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Journal articles on the topic 'Saphenous Vein Graft Disease'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Rao, Sarita, K. Roshan Rao, and Achukatla Kumar. "Saphenous Vein Graft Disease Interventions." Indian Journal of Cardiovascular Disease in Women - WINCARS 06, no. 03 (July 2021): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736323.

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AbstractIn the current era, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is being increasingly performed using total arterial revascularization or a hybrid procedure of stenting of non-LAD disease and minimal access left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to LAD grafts, in order to minimize the need for vein grafts. Still, we encounter saphenous vein graft (SVG) disease, and it might require PCI, which often presents with unique challenges. The current favored strategy is to attempt PCI of the native coronary, if feasible, especially in long degenerated SVG disease, as it has shown better short- and long-term outcome. PCI is preferred over repeat CABG for early recurrent symptoms after CABG in patent LIMA graft and amenable anatomy patients. Balloon predilatation is not recommended unless delivery of an EPD or stent is not possible. Distal protection should be considered the standard of care for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in most patients with older vein grafts, as periprocedural myocardial infarction and no reflow are the Achilles heel of SVG PCI. Intragraft vasodilators should be used liberally, even before balloon angioplasty/stenting. Avoid postdilatation, and usage of undersized but a longer stent length to reduce plaque extrusion through stent struts is preferred. Consider thrombectomy in lesions with a heavy thrombus burden. Keep activated clotting time on the higher side than in conventional PCI. Prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) based on the DAPT score is recommended. With all the precautions and care, we still need a fair wind in our favor to sail through the vein grafts disease.

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2

Kim, Francis Y., Gregary Marhefka, Nicholas J. Ruggiero, Suzanne Adams, and David J. Whellan. "Saphenous Vein Graft Disease." Cardiology in Review 21, no. 2 (2013): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/crd.0b013e3182736190.

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3

Gedela, Maheedhar, Shenjing Li, Udit Bhatnagar, Adam Stys, and Tomasz Stys. "Orbital Atherectomy and Heavily Calcified Saphenous Vein Graft Intervention." Texas Heart Institute Journal 47, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14503/thij-18-6640.

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Percutaneous coronary intervention in the diseased saphenous vein graft differs significantly from that in the diseased native coronary artery. After being exposed to arterial pressures over time, vein grafts have substantially different plaque characteristics, with more inflammatory cells, more diffuse disease, and less calcification. Severe calcification of saphenous vein grafts, although uncommon, poses a high risk of stent underexpansion. Orbital atherectomy for treatment of de novo calcified coronary lesions has been associated with better outcomes at 5-year follow-up. However, there are no published data on the use of orbital atherectomy to treat severely calcified saphenous vein graft lesions. We present the case of a 77-year-old woman with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction who underwent successful orbital atherectomy to prepare a severely calcified saphenous vein graft lesion for stent implantation.

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4

Motwani, Joseph G., and Eric J. Topol. "Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Graft Disease." Circulation 97, no. 9 (March 10, 1998): 916–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.97.9.916.

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5

Demircelik, Bora, Muzaffer Cakmak, Yunus Nazli, Ozgul M. Gurel, Nermin Akkaya, Mustafa Cetin, Zehra Cetin, Yusuf Selcoki, Alparslan Kurtul, and Beyhan Eryonucu. "Adropin: A New Marker for Predicting Late Saphenous Vein Graft Disease after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 37, no. 5 (October 4, 2014): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v37i5.22014.

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Purpose: Saphenous vein graft disease (SVGD), defined as an occlusion of 50% or more of the SVG excluding distal anastomotic occlusion, is an important predictor of morbidity after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Late graft occlusion is a serious complication that often limits the use of the saphenous vein as a coronary bypass graft. Late graft occlusion is particularly common in old, degenerated venous grafts with advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Adropin has been implicated in the homeostatic control of metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether serum adropin levels are associated with late SVGD following CABG. Methods: Thirty-eight patients with SVGD involving at least one graft (occluded group; 14 females, 24 males) and 42 patients with a patent saphenous vein graft (patent group; 15 females, 27 males) were enrolled in this study. Venous blood samples were taken from all of the participants to measure plasma adropin levels using an enzyme-linked immunsorbent assay kit. Results: The mean adropin level was significantly lower in the occluded group than in the patent group (3.2 ± 0.71 vs. 4.9 ± 1.51 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the adropin level was the independent predictor of late saphenous vein graft occlusion. Conclusions: Adropin levels are lower in patients with late saphenous vein graft occlusion and these reduced adropin levels, together with other factors, may lead to saphenous vein graft occlusion. Larger and prospective studies are needed to determine if adropin plays a role in the pathogenesis of SVGD.

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6

Tepelenis, Kostas, Georgios Papathanakos, Alexandra Barbouti, Georgios Paraskevas, Aikaterini Kitsouli, Maria Alexandra Kefala, Nikolaos Tepelenis, Panagiotis Kanavaros, and Panagiotis Kitsoulis. "Phlebosclerosis in lower extremities veins – a systematic review." Vasa 49, no. 5 (August 2020): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000868.

