and S. pygmaeus (Bate, 1888) and to resolve the true identities of N. laevis and N. asper by DNA analysis. Accordingly, N. laevis has been identified as the nisto stage of S. pygmaeus and N. asper as that of S. arctus.

«Dyakovskiy forest» (Saratov Region) is a unique natural phenomenon. It is located in the transitional zone between dry and desert steppes. Vegetation of this territory is represented by steppes and meadows, as well as small patches of deciduous forests. (Fig. 2) The sand massif is located far from nearest localities of the sandy steppes to the west of the Volga River (Fig. 1). «Dyakovskiy forest» is the unique southern forest outpost in European Russia, supposedly of relict origin (Shilova, Neronov, 2010). Sandy steppes were studied in May 2018. 16 relevés were performed on 10×10 m plots. We compared the communities from «Dyakovskiy forest» with the associations of the class Festucetea vaginatae Soó ex Vicherek 1972 from the southeast of the European Russia and Ukraine. For classification and comparative analysis we used cluster analysis in the PAST software (Hammer et al., 2001). The IBIS 7.2 was used for data storage and processing (Zverev, 2007). Cluster analysis revealed differentiation patterns of psammophytic vegetation (Fig. 3). The central part of the dendrogram is occupied by sandy steppes dominated by perennial grasses (cluster 1). These communities form the prevailing plant communities in the study area; they represent the final stages of sand stabilization. Five species determine the physiognomy of the sandy steppes of the «Dyakovskiy forest»: Artemisia marschalliana, Chamaecytisus borysthenicus, Festuca beckeri, Jurinea polyclonos, Stipa borysthenica. The first cluster was divided into two groups of relevés, representing different stages of sand stabilization. The first group is characterized by high activity of bunchgrasses: Agropyron fragile, Poa bulbosa,and Stipa borysthenica. It is also indicated by the presence of common steppe plants: Allium tulipifolium, Artemisia austriaca, Carex supina, Centaurea pseudomaculosa, Eremogone biebersteinii, Galium ruthenicum, Veronica verna. The second group is distinguished by the high frequency of obligate psammophytes: Tragopogon tanaiticus, Linaria dulcis, Leymus racemosus, and Secale sylvestre. The prevalence of these species allows interpreting the second group as a stage of relatively less fixed sands. Communities with the dominance of annual plants are grouped in the right part of the dendrogram (cluster 2). Now these communities can occur only in disturbed places, for example on a plowed strips protecting «Dyakovskiy forest» from fires. One relevé represents scrub communities that inhabit relatively well-moistened depressions. Thus, the dendrogram structure reflect the main patterns in species composition, associated with sand fixation chronosequence — from stage of annual psammophytes to stage of bunchgrasses and shrubs. To determine the syntaxonomical status of sandy steppes in the system of floristic classification, the earlier described associations of the class Festucetea vaginatae were analyzed. On the dendrogram all associations are united in three groups (Fig. 4). The most numerous first group represents communities from Azov and Black Sea coasts. The second group includes intercontinental sandy steppes. The third group of four associations is transitional, geographically it represents the Aleshkovskiye sands from Don River valley close to its estuary. Steppes from the «Dyakovskiy forest» are the closest to their analogues from Orenburg Region (Dulepova et al., 2018), while a comparison of their species composition shows significant differences (Table 2). Their similarity is determined by a group of common psammophytic species, most of them involved in the diagnosis of the class Festucetea vaginatae, its central order Festucetalia vaginatae Soό 1957 and the alliance Festucion beckeri Vicherek 1972 (Vicherek, 1972). A series of close associations was described from the territory of the Rostov Region (Demina, 2009; Demina et al., 2012). Two associations from the Peskovatskiy sand massif (Rostov Region) were used in the cluster analysis. The level of similarity