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Journal articles on the topic 'SAPPhIRE Model of Causality'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Bhatt, Apoorv Naresh, Anubhab Majumder, and Amaresh Chakrabarti. "Analyzing the modes of reasoning in design using the SAPPhIRE model of causality and the Extended Integrated Model of Designing." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 35, no. 4 (November 2021): 384–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060421000214.

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AbstractLiterature suggests that people typically understand knowledge by induction and produce knowledge by synthesis. This paper revisits the various modes of reasoning – explanatory abduction, innovative abduction, deduction, and induction – that have been proposed by earlier researchers as crucial modes of reasoning underlying the design process. First, our paper expands earlier work on abductive reasoning – an essential mode of reasoning involved in the process of synthesis – by understanding its role with the help of the “SAPPhIRE” model of causality. The explanations of abductive reasoning in design using the SAPPhIRE model have been compared with those using existing models. Second, the paper captures and analyzes various modes of reasoning during design synthesis with the help of the “Extended Integrated Model of Designing”. The analysis of participants' verbal speech and outcomes shows the model's ability to explain the various modes of reasoning that occur in design. The results indicate the above models to provide a more extensive account of reasoning in design synthesis. Earlier empirical validation of both the models lends further support to the claim of their explanatory capacity.

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2

Sartori, Julian, Ujjwal Pal, and Amaresh Chakrabarti. "A methodology for supporting “transfer” in biomimetic design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 24, no. 4 (October 25, 2010): 483–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060410000351.

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AbstractBiomimetics involves transfer from one or more biological examples to a technical system. This study addresses four questions. What are the essential steps in a biomimetic process? What is transferred? How can the transferred knowledge be structured in a way useful for biologists and engineers? Which guidelines can be given to support transfer in biomimetic design processes? In order to identify the essential steps involved in carrying out biomimetics, several procedures found in the literature were summarized, and four essential steps that are common across these procedures were identified. For identification of mechanisms for transfer, 20 biomimetic examples were collected and modeled according to a model of causality called the SAPPhIRE model. These examples were then analyzed for identifying the underlying similarity between each biological and corresponding analogue technical system. Based on the SAPPhIRE model, four levels of abstraction at which transfer takes place were identified. Taking into account similarity, the biomimetic examples were assigned to the appropriate levels of abstraction of transfer. Based on the essential steps and the levels of transfer, guidelines for supporting transfer in biomimetic design were proposed and evaluated using design experiments. The 20 biological and analogue technical systems that were analyzed were similar in the physical effects used and at the most abstract levels of description of their functionality, but they were the least similar at the lowest levels of abstraction: the parts involved. Transfer most often was carried out at the physical effect level of abstraction. Compared to a generic set of guidelines based on the literature, the proposed guidelines improved design performance by about 60%. Further, the SAPPhIRE model turned out to be a useful representation for modeling complex biological systems and their functionality. Databases of biological systems, which are structured using the SAPPhIRE model, have the potential to aid biomimetic concept generation.

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3

Bhattacharya, Kausik, and Amaresh Chakrabarti. "A KNOWLEDGE GRAPH AND RULE BASED REASONING METHOD FOR EXTRACTING SAPPHIRE INFORMATION FROM TEXT." Proceedings of the Design Society 3 (June 19, 2023): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.23.

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AbstractRepresentation of design information using causal ontologies is very effective for creative ideation in product design. Hence researchers created databases with models of engineering and biological systems using causal ontologies. Manually building many models using technical documents requires significant effort by specialists. Researchers worked on the automatic extraction of design information leveraging the computational techniques of Machine Learning. But these methods are data intensive, have manual touch points and have not yet reported the end-to-end performance of the process. In this paper, we present the results of a new method inspired by the cognitive process followed by specialists. This method uses the Knowledge Graph with Rule based reasoning for information extraction for the SAPPhIRE causality model from natural language texts. Unlike the supervised learning methods, this new method does not require data intensive modelling. We report the performance of the end-to-end information extraction process, which is found to be a promising alternative.

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4

Srinivasan, V., and Amaresh Chakrabarti. "Investigating novelty–outcome relationships in engineering design." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 24, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089006041000003x.