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Summary. Phlebosclerosis is a venous wall degenerative disease which has gained little popularity in the literature due to its uncertain clinical significance. The objective of this review is to evaluate the epidemiology, etiology and clinical significance of phlebosclerosis in lower extremities veins, particularly the effect of preexisting phlebosclerosis of the great saphenous vein on vein graft patency. Medline was searched from inception until November 1, 2019. Reference lists of included studies were scanned. Only articles published after 1949 were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles/abstracts and full-text papers for any study design in relation to phlebosclerosis in lower extremities veins and abstracted data. A total of 16 Cohort studies and one case-control study (3708 participants, mean age 61.8 years, 59.3 % men, and 40.7 % women) were included after screening 317 titles and abstracts, and 80 full-text articles. The incidence of phlebosclerosis ranged from 1.5–9.7 % depending on the radiological features. On the contrary, the incidence of the phlebosclerotic great saphenous vein prior to its use as a vein graft was 26.9–91 % on histological examination. The small saphenous vein was the most common location of phlebosclerosis followed by the great saphenous vein. There is a link between phlebosclerosis and age, venous insufficiency and haemodialysis. As for the vein graft patency seven studies demonstrated a correlation between preexisting phlebosclerosis and vein graft stenosis, whereas three studies failed to prove any association. In conclusion, the radiological incidence of phlebosclerosis depended on the ultrasound findings. Its presence in the great saphenous vein prior to its use as a vein graft is established on histological examination. The small saphenous vein is mainly affected. Risk factors included age, haemodialysis, and venous insufficiency. Preexisting wall thickness of the great saphenous vein graft seemed to affect negatively its patency in bypass surgery.

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7

Lau, G. T., H. C. Lowe, and L. Kritharides. "Cardiac Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Disease." Seminars in Vascular Medicine 4, no. 2 (May 2004): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-835373.

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8

Aydın, Cihan, and Mustafa Abanoz. "The roles of CHA2DS2-VASc score and blood inflammatory parameters in predicting the patency of saphenous vein grafts in patients with coronary artery bypass graft surgery." Medical Science and Discovery 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36472/msd.v8i10.617.

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Objective: Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a common treatment method in which saphenous vein grafts (SVG) and arterial grafts are used together in severe coronary artery disease. The CHA2DS2-VASc score is used to predict thromboembolic events in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation as well as to predict prognosis in cardiovascular events. In this study, we planned to research the relation between CHA2DS2-VASc score and postoperative SVG patency rates in patients undergoing CABG. Materials and Methods: One hundred seventeen patients with angina after CABG surgery who underwent coronary angiography were analyzed retrospectively. Stenosis of 50% or more in at least one saphenous vein graft was accepted as saphenous vein graft disease (SVGD). We compared these patients in two groups concerning the presence of 50% or more stenosis in the SVG. These two groups were; Group 1 (n = 66); with saphenous vein graft disease, Group 2 (n = 51) without saphenous vein graft disease, respectively. Results: A total of 117 patients participating in the study. Sixty-six patients in group 1 had SVGD (Mean age: 68,13±8,22, 60,6% male). Fifty-one patients in group 2 did not have SVGD (Mean age: 66,92±9,44, 72,5% male ). The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2. [5 (2-7) vs. 2 (1-7), respectively, P<0,001]. As a result of multivariate analysis, CHA2DS2-VASc score (OR: 5,263, CI 95%: 2,176- 12,728, P<0.001) and SII (OR: 1,236, CI 95%: 1,120-2,955, P=0.007) were determined as independent predictors for predicting SVGD Conclusion: In the light of the results we have found, the CHA2DS2-VASc score and SII, which are easy to calculate in daily practice, can help us in predicting SVGD.

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9

Alexander, Jason, Charles Gutierrez, and Steven Katz. "Non-Greater Saphenous Vein Grafting for Infrageniculate Bypass." American Surgeon 68, no. 7 (July 2002): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313480206800711.

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Infrainguinal bypass grafting with greater saphenous vein has proven to be a highly effective procedure with primary 5-year patency and limb salvage rates exceeding 80 per cent. However, because of prior usage or intrinsic venous disease the greater saphenous vein is often not available as a conduit. Numerous studies have shown that patency rates for prosthetic bypass grafting to the infrageniculate vessels are clearly inferior to that reported for greater saphenous vein bypass. In this report we summarize our experience with the use of alternate autogenous vein grafting to the infrageniculate vessels. The records of all patients undergoing autogenous bypass grafting to the infrageniculate vessels using a conduit other than the greater saphenous vein between 1992 and 1999 were reviewed. Graft survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and results are reported using the Society for Vascular Surgery/International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery guidelines. Forty-eight patients underwent a total of 51 infrageniculate bypass procedures using non-greater saphenous autogenous conduits. Thirty-nine patients had reconstructions performed with single segments of arm vein, two had their operations performed with lesser saphenous vein, and ten had grafts created with two segments of non-greater saphenous autogenous vein. Twenty-one grafts were performed to the infrageniculate popliteal artery and 30 were performed to the tibial vessels. Primary and primary assisted patency rates at 30 months were 49 and 75 per cent. Limb salvage was 87 per cent. Infrainguinal bypass grafting using non-greater saphenous autogenous conduits can yield quite satisfactory intermediate limb salvage and patency rates. However, close graft surveillance and prompt intervention are required to avoid graft failure.

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10

Timaran, Carlos H., Scott L. Stevens, Michael B. Freeman, and Mitchell H. Goldman. "Infrainguinal Bypass Grafting Using Lyophilized Saphenous Vein Allografts for Limb Salvage." Cardiovascular Surgery 10, no. 4 (August 2002): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096721090201000405.

