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Academic literature on the topic 'SAPF'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "SAPF"

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Schaller, Martin, Matthias Bein, Hans C. Korting, Stefan Baur, Gerald Hamm, Michel Monod, Sabine Beinhauer, and Bernhard Hube. "The Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases Sap1 and Sap2 Cause Tissue Damage in an In Vitro Model of Vaginal Candidiasis Based on Reconstituted Human Vaginal Epithelium." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 6 (June 2003): 3227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.6.3227-3234.2003.

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ABSTRACT Secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps) contribute to the ability of Candida albicans to cause mucosal and disseminated infections. A model of vaginal candidiasis based on reconstituted human vaginal epithelium (RHVE) was used to study the expression and role of these C. albicans proteinases during infection and tissue damage of vaginal epithelium. Colonization of the RHVE by C. albicans SC5314 did not cause any visible epithelial damage 6 h after inoculation, although expression of SAP2, SAP9, and SAP10 was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR. However, significant epithelial damage was observed after 12 h, concomitant with the additional expression of SAP1, SAP4, and SAP5. Additional transcripts of SAP6 and SAP7 were detected at a later stage of the artificial infection (24 h). Similar SAP expression profiles were observed in three samples isolated from human patients with vaginal candidiasis. In experimental infection, secretion of antigens Sap1 to Sap6 by C. albicans was confirmed at the ultrastructural level by using polyclonal antisera raised against Sap1 to Sap6. Addition of the aspartyl proteinase inhibitors pepstatin A and the human immunodeficiency virus proteinase inhibitors ritonavir and amprenavir strongly reduced the tissue damage of the vaginal epithelia by C. albicans cells. Furthermore, SAP null mutants lacking either SAP1 or SAP2 had a drastically reduced potential to cause tissue damage even though SAP3, SAP4, and SAP7 were up-regulated in these mutants. In contrast the vaginopathic potential of mutants lacking SAP3 or SAP4 to SAP6 was not reduced compared to wild-type cells. These data provide further evidence for a crucial role of Sap1 and Sap2 in C. albicans vaginal infections.

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Felk, Angelika, Marianne Kretschmar, Antje Albrecht, Martin Schaller, Sabine Beinhauer, Thomas Nichterlein, Dominique Sanglard, Hans C. Korting, Wilhelm Schäfer, and Bernhard Hube. "Candida albicans Hyphal Formation and the Expression of the Efg1-Regulated Proteinases Sap4 to Sap6 Are Required for the Invasion of Parenchymal Organs." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 7 (July 2002): 3689–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.7.3689-3700.2002.

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ABSTRACT The ability to change between yeast and hyphal cells (dimorphism) is known to be a virulence property of the human pathogen Candida albicans. The pathogenesis of disseminated candidosis involves adhesion and penetration of hyphal cells from a colonized mucosal site to internal organs. Parenchymal organs, such as the liver and pancreas, are invaded by C. albicans wild-type hyphal cells between 4 and 24 h after intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection of mice. In contrast, a hypha-deficient mutant lacking the transcription factor Efg1 was not able to invade or damage these organs. To investigate whether this was due to the inability to undergo the dimorphic transition or due to the lack of hypha-associated factors, we investigated the role of secreted aspartic proteinases during tissue invasion and their association with the different morphologies of C. albicans. Wild-type cells expressed a distinct pattern of SAP genes during i.p. infections. Within the first 72 h after infection, SAP1, SAP2, SAP4, SAP5, SAP6, and SAP9 were the most commonly expressed proteinase genes. Sap1 to Sap3 antigens were found on yeast and hyphal cells, while Sap4 to Sap6 antigens were predominantly found on hyphal cells in close contact with host cells, in particular, eosinophilic leukocytes. Mutants lacking EFG1 had either noticeably reduced or higher expressed levels of SAP4 to SAP6 transcripts in vitro depending on the culture conditions. During infection, efg1 mutants had a strongly reduced ability to produce hyphae, which was associated with reduced levels of SAP4 to SAP6 transcripts. Mutants lacking SAP1 to SAP3 had invasive properties indistinguishable from those of wild-type cells. In contrast, a triple mutant lacking SAP4 to SAP6 showed strongly reduced invasiveness but still produced hyphal cells. When the tissue damage of liver and pancreas caused by single sap4, sap5, and sap6 and double sap4 and -6, sap5 and -6, and sap4 and -5 double mutants was compared to the damage caused by wild-type cells, all mutants which lacked functional SAP6 showed significantly reduced tissue damage. These data demonstrate that strains which produce hyphal cells but lack hypha-associated proteinases, particularly that encoded by SAP6, are less invasive. In addition, it can be concluded that the reduced virulence of hypha-deficient mutants is not only due to the inability to form hyphae but also due to modified expression of the SAP genes normally associated with the hyphal morphology.

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Thompson, Stuart A., Omer L. Shedd, Kevin C. Ray, Michael H. Beins, Jesse P. Jorgensen, and Martin J. Blaser. "Campylobacter fetus Surface Layer Proteins Are Transported by a Type I Secretion System." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 24 (December 15, 1998): 6450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.24.6450-6458.1998.