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AbstractDesign creativity involves developing novel and useful solutions to design problems. The research in this article is an attempt to understand how novelty of a design resulting from a design process is related to the kind of outcomes, described here as constructs, involved in the design process. A model of causality, the SAPPhIRE model, is used as the basis of the analysis. The analysis is based on previous research that shows that designing involves development and exploration of the seven basic constructs of the SAPPhIRE model that constitute the causal connection between the various levels of abstraction at which a design can be described. The constructs are state change, action, parts, phenomenon, input, organs, and effect. The following two questions are asked. Is there a relationship between novelty and the constructs? If there is a relationship, what is the degree of this relationship? A hypothesis is developed to answer the questions: an increase in the number and variety of ideas explored while designing should enhance the variety of concept space, leading to an increase in the novelty of the concept space. Eight existing observational studies of designing sessions are used to empirically validate the hypothesis. Each designing session involves an individual designer, experienced or novice, solving a design problem by producing concepts and following a think-aloud protocol. The results indicate dependence of novelty of concept space on variety of concept space and dependence of variety of concept space on variety of idea space, thereby validating the hypothesis. The results also reveal a strong correlation between novelty and the constructs; correlation value decreases as the abstraction level of the constructs reduces, signifying the importance of using constructs at higher abstraction levels for enhancing novelty.

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5

Chakrabarti, Amaresh, V. Srinivasan, B. S. C. Ranjan, and Udo Lindemann. "A case for multiple views of function in design based on a common definition." Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 27, no. 3 (July 24, 2013): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060413000279.

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AbstractFunctions are important in designing. However, several issues hinder progress with the understanding and usage of functions: lack of a clear and overarching definition of function, lack of overall justifications for the inevitability of the multiple views of function, and scarcity of systematic attempts to relate these views with one another. To help resolve these, the objectives of this research are to propose a common definition of function that underlies the multiple views in literature and to identify and validate the views of function that are logically justified to be present in designing. Function is defined as a change intended by designers between two scenarios: before and after the introduction of the design. A framework is proposed that comprises the above definition of function and an empirically validated model of designing, extended generate, evaluate, modify, and select of state-change, and an action, part, phenomenon, input, organ, and effect model of causality (Known as GEMS of SAPPhIRE), comprising the views of activity, outcome, requirement–solution–information, and system–environment. The framework is used to identify the logically possible views of function in the context of designing and is validated by comparing these with the views of function in the literature. Describing the different views of function using the proposed framework should enable comparisons and determine relationships among the various views, leading to better understanding and usage of functions in designing.

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6

Finkbeiner, Bernd, and Andrey Kupriyanov. "Causality-based Model Checking." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 259 (October 10, 2017): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.259.3.

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7

Iwasaki, Yumi, and Herbert A. Simon. "Causality and model abstraction." Artificial Intelligence 67, no. 1 (May 1994): 143–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(94)90014-0.

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8

Gibbons, G. W. "Causality and the Skyrme model." Physics Letters B 566, no. 1-2 (July 2003): 171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0370-2693(03)00384-8.

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9

Lee, Hyun Seop, and Taek Yung Lee. "Material Removal Model of Lap Grinding for Sapphire Substrate Based on Roughness Parameters." Materials Science Forum 890 (March 2017): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.890.384.

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Sapphire is one of difficult-to-machine materials because of its high hardness and brittleness. It can be used for an optical window or cover named as sapphire glass and a substrate for semiconductor circuits. Before preparing the required surface roughness of sapphire substrate, the geometrical shape should be retained through mechanical machining processes. The lapping and diamond mechanical polishing (DMP) are essentially used for achieving the required thickness and surface roughness of sapphire substrate prior to chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). In this study, we introduce a lap grinding process using fixed abrasives to substitute lapping and DMP. The material removal rates (MRRs) were measured under various machining conditions. The semi-empirical model on MRR was introduced based on the information of grinding pallet. This paper may provide a preliminary experimental study on the lap grinding of sapphire substrate.

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10

Martinussen, Torben. "Causality and the Cox Regression Model." Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 9, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-statistics-040320-114441.

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This article surveys results concerning the interpretation of the Cox hazard ratio in connection to causality in a randomized study with a time-to-event response. The Cox model is assumed to be correctly specified, and we investigate whether the typical end product of such an analysis, the estimated hazard ratio, has a causal interpretation as a hazard ratio. It has been pointed out that this is not possible due to selection. We provide more insight into the interpretation of hazard ratios and differences, investigating what can be learned about a treatment effect from the hazard ratio approaching unity after a certain period of time. The conclusion is that the Cox hazard ratio is not causally interpretable as a hazard ratio unless there is no treatment effect or an untestable and unrealistic assumption holds. We give a hazard ratio that has a causal interpretation and study its relationship to the Cox hazard ratio.