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Critical ischemia in patients with extensive femoropopliteal occlusive disease often ends in amputation in the absence of a suitable autologous vein for reconstruction. Cryopreserved vascular allografts have been used as an alternative conduit with poor results. Antigenicity and rejection are assumed to account for graft failure. Lyophilized vessels have demonstrated patency and structural integrity in the vascular system in our previous experimental studies. We report four patients that underwent femorodistal bypass grafting with lyophilized saphenous veins who lacked usable autologous vein for arterial reconstruction. Early graft thrombosis occurred in three patients who required major amputations. Duplex scans for graft surveillance did not reveal previous significant abnormalities. These cases demonstrate that the clinical use of lyophilized venous allografts for infrainguinal arterial reconstructions failed to yield satisfactory patency and limb salvage. Lyophilized veins therefore are not useful alternative conduits in patients with critical ischemia and no suitable autologous vein grafts.

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11

Baim, Donald S. "Percutaneous treatment of saphenous vein graft disease." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 42, no. 8 (October 2003): 1370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(03)01039-8.

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12

Bafford, Richard, Xin Xin Sui, Min Park, Takuya Miyahara, Brenna G. Newfell, Iris Z. Jaffe, Jose R. Romero, et al. "Mineralocorticoid receptor expression in human venous smooth muscle cells: a potential role for aldosterone signaling in vein graft arterialization." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 301, no. 1 (July 2011): H41—H47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00637.2010.

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Experimental studies have suggested a role for the local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the response to vascular injury. Clinical data support that aldosterone, via activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), is an important mediator of vascular damage in humans with cardiovascular disease. In mineralocorticoid-sensitive target tissue, aldosterone specificity for MR is conferred enzymatically by the cortisol-inactivating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-2 (11βHSD2). However, the role of MR/aldosterone signaling in the venous system has not been explored. We hypothesized that MR expression and signaling in venous smooth muscle cells contributes to the arterialization of venous conduits and the injury response in vein bypass grafts. MR immunostaining was observed in all samples of excised human peripheral vein graft lesions and in explanted experimental rabbit carotid interposition vein grafts, with minimal staining in control greater saphenous vein. We also found upregulated transcriptional expression of both MR and 11βHSD2 in human vein graft and rabbit vein graft, whereas control greater saphenous vein expressed minimal MR and no detectable 11βHSD2. The expression of MR and 11βHSD2 was confirmed in cultured human saphenous venous smooth muscle cells (hSVSMCs). Using an adenovirus containing a MR response element-driven reporter gene, we demonstrate that MR in hSVSMCs is capable of mediating aldosterone-induced gene activation. The functional significance for MR signaling in hSVSMCs is supported by the aldosterone-induced increase of angiotensin II type-1 receptor gene expression that was inhibited by the MR antagonist spironolactone. The upregulation of MR and 11βHSD2 suggests that aldosterone-mediated tissue injury plays a role in vein graft arterialization.

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13

Bikdeli, Behnood, Seyed-Ahmad Hassantash, Mihan Pourabdollah, Shadi Kalantarian, Maryam Sadeghian, Haleh Afshar, Shahram Sabeti, Mehrab Marzban, Hossein Ahmadi, and Foroozan Mohammadi. "Histopathologic Insight into Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Disease." Cardiology 123, no. 4 (2012): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000343269.

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14

Porena, M., L. Mearini, E. Mearini, E. Costantini, U. Salomone, and A. Zucchi. "Peyronie’s Disease: Corporoplasty Using Saphenous Vein Patch Graft." Urologia Internationalis 68, no. 2 (2002): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000048425.

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15

Bansal, Darpan, Rajesh Sachdeva, and Jawahar L. Mehta. "Percutaneous Intervention in Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Disease." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 51, no. 9 (March 2008): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.08.068.

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16

Hong, Young Joon, Gary S. Mintz, Sang Wook Kim, Sung Yun Lee, Seok Yeon Kim, Teruo Okabe, Augusto D. Pichard, et al. "Disease Progression in Nonintervened Saphenous Vein Graft Segments." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 53, no. 15 (April 2009): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.12.048.

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17

Hassantash, Seyed-Ahmad, Behnood Bikdeli, Shadi Kalantarian, Maryam Sadeghian, and Haleh Afshar. "Pathophysiology of Aortocoronary Saphenous Vein Bypass Graft Disease." Asian Cardiovascular and Thoracic Annals 16, no. 4 (August 2008): 331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/021849230801600418.

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18

Joob, Beuy, and Viroj Wiwanitkit. "Saphenous Vein Graft Disease and Serum Erythropoietin Level." Medical Principles and Practice 25, no. 5 (2016): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000445773.

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19

Satler, Lowell F. "Beyond embolic protection for saphenous vein graft disease." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 72, no. 5 (November 1, 2008): 641–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.21827.

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20

Göçer, Sinan, Mehmet Karaçalilar, Süleyman Yazici, and Cemalettin Aydin. "Use of native Y-saphenous vein graft in multi-vessel coronary bypass surgery." Journal of Clinical and Investigative Surgery 5, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/2559.5555/5.2/96.99.