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ABSTRACT The virulence of Campylobacter fetus, a bacterial pathogen of ungulates and humans, is mediated in part by the presence of a paracrystalline surface layer (S-layer) that confers serum resistance. The subunits of the S-layer are S-layer proteins (SLPs) that are secreted in the absence of an N-terminal signal sequence and attach to either type A or B C. fetus lipopolysaccharide in a serospecific manner. Antigenic variation of multiple SLPs (encoded bysapA homologs) of type A strain 23D occurs by inversion of a promoter-containing DNA element flanked by two sapAhomologs. Cloning and sequencing of the entire 6.2-kb invertible region from C. fetus 23D revealed a probable 5.6-kb operon of four overlapping genes (sapCDEF, with sizes of 1,035, 1,752, 1,284, and 1,302 bp, respectively) transcribed in the opposite direction from sapA. The four genes also were present in the invertible region of type B strain 84-107 and were virtually identical to their counterparts in the type A strain. Although SapC had no database homologies, SapD, SapE, and SapF had predicted amino acid homologies with type I protein secretion systems (typified byEscherichia coli HlyBD/TolC or Erwinia chrysanthemi PrtDEF) that utilize C-terminal secretion signals to mediate the secretion of hemolysins, leukotoxins, or proteases from other bacterial species. Analysis of the C termini of four C. fetus SLPs revealed conserved structures that are potential secretion signals. A C. fetus sapD mutant neither produced nor secreted SLPs. E. coli expressing C. fetus sapA and sapCDEF secreted SapA, indicating that thesapCDEF genes are sufficient for SLP secretion. C. fetus SLPs therefore are transported to the cell surface by a type I secretion system.

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G, Venkata Anjani Kumar, and M. Damodar Reddy. "Fuzzy and PSO tuned PI controller based SAPF for Harmonic Mitigation." International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 11, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.110116.

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The development of a reliable power filter is essential for meeting the need for high-quality power. Current and voltage harmonics are a major contributor to poor power quality and must be eliminated. Shunt active power filters (SAPFs) can be installed to reduce the negative effects of harmonics. Fuzzy logic and proportional integral (PI) controllers excel at regulating DC link voltage in shunt active power filters (SAPFs). This research assessed how well Particle Swarm Optimization controls the DC link voltage in a Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF), thereby mitigating harmonics. The appropriate PI control parameters are first determined using the Particle Swarm Optimization technique. The PSO-tuned PI parameters are combined with a fuzzy logic controller for the SAPF simulation. It has been demonstrated in simulations that a Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) with reference currents are generated in accordance with the instantaneous real and reactive power (p-q) theory, employing fuzzy and PSO -PI controller for diode rectifier type non-linear load. It is extremely effective for harmonic correction in distribution networks. The simulation work is carried out using MATLAB-SIMULINK.

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Singh, Harnek, Maneet Kour, Dip Vinod Thanki, and Prakash Kumar. "A Review on Shunt Active Power Filter Control Strategies." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.5 (September 22, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.20026.

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Shunt active power filter (SAPF) has now become a well-known sophisticated technology to overcome current harmonics and reactive power compensation issues. In this paper a technical review of various control strategies for operation of SAPF has been presented. Control strategies such as reference current generation by time domain, frequency domain and soft computing approaches; voltage control for dc link voltage regulation and current control for generating switching patterns for voltage source inverter has been discussed. This paper aims to provide a broad understanding on SAPFs for various research and engineering applications.

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Naglik, Julian R., George Newport, Theodore C. White, Lynette L. Fernandes-Naglik, John S. Greenspan, Deborah Greenspan, Simon P. Sweet, Stephen J. Challacombe, and Nina Agabian. "In Vivo Analysis of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase Expression in Human Oral Candidiasis." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.5.2482-2490.1999.

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ABSTRACT Secreted aspartyl proteinases are putative virulence factors inCandida infections. Candida albicans possesses at least nine members of a SAP gene family, all of which have been sequenced. Although the expression of the SAPgenes has been extensively characterized under laboratory growth conditions, no studies have analyzed in detail the in vivo expression of these proteinases in human oral colonization and infection. We have developed a reliable and sensitive procedure to detect C. albicans mRNA from whole saliva of patients with oral C. albicans infection and those with asymptomaticCandida carriage. The reverse transcription-PCR protocol was used to determine which of the SAP1 to SAP7genes are expressed by C. albicans during colonization and infection of the oral cavity. SAP2 and the SAP4to SAP6 subfamily were the predominant proteinase genes expressed in the oral cavities of both Candida carriers and patients with oral candidiasis; SAP4, SAP5, orSAP6 mRNA was detected in all subjects. SAP1and SAP3 transcripts were observed only in patients with oral candidiasis. SAP7 mRNA expression, which has never been demonstrated under laboratory conditions, was detected in several of the patient samples. All seven SAP genes were simultaneously expressed in some patients with oral candidiasis. This is the first detailed study showing that the SAP gene family is expressed by C. albicans during colonization and infection in humans and that C. albicans infection is associated with the differential expression of individualSAP genes which may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis.