of these associations with the Saratov and Orenburg associations is low. Thus, the peculiarity of the species composition of the described sandy steppes allows to attribute them to a new association. Association Thymo pallasiani–Festucetum beckeri ass. nov. hoc loco (Table 1: 2–13), holotypus hoc loco: relevé 10 (field number 18-088): Saratov Region (border with Volgograd Region), Krasnokutskiy district, 7 km SW from Dyakovka village, sands, 50.70002º N, 46.68761º E, 21.05.2018, author — A. Yu. Korolyuk. Diagnostic species: Alyssum desertorum, Carex colchica, Chamaecytisus borysthenicus, Chondrilla juncea, Euphorbia seguieriana, Festuca beckeri, Helichrysum arenarium, Jurinea polyclonos, Kochia laniflora, Koeleria sabuletorum, Poa bulbosa, Potentilla incana, Silene borysthenica, Stipa borysthenica, Thymus pallasianus. This association is considered as central in the alliance Festucion beckeri and is diagnosed by differential species of higher-level syntaxa. Communities of associations dominate on territory of the «Dyakovskiy forest» (Fig. 5, 6). Association includes 2 variants representing different stages of sand fixing. The var. Agropyron fragile inhabits more fixed sands. The var. Leymus racemosus represents earlier stages. In the study area we distinguish two communities that belong to the class Festucetea vaginatae. The community Spiraea crenata–Scirpoides holoschoenus is confined to shallow depressions. It is characte­rized by shrub layer with cover up to 20 % and a height of 60–80 cm. It is differentiated from surrounding­ ­ve­getation by high abundance of Scirpoides holo­schoenus and Festuca rupicola. The community Secale sylvestre–Anisantha tectorum is described on a fire protection strips. These are species poor coenoses dominated by annual plants (Fig. 7).

Abstract Variable precipitation in the western United States impacts forage availability, potentially influencing fertility. Furthermore, producers located above 1,500 meters contend with high altitude disease (HAD) due to reduced atmospheric oxygen, potentially resulting in right sided heart failure. Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) score is an indicator trait of HAD. The physiological stress of elevated PAP score could compound environmental stress, such as variable precipitation. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of precipitation and PAP score on beef heifer fertility. Data for this study were sourced from the Colorado State University Beef Improvement Center (CSU-BIC; 1993-2019; n = 3,834; 2,150 to 2,411 m elevation) near Saratoga, Wyoming. Records included identification, birth year, yearling year, yearling weight (YW), PAP, first service conception (FSC), overall heifer pregnancy (HPG) and sire. Precipitation data were sourced from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Three classifications were created: cumulative precipitation from birth to breeding, precipitation from heifer birth to weaning, and precipitation from heifer weaning to breeding. Initial models contained sources of variation of precipitation classification, PAP, YW and a PAP by precipitation classification interaction for the response of HPG and FSC. Logistical regression was executed followed by analysis of variance. Yearling weight was a predictor of FSC (P < 0.01) while weaning to breeding precipitation was a predictor for HPG (P < 0.05). In general, the PAP by precipitation interaction was not detected; however, PAP by weaning to breeding precipitation tended to predict HPG (P < 0.10). A favorable, positive relationship was detected between YW and FSC (bi=0.00120 to 00120 to 0.00124; P < 0.01). A favorable, positive relationship also existed between weaning to breeding precipitation and HPG (bi=0.2528, P < 0.05). Those results suggested that increased precipitation during the development period from weaning to breeding was advantageous to HPG. The results also provided evidence to suggest that precipitation and PAP may interact to influence breeding success. Thus, we conclude that increased precipitation during the weaning to breeding period appears advantageous to overall breeding success of Angus heifers in a high-altitude production system.