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Objective. Demonstration of the advantages of using the natural Y shaped form of saphenous vein graft, which is the most preferred coronary bypass graft after internal thoracic artery (ITA). Methods. 32 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent coronary bypass grafting (CABG) with 3 or more distal anastomoses between January 2014 and January 2018 were included in the study. The natural Y saphenous vein grafts were used in these operations beside of LİMA-LAD anastomosis. Patients have been evaluated in terms of early and short-term survival, early cardiac events, the need for reoperation, and the need for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). All patients were followed up directly by outpatient examination or telephone consultation. Results. New cardiac events, reoperation and death were not seen in the early postoperative period. Coronary angiography performed in 3 patients due to angina in the second and third years revealed that all anastomoses of y-saphenous grafts were open. No mortality was observed in the patients who were followed remotely. The duration of operation and the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass resulted in a reduction in the number of proximal anastomoses and the time by about 10 to 15 minutes. The incision in the saphenous leg was about 10 cm shorter for each anastomosis. Conclusion. The natural shaped Y saphenous vein can be used safely in multi vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) patients for reducing the surgical trauma.

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21

Kaur, Resham, Dilli Bhurtel, Mark R. Bielefeld, J. Mark Morales, and Lucian A. Durham. "Cryopreserved Saphenous Vein Compared With PTFE Graft for Use as Modified Blalock-Taussig or Central Shunt in Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease." World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery 9, no. 5 (August 29, 2018): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150135118776616.

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Many infants with congenital heart disease undergo palliative shunt procedures. In our center, cryopreserved saphenous vein and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are used as grafts to construct these shunts. In this retrospective review, we compare morbidity, mortality, and freedom from reoperation associated with the use of these graft materials. We conducted a retrospective study of 136 consecutive patients who were palliated with shunts between 2006 and 2015. A total of 136 patients were identified, 9 had incomplete data; thus, 127 patients were included: 69 saphenous and 58 PTFE. The cohorts were matched with respect to birth weight, gestational age, age and weight at time of surgery, and underlying cardiac condition. There were 15 (12%) deaths in the study cohort with no intraoperative mortality. Thrombosis was seen in 5.2% (2/38) of the saphenous modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (mBTS) group and 20.6% (14/68) of those with PTFE mBTS. There was no thrombosis in the central shunt group. Freedom from reoperation was 83% in the saphenous vein group and 81% in the PTFE group. There was no difference in overall morbidity or mortality, although thrombosis was significantly less in the saphenous vein group. Cryopreserved saphenous vein is a safe alternative, either as a mBTS or as a central shunt.

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22

Sundt, Thoralf M., David G. Piepgras, W. Richard Marsh, and Nicolee C. Fode. "Saphenous vein bypass grafts for giant aneurysms and intracranial occlusive disease." Journal of Neurosurgery 65, no. 4 (October 1986): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.65.4.0439.

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✓ The authors report their experience with the use of saphenous vein bypass grafts for treating advanced occlusive disease in the posterior circulation (77 patients, all of whom had failed medical management and showed severe ischemic symptoms), deteriorating patients with giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation (nine patients), progressive ischemia in the anterior circulation (26 patients, none of whom had a normal examination), and giant aneurysms in the anterior circulation (20 patients, all of whom presented with mass effect or subarachnoid hemorrhage). Graft patency in the first 65 cases treated was 74%. However, after significant technical changes of vein-graft preparation and construction of the proximal anastomosis, patency in the following 67 cases was 94%. Excellent or good results (including relief of deficits existing prior to surgery) were achieved in 71% of patients with advanced occlusive disease in the posterior circulation, 44% of those with giant aneurysms of the posterior circulation, 58% of those with ischemia of the anterior circulation, and 80% of those with giant aneurysms of the anterior circulation. Mean graft blood flow at surgery in the series was 100 ml/min for posterior circulation grafts and 110 ml/min for anterior circulation grafts. Experience to date indicates that this is a useful operation, and is particularly applicable to patients who are neurologically unstable from advanced intracranial occlusive disease in the posterior circulation or with giant aneurysms in the anterior circulation. The risk of hyperperfusion breakthrough with intracerebral hematoma restricts the technique in patients with progressing ischemic symptoms in the anterior circulation, and the intolerance of patients with fusiform aneurysms in the posterior circulation to the iatrogenic vertebrobasilar occlusion limits the applicability of this approach to otherwise inoperable lesions in that system.

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23

Friedman, Jonathan A., and David G. Piepgras. "Current neurosurgical indications for saphenous vein graft bypass." Neurosurgical Focus 14, no. 3 (March 2003): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2003.14.3.2.

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Object Vascular bypass is performed in neurosurgery for a variety of pathological entities, including extracranial atherosclerotic disease, extra- and intracranial aneurysms, and tumors involving the carotid artery (CA) at the skull base or cervical regions. Creation of an interposition saphenous vein graft (SVG) is the typical method of choice when the superficial temporal artery is not an option. Methods One hundred thirty consecutive patients treated with SVG between July 1988 and December 2002 at the Mayo Clinic were studied. A total of 130 procedures were performed in 130 patients. The indications were intracranial aneurysm in 51 patients (39%), CA occlusive disease in 36 (28%), extracranial CA aneurysm in 17 (13%), tumors involving the cervical CA in 11 (8%), vertebral artery occlusive disease in eight (6%), and other indications in six patients (5%). Among patients treated for intracranial aneurysms, 43 harbored giant aneurysms (> 25 mm in widest diameter) whereas the remaining eight patients harbored aneurysms that were large (15–25 mm in widest diameter). Among patients with CA occlusive disease, high-grade stenosis at the CA bifurcation was present in 29 and CA occlusion was demonstrated in seven. Conclusions The use of SVG bypass remains a valuable component of the neurosurgical armamentarium for a variety of pathological entities. Despite a general trend toward decreased use because of improved endovascular technology, surgical facility with this procedure should be maintained.