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Kale, Ishaan R., and Anand J. Kulkarni. "Cohort intelligence with self-adaptive penalty function approach hybridized with colliding bodies optimization algorithm for discrete and mixed variable constrained problems." Complex & Intelligent Systems 7, no. 3 (February 18, 2021): 1565–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40747-021-00283-3.

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AbstractRecently, several socio-/bio-inspired algorithms have been proposed for solving a variety of problems. Generally, they perform well when applied for solving unconstrained problems; however, their performance degenerates when applied for solving constrained problems. Several types of penalty function approaches have been proposed so far for handling linear and non-linear constraints. Even though the approach is quite easy to understand, the precise choice of penalty parameter is very much important. It may further necessitate significant number of preliminary trials. To overcome this limitation, a new self-adaptive penalty function (SAPF) approach is proposed and incorporated into socio-inspired Cohort Intelligence (CI) algorithm. This approach is referred to as CI–SAPF. Furthermore, CI–SAPF approach is hybridized with Colliding Bodies Optimization (CBO) algorithm referred to as CI–SAPF–CBO algorithm. The performance of the CI–SAPF and CI–SAPF–CBO algorithms is validated by solving discrete and mixed variable problems from truss structure domain, design engineering domain, and several problems of linear and nonlinear in nature. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed techniques is validated by solving two real-world applications from manufacturing engineering domain. The results obtained from CI–SAPF and CI–SAPF–CBO are promising and computationally efficient when compared with other nature inspired optimization algorithms. A non-parametric Wilcoxon’s rank sum test is performed on the obtained statistical solutions to examine the significance of CI–SAPF–CBO. In addition, the effect of the penalty parameter on pseudo-objective function, penalty function and constrained violations is analyzed and discussed along with the advantages over other algorithms.

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Saleh, Kamel, and Ameen Madi. "A fault-tolerant photovoltaic integrated shunt active power filter with a 27-level inverter." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp1166-1177.

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This paper introduces a fault-tolerant shunt active power filter (SAPF). The novility in of this work is that it poposes a solutions to increase the reliability of shunt active power filter to maintain its operation under a single-phase open-circuit fault in the SAPF. This will increase the reliability of the whole power system. The SAPF is composed of a 4-leg 27-level inverter based on asymmetric cascaded H-bridge topology. If an open-circuit fault is introduced to the operation of the SAPF, a special control technique will be implemented and the redundant leg of the SAPF will be activated. The fault-tolerant SAPF can do many tasks under healthy operating conditions and post and open circuit fault depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the batteries. It can mitigate harmonics in the power system, improve power factor in the system by injecting reactive power, and inject real power to the system. The proposed SAPF is tested and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and the results have shown a significant improvement in total harmonics distortion (THD) of the source current from 13.9% to 3.9% under the normal operating condition and from 42% to 8.4% post and open circuit fault.

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Sao, Jitendra Kumar, Ramasamy Thaiyal Naayagi, Gayadhar Panda, Ram Dayal Patidar, and Sushree Diptimayee Swain. "SAPF Parameter Optimization with the Application of Taguchi SNR Method." Electronics 11, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030348.

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Non-linear devices draw non-sinusoidal currents from the source; hence, they cause harmonic distortions in power systems. The shunt active power filter (SAPF) is a well-known method for alleviating current harmonics, compensating the reactive power and improving the power factor; however, the effective design of an SAPF is quite challenging and a thrust area of research. The current controlling technique, switching pulse generation technique and parameter selection are cumbersome tasks in SAPF design. SAPF performance depends on the proper selection of many parameters, such as filter interfacing impedance, DC-link capacitor and PI-controller gains. The effect of these parameters on the performance of SAPF has been studied and optimum values have been obtained by using the Taguchi method. This paper also indicates the benefits of using the Taguchi method compared with existing genetic algorithm (GA) for optimizing the parameters of the SAPF. An instantaneous reactive power theory (IRPT)-based SAPF has been modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. The SAPF’s parameters have been optimized by using the both proposed Taguchi SNR and the existing GA method. With optimized values of parameters results have been obtained, analyzed and the superiority of the proposed Taguchi method over the existing GA method is discussed. The simulation results were also validated with experimental results.

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Chen, Lan, Chen, and Chen. "Adaptive Frequency-Based Reference Compensation Current Control Strategy of Shunt Active Power Filter for Unbalanced Nonlinear Loads." Energies 12, no. 16 (August 9, 2019): 3080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163080.

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The shunt active power filter (SAPF) is an effective means for the modification of power quality. However, the compensation performance of SAPF would be deteriorated when the unbalanced nonlinear loads are present in the power system. To enhance the compensation performance of SAPF, the adaptive frequency-based reference compensation current control strategy is proposed in this paper. The proposed solution procedure can be divided into three stages including adaptive frequency detection, phase synchronization, and adaptive compensation. With the tracking of power system frequency, the phase synchronization for the SAPF compensation can be effectively modified under the power variation of unbalanced nonlinear loads. Based on the correct synchronization phase angle, the reference compensation current of SAPF can be accurately obtained with the adaptive linear neural network (ALNN) in the stage of adaptive compensation. In addition, the direct current (DC)-link voltage of SAPF can also be effectively regulated to maintain the compensation performance. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive frequency-based reference compensation current control strategy, the comprehensive case studies implemented with the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) mechanism are performed to examine the compliance with the specification limits of IEEE Standard 519-2014. The experimental results reveal that the performance of proposed SAPF control strategy is superior to that of the traditional instantaneous reactive power compensation control technique (p-q method) and sliding discrete Fourier transform (DFT).