У статті аналізуються особливості розуміння інтернет-новин. Для цього використані методи аналізу та синтезу; описового, лінгвокультурного та концептуальнного аналізу тексту, дескриптивної інтроспекції та моделювання, метод семантичних і прагматичних інтерпретацій, контекстне спостереження. Автор акцентує, що у процесі дослідження розуміння новин у інтернеті варто враховувати їх специфічні характеристики. Виокремлено, що на відміну від друкованих новин інтернет-новинам властиві такі риси: відсутність цензури, жорсткої залежності від формату видання, гіпертекстовість, інтерактивність, електронна форма, що дозволяє спростити процес друку, зекономити час, колективне авторство, можливість архівування та електронного пошуку, можливість постійного доступу з будьякої точки світу, мультимедійність, необмежений тираж та низька собівартість, уривчастість (не можна відкрити декілька сторінок в одному вікні). Ці нові переважно технічні можливості створюють потенціал реалізації низки комунікативних феноменів, зокрема персоналізації, нехтування мовними нормами, спрощення, широкого використання жаргону, термінів, що призводить до формування специфічного мовленнєвого етикету інтернет-новин. Для мовленнєвого етикету інтернет-новин типовим є використання дієслів у третій формі множини, часто не називаючи суб’єкта дії або називаючи лише формально: через метонімію (наприклад: «влада») або за допомогою онімів без референтів. Такий мовленнєвий етикет інтернетновин значно ускладнює розуміння їх змісту, крім того за допомогою незрозумілих формулювань читачам нав’язують певні цінності, установки та орієнтири. Психологічні особливості впливу мовленнєвого етикету інтернет-новин на процес розуміння репрезентовані у моделі розуміння такого тексту, що запропонована у цій статті (на прикладі новинного анонсу з сайту «РосБизнесКонсалтинг»). Література References Akіmova, N. (2014). Internet-kommunikatsiya: psikholingvisticheskiy analiz: Monografiya [Internet-communication: Psycholinguistic Analysis]. Saarbryúkken : LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing. Akіmova, N. Movlennevі devіacіyi u movі ukraїns'kih іnternet-ZMІ: tendencіja movy epokhy chy zasіb manіpuliuvannia [Speech deviation in the language of Ukrainian online media: the tendency of epoch’s language or means of manipulation]. Retrieved from http://mentalnist-2016.blogspot.com/p/blog-page_49.html. Akіmova, N. (2016). Frahmentarnist’ novynnoyi internet-komunikatsiyi yak faktor, shcho uskladnyuye yiyi rozuminnya [Fragmentation of the Internet news communication as a factor that complicates its understanding]. Psykholinhvistyka, 20(2), 12-20. Batmanova, S. (2004). Setevyye SMI: faktory efektivnosti [Network mass media: factors of effectiveness]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Voronezh. BTSRYA – Kuznetsov, S.A. (Eds.). (2009) Bol'shoj tolkovyi slovar' russkogo jazyka [Big Dictionary of Russian]. S.-Petersburg: Norint. Dvoynina Ye. (2010). Rechevaya manipulyatsiya v internet-diskurse (na materiale russko- i angloyazychnykh novostnykh saytov) [Speech manipulation in Internet discourse (on the basis of Russian and English-language news sites)]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Saratov. Il'ina I. Problemy izucheniya i vospriyatiya giperteksta v mul'timediynoy srede internet [Problems of studying and perception of hypertext in the multimedia environment of the Internet]. Retrieved from www.ipk.ru. Karamysheva R. (2009). Rehistrovo-zhanrovi kharakterystyky povidomlen’ pro stykhiyni lykha na ukrayinomovnykh ta anhlomovnykh internet-saytakh [The register and genre characteristics of reports of natural disasters in Ukrainian and English web sites]. Linhvistychni Studiyi, 18, 167–173. Koval'chukova M. (2009). Novostnoy anons v seti internet kak rechevoy zhanr diskursa SMI [News announcement in the Internet as a speech genre of the discourse of the media]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Izhevsk. Kolomiyets’ S., Kulyezniova S. (2012). Zhanrovo-styliova dominanta v perekladi tekstiv internet-dyskursu [Genre-style dominant in the translation of texts of Internet discourse]. Funktsyonalnaya Lyngvistika, 3, 176-284. Kulakova V. (2007). Internet v sisteme sredstv massovoy informatsii Tadzhikistana [Internet in the system of mass media of Tajikistan]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Dushanbe. Filatova, O. G. (2004) Internet kak mass-media [Internet as a mass media]. Aktual'nye Problemy Teorii Kommunikatsii, 232-240. Sources RBK – RosBiznesKonsalting – novosti, akcii, kursy valjut, pogoda, dollar, evro [RosBusinessConsulting – News, Stocks, Exchange rate, weather, dollar, euro]. Retrieved from http://www.rbc.ru/.