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11

Sun, R. "A neural network model of causality." IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 5, no. 4 (July 1994): 604–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/72.298230.

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12

Benedetti, Dario, and Joe Henson. "Imposing causality on a matrix model." Physics Letters B 678, no. 2 (July 2009): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2009.06.027.

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13

Baghli, Mustapha. "A model-free characterization of causality." Economics Letters 91, no. 3 (June 2006): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.12.016.

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14

Heckman, James J. "1. The Scientific Model of Causality." Sociological Methodology 35, no. 1 (August 2005): 1–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00164.x.

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15

Sobel, Michael E. "Discussion: ‘The Scientific Model of Causality’." Sociological Methodology 35, no. 1 (August 2005): 99–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0081-1750.2006.00165.x.

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16

Krivulin, N. O., D. A. Pavlov, and P. A. Shilyaev. "Growth model of silicon nanoislands on sapphire." Semiconductors 47, no. 12 (December 2013): 1595–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063782613120117.

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17

Pogatshnik, G. J., Y. Chen, and B. D. Evans. "A Model of Lattice Defects in Sapphire." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34, no. 6 (1987): 1709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.1987.4337541.

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18

Zulfikar, Akbar Lufi, and Muh Shadiqul Fajri AF. "Causality Analysis of The Money Supply and Interest Rate and Its Effect on Inflation and Investment in Indonesia." Es Economics and Entrepreneurship 1, no. 03 (April 30, 2023): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.58812/esee.v1i03.71.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the money supply and interest rates on inflation and investment in Indonesia without using causality and using causality. In this study, the type of data used was secondary data from 2006 to 2017. The analysis tools used were Path. Money supply without using causality or using causality has a positive and significant effect on inflation in Indonesia. Interest rates without using causality or using causality have a positive and significant effect on investment in Indonesia. Inflation without using causality or using causality has a negative and significant effect on investment in Indonesia. The model without using causality is better or more feasible than the model using causality, seen from the value of the Goodness of Fit model without higher causality compared to the value of the Goodness of Fit criteria model using causality.

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19

Mahadevan, Sridhar. "Universal Causality." Entropy 25, no. 4 (March 27, 2023): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25040574.

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Universal Causality is a mathematical framework based on higher-order category theory, which generalizes previous approaches based on directed graphs and regular categories. We present a hierarchical framework called UCLA (Universal Causality Layered Architecture), where at the top-most level, causal interventions are modeled as a higher-order category over simplicial sets and objects. Simplicial sets are contravariant functors from the category of ordinal numbers Δ into sets, and whose morphisms are order-preserving injections and surjections over finite ordered sets. Non-random interventions on causal structures are modeled as face operators that map n-simplices into lower-level simplices. At the second layer, causal models are defined as a category, for example defining the schema of a relational causal model or a symmetric monoidal category representation of DAG models. The third layer corresponds to the data layer in causal inference, where each causal object is mapped functorially into a set of instances using the category of sets and functions between sets. The fourth homotopy layer defines ways of abstractly characterizing causal models in terms of homotopy colimits, defined in terms of the nerve of a category, a functor that converts a causal (category) model into a simplicial object. Each functor between layers is characterized by a universal arrow, which define universal elements and representations through the Yoneda Lemma, and induces a Grothendieck category of elements that enables combining formal causal models with data instances, and is related to the notion of ground graphs in relational causal models. Causal inference between layers is defined as a lifting problem, a commutative diagram whose objects are categories, and whose morphisms are functors that are characterized as different types of fibrations. We illustrate UCLA using a variety of representations, including causal relational models, symmetric monoidal categorical variants of DAG models, and non-graphical representations, such as integer-valued multisets and separoids, and measure-theoretic and topological models.

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20

Kageyama, Chika, Kohki Monna, Hui Deng, Katsuyoshi Endo, and Kazuya Yamamura. "Study on Removal Mechanism of Sapphire in Plasma Assisted Polishing." Advanced Materials Research 1136 (January 2016): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1136.317.