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "SAPF"

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Zhang, Yingjie. "Use of Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis to Identify the SapF Gene of Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae, A Gene that is Required for Survival in a Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407950104.

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Barbosa, Amir Horiquini. "Avaliação de fatores de virulência e sensibilidade a antissépticos bucais de espécies de Candida isoladas da saliva de pacientes com próteses bucais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-02102015-161413/.

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As espécies de Candida são patógenos oportunistas e as infecções nas cavidades bucais causadas por este gênero são comuns em pacientes com fatores predisponentes, entre eles imussuprimidos, diabéticos e usuários de próteses dentais. No Brasil o índice de endentados é elevado sendo necessária a utilização de próteses bucais, que são locais favoráveis à colonização de microrganismos e o desenvolvimento de biofilme. A utilização de antissépticos como medida complementar na higiene oral é cada vez mais difundida. O objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar em amostras de C. albicans e C. não-albicans, isoladas da saliva de portadores de próteses bucais, os fatores de virulência, proteinase e biofilme e genes relacionados à proteinase (SAP1, SAP3) e à adesão (ALS1 e ALS3) e avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro de três formulações comerciais à base de clorexidina 0,12%, cetilpiridínio 0,07% e 0,075% frente aos isolados de Candida e biofilmes. Foram coletadas amostras de saliva de 70 pacientes usuários de próteses bucais. As leveduras foram isoladas em meio de CHROMagar® Candida e identificadas pela metodologia clássica e a confirmação de C. albicans por biologia molecular (PCR). Leveduras do gênero Candida foram isoladas de 32 (45,7%) amostras. Destas foram identificadas: C. albicans (29), C. krusei (5), C. glabrata (4), C. tropicalis (3) e C. parapsilosis (2), totalizando 43 leveduras entre monoculturas e culturas mistas. Os genes pesquisados foram detectados somente em amostras de C. albicans, os genes ALS2, ALS3 e SAP3 foram identificados em 86% dos isolados e o SAP1 em 93%. A atividade de proteinase entre os dos isolados de C. albicans foi de 72,4% e entre das espécies de C. não-albicans 35,7%. A de formação de biofilme sobre placas de 96 poços, e após coloração com XTT, demonstrou que a maioria dos isolados de Candida e todas as culturas mistas desenvolveram biofilmes em 24 horas. A atividade de três antissépticos frente as leveduras foi de <=1,25%, equivalente a uma diluição de 1:80 do antisséptico. Concluímos os três antissépticos também foram eficazes frente aos biofilmes de monoculturas e culturas mistas, as cepas de C. albicans continua sendo a espécie prevalente na cavidade bucal, os genes SAP1, SAP3, ALS2 e ALS3 estão presentes na maioria dos isolados de C. albicans, nestas amostras a maioria foram proteinase e biofilme positivos. A atividade de proteinase foi superior nas espécies de C. albicans em comparação com C. não-albicans. Os biofilmes das espécies de Candida quando formados em culturas mistas se desenvolvem mais em comparação com a formação de biofilme em monocultura. As três formulações de antissépticos foram eficazes contra todos isolados de leveduras em forma planctônica e na maioria dos biofilmes.
Candida species are opportunistic pathogens and infections in the oral cavity caused by these yeasts are common in patients with predisposing factors, such as diabetic or immunocompromised individuals with dental prosthesis. In Brazil, the number of toothless patients is high and the use of dental prosthesis is common, which represents a niche for colonization and formation of microbial biofilms in the oral cavity. The use of mouthwashes to aid in the oral hygiene has increased. The objective of this research was to isolate C. albicans and C. non-albicans from saliva of dental prosthesis users and to evaluate the isolates for the presence of virulence factors, proteinase production, biofilm formation and to search for genes encoding for proteinases (SAP1, SAP3) and adhesion factors (ALS1 and ALS3). Another objective was to evaluate in vitro the antifungal activity of three commercial mouthwashes containing 0.12% chlorhexidine and 0.07% or 0.075% cetylpyridinium, against planktonic Candida sp. cultures and in biofilms. Saliva samples of 70 patients with dental prosthesis were collected, the yeasts were isolated on CHOMagar® Candida and identified by classical biochemical tests combined with molecular test (PCR) for confirmation of C. albicans. Yeasts of Candida genus were isolated from 32 samples (45.7%) and were identified as C. albicans (29), C. krusei (5), C. glabrata (4), C. tropicalis (3) and C. parapsilosis (2), with a total of 43 yeasts, including mono and mixed cultures. The genes studied were detected only in C. albicans: ALS2, ALS3 and SAP3 genes were detected in 86% of the isolates and SAP1 in 93%. The proteinase activity among the isolates of C. albicans was 72.4% and among the species of C. non-albicans it was 35.7%. Assay done with cultivation in 96-wells microplates and staining with XTT, showed the majority of Candida isolates and all the mixed cultures were able to form biofilms within 24h. The activity of the three mouthwashes towards the yeasts was < 1.25%, equivalent to a dilution of 1:80 of the formulation. The three mouthwashes tested were also active against mono or multispecies biofilms. In conclusion, it was shown C. albicans is the most prevalent species. The genes SAP1, SAP3, ALS2 and ALS3 are present in the majority of C. albicans isolates, which were also positive for proteinase and biofilm formation. There was more proteinase activity in C. albicans in comparison with C. non-albicans. The biofilms of Candida species grew better in mixed cultures than in monoculture. The three commercial mouthwashes formulations were effective against all the yeast isolates in planktonic growth and they also inhibited the majority of yeasts in biofilm. Future work is needed to completely elucidate the role of Candida species in biofilms of oral cavity. It is also interesting to propose studies to standardize sensitivity tests for mono and multi-species biofilms.