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Kobayashi, Toshiya, Haruo Makuuchi, Yoshihiro Naruse, Masahiro Goto, Keita Tanaka, Yasuo Arimura, and Masatake Katsu. "The Role of Macrophages in Saphenous Vein Graft Disease." Japanese Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery 29, no. 5 (2000): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4326/jjcvs.29.295.

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25

Wolny, Rafał, Gary S. Mintz, Jerzy Pręgowski, and Adam Witkowski. "Mechanisms, Prevention and Treatment of Saphenous Vein Graft Disease." American Journal of Cardiology 154 (September 2021): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.05.040.

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26

Hays, Nicole M., and Leora B. Balsam. "Commentary: Prevention of saphenous vein graft disease remains elusive." Journal of Cardiac Surgery 37, no. 3 (January 3, 2022): 571–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocs.16192.

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27

Cerit, Levent. "Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio and Saphenous Vein Graft Disease." Angiology 68, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003319716668772.

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28

Davenport, A. "The endothelin system in human saphenous vein graft disease." Current Opinion in Pharmacology 1, no. 2 (April 1, 2001): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4892(01)00026-1.

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29

Bugan, Baris, Lutfi Cagatay Onar, and Erkan Yildirim. "Saphenous Vein Graft Disease and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio." Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 20, no. 7 (December 11, 2013): 755–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029613514129.

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30

Marmagkiolis, Kostantinos, Cindy Grines, and Luc Bilodeau. "Current percutaneous treatment strategies for saphenous vein graft disease." Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 82, no. 3 (June 5, 2013): 406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ccd.24554.

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31

Dashwood, Michael R., and Andrzej Loesch. "Endothelin-1, endothelin receptor antagonists, and vein graft occlusion in coronary artery bypass surgery: 20 years on and still no journey from bench to bedside." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 98, no. 9 (September 2020): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2019-0598.

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The saphenous vein is the most commonly used bypass graft in patients with coronary artery disease. During routine coronary artery bypass, grafting the vascular damage inflicted on the vein is likely to stimulate the release of endothelin-1, a potent endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor that also possesses cell proliferation and inflammatory properties, conditions associated with vein graft failure. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, endothelin receptor antagonists reduce neointimal thickening. The mechanisms underlying these observations are multifactorial and include an effect on cell proliferation and cell/tissue damage. Much of the data supporting the beneficial action of endothelin-1 receptor antagonism at reducing intimal thickening and occlusion in experimental vein grafts were published over 20 years ago. The theme of the recent ET-16 conference in Kobe was “Visiting Old and Learning New”. This short review article provides an overview of studies showing the potential of endothelin receptor antagonists to offer an adjuvant therapeutic approach for reducing saphenous vein graft failure and poses the question why this important area of research has not been translated from bench to bedside given the potential benefit for coronary artery bypass patients.

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32

Tavil, Yusuf, Nihat Şen, Hüseyin Uğur Yazici, Fatma Hizal, Sadik Kadri Açikgöz, Murat Turfan, and Atiye Çengel. "Relationship between elevated platelet volume and saphenous vein graft disease." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 33, no. 3 (June 1, 2010): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v33i3.13721.

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Background: Saphenous vein graft (SVG) disease is the major determinant of long term graft viability in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Although, platelets play a major role in this pathogenetic process the nature of this interaction has not been yet been clarified. Mean platelet volume (MPV) reflects platelet production rate and stimulation. This study was designed to investigate MPV in patients with late stage SVG disease. Methods: The study population composed of 188 patients who underwent elective coronary angiography more than one year after coronary artery bypass surgery. The study population was divided in to two groups according to SVG patency. The first group consisted of 90 patients (75 men, 15 women; mean age, 63.4 ± 9.2 years) with patent SVG’s (no-stenosis group). The second group consisted of 98 patients (80 men, 18 women; mean age, 62.1 ± 10.1 years) with SVG stenosis based on the results of coronary angiography (stenosis group). Gretaer than 50% stenosis within the SVG was accepted as hemodynamically significant. Results: MPV were significantly higher in patients with SVG disease in comparison with the patients without graft disease group (9.3 ± 1.19 vs. 8.3 ± 1.10 fl, respectively, p < 0.001). In a multiple regression model, SVG disease was independently associated with MPV (β=0.837, p=0.05) along with LDL-cholesterol (β=0.159, p=0.008) and time interval after bypass surgery (β=-0.092, p=0.05). Conclusion: Platelet volume, and therefore platelet activation, appears to play a causal role in late SVG disease graft disease; hence, MPV may be useful as a post-operative marker of graft success.

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Cracowski, Jean-Luc, Françoise Stanke-Labesque, Carmine Sessa, Mark Hunt, Olivier Chavanon, Philippe Devillier, and Germain Bessard. "Functional comparison of the human isolated femoral artery, internal mammary artery, gastroepiploic artery, and saphenous vein." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 77, no. 10 (October 15, 1999): 770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y99-063.