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A sapphire substrate is essential for epitaxial growth of GaN, which is used for high brightness light-emitting diodes (LEDs), high-power and high-frequency devices. However, the material removal rate (MRR) of sapphire in conventional polishing is very low because of its high hardness and chemical inertness. We proposed application of plasma assisted polishing using a resin-bonded silica grinding stone for finishing of sapphire surface and investigated basic removal properties. The results of a ball-on-disc type test results showed that irradiation of water vapor containing atmospheric pressure Ar gas plasma promoted the MRR of sapphire by a factor of 7.4. Strong emission from hydroxyl radical was observed by an optical emission spectroscopy measurement of the plasma. XPS measurements revealed that the surface of both sapphire and silica were hydroxylated after the plasma irradiation. From these experimental and measurement results, we proposed the removal model in plasma assisted polishing of sapphire as follows. Firstly, irradiation of water vapor plasma hydroxylates the surfaces of sapphire and silica. Then, Al-O-Si bonding is formed by dehydration reaction between sapphire and silica surfaces. Finally, surface atom of sapphire is removed by the motion of silica abrasive. In this paper, we describe the preliminary experimental results and measurement results which support the proposed removal model in plasma assisted polishing of sapphire.

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21

Eveland, William P., Dhavan V. Shah, and Nojin Kwak. "Assessing Causality in the Cognitive Mediation Model." Communication Research 30, no. 4 (August 2003): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650203253369.

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22

Sakakura, Moriaki, and Ichiro Inasaki. "An Adaptive Causality Model of Grinding Process." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 59, no. 567 (1993): 3555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.59.3555.

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23

Urbain, J. P. "Model selection criteria and granger causality tests." Economics Letters 29, no. 4 (January 1989): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(89)90209-7.

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24

Klunnikova, Yulia, Sergey Malyukov, Alexandr Sayenko, and Alexey V. Filimonov. "An Analysis Approach to the Sapphire Crystals Growth by Horizontal Directed Crystallization Method." Key Engineering Materials 806 (June 2019): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.806.203.

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The model for sapphire crystals growth parameters estimation has been suggested. It can be served as a basis for the analysis of heat transfer processes during sapphire crystals obtaining. It allows to predict the bubbles, stresses and cracks appearing during sapphire crystals growth. We describe the results of the analysis and parameters estimation of sapphire crystals growth on all stages by horizontal directed crystallization method.

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25

Lu, Cong Da, Dong Min Qian, and Shao Fei Jiang. "Material Removal Model of Sapphire Substrate in Double-Side Lapping Process." Key Engineering Materials 407-408 (February 2009): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.407-408.460.

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The material removal mechanisms of sapphire substrate in double-side lapping process were studied. The concepts of brittle vs. ductile machining and two-body vs. three-body abrasion were used to classify the processing mechanisms. The material removal models of double-side lapping process in different mechanisms were analyzed and researched. The experiment showed that the material removal model can describe double-side lapping process of sapphire qualitatively.

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26

Hasbullah, Endang Soeryana, Endang Rusyaman, and Alit Kartiwa. "THE GARCH MODEL VOLATILITY OF SHARIA STOCKS ASSOCIATED CAUSALITY WITH MARKET INDEX." International Journal of Quantitative Research and Modeling 1, no. 1 (February 2, 2020): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijqrm.v1i1.3.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the volatility of Islamic stocks related to the causality of the composite stock price index (CSPI). The aim is to investigate the causality of several levels of stock returns with the movement of the CSPI, and determine its volatility as a measure of risk. To determine the causality relationship is done by using the granger causality test method, with Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling. Whereas to determine the volatility is done using the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastisiy (GARCH) model approach. The results of the causality test show that there is a direct relationship that affects and is influenced by the CSPI, and the relationship that affects each other between the company's stock market and the movement of the CSPI. While the volatility follows the GARCH model (1, 1). Based on the results of this study are expected to be used as consideration in making investment decisions in the analyzed stocks.

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27

Jose, Babu, and Daniel Lazar. "Causality between Indian Futures and Cash Markets - Analysis with Granger Causality Block Exogenity Model." Asian Business Review 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2015): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abr.v5i3.590.

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28

Jose, Babu, and Daniel Lazar. "Causality between Indian Futures and Cash Markets - Analysis with Granger Causality Block Exogenity Model." Asian Business Review 5, no. 3 (2015): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/abr.v5i3.61.