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Branco, Sílvia de Jesus Pereira Alegre. "SAPE." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/16159.

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OLIVER, Josidel Conceição. "Análise da expressão gênica diferencial de aspartato proteases secretadas (SAP2 e SAP4) por Candida albicans exposta a concentrações subinibitórias de antifúngicos e contato com macrófagos." Universidade Federal de Alfenas, 2016. https://bdtd.unifal-mg.edu.br:8443/handle/tede/960.

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As infecções fúngicas se tornaram um grande problema de saúde pública, especialmente em ambientes hospitalares. Candida spp. são os principais patógenos em infecções fúngicas invasivas. A produção de aspartato proteases secretadas (Sapp) por Candida spp. pode estar relacionado com o aumento do número de infecções e resistência aos medicamentos. A produção de proteases é codificada por uma família de 10 genes SAP1-10, sendo SAP2 o gene mais comumente expresso em Candida albicans. A expressão de SAP4 está associada à produção de enzimas Sap4p e formação de hifas que podem contribuir para a invasão dos tecidos hospedeiros e destruição de macrófagos em processos infecciosos. Este trabalho avaliou a expressão dos genes SAP2 e SAP4 em C. albicans ATCC 10231 cultivadas na presença ou ausência de macrófagos e expostas a concentrações subinibitórias de fluconazol e anfotericina B. Candida albicans foi cultivada em ágar Sabouraud Dextrose a 37ºC por 24 h, e posteriormente em caldo carbono levedura base enriquecido com soro-albumina bovina (YCB-BSA), e na ausência ou presença de concentrações subinibitórias de fluconazol e anfotericina B. A linhagem celular monocítica humana de origem leucemia (THP-1) foi cultivada em meio RPMI-1640 suplementado com 10% de soro fetal bovino, penicilina (100 U/ml) e estreptomicina (100 μg/ml) a 37ºC, sob atmosfera de 5% de CO2 durante 10 dias. Para a indução da diferenciação das células, 106 monócitos foram cultivados em meio RPMI-1640 suplementado e forbol-12-miristato-13-acetato (PMA) 100 nM durante 48 h. Foram utilizadas amostras de 5x106 C. albicans cultivadas na presença ou ausência de 106 macrófagos e expostas ou não a concentrações subinibitórias de antifúngicos. A amostras foram cultivadas em placas de cultura celular com 6 poços por 1 h a 37 °C, sob atmosfera de 5% de CO2. O RNA total foi extraído das amostras utilizando o reagente TRIzol®, após a purificação do RNA com DNase I, este foi convertido em cDNA, e, em seguida, a quantificação do gene SAP4 foi realizada por Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase quantitativa (qPCR) utilizando ACT1 como gene normalizador. Candida albicans cultivada na presença de macrófagos apresentou regulação positiva na expressão de SAP2 e SAP4 (p < 0,01), respectivamente, na ordem de 4,83 e 10,34 vezes maior se comparada com amostras da levedura cultivada sem contato com macrófagos. E ainda, a exposição de C. albicans a concentrações subinibitórias de fluconazol aumentou a expressão de SAP2 e diminuiu a expressão de SAP4, já a exposição da levedura a concentrações subinibitórias de anfotericina B diminuiu a expressão de SAP2 e SAP4. Os genes SAP2 e SAP4 são relacionados como fatores de virulência de C. albicans e sua expressão pode ser regulada pelo contato com fagócitos ou exposição a antifúngicos. Portanto, compreender a expressão desses genes na patogênese fúngica pode ajudar na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos para o tratamento da candidíase, contribuindo assim para a redução da incidência de morbidade e mortalidade associada a infecções fúngicas.
Fungal infections have become a major public health problem especially in hospital settings. Candida spp. are considered the main pathogen in invasive fungal infections. The production of secreted aspartic proteinases (Sapp) by Candida spp. can be related to the increase in the number of infections and drug resistance. The production of proteinases is encoded by a family of 10 genes known as SAP1-10, of which, SAP2 is the most commonly expressed gene in Candida albicans. The expression of SAP4-6 is associated to the production of Sap4-6p enzymes and hyphae formation which can contribute to the invasion of host tissues and destruction of macrophages during infectious processes. This study evaluates SAP2 and SAP4 gene expression in C. albicans ATCC 10231 grown in the presence or absence of macrophages and exposed to subinibitory concentrations of fluconazole and amphotericin B. C. albicans was grown in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar for 24 h at 37ºC and after in yeast carbon base more 0.2% bovine serum albumin (YCB-BSA) in the absence or presence of subinibitory concentrations of Fluconazole and Amphotericin B. The human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) was grown in RPMI-1640 Medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin (100U/ml) and streptomycin (100μg/ml) at 37 °C and atmosphere of 5% CO2 during 10 days. For the induction of cell differentiation, 106 cells were seeded in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) 100 nM for 48 h. The samples of 5x106 C. albicans were cultured in the presence or absence of 106 macrophages and these was exposed or not to subinibitory concentrations of antifungals. All samples were incubated in culture test plates with 6 flat-botton wells for 1 h at 37 °C and atmosphere of 5% CO2. Total RNA was extracted from the samples using TRIzol® reagent, after RNA purification with DNaseI it was converted to cDNA, and then, the relative quantification of the SAP4 gene was performed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) using ACT1 gene as normalizing endogenous gene. Candida albicans grown in the presence of macrophages showed upregulation in the expression of SAP2 and SAP4 (p < 0.01), respectively, in the order of 4.83 and 10.34 fold higher as compared to yeast samples grown without contact with macrophages. Concerning exposure to antifungal agents, C. albicans exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B showed downregulation in expression of SAP2 and SAP4. However, the yeast's exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole caused upregulation in SAP2 expression and downregulation in SAP4 expression. SAP2 and SAP4 genes are related to virulence factors of C. albicans and its expression can be regulated by contact with phagocytes or exposure to antifungals. Therefore, understanding the expression of these genes in fungal pathogenesis may aid in research and development of new drugs for treating candidiasis, thus contributing to reducing the incidence of morbidity and mortality associated with fungal infections.
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES