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Human femoral, internal mammary, and gastroepiploic arteries and saphenous veins are used as bypass grafts for coronary surgery or for reconstruction in arterial occlusive disease. We have characterized the contractile responses of these vessels to various agents that are liberated during cardiac or vascular surgery. In organ baths, U46619 (a stable thromboxane A2 mimetic), norepinephrine, endothelin-1, angiotensin II, and KCl caused concentration-dependent contractions in all vessels tested. Leukotriene C4 did not induce any contraction in the arteries, whereas a contraction was obtained in the saphenous vein rings. U46619 induced the most powerful contraction in all vessels tested. The pD2 values for each agent did not differ among the different vessels. When responses were expressed as a percentage of KCl-induced contraction, the contraction of endothelin-1 (151 ± 5%) and leukotriene C4 (43 ± 5%) was more significant on saphenous veins than on arteries. In conclusion, thromboxane A2 appears to be the most potent endogenous constricting agent on different human vascular beds. Our second finding is that saphenous veins are more sensitive to contract to leukotriene C4 and endothelin-1 than arteries. These properties may influence early and (or) long-term vein graft patency.Key words: femoral arteries, vascular reactivity, thromboxane A2, endothelin-1, leukotrienes.

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Sbarzaglia, Paolo, Salvatore Notaristefano, and Claudio Cavallini. "Best Treatment of Saphenous Vein Graft Lesions." Interventional Cardiology Review 5, no. 1 (2010): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/icr.2010.5.1.46.

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When used as conduits for coronary artery bypass surgery, saphenous vein grafts (SVG) develop atherosclerotic disease that may result in stenosis or occlusion in 50% of patients by 10 years. SVG intervention has become an attractive alternative to reoperation in these patients, but is associated with less favourable acute and long-term outcomes compared with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of native vessels due to a higher incidence of periprocedural micro-embolisation and of late restenosis. The role of protection devices that reduce distal embolisation and no-reflow phenomenon has been well established, and they now represent a ‘must’ for almost all of the procedures of PCI in SVG. The potential role of drug-eluting stents (DES) in improving long-term results of SVG intervention is still debated and, to date, there is no clear evidence of their benefit in relevant clinical end-point. The aim of this article is to examine the best available therapeutic options for patients undergoing PCI of SVG lesions.

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Shirakawa, Makoto, Takashi Nitta, and Yosuke Ishii. "Recanalized saphenous vein graft once occluded in postoperative acute period." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 10 (January 2022): 2050313X2210881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x221088166.

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A 69-year-old female with diabetes mellitus underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting for old myocardial infarction and unstable angina with reduced left ventricular wall motion due to triple vessel disease. Although the saphenous vein graft was confirmed to be patent during surgery, it developed occlusion at the distal anastomotic site on postoperative first day. However, recanalization was achieved for this saphenous vein graft following the administration of direct oral anticoagulants in addition to antiplatelet therapy. Anticoagulant therapy, in addition to antiplatelet therapy, should be considered for preventing and dissolving thrombus in postoperative acute period, especially in high-risk patients for thrombotic graft occlusion.

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T, Dr Narayanswamy, Dr Chethan Mali, and Dr Mohammed Daanish Subhan Baig. "Varicose Vein Stripping with Perforator Ligation Combined With Skin Grafting For Treatment of Venous Ulcers." SAS Journal of Surgery 7, no. 12 (December 29, 2021): 791–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sasjs.2021.v07i12.010.

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Objective: To demonstrate the possibility of combining two procedures, GSV stripping with perforator ligation for varicose veins and skin grafting, to treat patients with venous ulcers related to reflux in saphenous vein. Combined procedure give early better disease free life and reduces ulcer related morbidity, socio economic burden, heath care burden. Methods: A total of 30 patients were treated during the study period of which of which 22 were male and 08 were females. Among 30 patients 26 had unilateral and 4 had bilateral ulcer. Ulcers were associated with concomitant reflux of the great saphenous vein. All 30 patients underwent GSV stripping with perforator ligation and split skin grafting in same sitting of surgery. The strategy employed began by harvesting skin from the donor area from the same limb. Great saphenous vein ligation with perforator ligation was done and skin graft placed over the varicose ulcer in the same sitting of surgery. Results: In all cases there was improvement of ulcer-related symptoms and healing of the lesion. In 28 cases we achieved full skin grafting viability. In 2 cases there was graft failure due to infection. Conclusion: This combination of procedures is a valid option, with the potential to provide quicker and less expensive treatment. Combined procedure give early better disease free life.

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Brennan, Jeffrey W., Michael K. Morgan, William Sorby, and Verity Grinnell. "Recurrent stenosis of common carotid—intracranial internal carotid interposition saphenous vein bypass graft caused by intimal hyperplasia and treated with endovascular stent placement." Journal of Neurosurgery 90, no. 3 (March 1999): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1999.90.3.0571.

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✓ Intimal hyperplasia is a well-known cause of delayed stenosis in vein bypass grafts in all types of vascular surgery. Options for treatment of stenosis in peripheral and coronary artery bypass grafts include revision surgery and the application of endovascular techniques such as balloon angioplasty and stent placement. The authors present a case of stenosis caused by intimal hyperplasia in a high-flow common carotid artery—intracranial internal carotid artery (IICA) saphenous vein interposition bypass graft that had been constructed to treat a traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the intracavernous ICA. The stenosis recurred after revision surgery and was successfully treated by endovascular stent placement in the vein graft. The literature on stent placement for vein graft stenoses is reviewed, and the authors add a report of its application to external carotid—internal carotid bypass grafts. Further study is required to define the role of endovascular techniques in the management of stenotic cerebrovascular disease.