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29

Olomola, PA. "The FDI-growth hypothesis: A VAR model for Nigeria." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 7, no. 1 (July 23, 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v7i1.1435.

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The objective of this study was to examine the causal relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data covering the period 1970 to 2002. The study employed the Granger causality procedure to test the direction of causality between foreign direct investment and economic growth for the Nigerian economy. The endogenous production function was derived to accommodate foreign investment and other domestic policies that could influence growth and foreign investment. The study found a one-way causality between from foreign direct investment to economic growth. The implication arising from this study is that Nigeria should adopt policy whereby FDI is attracted to promote economic growth.

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30

Li, Yang, and Guorong Wu. "Anisotropic Analysis of Etch Rates for Sapphire Based on a Layer-by-Layer Removal Model of Surface Atoms." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 21, 2023): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041290.

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In this paper, a layer-by-layer removal model of surface atoms (Al) is established according to the atomic structure of sapphire, which can accurately calculate etch rates of crystal planes and analyze the anisotropy of etch rates of sapphire. Firstly, etch rate distributions of sapphire are gained through different etching experiments of sapphire hemispheres, and the effect of concentrations of the etching solution on etch rate distributions are analyzed. Then, different types of surface atoms are classified based on the types of chemical bonds of surface atoms, the arrangement laws of surface atoms of different crystal planes are analyzed and a general formula for calculating etch rates of different planes is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the layer-by-layer removal model of surface atoms (Al) is proved by small errors between calculated rates of the model and experimental rates at different concentrations, and the factors affecting the anisotropy of etch rates of sapphire are summarized, which include: (1) the vertical distances between two adjacent layers of surface atoms of crystal planes; (2) the configurations of the types of surface atoms of crystal planes.

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31

Walach, Harald. "Does Science have to be Causal in Order to be Science? Reflections on Nina Azari's Questions." Archive for the Psychology of Religion 31, no. 3 (September 2009): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/008467209x12499946199489.

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Nina Azari in her commentary on our article in this issue “Spirituality: The Legacy of Parapsychology” has raised the issue of what it actually takes for something to be called science. Does causality come into the picture? If so, how does causality relate to our non-local model that seems to explicitly eschew the question of causality? The answer lies in what one is willing to accept as causality. If causality can be conceived broader than just efficient-mechanistic causality then certainly our model is causal. If one insists on efficient-mechanistic causality as the only and truly scientific notion of causality, it is not. But then, I would argue, this is a very restricted and also short sighted view which should be questioned, and eventually, disregarded. This is what we have set out to do.

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32

Qamruzzaman, Md, and Jianguo Wei. "Financial Innovation, Stock Market Development, and Economic Growth: An Application of ARDL Model." International Journal of Financial Studies 6, no. 3 (August 2, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs6030069.

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This study aims to explore the relationship between economic growth, financial innovation, and stock market development of Bangladesh for the period 1980–2016. To investigate long-run cointegration, this study used the autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) bounds testing approach. In addition, the Granger-causality test is used to identify directional causality between research variables under the error correction term. Study findings from the ARDL bound testing approach confirm the existence of a long-run association between financial innovation, stock market development, and economic growth. Furthermore, the findings from the Granger-causality test support bidirectional causality between financial innovation, economic growth and stock market development, and economic growth both in the long run and short run. These findings support the theory that market-based financial development and financial innovation in the financial system can spur economic development.

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33

Sarwoko, Sarwoko. "The Role of the Tourism Sector on Employment Opportunities in Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jep.v15i1.115.

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The objective of this paper are to examine the long run effects of tourism receipt and national real product domestic bruto on the employment in Indonesia and the causality relationship among those variables in a multivariate model using annual data spanning 1980-2011. To test the unit root, we employed ADF and PP tests. To test cointegration we used Johansen dan Joselius model (1990) and to test the direction of the causality relationship we used Ngranger causality with VECM or Wald Block Exogeneity test. The empirical findings show that the long run equilibrium exists among those variabels and there are unsensitive elasticities between tourism receipt and national real product domestic bruto on the employment. National real product domestic brutto had Ngranger causality on the employment with bidirectional causality, while tourism receipt had Ngranger causality on employment with unidirectional causality.

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34

Austriaco, Nicanor P. G. "Causality Within Complexity." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 11, no. 1 (1999): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis1999111/27.