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5

Everton, Wilma. "SAPS members' experience of diversity and diversity training within the SAPS." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002482.

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During this study, an attempt was made to explore the opinions and attitudes of members of the South African Police Service (SAPS) towards issues of diversity before, immediately after and three months after participating in diversity training workshops presented by the SAPS Training Division during 1997 in Port Elizabeth. The aim of this thesis was not to assess the diversity training itself, but to discover if the training, as currently presented, in any way influenced the attitudes of participants. In order to meet this goal, literature and empirical studies were conducted. The literature study sets the theoretical foundation pertaining to the history of the SAPS and the attitudes and prejudices of and diversity among SAPS members. During the empirical research phase, a non-probability purposive sampling procedure was adopted. Four of a range of diversity workshops presented by the Training Division of the SAPS during 1997 were selected for the purpose of this study. An internal SAPS process was used to nominate members to attend the workshops. The researcher requested the participants in each of the four workshops to complete a self-administered questionnaire before as well as after the workshop concerned. Immediately after each of the four workshops, a short interview was held with each attendee. To explore the stability of any change evident from responses on the questionnaires completed after the workshops, the attendees were again requested to complete the same questionnaire three months later. To increase the validity of any conclusion that attitudinal change was related to the workshop, a control group was used. This study has revealed that a cross-spectrum of SAPS members of both sexes and diverse racial backgrounds believe that various forms of discrimination exist within the SAPS. It confirmed that the diversity training presented by the SAPS Training Division is a useful instrument to heighten members' awareness of the different norms and customs of other cultural/ethnic groups and of the necessity that the SAPS should be constituted of a cross-spectrum of racial groups reflecting the South African society. Finally, based on the research findings, recommendations were made involving management and its supportive services and diversity training.

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Chovanec, Marek. "Integrace SAP Business Warehouse do ERP systému SAP." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417680.

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Diploma thesis aims on integration of business intelligence solution into existing SAP environment. It contains solution proposal, detailed description of implementation steps and analysis of time sources and costs. I described the best practises in order to ensure smooth running of the system through its life cycle.

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Tavares, Carlos. "Data Warehouse & Business Intelligence SAPA: sistema de atribuição de produtos de apoio - SAPA." Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal. Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Setúbal, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/19734.