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Eyuboglu, Mehmet, and Ilhan Koyuncu. "Duration after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and saphenous vein graft disease." Anatolian Journal of Cardiology 15, no. 12 (December 11, 2015): 1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/anatoljcardiol.2015.6754.

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39

Spadaccio, Cristiano, Charalambos Antoniades, Antonio Nenna, Calvin Chung, Ricardo Will, Massimo Chello, and Mario F. L. Gaudino. "Preventing treatment failures in coronary artery disease: what can we learn from the biology of in-stent restenosis, vein graft failure, and internal thoracic arteries?" Cardiovascular Research 116, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvz214.

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Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the availability of percutaneous or surgical revascularization procedures significantly improves survival. However, both strategies are daunted by complications which limit long-term effectiveness. In-stent restenosis (ISR) is a major drawback for intracoronary stenting, while graft failure is the limiting factor for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), especially using veins. Conversely, internal thoracic artery (ITA) is known to maintain long-term patency in CABG. Understanding the biology and pathophysiology of ISR and vein graft failure (VGF) and mechanisms behind ITA resistance to failure is crucial to combat these complications in CAD treatment. This review intends to provide an overview of the biological mechanisms underlying stent and VGF and of the potential therapeutic strategy to prevent these complications. Interestingly, despite being different modalities of revascularization, mechanisms of failure of stent and saphenous vein grafts are very similar from the biological standpoint.

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Ho, Karen J., Christopher D. Owens, Thomas Longo, Xin X. Sui, Cristos Ifantides, and Michael S. Conte. "C-reactive protein and vein graft disease: evidence for a direct effect on smooth muscle cell phenotype via modulation of PDGF receptor-β." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295, no. 3 (September 2008): H1132—H1140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00079.2008.

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Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration is a biomarker of systemic atherosclerosis and may also be associated with vein graft disease. It remains unclear whether CRP is also an important modulator of biological events in the vessel wall. We hypothesized that CRP influences vein graft healing by stimulating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to undergo a phenotypic switch. Distribution of CRP was examined by immunohistochemistry in prebypass human saphenous veins (HSVs, n = 21) and failing vein grafts ( n = 18, 25–4,400 days postoperatively). Quiescent HSV SMCs were stimulated with human CRP (5–50 μg/ml). SMC migration was assessed in modified Boyden chambers with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB (5–10 ng/ml) as the chemoattractant. SMC viability and proliferation were assessed by trypan blue exclusion and reduction of Alamar Blue substrate, respectively. Expression of PDGF ligand and receptor (PDGFR) genes was examined at RNA and protein levels after 24–72 h of CRP exposure. CRP staining was present in 13 of 18 diseased vein grafts, where it localized to the deep media and adventitia, but it was minimally detectable in most prebypass veins. SMCs pretreated with CRP demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in migration to PDGF-BB ( P = 0.02), which was inhibited by a PDGF-neutralizing antibody. SMCs treated with CRP showed a dose-dependent increase in PDGFRβ expression and phosphorylation after 24–48 h. Exogenous CRP had no effect on SMC viability or proliferation. These data suggest that CRP is detectable within the wall of most diseased vein grafts, where it may exert local effects. Clinically relevant levels of CRP can stimulate SMC migration by a mechanism that may involve upregulation and activation of PDGFRβ.

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GOKAY, Seher. "Saphenous vein graft disease: causes, prevention, and contemporary treatment strategies." Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi Arsivi-Archives of the Turkish Society of Cardiology 40, no. 8 (2012): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5543/tkda.2012.26790.

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Gukop, Philemon, and Aziz Momin. "Early saphenous vein graft disease following coronary artery bypass grafting." Surgery (Oxford) 36, no. 2 (February 2018): 83–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpsur.2017.11.007.

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Lie, J. T. "Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) in a saphenous vein arterial graft." Human Pathology 18, no. 4 (April 1987): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(87)80174-0.

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44

Gawlas, W., W. Lipczynski, Z. F. Dobrowolski, B. Glazar, and J. Kusionowicz. "C16 TREATMENT OF PEYRONIE DISEASE GRAFT WITH GREATER SAPHENOUS VEIN." European Urology Supplements 11, no. 4 (October 2012): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9056(13)60019-6.

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45

Akyel, Ahmet, İbrahim Etem Çelik, Fatih Öksüz, Serkan Çay, Muhammed Karadeniz, Alparslan Kurtul, Adil Hakan Öcek, and Sani Namık Murat. "Red Blood Cell Distribution Width in Saphenous Vein Graft Disease." Canadian Journal of Cardiology 29, no. 4 (April 2013): 448–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2012.06.015.

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46

Teebken, Puschmann, Rohde, Burgwitz, Winkler, Pichlmaier, Weidemann, and Haverich. "Human iliac vein replacement with a tissue-engineered graft." Vasa 38, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526.38.1.60.

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The modification of a previously described technique to generate venous conduits in a lamb model from a decellularised matrix and autologous cells and its application to human tissue is described. A 49-year-old woman underwent surgery for a large malignant pelvic tumour (carcinoma of unknown primary) involving the right iliac artery and vein. The right iliac artery was reconstructed with a cryopreserved human arterial allograft. For iliac vein reconstruction a tissue-engineered neo-vein was developed utilising a decellularised cryopreserved vein allograft that was reseeded in a bioreactor with autologous endothelial cells derived from the recipient’s great saphenous vein. Both interposition grafts were patent initially, after 3, 6, 12, and 24 months, but the tissue-engineered neo-vein had become obstructed due to evolving disease four month postoperatively. Tissue engineered neo-veins may be a therapeutic option in selected cases with symptomatic vein stenosis or obstruction not curable with interventional methods or standard prosthetic replacement.