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By nature, every man is a philosopher who continuously seeks explanations for both the universe and the human condition. In the modern era, scientific explanations based on the scientific method and its accompanying philosophical framework of quantification, naturalism, and reductionism have obscured other approaches to explaining the world. Curiously, the emerging science of complexity and complex systems is challenging scientists to develop a more holistic approach to nature. The resulting more comprehensive view of nature combines traditional modeling based on the scientific method and empirical verification, complemented by modeling based upon philosophical principles. Aristotle's philosophy of nature suggests a model of complex systems which is both intellectually satisfying and complementary to the mathematical models already in use. The rediscovery of a philosophy of nature would contribute to a holistic worldview, providing a neutral middle ground in the science-religion dialogue.

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35

Debbi, Hichem, and Mustapha Bourahla. "Generating Diagnoses for Probabilistic Model Checking Using Causality." Journal of Computing and Information Technology 21, no. 1 (2013): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2498/cit.1002115.

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36

Wolf, Karsten. "Interleaving Based Model Checking of Concurrency and Causality." Fundamenta Informaticae 161, no. 4 (July 6, 2018): 423–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2018-1709.

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37

Kim, Hyeong-Chan, Jae-Weon Lee, and Jungjai Lee. "Causality problem in a holographic-dark-energy model." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 102, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 29001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/102/29001.

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38

HAQUE, ASRARUL, and SATISH D. JOGLEKAR. "Causality in 1+1-dimensional Yukawa model-II." Pramana 81, no. 4 (October 2013): 569–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12043-013-0602-8.

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39

Berndsen, R., and H. Daniels. "Qualitative Dynamics and Causality in a Keynesian Model." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 22, no. 5 (June 1989): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)53497-7.

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40

Berndsen, Ron, and Hennie Daniels. "Qualitative dynamics and causality in a Keynesian model." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 14, no. 2 (May 1990): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(90)90028-f.

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Crane, M., J. G. Byrne, T. Glynn, and J. T. Boyle. "Causality and the Complex Modulus Model of Damping." ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 75, no. 10 (1995): 807–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19950751019.

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Yan, Fengxiao, Bo Shen, and Chenyang Dai. "Causality Extraction Cascade Model Based on Dual Labeling." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 27, no. 3 (May 20, 2023): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2023.p0421.

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Causal relation extraction is a crucial task in natural language processing. Current extraction methods have problems, including low accuracy of causal-event division and incorrect extraction of important semantic features. This study uses the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) and attentive convolutional neural network (ACNN) models to construct a cascaded causal relationship extraction model to improve the precision of the extraction. The model uses two kinds of labels and then divides the causal event boundary after determining the relationship between the front and rear causal events. It automatically learns semantic features from sentences, reducing the dependence on external knowledge and improving the precision of extraction. The experimental results demonstrate that the precision of causality extraction can reach 81.67% and the F1 value can reach 83.2%.

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Lahaie, D. J., G. G. Timmins, and J. D. Embury. "Internal stress measurements in a model Cu-sapphire composite." Scripta Materialia 40, no. 6 (February 1999): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(98)00447-3.

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Howes, R., W. Redman-White, K. G. Nichols, S. J. Murray, and P. J. Mole. "Silicon-on-sapphire MOSFET model for analogue circuit simulation." IEE Proceedings G Circuits, Devices and Systems 139, no. 1 (1992): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-g-2.1992.0007.

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He, Xiao Ying, and Hui Zhou. "Investment Analysis of Electricity Industry Based on Cointegration Model." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 2400–2405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.2400.

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By undertaking the cointegration theory with annual data over the period 1978-2008 in China, empirical studies on the relationship among power investment, electricity consumption and economic growth is carried out, and long-term equilibrium model and short-term vector error correction model are established; Granger causality test indicates that power investment is not the Granger causality of electricity consumption, while there exists bidirectional Granger causalities between electricity consumption and economic growth.

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Kanevskiy, Vladimir Mikhaylovich, Ilya Alekseyevich Tarakanov, and Vladimir Anatol'yevich Fedorov. "Mathematical model of radiation-induced conductivity in sapphire with electron-phonon interaction." Keldysh Institute Preprints, no. 15 (2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20948/prepr-2022-15.