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Trabalho de Projeto, submetido como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Informática de Gestão.
A entidade gestora do sistema de atribuição de produtos de apoio, o Instituto Nacional para Reabilitação, identificou a necessidade de possuir uma ferramenta que permita efetuar análises e extrair diversa informação estatística sobre os processos de atribuição de qualquer produto, instrumento, equipamento, tecnologia e software usado por uma pessoa com deficiência, vulgo, produtos de apoio. O presente projeto é a concretização do acima referenciado, desenvolvimento de um Data Warehouse e de relatórios, como uma ferramenta de Business Intelligence. Inicialmente foi efetuado um estudo aprofundado das regras do processo de negócio e do modelo relacional, que suporta o sistema de gestão de base de dados operacionais. Foram efetuadas várias reuniões com os representantes da entidade gestora e um estudo dos requisitos do projeto, através da criação de queries ao sistema fonte de dados. Após refinamento dos requisitos da informação estatística e conclusão da fase de análise, que inclui-o atividades como identificação de fontes, destino de dados e modelização, foi desenvolvido o Data Warehouse. Trabalho envolvendo os inerentes processos de extração, transformação e carregamento, seguido dos testes, automatização de processos e colocação em produção. O Data Warehouse, desenvolvido permitiu concretizar a implementação da infraestrutura de análise, efetuado com a ferramenta de Business Intelligence e assim atingir o objetivo final, possuir informação estatística, atualizada e precisa.
The managing body responsible for allocating disability equipment, the National Institute for Rehabilitation (Instituto Nacional para Reabilitação), has identified the need for a tool that allows the analysis and extraction of all the statistical information related to the process of granting disability equipment. In order to achieve this objective, the current project developed a Data Warehouse and reporting system using a Business Intelligence tool. The first step was to conduct an in-depth study focusing on the business process rules, and the relational model that supports the database management system. In order to determine the project’s requirements, various meetings were held with the representatives of the managing body, as well as data source queries. The Data Warehouse was created after refining the requirements of the statistical information and the completion of the analysis step, which included tasks such as source identification, data destination, and model-building. This involved the extraction, transformation and loading of the data, which was followed by testing, process automation, and the production stage. After loading the Data Warehouse, the data is organised in a way that allows the deployment of the analysis infrastructure, via the Business Intelligence tool, in order to achieve the final goal – to have updated and accurate statistical information.

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Martins, Gesley Alex Veloso 1980. "Transformações na interface : SAPO-44." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/250397.

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Orientador: Heloise de Oliveira Pastore
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T07:57:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martins_GesleyAlexVeloso_M.pdf: 1455290 bytes, checksum: 08f03d8c3470e472f93117bab22182ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Mestrado
Quimica Inorganica
Mestre em Química

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Koziczynski, Jakob, and Márcia Hammarström. "SEGMENTATION AND CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS AT SAPA." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Industriell ekonomi och organisation, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28372.

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Splith, Tobias, Christian Chmelik, Frank Stallmach, Stefan K. Henninger, Gerrit Füldner, Panagiotis D. Kolokathis, Evangelia Pantatosaki, and George K. Papadopoulos. "Adsorptive heat transformation with SAPO-34." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-198701.

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Books on the topic "SAPF"

1

Linden, Frank van der, 1954-, ed. Software architectures for product families: International Workshop IW-SAPF-3, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain, March 15-17, 2000 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2001.

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Leigh, Stubblefield, ed. Sapa. Hanoi: The Gioi publishers, 1994.

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Sapo. Corvallis, Ore: Ecopress, 1996.

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Termiziĭ, Obiraḣmat. Qiziqarli sarf darsligi: Sarf ilmining taʺrifi. Chicago, IL: The Open School, 2010.

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Sayf al-ʻuqdah, sayf al-ḥall: Masraḥīyah. Ṣanʻāʼ: Markaz ʻAbbādī lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Nashr, 2009.

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al-Halim, `Abd. Bayan-e salf va kamalat-e salf. Dehli: Qaumi, n.d.

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Sayf al-ʻuqdah, sayf al-ḥall: Masraḥīyah. Ṣanʻāʼ: Markaz ʻAbbādī lil-Dirāsāt wa-al-Nashr, 2009.

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Tùng, Hoàng. Một thoáng Sapa =: A glimpse of Sapa. Hà Nội, Việt Nam: Nhà xuá̂t bản Thé̂ giới, 2003.

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Tasfāw, Germā. Salf médā. Addis Ababa]: ʼEtāfzar ʼatāmiwoč, 2014.

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Lisbijanto, Herry. Kerapan sapi. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "SAPF"

1

Kale, Ishaan R., and Anand J. Kulkarni. "Validation of CI-SPF, CI-SAPF and CI-SAPF-CBO for Solving Discrete/Integer and Mixed Variable Problems." In Constraint Handling in Cohort Intelligence Algorithm, 75–139. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003245193-6.

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Kale, Ishaan R., and Anand J. Kulkarni. "Constraint Handling Using the Self-Adaptive Penalty Function (SAPF) Approach." In Constraint Handling in Cohort Intelligence Algorithm, 49–59. New York: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003245193-4.

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Kale, Ishaan R., and Ayush Khedkar. "CI-SAPF for Structural Optimization Considering Buckling and Natural Frequency Constraints." In Optimization Methods for Structural Engineering, 41–52. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2378-6_3.

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Balasubramaniam, P. M., and S. U. Prabha. "Performance Comparison of AI Controllers for DC Link Voltage of SAPF System for Power Quality Enhancements." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 1385–95. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2119-7_135.

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Ray, Pravat Kumar, and Sushree Diptimayee Swain. "Soft Computing–Based DC-Link Voltage Control Technique for SAPF in Harmonic and Reactive Power Compensation." In Artificial Intelligence Applications in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems Protection, 371–86. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780367552374-15.