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Jodati, Ahmadreza, Seyed Mohammadbagher Pirouzpanah, Nazila Fathi Maroufi, Masoud Pezeshkian, Naser Safaie, Hossain Bijanpour, Amir Mahdi Khamaneh, Ali Mota, and Mohammad Nouri. "Different expression of Micro RNA-126, 133a and 145 in aorta and saphenous vein samples of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery." Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research 11, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/jcvtr.2019.07.

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Introduction: microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved, noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression on the post-transcriptional level. Some evidence indicates that microRNAs dysfunction plays a crucial role in human disease development. The role of microRNAs in cardiac growth, hypertrophy, heart failure, cardiovascular complications in diabetes and many other hearth conditions are demonstrated. In this study we aimed to evaluate the expression of six microRNAs (mir-100, mir-126, mir-127, mir-133a, mir-133b and mir-145) that have been shown to overexpress in aortic and carotid plaques. Methods: Thirty Coronary Artery Disease patients who underwent elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery were enrolled in the study. The expression patterns of six miRNAs (mir-100, mir-126, mir-127, mir-133a, mir-133b, and mir-145) were examined in 30 patients of whom we obtained aorta and saphenous vein samples. Results: In three miRNAs, mir-100, mir-127 and mir-133b, we did not obtain expression data from real-time experiments. We found that the expression level of mir-126, mir-133a and mir145 were lower in aorta in comparison with saphenous vein. Mir-126 was highly expressed in saphenous vein samples (13.8±1.1) when compared with aorta samples (20.2±1.1), although mir133a was highly expressed in saphenous vein samples (16.1±0.5) when compared with the aorta (17.9±1.5). Expression of mir-145 saphenous vein samples was also dramatically higher than aorta (7.2±0.5 versus 10.8±0.6) that was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Understanding the role of miRNAs in cardiovascular physiology and diseases might suggest miRNA- based therapeutic methods in the management of coronary artery disease.

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Lin, Yi, Chentao Luo, Yunqing Shi, Runhua Ma, Qi Xia, and Wenjun Ding. "The Role of Cariporide in Protecting Saphenous Vein among Different Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Genotypes." Cardiology 145, no. 7 (2020): 456–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000506071.

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Objective: We aimed to study the effect of cariporide (CP) on protecting the saphenous vein and the role of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Background: The saphenous vein is the main graft material used in CABG. Recent studies suggested that CP is effective in protecting against various cardiovascular diseases. Methods: Segments of a surgically removed saphenous vein were used to examine the vascular response to CP. The ALDH2 genotype and expression of related proteins were assessed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results: Among the conditions tested, the University of Wisconsin solution with CP (4°C, 5 min) treatment showed the best protective effect on the saphenous vein. The incidence of major adverse cardiac events was higher in the ALDH2-GA (heterozygous mutant) genotype population after CABG. Conclusion: CP plays a role in reducing the production of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis by ALDH2-mediated mitochondrial function improvement. The ALDH2 mutant genotype might be one of the risk factors for coronary atherosclerotic heart disease.

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Önal, Burak, Deniz Özen, Bülent Demir, Duygu Gezen Ak, Erdinç Dursun, Caner Demir, Ahmet Gökhan Akkan, and Sibel Özyazgan. "The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Anacardic Acid on a TNF-α - Induced Human Saphenous Vein Endothelial Cell Culture Model." Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 21, no. 8 (July 8, 2020): 710–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201020666191105154619.

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Background and Objective: Coronary bypass operations are commonly performed for the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. Coronary artery bypass surgery with autologous human saphenous vein maintains its importance as a commonly used therapy for advanced atherosclerosis. Vascular inflammation-related intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerotic progress have major roles in the pathogenesis of saphenous vein graft disease. Methods: In our study, we investigated the effect of anacardic acid (AA), which is a bioactive phytochemical in the shell of Anacardium occidentale, on atherosclerosis considering its inhibitory effect on NF-κB. We observed relative ICAM-1 and NF-κB mRNA levels by qRT-PCR method in a TNF-α- induced inflammation model of saphenous vein endothelial cell culture after 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 5 μM of AA were applied to the cells. In addition, protein levels of ICAM-1 and NF-κB were evaluated by immunofluorescent staining. The results were compared between different concentrations of AA, and also with the control group. Results: It was found that 5 μM, 1 μM and 0.5 μM of AA had toxic effects, while cytotoxicity decreased when 0.1 μM of AA was applied both alone and with TNF-α. When AA was applied with TNF-α, there was a decrease and suppression in NF-κB expression compared with the TNF-α group. TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression was significantly reduced more in the AA-applied group than in the TNF-α group. Conclusion: In accordance with our results, it can be said that AA has a protective role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and hence in saphenous vein graft disease.

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Lytle, Bruce W., Floyd D. Loop, Paul C. Taylor, Conrad Simpfendorfer, John R. Kramer, Norman B. Ratliff, Marlene Goormastic, Delos M. Cosgrove, and Maura J. Schnauffer. "Vein graft disease: The clinical impact of stenoses in saphenous vein bypass grafts to coronary arteries." Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 103, no. 5 (May 1992): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5223(19)34904-9.

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