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The mathematical model of radiative conductivity in crystalline sapphire under the action of X-rays is constructed. The model consists of kinetic equations for photons, fast electrons and conduction electrons and self-consistent Maxwell equations. The frequencies of conduction electrons scattering by acoustic and optical phonons are calculated. The model was verified by calculating the leakage current in the sapphire detector and comparing the current with experimental data. The analysis of the calculated physical quantities and the approximations adopted in the course of the calculation is carried out.

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Chen, Ming, Lei Xie, and Hongye Su. "Detection and Location of Model-Plant Mismatch in Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems under Model Predictive Controller Using Granger Causality Method." Processes 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111976.

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In closed-loop control systems, the model accuracy exerts large influences on the controllability, stability and quality of the whole process. Among all the faults that could affect the system performance, Model Plant Mismatch (MPM) is the one that not only directly threatens the system stability but also deteriorates the controller performance. Meanwhile, MPM has a major influence on the qualities of outputs about industrial products. In this work, a new detection method based on Granger Causality is proposed to detect and locate the MPM in multiple input multiple output systems. Causality can reflect the relations between the mismatch fault and its negative effects on model predictive control(MPC) systems. With the assistance of disturbance transfer function models, the causality method can further be used to locate the mismatch positions and get the correct channels of each kind of mismatches. The proposed method was examined and validated in the Wood-Berry process in contrast to the decussation location method under model predictive controller.

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Faizin, Moh. "Penerapan Vector Error Correction Model pada Variabel Makro Ekonomi di Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi 25, no. 2 (July 8, 2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/je.v25i2.671.

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In this time, the countries can be said to be in a good condition of the national economy if there are some indicators in positive economic macro, it is including the decline of inflation, the amount of money circulating is also decline, and the exchange rate strengthening against foreign currencies and reduced interest rates. The purpose of this study is to analyze the causality and cointegration relationships of economic macro variables, by using time series data for 2010-2019 and using the VECM model. The results of the study found that there is no causality relationship between inflation and the BI rate. Likewise, the variable money supply does not affect the BI rate. The exchange rate also does not affect each other on the BI rate variable. Causality test results also indicate that the money supply does not have a causality relationship to inflation, while the exchange rate variables influence each other on inflation. To exchange rates, it does not give affect in the variable amount of money in circulation each other. By explanation of the estimation results of the VECM model, it shows the long-term and short-term relationships of each variable generally.

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Katoch, Rupinder, and Shilpa Shilpa. "Cointegration between Nifty 50 Spot and Future Indices: An Empirical Analysis Applying Vector Error Correction Model." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v10i12.5933.

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This paper aims to investigate the cointegration of the spot market and future indices (NIFTY, NIKKEI, S&P 500 AND Singapore FTSE) of selected developed and developing nations from January 2011 to December, 2021. The Johansen cointegration test, Granger Causality Test, and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) are all used to gauge the degree of cointegration. The study's empirical findings support the hypothesis that there is cointegration between the spot market and future market indices of selected global markets. Comparative Granger tests for causality using the error correction model and results of error correction tests reveal interdependencies. The fact that the S&P 500 spot market index and future market index have a bi-directional causality shows that how interdependent these stock indices are. But, in case of Singapore FTSE, there is uni-causality from SGX future to SGX Spot indices. And in rest of indices (NIFTY and NIKKEI), there is no causality between spot and future stock indices. The study's conclusions show that investors may create diverse portfolio strategies to manage risk.

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Liu, Ying, and Selin Aviyente. "Quantification of Effective Connectivity in the Brain Using a Measure of Directed Information." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/635103.

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Effective connectivity refers to the influence one neural system exerts on another and corresponds to the parameter of a model that tries to explain the observed dependencies. In this sense, effective connectivity corresponds to the intuitive notion of coupling or directed causal influence. Traditional measures to quantify the effective connectivity include model-based methods, such as dynamic causal modeling (DCM), Granger causality (GC), and information-theoretic methods. Directed information (DI) has been a recently proposed information-theoretic measure that captures the causality between two time series. Compared to traditional causality detection methods based on linear models, directed information is a model-free measure and can detect both linear and nonlinear causality relationships. However, the effectiveness of using DI for capturing the causality in different models and neurophysiological data has not been thoroughly illustrated to date. In addition, the advantage of DI compared to model-based measures, especially those used to implement Granger causality, has not been fully investigated. In this paper, we address these issues by evaluating the performance of directed information on both simulated data sets and electroencephalogram (EEG) data to illustrate its effectiveness for quantifying the effective connectivity in the brain.

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