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Katta, Pradeep, Arun, D. Atul Kumar Mishra, and H. Vignesh. "PID Control of SAPF for Elimination of Harmonics in Power System Based on DQ Reference Frame Theory." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 679–87. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2119-7_66.

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Kumudwathi, M., G. Sreenivasan, and R. Kiranmayi. "Modeling of Grid Integrated Solar PV System Using Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) with a PI Controller." In Intelligent Manufacturing and Energy Sustainability, 561–69. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8497-6_50.

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Upadhyay, Shivangi, and Sachin Singh. "Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) Design and Analysis of Harmonics Mitigation in Three-Phase Three-Wire Distribution System." In Computing Algorithms with Applications in Engineering, 201–17. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2369-4_18.

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Azzam-Jai, Asmae, and Mohammed Ouassaid. "A New Technique of Harmonic Currents Extraction Based on a Fuzzy Logic Controller Applied to the PV-SAPF System." In Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems, 572–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36778-7_63.

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Montoya, Richard. "Sapo." In Reclaiming Greek Drama for Diverse Audiences, 277–325. London ; New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429470448-14.

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Conference papers on the topic "SAPF"

1

Wei Luo and Dongqing Zhang. "Battle city based on SAPF algorithm." In 2012 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Processing (CSIP). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csip.2012.6309127.

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Luo, Wei. "PAC-MAN Game Based on SAPF Algorithm." In 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitbs.2018.00178.

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Sao, Jitendra Kumar, R. D. Patidar, and Sushree Diptimayee Swain. "Power Quality Improvement by Optimum Gain controlled SAPF." In 2020 First International Conference on Power, Control and Computing Technologies (ICPC2T). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpc2t48082.2020.9071486.

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Mangaraj, Mrutyunjaya, Anup Kumar Panda, Trilochan Penthia, and Sushree Samikshya Pattanaik. "A new control algorithm for supercapacitor based SAPF topology." In 2018 Technologies for Smart-City Energy Security and Power (ICSESP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsesp.2018.8376750.

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Patnaik, Nishant, Anup Kumar Panda, and Richa Pandey. "Fuel Cell Based Sapf System with Dual Mode Operation." In 2020 5th International Conference on Devices, Circuits and Systems (ICDCS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdcs48716.2020.243564.

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Anawade, Shradha Balajirao, and Atul A. Kale. "Series Active Power Filter (SAPF) For Power Quality Improvement." In 2022 Interdisciplinary Research in Technology and Management (IRTM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irtm54583.2022.9791618.

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Trilochan, Penthia, Mangaraj Mrutyunjaya, Panda Anup Kumar, and Sarangi Sunil Kumar. "Sparse LMS control algorithm for Fuel Cell based SAPF." In 2016 IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Electronics Engineering (UPCON). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upcon.2016.7894627.

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Xiao, Congbin, Xuejun Pei, Yanhua Liu, Yi Lu, Chaoliang Wang, and Feng Xu. "Adaptive Harmonic Current Compensation Method with SAPF based on SOGI." In 2018 IEEE International Power Electronics and Application Conference and Exposition (PEAC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/peac.2018.8590342.

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Singh, Rambir, Asheesh K. Singh, and Pradeep Kumar. "Comparison of three evolutionary algorithms for harmonic mitigation using SAPF." In 2011 IEEE 6th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciinfs.2011.6038100.

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Kalyan, Konala, Markapuram Srinivasa Rao, and Suresh Gawre. "Improvement of Power Quality Using Series Active Power Filter(SAPF)." In 2020 IEEE International Students' Conference on Electrical,Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sceecs48394.2020.151.

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Reports on the topic "SAPF"

1

Beck, Steve, and Joe Reynolds. Sensor Agent Processing Software (SAPS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423980.

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Respatiadi, Hizkia, and Hana Nabila. Reformasi Kebijakan Daging Sapi : Menghapus Pembatasan Perdagangan untuk Menurunkan Harga Daging Sapi di Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Center for Indonesian Policy Studies, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35497/271871.

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Kramer, Mitchell. SAP NetWeaver Portal. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/pr4-20-06cc.

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Marshak, David. SAP Enterprise Portal. Boston, MA: Patricia Seybold Group, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1571/pr7-11-03cc.

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Cline, Joseph I. Surface Absorption Polarization Sensors (SAPS), Final Technical Report, Laser Probing of Immobilized SAPS Actuators Component. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/977056.

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Abstract book for SAPC ASM 2019. Chair John Campbell, Jose M. Valderas, and Willie Hamilton. SAPC, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/asm.2019.1.1.

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Fisher, Matt, Ron Damer, L. Scott Reed, and Richard Barbour. Software Acquisition Improvement Framework (SAIF) Definition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada351640.

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Richards, Suzanne. Abstract book for SAPC ASM 2021. Edited by Richard Neal and Carolyn Chew-Graham. Society for Academic Primary Care, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/asm.2021.1.1.

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Abstract book for SAPC ASM 2022. Chair Umesh Chauhan. Society for Academic Primary Care, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37361/asm.2022.1.1.

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Boch, Patrick. Why SAP Security matters? Denmark: River Publishers, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/popcas007.

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